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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mass production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components and design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components and design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propulsion_and_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion_and_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Propulsion and fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion_and_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Fossil fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>User interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_and_interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_and_interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electronics and interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_and_interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Weight and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seating_and_body_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seating_and_body_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Seating and body style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seating_and_body_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Costs and benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_car_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_car_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Emerging car technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emerging_car_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emerging car technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emerging_car_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomous_car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Autonomous car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Car sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Car</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 203 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorvoertuig" title="Motorvoertuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Motorvoertuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%93" title="መኪና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መኪና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="गाड़ी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गाड़ी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selff%C4%93rende_w%C3%A6gn" title="Selffērende wægn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Selffērende wægn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سيارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܪܕܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܕܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaxi" title="Amaxi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amaxi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94tomobila" title="Ôtomobila – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôtomobila" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil" title="Automóvil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Automóvil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otapan" title="Otapan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otapan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27yruguata" title="Mba'yruguata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'yruguata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomobil" title="Avtomobil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اوتوموبیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتوموبیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="গাড়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গাড়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-t%C5%8Dng-chhia" title="Chū-tōng-chhia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-tōng-chhia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аўтамабіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтамабіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аўтамабіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўтамабіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotse" title="Kotse – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kotse" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Автомобил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автомобил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karr-tan" title="Karr-tan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karr-tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Автомашина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Автомашина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B2bil" title="Automòbil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Automòbil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakyanan" title="Sakyanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sakyanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambautare" title="Hambautare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hambautare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittura" title="Vittura – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vittura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="طوموبيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوموبيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschien" title="Maschien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Maschien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chid%C3%AD" title="Chidí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chidí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αυτοκίνητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκίνητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil" title="Automóvil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Automóvil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADto" title="Aŭto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil" title="Automóvil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Automóvil" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="خودرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motar" title="Motar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Motar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilar" title="Bilar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bilar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluaiste%C3%A1n" title="Gluaisteán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gluaisteán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleashtan" title="Gleashtan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gleashtan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0r" title="Càr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Càr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil" title="Automóbil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Automóbil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" title="汽車 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="汽車" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ماشین – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ماشین" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="મોટરગાડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોટરગાડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi-chh%C3%A2" title="Khi-chhâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khi-chhâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8" title="자동차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자동차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mota" title="Mota – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mota" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ավտոմեքենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտոմեքենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="मोटरवाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोटरवाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilo" title="Automobilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Automobilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksraktuaq" title="Aksraktuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aksraktuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Хæдтулгæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хæдтулгæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoto" title="Imoto – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imoto" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADll" title="Bíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autovettura" title="Autovettura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autovettura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מכונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montor" title="Montor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Montor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94%C9%94%C9%96%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Lɔɔɖɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɔɔɖɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8" title="ಮೋಟಾರು ವಾಹನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೋಟಾರು ವಾಹನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ავტომობილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტომობილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B9to" title="Aùto – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Aùto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motokaa" title="Motokaa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Motokaa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomab%C3%AElu" title="Tomabîlu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tomabîlu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machin" title="Machin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Machin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotomobil" title="Lotomobil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lotomobil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomob%C3%AEl" title="Otomobîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otomobîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomobil" title="Otomobil – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Otomobil" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94" title="ລົດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລົດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocinetum" title="Autocinetum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autocinetum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automa%C5%A1%C4%ABna" title="Automašīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Automašīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilis" title="Automobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Automobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3tuka" title="Mótuka – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mótuka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%A1in" title="Mašin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mašin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetura" title="Vetura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vetura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3" title="Autó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Автомобил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автомобил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiarakodia" title="Fiarakodia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiarakodia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="കാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karozza" title="Karozza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karozza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motok%C4%81" title="Motokā – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Motokā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="मोटारवाहन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोटारवाहन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عربيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عربيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مشین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مشین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta" title="Kereta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto" title="Oto – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9-chi%C4%83" title="Ké-chiă – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ké-chiă" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Автомашин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Автомашин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="मोटरगाडी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोटरगाडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अटोमोबाइल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अटोमोबाइल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A" title="自動車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自動車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8F" title="ߞߐ߲߬ߛߏ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߐ߲߬ߛߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%B9%C3%A9rette" title="Qùérette – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Qùérette" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Automobila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkolaataa" title="Konkolaataa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Konkolaataa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomobil" title="Avtomobil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="موټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyaar" title="Kyaar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kyaar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B2bil" title="Automòbil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Automòbil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka" title="Ka – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ka" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoch%C3%B3d" title="Samochód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samochód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αραπάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αραπάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vel" title="Automóvel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Automóvel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomobil" title="Avtomobil – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba" title="Araba – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Araba" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurdon" title="Vurdon – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Vurdon" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antawa" title="Antawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Автомобіл – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Автомобіл" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9)" title="Массыына (көлө) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Массыына (көлө)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kazizeng" title="kazizeng – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kazizeng" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27avale" title="Ta'avale – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ta'avale" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloi" title="Koloi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Koloi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetura" title="Vetura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AE" title="මෝටර් රථ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝටර් රථ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Automobile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڪار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomobil" title="Avtomobil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Аѵтокїнито – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аѵтокїнито" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabuur" title="Baabuur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baabuur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئۆتۆمۆبیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆمۆبیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аутомобил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутомобил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil" title="Automobil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Automobil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mobil" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotse" title="Kotse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kotse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="தானுந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானுந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamssudut" title="Tamssudut – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamssudut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACumubil" title="Ṭumubil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭumubil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="కారు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కారు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รถยนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถยนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Худрав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Худрав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A2ho%27hest%C3%B4tse" title="Amâho'hestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Amâho'hestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomobil" title="Otomobil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomobil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90hy%C9%9Bn" title="Ɛhyɛn – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɛhyɛn" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1da%CC%B1dei_ma%CC%B1to" title="A̱da̱dei ma̱to – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱da̱dei ma̱to" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобиль – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Автомобиль" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto" title="Oto – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Oto" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автомобіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автомобіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84" title="ئاپتوموبىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاپتوموبىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giceh" title="Giceh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Giceh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B2bi%C5%82e" title="Automòbiłe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Automòbiłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avto" title="Avto – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Avto" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94_t%C3%B4" title="Ô tô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ô tô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tood" title="Tood – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tood" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto" title="Oto – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oto" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A" title="自動車 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="自動車" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awto" title="Awto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Awto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" title="汽车 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汽车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אויטאמאביל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויטאמאביל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" title="汽車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="汽車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereba" title="Ereba – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ereba" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto" title="Auto – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Auto" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automuob%C4%97lis" title="Automuobėlis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Automuobėlis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" title="汽车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汽车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujij%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Ujijọn̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ujijọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor" title="Motor – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Motor" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerita" title="Kerita – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Kerita" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mobil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerita" title="Kerita – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kerita" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubil" title="Mubil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mubil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1420#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Car&id=1256098425&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Car&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Car&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Automobile" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Car" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1420" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Motorised passenger road vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the country with the initials "CAR", see <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Car_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Car (disambiguation)">Car (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cars" redirects here. For the Pixar film, see <a href="/wiki/Cars_(film)" title="Cars (film)">Cars (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Passenger car" and "Automobile" redirect here. For the railroad car that carries passengers, see <a href="/wiki/Passenger_railroad_car" title="Passenger railroad car">Passenger railroad car</a>. For the broader classification which includes trucks, see <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Passenger car (disambiguation)">Passenger car (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Automobile (disambiguation)">Automobile (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>. The reason given is: <b>messy layout.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Car</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg/250px-2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg/375px-2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg/500px-2019_Toyota_Corolla_Icon_Tech_VVT-i_Hybrid_1.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a>, which has been in production since 1966, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">best-selling series of automobile of all time</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">Vehicle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">Transportation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fuel source</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">Petrol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar cell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid car">Hybrids</a> of the above</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Self-propelled</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wheels</th><td class="infobox-data">3–6, most often 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Axles</th><td class="infobox-data">2, less commonly 3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented</th><td class="infobox-data">1886<span class="noprint"> (138 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1886</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>car</b>, or an <b>automobile</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheels</a>. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily on <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_seat" title="Car seat">seat</a> one to eight people, have four <a href="/wiki/Wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheels">wheels</a>, and mainly transport <a href="/wiki/Private_transport#Personal_transport" title="Private transport">people</a> over <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDmotrcar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDmotrcar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. The car is considered an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Developed_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed economy">developed economy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The French inventor <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a> built the first steam-powered road vehicle in 1769, while the Swiss inventor <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz" title="François Isaac de Rivaz">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> designed and constructed the first internal combustion-powered automobile in 1808. The modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—was invented in 1886, when the German inventor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> patented his <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent-Motorwagen</a>. Commercial cars became widely available during the 20th century. The 1901 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash" title="Oldsmobile Curved Dash">Oldsmobile Curved Dash</a> and the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, both American cars, are widely considered the first mass-produced<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mass-affordable<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cars, respectively. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">horse-drawn carriages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">after World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, car usage is still increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialised countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plunkettresearch.com22_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cars have controls for <a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">driving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passenger" title="Passenger">passenger</a> comfort, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Electric_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lamp">lamps</a>. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. These include <a href="/wiki/Rear_view_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear view camera">rear-reversing cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">navigation systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">in-car entertainment</a>. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric cars</a>, which were invented early in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">history of the car</a>, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than petrol-driven cars before 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transition from fossil fuel-powered cars to electric cars features prominently in most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change mitigation scenarios">climate change mitigation scenarios</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Drawdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Drawdown">Project Drawdown</a>'s 100 actionable solutions for climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_car_use" title="Economics of car use">costs and benefits to car use</a>. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and <a href="/wiki/Service_(motor_vehicle)" title="Service (motor vehicle)">maintenance</a>, fuel, <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a>, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-racv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs to society include maintaining roads, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land-use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_congestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Road congestion">road congestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic collisions">Traffic collisions</a> are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-who_stats_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_stats-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-setright_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setright-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job and wealth creation from the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and travel opportunities, and the generation of revenue from taxation. People's ability to move flexibly from place to place has <a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">far-reaching implications for the nature of societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parking_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parking-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word <i>car</i> is believed to originate from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carrus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:carrus">carrus</a></i>/<i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:carrum">carrum</a></i> "wheeled vehicle" or (via <a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old North French</a>) <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">carre</i></span></i> "two-wheeled cart", both of which in turn derive from <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <i><span title="Transalpine Gaulish-language text"><i lang="xtg">karros</i></span></i> "<a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carrus_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originally referred to any wheeled <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">cart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDcar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDcar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Motor car", attested from 1895, is the usual formal term in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDmotrcar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDmotrcar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Autocar", a variant likewise attested from 1895 and literally meaning "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-propelled" class="extiw" title="wikt:self-propelled">self-propelled</a> car", is now considered archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDautocar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDautocar-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">Horseless carriage</a>" is attested from 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Automobile", a <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">classical compound</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">autós</i></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc-Grek" style="font-style: normal;">αὐτός</span></span>) "self" and Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mobilis</i></span></i> "movable", entered English from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and was first adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club" title="Royal Automobile Club">Automobile Club of Great Britain</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It fell out of favour in Britain and is now used chiefly in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">North America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OEDautomob_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDautomob-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the abbreviated form "auto" commonly appears as an adjective in compound formations like "<a href="/wiki/Auto_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto industry">auto industry</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Auto_mechanic" title="Auto mechanic">auto mechanic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>. <b>Specifically, detail should be moved to main article and summarized here</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg/220px-SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg/330px-SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg/440px-SteamMachineOfVerbiestIn1678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Steam machine of Verbiest, in 1678 (<a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg/220px-FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg/330px-FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg/440px-FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Cugnot's 1771 <i>fardier à vapeur</i>, as preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg/150px-Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg/225px-Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg/300px-Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a>, the inventor of the modern car</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1885Benz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/220px-1885Benz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/330px-1885Benz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1885Benz.jpg/440px-1885Benz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent-Motorwagen</a>, the first modern car, built in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berthabenzportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Berthabenzportrait.jpg/170px-Berthabenzportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Berthabenzportrait.jpg/255px-Berthabenzportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Berthabenzportrait.jpg/340px-Berthabenzportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="4867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a>, the first long distance driver</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/220px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/330px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/440px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen" title="Flocken Elektrowagen">Flocken Elektrowagen</a> was the first four-wheeled electric car</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg/200px-20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg/300px-20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg/400px-20210808_Panorama_Stuttgart-West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10285" data-file-height="4415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, a cradle of the car<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a> working there at the <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a> and place of the modern day headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Mercedes-Benz Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1649, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hautsch" title="Hans Hautsch">Hans Hautsch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> built a clockwork-driven carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first steam-powered vehicle was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> member of a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit mission in China</a> around 1672. It was a 65-centimetre-long (26 in) scale-model toy for the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger.<sup id="cite_ref-setright_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setright-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CuriousExp_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CuriousExp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built or run.<sup id="cite_ref-CuriousExp_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CuriousExp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a> is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_National_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers">French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His inventions were limited by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> built and demonstrated his <a href="/wiki/The_Puffing_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Puffing Devil">Puffing Devil</a> road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods and was of little practical use. </p><p>The development of external combustion (steam) engines is detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated separately from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">steam cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_bus" title="Steam bus">steam buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">phaetons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steam_roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam roller">steam rollers</a>. In the United Kingdom, sentiment against them led to the <a href="/wiki/Locomotive_Acts" title="Locomotive Acts">Locomotive Acts</a> of 1865. </p><p>In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's first <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (which they called a <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9olophore" title="Pyréolophore">Pyréolophore</a>), but installed it in a boat on the river <a href="/wiki/Saone" class="mw-redirect" title="Saone">Saone</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-NieMus_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NieMus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, in 1807, the Swiss inventor <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz" title="François Isaac de Rivaz">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> designed his own "<a href="/wiki/De_Rivaz_engine" title="De Rivaz engine">de Rivaz internal combustion engine</a>", and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by such an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lycopodium_powder" title="Lycopodium powder">Lycopodium powder</a> (dried spores of the <a href="/wiki/Lycopodium" title="Lycopodium">Lycopodium</a> plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NieMus_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NieMus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither design was successful, as was the case with others, such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)" title="Samuel Brown (engineer)">Samuel Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morey" title="Samuel Morey">Samuel Morey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lenoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lenoir">Etienne Lenoir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ford-Lenoir_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-Lenoir-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who each built vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1881, French inventor <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a> demonstrated a three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Electricity" title="International Exposition of Electricity">International Exposition of Electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although several other German engineers (including <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Marcus" title="Siegfried Marcus">Siegfried Marcus</a>) were working on cars at about the same time, the year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—when the German <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> patented his <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent-Motorwagen</a>; he is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the car.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daimler8586_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daimler8586-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GarrisonEG_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarrisonEG-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first <i>Motorwagen</i> was built in 1885 in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, <a href="/wiki/Benz_%26_Cie." class="mw-redirect" title="Benz & Cie.">Benz & Cie.</a>, which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a cheaper model. They also were powered with <a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-stroke cycle">four-stroke</a> engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in Germany. In August 1888, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a>, the wife and business partner of Carl Benz, undertook the first <a href="/wiki/Road_trip" title="Road trip">road trip</a> by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion <a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">flat engine</a>, called <i>boxermotor</i>. During the last years of the 19th century, Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(company)" title="Tatra (company)">Tatra</a>) in 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident" title="Präsident">Präsident</a> automobil. </p><p>Daimler and Maybach founded <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a> (DMG) in <a href="/wiki/Cannstatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannstatt">Cannstatt</a> in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name <i>Daimler</i>. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895, about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach, and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named <i>Daimler-Mercedes</i> that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jellinek" title="Emil Jellinek">Emil Jellinek</a>. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the <i>Daimler</i> brand name were sold to other manufacturers. </p><p>In 1890, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Levassor" title="Émile Levassor">Émile Levassor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armand_Peugeot" title="Armand Peugeot">Armand Peugeot</a> of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France#1900_to_1950" title="Automotive industry in France">automotive industry in France</a>. In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Doriot" title="Auguste Doriot">Auguste Doriot</a> and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-driven vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_Type_3" title="Peugeot Type 3">Peugeot Type 3</a> completed 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Valentigney" title="Valentigney">Valentigney</a> to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Brest%E2%80%93Paris" title="Paris–Brest–Paris">Paris–Brest–Paris</a> bicycle race, but finished six days after the winning cyclist, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Terront" title="Charles Terront">Charles Terront</a>. </p><p>The first design for an American car with a petrol internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by <a href="/wiki/George_Baldwin_Selden" class="mw-redirect" title="George Baldwin Selden">George Selden</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of 16 years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a US patent (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US549160">U.S. patent 549,160</a></span>) for a <a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-stroke cycle">two-stroke</a> car engine, <a href="/wiki/George_B._Selden#The_Selden_patent" title="George B. Selden">which hindered, more than encouraged</a>, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and others, and overturned in 1911. </p><p>In 1893, the first running, petrol-driven <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">American car</a> was built and road-tested by the <a href="/wiki/Duryea_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Duryea brothers">Duryea brothers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>. The first public run of the <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon" title="Duryea Motor Wagon">Duryea Motor Wagon</a> took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts">Metro Center</a> Springfield.<sup id="cite_ref-ausbcomp.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausbcomp.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a>, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897<sup id="cite_ref-Longst_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longst-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and petrol vehicles in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with <a href="/wiki/Rickett_(car)" title="Rickett (car)">Thomas Rickett</a> even attempting a production run in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-V&VCars_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&VCars-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santler_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santler (car)">Santler</a> from Malvern is recognised by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first petrol-driven car in the country in 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Lanchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Lanchester">Frederick William Lanchester</a> in 1895, but these were both one-offs.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Company" title="Daimler Company">Daimler Company</a>, a company founded by <a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Lawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry J. Lawson">Harry J. Lawson</a> in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaulieu_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaulieu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, German engineer <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a> was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stein_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam-, electric-, and petrol-driven vehicles competed for a few decades, with petrol internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various <a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">pistonless rotary engine</a> designs have attempted to compete with the conventional <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> design, only <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine" title="Mazda Wankel engine">Mazda</a>'s version of the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a> has had more than very limited success. </p><p>All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle.<sup id="cite_ref-TICCIHturin_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICCIHturin-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_production">Mass production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olds2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Olds2.jpg/220px-Olds2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Olds2.jpg/330px-Olds2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Olds2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Olds_Motor_Vehicle_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Olds Motor Vehicle Company">Olds Motor Vehicle Company</a> (Oldsmobile) in 1897.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/220px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/330px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg/440px-Ford_Motor_Company_assembly_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Ford Motor Company automobile assembly line in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg/220px-1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg/330px-1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg/440px-1966_Toyota_Corolla_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">best-selling car of all-time</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Large-scale, <a href="/wiki/Production-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Production-line">production-line</a> manufacturing of affordable cars was started by <a href="/wiki/Ransom_Olds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ransom Olds">Ransom Olds</a> in 1901 at his <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, and based upon stationary <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> techniques pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">Portsmouth Block Mills</a>, England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the US by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blanchard_(inventor)" title="Thomas Blanchard (inventor)">Thomas Blanchard</a> in 1821, at the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept was greatly expanded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, beginning in 1913 with the world's first <i>moving</i> assembly line for cars at the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant" title="Highland Park Ford Plant">Highland Park Ford Plant</a>. </p><p>As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in 15-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5 manhours to 1 hour 33 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was so successful, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> became a bottleneck. Only <a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a> would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colours available before 1913, until fast-drying <a href="/wiki/Duco" title="Duco">Duco</a> <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> was developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> remark, "any color as long as it's black".