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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_and_South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_and_South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Japan and South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_and_South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senior_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senior_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Senior management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senior_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Senior management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Senior_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_corporate_officer_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_corporate_officer_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Specific corporate officer positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_corporate_officer_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_chief_officer_(CO)_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_chief_officer_(CO)_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>List of chief officer (CO) titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_chief_officer_(CO)_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Corporate+title%22">"Corporate title"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Corporate+title%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Corporate+title%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Corporate+title%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Corporate+title%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Corporate+title%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Business operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Corporate titles</b> or <b>business titles</b> are given to corporate officers to show what duties and responsibilities they have in the organization. Such titles are used by publicly and privately held for-profit <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> organizations, educational institutions, <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorships</a> that also confer corporate titles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Corporate_title" title="Special:EditPage/Corporate title">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are considerable variations in the composition and responsibilities of corporate titles. </p><p>Within the corporate office or corporate center of a corporation, some corporations have a <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) as the top-ranking executive, while the number two is the <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> (COO); other corporations have a president and CEO but no official deputy. Typically, senior managers are "higher" than <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice presidents</a>, although many times a senior officer may also hold a vice president title, such as executive vice president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> (CFO). The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> is technically not part of management itself, although its chairman may be considered part of the corporate office if he or she is an executive chairman. </p><p>A corporation often consists of different businesses, whose senior executives report directly to the CEO or COO, but that depends on the form of the business. If organized as a <a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">division</a> then the top manager is often known as an <a href="/wiki/Vice_president#Hierarchy_of_vice_presidents" title="Vice president">executive vice president (EVP)</a>. If that business is a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> which has considerably more independence, then the title might be chairman and CEO. </p><p>In many countries, particularly in Europe and Asia, there is a separate executive board for day-to-day business and <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a> (elected by shareholders) for control purposes. In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> by the executive board and <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> by the supervisory board. This seemingly allows for clear lines of authority. There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> from the management <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>. </p><p>In the United States and other countries that follow a single-board corporate structure, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) is often equivalent to the European or Asian supervisory board, while the functions of the executive board may be vested either in the board of directors or in a separate committee, which may be called an operating committee (<a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan Chase">J.P. Morgan Chase</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> management committee (<a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>), executive committee (<a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>), executive council (<a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>), or executive board (<a href="/w/index.php?title=HeiG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HeiG (page does not exist)">HeiG</a>) composed of the division/subsidiary heads and senior officers that report directly to the CEO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State laws in the United States traditionally required certain positions to be created within every corporation, such as <a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company_secretary" title="Company secretary">secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">treasurer</a>. Today, the approach under the <i><a href="/wiki/Model_Business_Corporation_Act" title="Model Business Corporation Act">Model Business Corporation Act</a></i>, which is employed in many states, is to grant corporations discretion in determining which titles to have, with the only mandated organ being the board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some states that do not employ the MBCA continue to require that certain offices be established. Under the law of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, where most large US corporations are established, stock certificates must be signed by two officers with titles specified by law (e.g. a president and secretary or a president and treasurer).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every corporation incorporated in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> must have a chairman of the board or a president (or both), as well as a secretary and a chief financial officer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a> (LLC)-structured companies are generally run directly by their members, but the members can agree to appoint officers such as a CEO or to appoint "managers" to operate the company.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American companies are generally led by a CEO. In some companies, the CEO also has the title of "president". In other companies, a president is a different person, and the primary duties of the two positions are defined in the company's bylaws (or the laws of the governing legal jurisdiction). Many companies also have a CFO, a COO and other senior positions such as <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">chief legal officer</a> (CLO), <a href="/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer" title="Chief strategy officer">chief strategy officer</a> (CSO), <a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">chief marketing officer</a> (CMO), etc. that report to the president and CEO. The next level, which are not executive positions, is middle management and may be called "vice presidents", "<a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">directors</a>" or "managers", depending on the size and required managerial depth of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In British English, the title of <a href="/wiki/Managing_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Managing director">managing director</a> is generally synonymous with that of chief executive officer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managing directors do not have any particular authority under the <i>Companies Act</i> in the UK, but do have <a href="/wiki/Implied_authority" title="Implied authority">implied authority</a> based on the general understanding of what their position entails, as well as any authority expressly delegated by the board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_and_South_Korea">Japan and South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan and South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, corporate titles are roughly standardized across companies and organizations; although there is variation from company to company, corporate titles within a company are always consistent, and the large companies in Japan generally follow the same outline.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitehill1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitehill1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These titles are the formal titles that are used on business cards.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopp2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopp2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean corporate titles are similar to those of Japan. </p><p>Legally, Japanese and Korean companies are only required to have a board of directors with at least one representative director.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Japanese, a company director is called a <i>torishimariyaku</i> (取締役) and a <a href="/wiki/Representative_Director_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative Director (Japan)">representative director</a> is called a <i>daihyō torishimariyaku</i> (代表取締役). The equivalent Korean titles are <i>isa</i> (이사, 理事) and <i>daepyo-isa</i> (대표이사, 代表理事). These titles are often combined with lower titles, e.g. <i>senmu torishimariyaku</i> or <i>jōmu torishimariyaku</i> for Japanese executives who are also board members.<sup id="cite_ref-LazerRynn1990_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LazerRynn1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Condon1984_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Condon1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Japanese companies also have <a href="/wiki/Statutory_auditor" title="Statutory auditor">statutory auditors</a>, who operate alongside the board of directors in supervisory roles. </p><p>Under the commercial code in Japan, <i>Jugyōin</i> (従業員) meaning the "employee", is different from <i>Kaishain</i> (会社員), meaning the "stockholders". </p><p>The typical structure of executive titles in large companies includes the following:<sup id="cite_ref-LazerRynn1990_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LazerRynn1990-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Condon1984_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Condon1984-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vogel1975_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel1975-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English gloss </th> <th><i>Kanji</i> (<i>hanja</i>) </th> <th>Japanese </th> <th>Korean </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> </td> <td>会長<br />(會長) </td> <td><i>Kaichō</i> </td> <td><i>Hoejang</i><br />(회장) </td> <td>Often a semi-retired president or company founder. Denotes a position with considerable power within the company exercised through behind-the-scenes influence via the active president. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice chairman">Vice chairman</a> </td> <td>副会長<br />(副會長) </td> <td><i>Fuku-kaichō</i> </td> <td><i>Bu-hoejang</i><br />(부회장) </td> <td>At Korean family-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebol</a></i> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, the vice-chairman commonly holds the CEO title (i.e., vice chairman and CEO) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> </td> <td>社長 </td> <td><i>Shachō</i> </td> <td><i>Sajang</i><br />(사장) </td> <td>Often CEO of the corporation. Some companies do not have the "chairman" position, in which case the "president" is the top position that is equally respected and authoritative. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy president<br />or senior executive vice president </td> <td>副社長 </td> <td><i>Fuku-shachō</i> </td> <td><i>Bu-sajang</i><br />(부사장) </td> <td>Reports to the president </td></tr> <tr> <td>Executive vice president<br /> </td> <td>専務 </td> <td><i>Senmu</i> </td> <td><i>Jŏnmu</i><br />(전무) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senior vice president<br /> </