<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "<a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordism</a>" and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the US. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods. </p><p>In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition</a> and the electric self-starter (both by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a>, and four-wheel brakes. </p><p>Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan" title="Alfred P. Sloan">Alfred P. Sloan</a> who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Companion_Make_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Companion Make Program">General Motors Companion Make Program</a>, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. </p><p>Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_(automobile)" title="LaSalle (automobile)">LaSalles</a>, sold by <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a>, used cheaper mechanical parts made by <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>; in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> shared bonnet, doors, roof, and windows with <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>; by the 1990s, corporate <a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">powertrains</a> and shared <a href="/wiki/Automobile_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile platform">platforms</a> (with interchangeable <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">brakes</a>, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such as <a href="/wiki/Apperson" title="Apperson">Apperson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cole_Motor_Car_Company" title="Cole Motor Car Company">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorris_Motors_Corporation" title="Dorris Motors Corporation">Dorris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Automobile_Company" title="Haynes Automobile Company">Haynes</a>, or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, by 1940, only 17 of those were left.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, much the same would happen. <a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> set up its production line at <a href="/wiki/Cowley,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowley, Oxford">Cowley</a> in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a>, buying <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_Hotchkiss" title="Automobiles Hotchkiss">Hotchkiss'</a> British subsidiary (engines), <a href="/wiki/EG_Wrigley_and_Company" title="EG Wrigley and Company">Wrigley</a> (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley</a>: in 1925, Morris had 41 per cent of total British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from <a href="/wiki/Abbey_(1922_automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey (1922 automobile)">Abbey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Xtra_(automobile)" title="Xtra (automobile)">Xtra</a>, had gone under. Citroën did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>'s 10CV and <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peugeot_5CV" title="Peugeot 5CV">5CV</a>, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and <a href="/wiki/Mors_(automobile)" title="Mors (automobile)">Mors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurtu" title="Hurtu">Hurtu</a>, and others could not compete.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the <a href="/wiki/Opel_Laubfrosch" title="Opel Laubfrosch">Opel 4PS <i>Laubfrosch</i></a> (Tree Frog), came off the line at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüsselsheim">Rüsselsheim</a> in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5 per cent of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>, or were the result of partnering with European companies, like <a href="/wiki/Isuzu_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Isuzu Motors">Isuzu</a> building the <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_Motors" title="Wolseley Motors">Wolseley A-9</a> in 1922. <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> was also partnered with <a href="/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A." title="Fiat S.p.A.">Fiat</a> and built the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Model_A" title="Mitsubishi Model A">Mitsubishi Model A</a> based on a Fiat vehicle. <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take <a href="/wiki/Toyoda_Loom_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyoda Loom Works">Toyoda Loom Works</a> into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Corporation">Toyota Motor Corporation</a>, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Heavy Industries">Fuji Heavy Industries</a>, as a result of having been broken up under <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a></i> legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_design">Components and design</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion_and_fuels">Propulsion and fuels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg/220px-2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg/330px-2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg/440px-2011_Nissan_Leaf_SL_--_10-28-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>2011 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_car_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/220px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/330px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/440px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>The weight of the low battery stabilises the car.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout</a> but many cars only have one motor.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h4></div> <p>The transport sector is a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cars in use in the early 2020s run on <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> burnt in an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (ICE). The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers</a> says that, in countries that mandate low sulphur motor spirit, petrol-fuelled cars built to late 2010s standards (such as Euro-6) emit very little local air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities ban older petrol-driven cars and some countries plan to ban sales in future. However, some environmental groups say this <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a> must be brought forwards to limit climate change. Production of petrol-fuelled cars peaked in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2019_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other hydrocarbon fossil fuels also burnt by <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagration</a> (rather than <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>) in ICE cars include <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">autogas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a>. Removal of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerns about <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">oil dependence</a>, tightening <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental laws</a> and restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars. This includes <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">hydrogen vehicles</a>. Out of all cars sold in 2021, nine per cent were electric, and by the end of that year there were more than 16 million <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">electric cars</a> on the world's roads.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2022_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2022-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite rapid growth, less than two per cent of cars on the world's roads were <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">fully electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> cars by the end of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2022_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2022-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cars for racing or <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">speed records</a> have sometimes employed <a href="/wiki/Jet_car" title="Jet car">jet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rocket_car" title="Rocket car">rocket</a> engines, but these are impractical for common use. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oil_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil consumption">Oil consumption</a> has increased rapidly in the 20th and 21st centuries because there are more cars; the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a> even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries. The <a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a> countries are adding to this consumption. </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> few production cars use <a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor" title="Wheel hub motor">wheel hub motors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batteries">Batteries</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_car#Batteries" title="Electric car">Electric car § Batteries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive battery</a></div> <p>In almost all hybrid (even <a href="/wiki/Mild_hybrid" title="Mild hybrid">mild hybrid</a>) and pure electric cars <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a> recovers and returns to a battery some energy which would otherwise be wasted by friction brakes getting hot.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although all cars must have friction brakes (front <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">disc brakes</a> and either disc or <a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">drum rear brakes</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for emergency stops, regenerative braking improves efficiency, particularly in city driving.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Car_controls" title="Car controls">Car controls</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg/220px-1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg/330px-1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg/440px-1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral. The lever to the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of the steering column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right pedal is the brake.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort, and safety, normally operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice on 21st-century cars. These controls include a <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>, pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights, ventilation, and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response to new technologies, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric car</a> and the integration of mobile communications. </p><p>Some of the original controls are no longer required. For example, all cars once had controls for the choke valve, clutch, <a href="/wiki/Ignition_timing" title="Ignition timing">ignition timing</a>, and a crank instead of an electric <a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">starter</a>. However, new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. These include <a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">navigation systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">in-car entertainment</a>. Another trend is the replacement of physical knobs and switches by secondary controls with touchscreen controls such as <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/IDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="IDrive">iDrive</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/MyFord_Touch" title="MyFord Touch">MyFord Touch</a></i>. Another change is that while early cars' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the early 2020s, cars have increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_and_interior">Electronics and interior</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG/220px-Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG/330px-Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG/440px-Blade_fuses_on_Citroen_Jumper.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)#Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">Panel</a> for fuses and circuit breakers </figcaption></figure> <p>Cars are typically equipped with interior lighting which can be toggled manually or be set to light up automatically with doors open, an <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">entertainment system</a> which originated from <a href="/wiki/Car_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car radio">car radios</a>, sideways <a href="/wiki/Car_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Car window">windows</a> which can be lowered or raised electrically (manually on earlier cars), and one or multiple <a href="/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet" title="Automobile auxiliary power outlet">auxiliary power outlets</a> for supplying portable appliances such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone charger">mobile phones</a>, portable fridges, <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">power inverters</a>, and electrical air pumps from the on-board electrical system.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More costly upper-class and <a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">luxury cars</a> are equipped with features earlier such as massage seats and <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">collision avoidance systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">Dedicated automotive fuses and circuit breakers</a> prevent damage from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical overload">electrical overload</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive lighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg/220px-LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg/330px-LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg/440px-LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Audi_A4" title="Audi A4">Audi A4</a> daytime running lights</figcaption></figure> <p>Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include <a href="/wiki/Headlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlight">headlights</a>, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Daytime running lights">daytime running lights</a>; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver; white-coloured reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, additional lights (e.g., side marker lights) to increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a boot light and, more rarely, an engine compartment light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_and_size">Weight and size</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg/220px-07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg/330px-07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg/440px-07-08_Chevrolet_Suburban_LT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a> extended-length SUV weighs 3,300 kilograms (7,200 lb) (gross weight).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 20th and early 21st century, cars increased in weight due to batteries,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more efficient—engines"<sup id="cite_ref-killing_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killing-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, typically weigh between 1 and 3 tonnes (1.1 and 3.3 short tons; 0.98 and 2.95 long tons).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavier cars are safer for the driver from a crash perspective, but more dangerous for other vehicles and road users.<sup id="cite_ref-killing_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killing-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. The <a href="/wiki/Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV" title="Wuling Hongguang Mini EV">Wuling Hongguang Mini EV</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">city car</a>, weighs about 700 kilograms (1,500 lb). Heavier cars include SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Suburban</a>. Cars have also become wider.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some places tax heavier cars more:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as improving pedestrian safety this can encourage manufacturers to use materials such as recycled <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> instead of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that one benefit of subsidising <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">charging infrastructure</a> is that cars can use lighter batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seating_and_body_style">Seating and body style</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Car body style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Car classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck_classification" title="Truck classification">Truck classification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_size_class" title="Vehicle size class">Vehicle size class</a></div> <p>Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. <a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size cars</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicles</a> can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports cars</a> are most often designed with only two seats. Utility vehicles like <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a>, combine seating with extra cargo or utility functionality. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan/saloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon/estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">coupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Car_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Car safety">Car safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">Traffic collision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_speed_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Low speed vehicle">Low speed vehicle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions">Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_crash_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Car_crash_2.jpg/220px-Car_crash_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Car_crash_2.jpg/330px-Car_crash_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Car_crash_2.jpg/440px-Car_crash_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Result of a serious car collision</figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-who_stats_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_stats-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ward_(scientist)" title="Mary Ward (scientist)">Mary Ward</a> became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in <a href="/wiki/Birr,_County_Offaly" title="Birr, County Offaly">Parsonstown</a>, Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-ward_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bliss_(road_accident_victim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bliss (road accident victim)">Henry Bliss</a> one of the US's first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-bliss_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bliss-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Euro_NCAP" title="Euro NCAP">Euro</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_NCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="US NCAP">US</a> NCAP tests,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and insurance-industry-backed tests by the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety" title="Insurance Institute for Highway Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a> (IIHS).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all such tests consider the safety of people outside the car, such as drivers of other cars, pedestrians and cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_and_benefits">Costs and benefits</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_car_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of car usage">Economics of car usage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_costs" title="Car costs">Car costs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the car on societies">Effects of the car on societies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/220px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/330px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/440px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Road_congestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Road congestion">Road congestion</a> is an issue in many major cities (pictured is <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Avenue" title="Chang'an Avenue">Chang'an Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and <a href="/wiki/Auto_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto maintenance">auto maintenance</a>, fuel, <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a>, driving time, <a href="/wiki/Parking_fee" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking fee">parking fees</a>, taxes, and insurance,<sup id="cite_ref-racv_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits—perceived and real—of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience,<sup id="cite_ref-setright_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-setright-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_power_system" title="Emergency power system">emergency power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1920s, cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly the costs to society of car use may include; <a href="/wiki/Maintaining_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintaining road">maintaining roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_congestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Road congestion">road congestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life; and can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. Societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the <a href="/wiki/Category:Vehicle_taxes" title="Category:Vehicle taxes">tax</a> opportunities. The ability of humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.<sup id="cite_ref-parking_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parking-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste tires">Waste tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Environmental effects of transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental aspects of the electric car">Environmental aspects of the electric car</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicle recycling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Externalities_of_automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities of automobiles">Externalities of automobiles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975-_US_vehicle_production_share,_by_vehicle_type.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/220px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/330px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg/440px-1975-_US_vehicle_production_share%2C_by_vehicle_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reductions in pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_AutomotiveTrends_202212-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalFuelEfficInit_202311-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="close-up of 2 exhaust pipes with whitish smoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg/220px-Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg/330px-Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg/440px-Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Car exhaust gas is one type of pollution</figcaption></figure> <p>Cars are a major cause of urban <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all types of cars producing <a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">dust from brakes, tyres, and road wear</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these may be limited by <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_emission_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle emission standard">vehicle emission standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are different ways to power cars, most rely on <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2019_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both petrol and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cars and vans caused 8% of direct carbon dioxide emissions in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, due to greenhouse gases emitted during battery production, electric cars must be driven tens of thousands of kilometres before their lifecycle carbon emissions are less than fossil fuel cars;<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this varies considerably<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is expected to improve in future due to <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">lower carbon electricity</a>, and longer lasting batteries<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced in larger factories.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many governments use fiscal policies, such as <a href="/wiki/Road_tax" title="Road tax">road tax</a>, to discourage the purchase and use of more polluting cars;<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many cities are doing the same with <a href="/wiki/Low-emission_zone" title="Low-emission zone">low-emission zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel taxes</a> may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicles">hybrid vehicles</a>) and the development of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuels</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> High fuel taxes or cultural change may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more <a href="/wiki/Fuel-efficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel-efficient">fuel-efficient</a> cars,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or to <a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">not drive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Car_longevity" title="Car longevity">lifetime of a car</a> built in the 2020s is expected to be about 16 years, or about 2 millionkm (1.2 millionmiles) if driven a lot.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> the average rated fuel consumption of new light-duty vehicles fell by only 0.9% between 2017 and 2019, far smaller than the 1.8% annual average reduction between 2010 and 2015. Given slow progress to date, the IEA estimates fuel consumption will have to decrease by 4.3% per year on average from 2019 to 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in sales of SUVs is bad for fuel economy.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2019_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2019-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cities in Europe have <a href="/wiki/Low-emission_zone" title="Low-emission zone">banned older fossil fuel cars</a> and all fossil fuel vehicles will be banned in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> from 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chinese cities limit licensing of fossil fuel cars,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">many countries plan to stop selling them</a> between 2025 and 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Water consumption">water consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing each kWh of battery emits a similar amount of carbon as burning through one full tank of petrol.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">sprawl</a>, therefore encouraging more travel by car, resulting in inactivity and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals and plants are often negatively affected by cars via <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and pollution. Over the lifetime of the average car, the "loss of habitat potential" may be over 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft) based on <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> correlations.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does "primary production correlations" mean please? (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">roadkill</a>. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigation in their designs, such as green bridges (designed to allow <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_crossing" title="Wildlife crossing">wildlife crossings</a>) and creating <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridors</a>. </p><p>Growth in the popularity of cars and <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> has led to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> were the world's most congested cities in 2018 according to INRIX, a data analytics company.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2></div> <p>Mass production of personal motor vehicles in the United States and other developed countries with extensive territories such as Australia, Argentina, and France vastly increased individual and group mobility and greatly increased and expanded economic development in urban, suburban, exurban and rural areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The next paragraph has US references but you need references for other developed countries. Note that other countries do not necessarily depend on cars as much as the US. Eg, I was quite content without a car while living in Hong Kong. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">transport divide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">car dependency</a> resulting from domination of <a href="/wiki/Automotive_city" title="Automotive city">car-based transport systems</a> presents barriers to employment in low-income neighbourhoods,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many low-income individuals and families forced to run cars they cannot afford in order to maintain their income.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dependency on automobiles by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> may result in exposure to the hazards of <a href="/wiki/Driving_while_black" title="Driving while black">driving while black</a> and other types of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> related to buying, financing and insuring them.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT121522_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT121522-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_car_technologies">Emerging car technologies</h2></div> <p>Although intensive development of conventional <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> is continuing into the 2020s,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other car <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a> technologies that are under development include <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Electronic_devices" title="Inductive charging">wireless charging</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen car">hydrogen cars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hydrogen/electric hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into alternative forms of power includes using <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> instead of hydrogen in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New materials which may replace steel car bodies include aluminium,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biocomposite" title="Biocomposite">biocomposites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">Telematics</a> technology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on a <a href="/wiki/City_Car_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="City Car Club">pay-as-you-go</a> basis, through <a href="/wiki/Car_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Car share">car share</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpool</a> schemes. Communication is also evolving due to <a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">connected car</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_car" title="Open-source car">Open-source cars</a> are not widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_car">Autonomous car</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">Autonomous car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hands-free_Driving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hands-free_Driving.jpg/220px-Hands-free_Driving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hands-free_Driving.jpg/330px-Hands-free_Driving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hands-free_Driving.jpg/440px-Hands-free_Driving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="3564" /></a><figcaption>A robotic <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a> shown at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Driverless_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Driverless car">driverless car</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist as <a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">robotaxis</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have a long way to go before they are in general use.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_sharing">Car sharing</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Car-share</a> arrangements and <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpooling</a> are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ACar&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Car">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun,_Ningbo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG/220px-Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG/330px-Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG/440px-Geely_assembly_line_in_Beilun%2C_Ningbo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A car being assembled in a factory</figcaption></figure> <p>The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, more than three-quarters of which are cars. In 2020, there were 56 million cars manufactured worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 67 million the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">automotive industry in China</a> produces by far the most (20 million in 2020), followed by Japan (seven million), then Germany, South Korea and India.<sup id="cite_ref-OICA2018_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OICA2018-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest market is China, followed by the US. </p><p>Around the world, there are about a billion cars on the road;<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they burn over a trillion litres (0.26<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> US gal; 0.22<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> imp gal) of petrol and diesel fuel yearly, consuming about 50 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">exajoules</a> (14,000 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">TWh</a>) of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers of cars are increasing rapidly in China and India.<sup id="cite_ref-plunkettresearch.com_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plunkettresearch.com-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investment. Many of these negative effects fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.<sup id="cite_ref-health_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIA2018_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIA2018-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a> movement focuses on solutions to these problems. The car industry is also facing increasing competition from the public transport sector, as some people re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_car_use" title="Alternatives to car use">Alternatives to car use</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_(Paris),_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement,_2012-04-05_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg/220px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg/330px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg/440px-Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_%28Paris%29%2C_r%C3%A9am%C3%A9nagement%2C_2012-04-05_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27" title="Vélib'">Vélib'</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>, is the largest bikesharing system outside China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> such as busses, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybusses</a>, trains, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram system">tramways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>, cycling, and <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle sharing system">Bicycle sharing systems</a> have been established in China and many European cities, including <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Similar programmes have been developed in large US cities.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional individual modes of transport, such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">personal rapid transit</a> could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-asphalt_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asphalt-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study which checked the costs and the benefits of introducing <a href="/wiki/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood" title="Low Traffic Neighbourhood">Low Traffic Neighbourhood</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> found the benefits overpass the costs approximately by 100 times in the first 20 years and the difference is growing over time.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/48px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/64px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="219" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Cars portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_automobiles" title="Outline of automobiles">Outline of automobiles</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Car classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_costs" title="Car costs">Car costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaywalking" title="Jaywalking">Jaywalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Model vehicle">Model vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_fatality_rate_in_U.S._by_year" title="Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year">Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Motor vehicle theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Peak car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">Traffic collision</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Effects:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">Car dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the car on societies">Effects of the car on societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption_of_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy consumption of cars">Energy consumption of cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Environmental effects of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalities_of_automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities of automobiles">Externalities of automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenceline_community" title="Fenceline community">Fenceline community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_source_air_pollution" title="Mobile source air pollution">Mobile source air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">Roadway noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Mitigation:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_revolt" title="Highway revolt">Highway revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auxiliary power outlets may be supplied continuously or only when the ignition is active depending on electrical wiring.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFowlerFowler1976" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H.W.; Fowler, F.G., eds. 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Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-698-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-698-7"><bdi>1-86207-698-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drive+On%21%3A+A+Social+History+of+the+Motor+Car&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86207-698-7&rft.aulast=Setright&rft.aufirst=L.+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parking-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parking_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parking_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakleSculle2004" class="citation book cs1">Jakle, John A.; Sculle, Keith A. (2004). <i>Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture</i>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2266-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2266-6"><bdi>0-8139-2266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lots+of+Parking%3A+Land+Use+in+a+Car+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8139-2266-6&rft.aulast=Jakle&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Sculle%2C+Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=car">"Car"</a>. <i>(etymology)</i>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306042326/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=car">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28etymology%29&rft.atitle=Car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrus-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrus_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030628171058/http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/special_collections/local/cfai/index.php">"Wayne State University and The Detroit Public Library Present "Changing Face of the Auto Industry"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Wayne State University. 28 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.wayne.edu/resources/special_collections/local/cfai/index.php">the original</a> on 28 June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wayne+State+University+and+The+Detroit+Public+Library+Present+%22Changing+Face+of+the+Auto+Industry%22&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University&rft.date=2003-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.wayne.edu%2Fresources%2Fspecial_collections%2Flocal%2Fcfai%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDcar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEDcar_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27674?rskey=Bp4Ib4&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">"car, n.1"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208001003/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27674?rskey=Bp4Ib4&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=car%2C+n.1&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F27674%3Frskey%3DBp4Ib4%26result%3D1%26isAdvanced%3Dfalse%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.ac.uk/geiriadur/pdf/GPC0018-02.pdf">"A dictionary of the Welsh language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071719/http://www.wales.ac.uk/geiriadur/pdf/GPC0018-02.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+the+Welsh+language&rft.pub=University+of+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2Fgeiriadur%2Fpdf%2FGPC0018-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDautocar-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEDautocar_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13368?redirectedFrom=autocar#eid32737946">"auto-, comb. form2"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208000942/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13368?redirectedFrom=autocar#eid32737946">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=auto-%2C+comb.+form2&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F13368%3FredirectedFrom%3Dautocar%23eid32737946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horseless+carriage">"Definition of horseless carriage"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613031330/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/horseless+carriage">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+horseless+carriage&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhorseless%2Bcarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Prospective Arrangements". <i>The Times</i>. 4 December 1897. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Prospective+Arrangements&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1897-12-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDautomob-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEDautomob_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13480?rskey=9jBC3i&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">"automobile, adj. and n."</a> <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208001009/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13480?rskey=9jBC3i&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=automobile%2C+adj.+and+n.&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F13480%3Frskey%3D9jBC3i%26result%3D1%26isAdvanced%3Dfalse%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/auto">"Definition of "auto"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915173557/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/auto">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22auto%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fauto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auto">"Definition of auto"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910031842/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/auto">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+auto&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fauto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitris2016" class="citation web cs1">Dimitris (16 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goeasyberlin.de/en/blog/trips/stuttgart-automobile-empire/">"Dimitris' Diary: Stuttgart, cradle of the automobile and the imperial family"</a>. <i>Go Easy Berlin</i>. Germany<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+Easy+Berlin&rft.atitle=Dimitris%27+Diary%3A+Stuttgart%2C+cradle+of+the+automobile+and+the+imperial+family&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft.au=Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoeasyberlin.de%2Fen%2Fblog%2Ftrips%2Fstuttgart-automobile-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://installations.militaryonesource.mil/in-depth-overview/usag-stuttgart">"USAG Stuttgart"</a>. <i>Military One Source</i>. US. 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+One+Source&rft.atitle=USAG+Stuttgart&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstallations.militaryonesource.mil%2Fin-depth-overview%2Fusag-stuttgart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_Barker" title="Theo Barker">Barker, Theo</a> (1987). <i>The Economic and Social Effects of the Spread of Motor Vehicles: An International Centenary Tribute</i> (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349086269" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349086269"><bdi>978-1349086269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+and+Social+Effects+of+the+Spread+of+Motor+Vehicles%3A+An+International+Centenary+Tribute&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1349086269&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1880-0710-922">"A broadside on a clockwork carriage built by Hans Hautsch"</a>. British Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+broadside+on+a+clockwork+carriage+built+by+Hans+Hautsch&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FP_1880-0710-922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185735/http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html">"1679-1681–R P Verbiest's Steam Chariot"</a>. <i>History of the Automobile: origin to 1900</i>. Hergé. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Auto/Pages_auto/Auto_001.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Automobile%3A+origin+to+1900&rft.atitle=1679-1681%E2%80%93R+P+Verbiest%27s+Steam+Chariot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Ftintinpassion%2FVOIRSAVOIR%2FAuto%2FPages_auto%2FAuto_001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CuriousExp-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CuriousExp_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CuriousExp_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310071024/http://www.curiousexpeditions.org/?p=52">"A brief note on Ferdinand Verbiest"</a>. Curious Expeditions. 2 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curiousexpeditions.org/?p=52">the original</a> on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+note+on+Ferdinand+Verbiest&rft.pub=Curious+Expeditions&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuriousexpeditions.org%2F%3Fp%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span> – The vehicle pictured is the 20th century diecast model made by Brumm, of a later vehicle, not a model based on Verbiest's plans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot">"Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429131542/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niepce+Museum%2C+Other+Inventions&rft.pub=Niepce.house.museum&rft.au=speos.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniepce.house.museum%2Fpagus%2Fpagus-other.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford-Lenoir-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ford-Lenoir_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarnick1907" class="citation web cs1">Lazarnick, Nick (30 July 1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A248374/">"Henry Ford posing in Ford-Lenoir automobile"</a>. detroit public library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220131139/https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora:248374/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>EVs are mostly all built like a skateboard, with the battery pack on the bottom of the car. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Among+the+worst+in+OECD%27%3A+Australia%27s+addiction+to+cheap%2C+dirty+petrol&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F05%2Famong-the-worst-in-oecd-australias-addiction-to-cheap-dirty-petrol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA2019-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEA2019_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA2019_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA2019_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/october/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-mark.html">"October: Growing preference for SUVs challenges emissions reductions in passenger car mark"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018134053/https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2019/october/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-mark.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Andrew Ross and Julie Livingston are New York University professors, members of NYU's Prison Education Program Research Lab and authors of the book "Cars and Jails: Freedom Dreams, Debt, and Carcerality."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Once+You+See+the+Truth+About+Cars%2C+You+Can%27t+Unsee+It&rft.issue=New+York+Times&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=Andrew+Ross&rft.au=Julie+Livingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fcar-ownership-inequality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airqualitynews.com/2019/09/05/ev-battery-research-projects-get-55m-funding-boost/">"EV battery research projects get £55m funding boost"</a>. <i>Air Quality News</i>. 5 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905182327/https://airqualitynews.com/2019/09/05/ev-battery-research-projects-get-55m-funding-boost/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tech Bikes MIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/dzshen/www/about.shtml">the original</a> on 20 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bike+Share+Programs&rft.pub=Tech+Bikes+MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fdzshen%2Fwww%2Fabout.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Cambell, Charlie (2 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5218323/china-bicycles-sharing-economy/">"The Trouble with Sharing: China's Bike Fever Has Reached Saturation Point"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607090315/http://time.com/5218323/china-bicycles-sharing-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+with+Sharing%3A+China%27s+Bike+Fever+Has+Reached+Saturation+Point&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Cambell&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5218323%2Fchina-bicycles-sharing-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asphalt-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asphalt_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Holtz_Kay" title="Jane Holtz Kay">Kay, Jane Holtz</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj_0"><i>Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21620-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21620-2"><bdi>0-520-21620-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asphalt+Nation%3A+how+the+automobile+took+over+America%2C+and+how+we+can+take+it+back&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-21620-2&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Jane+Holtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasphaltnationhow00kayj_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2024" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (8 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/08/health-gains-of-low-traffic-schemes-up-to-100-times-greater-than-costs-study-finds">"Health gains of low-traffic schemes up to 100 times greater than costs, study finds"</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Health+gains+of+low-traffic+schemes+up+to+100+times+greater+than+costs%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2024%2Fmar%2F08%2Fhealth-gains-of-low-traffic-schemes-up-to-100-times-greater-than-costs-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2001" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Michael L. (2001). <i>The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide</i>. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313016066" title="Special:BookSources/9780313016066"><bdi>9780313016066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+automobile+in+American+history+and+culture%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313016066&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2003" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Douglas (2003). <i>Wheels for the world: Henry Ford, his company, and a century of progress, 1903-2003</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670031818" title="Special:BookSources/9780670031818"><bdi>9780670031818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheels+for+the+world%3A+Henry+Ford%2C+his+company%2C+and+a+century+of+progress%2C+1903-2003&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780670031818&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeCole213" class="citation book cs1">Cole, John; Cole, Francis (213). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xREfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>A Geography of the European Union</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317835585" title="Special:BookSources/9781317835585"><bdi>9781317835585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geography+of+the+European+Union&rft.place=London&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=213&rft.isbn=9781317835585&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cole%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxREfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span> – Number of cars in use (in millions) in various European countries in 1973 and 1992</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich"><i>The Reckoning</i></a></span>. New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-04838-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-04838-2"><bdi>0-688-04838-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reckoning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-688-04838-2&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freckoning00halbrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1997" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj"><i>Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back</i></a>. New York: Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-58702-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-58702-5"><bdi>0-517-58702-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asphalt+nation+%3A+how+the+automobile+took+over+America%2C+and+how+we+can+take+it+back&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-517-58702-5&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Jane+Holtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasphaltnationhow00kayj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolius2020" class="citation journal cs1">Margolius, Ivan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theautomobile.co.uk">"What is an automobile?"</a>. <i>The Automobile</i>. <b>37</b> (11): 48–52. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-1328">0955-1328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Automobile&rft.atitle=What+is+an+automobile%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0955-1328&rft.aulast=Margolius&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theautomobile.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sachs" title="Wolfgang Sachs">Sachs, Wolfgang</a> (1992). <i>For love of the automobile: looking back into the history of our desires</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06878-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06878-5"><bdi>0-520-06878-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+love+of+the+automobile%3A+looking+back+into+the+history+of+our+desires&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-06878-5&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsHill1964" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, Mira; Hill, Frank Ernest (1964). <i>American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Business+Abroad%3A+Ford+on+Six+Continents&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Mira&rft.au=Hill%2C+Frank+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heathcote_Williams" title="Heathcote Williams">Williams, Heathcote</a> (1991). <i>Autogeddon</i>. New York: Arcade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-176-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-176-5"><bdi>1-55970-176-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autogeddon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55970-176-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Heathcote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TZkG1HhfG0C&pg=PA11"><i>Latin America: Economic Growth Trends</i></a>. US: Agency for International Development, Office of Statistics and Reports. 1972. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%3A+Economic+Growth+Trends&rft.place=US&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Agency+for+International+Development%2C+Office+of+Statistics+and+Reports&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TZkG1HhfG0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span> – Number of motor vehicles registered in Latin America in 1970</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evpBB9EPDtQC&pg=PA3"><i>World Motor Vehicle Production and Registration</i></a>. US: Business and Defense Services Administration, Transportation Equipment Division. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Motor+Vehicle+Production+and+Registration&rft.place=US&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Business+and+Defense+Services+Administration%2C+Transportation+Equipment+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevpBB9EPDtQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar" class="Z3988"></span> – Number of registered passenger cars in various countries in 1959-60 and 1969–70</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Car" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Car">Car</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/California_AB_1493" class="extiw" title="wikisource:California AB 1493">California AB 1493</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/car" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/car">car</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Automobiles</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fia.com/">Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010217132832/http://www.autoandsociety.com/">Forum for the Automobile and Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5460">Transportation Statistics Annual Report 1996: Transportation and the Environment by Fletcher, Wendell; Sedor, Joanne; p. 219 (contains figures on vehicle registrations in various countries in 1970 and 1992)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_interior" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Car-interior" title="Template:Car-interior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Car-interior" title="Template talk:Car-interior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Car-interior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Car-interior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_interior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Car interior</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of a series of articles on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cars</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_night_vision" title="Automotive night vision">Automotive night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_camera" title="Backup camera">Backup camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_monitor" title="Blind spot monitor">Blind spot monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_gauge" title="Boost gauge">Boost gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzer" title="Buzzer">Buzzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carputer" title="Carputer">Carputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_engine_light" title="Check engine light">Check engine light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_instrument_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instrument cluster">Electronic instrument cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gauge" title="Fuel gauge">Fuel gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_head-up_display" title="Automotive head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odometer" title="Odometer">Odometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_sensor" title="Parking sensor">Parking sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_detector" title="Radar detector">Radar detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">Speedometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachometer" title="Tachometer">Tachometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">Telematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(automotive)" title="Tell-tale (automotive)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_computer" title="Trip computer">Trip computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowden_cable" title="Bowden cable">Bowden cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">Cruise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_throttle_control" title="Electronic throttle control">Electronic throttle control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gear stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manettino_dial" title="Manettino dial">Manettino dial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">Steering wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anti-theft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_alarm" title="Car alarm">Alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_vehicle_location" title="Automatic vehicle location">Automatic vehicle location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immobiliser" title="Immobiliser">Immobiliser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_door_locks" title="Power door locks">Power door locks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_keyless_system" title="Remote keyless system">Remote keyless system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_key" title="Smart key">Smart key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIN_etching" title="VIN etching">VIN etching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Safety</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Car_seat" title="Car seat">Seating</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armrest" title="Armrest">Armrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_seat" title="Bench seat">Bench seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_seat" title="Bucket seat">Bucket seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_safety_lock" title="Child safety lock">Child safety lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-view_mirror" title="Rear-view mirror">Rear-view mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_seat" title="Rumble seat">Rumble seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_boot_liner" title="Car boot liner">Boot liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_console_(automobile)" title="Center console (automobile)">Center console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_compartment" title="Glove compartment">Glove compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_carpet" title="Molded carpet">Molded carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_visor" title="Sun visor">Sun visor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_mat" title="Vehicle mat">Vehicle mat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Convenience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet" title="Automobile auxiliary power outlet">Automobile auxiliary power outlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_holder" title="Cup holder">Cup holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CarDesign_nav" title="Template:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CarDesign_nav" title="Template talk:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CarDesign nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of a series of articles on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">cars</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">Framework</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_chassis" title="Backbone chassis">Backbone chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltline_(automotive)" title="Beltline (automotive)">Beltline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-on-frame" title="Body-on-frame">Body-on-frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_(car)" title="Bumper (car)">Bumper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagmar_bumper" title="Dagmar bumper">Dagmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">Chassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_tire" title="Continental tire">Continental tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumple_zone" title="Crumple zone">Crumple zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">Fender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">ponton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fender_skirts" title="Fender skirts">skirts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(car)" title="Grille (car)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_scoop" title="Hood scoop">scoop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_scoop" title="Shaker scoop">shaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">Monocoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillar_(car)" title="Pillar (car)">Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_panel" title="Quarter panel">Quarter panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_roof" title="Automobile roof">Roof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_rack" title="Roof rack">rack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(car)" title="Spoiler (car)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_member_engine" title="Stressed member engine">Stressed member engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subframe" title="Subframe">Subframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_lid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk lid">Trunk lid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Compartments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">Hood/bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">Trunk/boot/dickie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Car_door" title="Car door">Doors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_doors" title="Butterfly doors">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_canopy" title="Vehicle canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gull-wing_door" title="Gull-wing door">Gull-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_doors" title="Scissor doors">Scissor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_door_(car)" title="Sliding door (car)">Sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_door" title="Suicide door">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_doors" title="Swan doors">Swan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_glass" title="Vehicle glass">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_run_channel" title="Glass run channel">Glass run channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_(car)" title="Greenhouse (car)">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_window" title="Opera window">Opera window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">Power window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_glass" title="Quarter glass">Quarter glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshield/windscreen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">washer fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscreen_wiper" title="Windscreen wiper">wiper</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">Bumper sticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_feeler" title="Curb feeler">Curb feeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-end_bra" title="Front-end bra">Front-end bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_ornament" title="Hood ornament">Hood ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicle_instruments" title="List of vehicle instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_black" title="Japan black">Japan black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_bar" title="Nerf bar">Nerf bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniview_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniview technology">Omniview technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire/tyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_departure_angles" title="Approach and departure angles">Approach and departure angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakover_angle" title="Breakover angle">Breakover angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(vehicles)" title="Overhang (vehicles)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_height" title="Ride height">Ride height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_center" title="Roll center">Roll center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_radius" title="Turning radius">Turning radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_distribution" title="Weight distribution">Weight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Exterior<br />equipment</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_horn" title="Vehicle horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">Side-view mirror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_side-view_mirror" title="Power side-view mirror">power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_hitch" title="Tow hitch">Tow hitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_deflector" title="Window deflector">Window deflector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Registration plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanity_plate" title="Vanity plate">vanity plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number" title="Vehicle identification number">Vehicle identification number (VIN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobiles">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internal_combustion_engine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template talk:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_combustion_engine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Powertrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Powertrain" title="Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Powertrain" title="Template talk:Powertrain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Powertrain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Powertrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain" title="Powertrain">Powertrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engine" title="Automotive engine">Automotive engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">Steam engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propulsion_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">Automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive#Automobiles" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_mechanism" title="Direct-drive mechanism">Direct-drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">Constant-velocity joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission" title="Continuously variable transmission">Continuously variable transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">Coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">Direct-shift gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_clutch" title="Electrorheological clutch">Electrorheological clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">Fluid coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drive" title="Friction drive">Friction drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gearshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giubo" title="Giubo">Giubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">Limited-slip differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_differential" title="Locking differential">Locking differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">Parking pawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Park by wire">Park-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-by-wire" title="Shift-by-wire">Shift-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer box">Transfer box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">Transmission control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">Universal joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wheels and tires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_assembly" title="Wheel hub assembly">Wheel hub assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_tire" title="Off-road tire">Off-road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_slick" title="Racing slick">Racing slick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">Radial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_tyre" title="Rain tyre">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-flat_tire" title="Run-flat tire">Run-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubeless_tire" title="Tubeless tire">Tubeless</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle_drivetrain" title="Hybrid vehicle drivetrain">Hybrid vehicle drivetrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chassis_control_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template talk:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chassis_control_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-roll_bar" title="Anti-roll bar">Anti-roll bar (sway bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Live axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_angle" title="Caster angle">Caster angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-lock braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Roadwheels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry" title="Template talk:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_by_country" title="Automotive industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturers_and_brands_of_China" title="Automobile manufacturers and brands of China">manufacturers detailed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">Drive time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facelift_(automotive)" title="Facelift (automotive)">Facelift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebadging" title="Rebadging">Rebadging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_badge-engineered_vehicles" title="List of badge-engineered vehicles">list of vehicles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debadging" title="Debadging">Debadging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_terms" title="Glossary of automotive terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" title="Category:Automotive industry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_automobile-related_articles" title="Lists of automobile-related articles">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_transport" title="Template:Private transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_transport" title="Template talk:Private transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Private_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Private transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_transport" title="Private transport">Private transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorized vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">Motorboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_skateboard" title="Electric skateboard">Electric skateboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">Motorcycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">Moped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">Scooter (motorcycle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">Mobility scooter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Private jet">Private jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_ship" title="Motor ship">Motor ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">Motorized wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railroad_car" title="Private railroad car">Private railroad car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-motorized vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">Hot air balloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda-boda" class="mw-redirect" title="Boda-boda">Boda-boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_transport" title="Shared transport">Shared transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Peer-to-peer ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non vehicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">Inline skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair Climbing">Stair Climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stair Climbing">Stair Climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_public_transport" title="Personal public transport">Personal public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">Modal share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kraftwagen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129315-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010201">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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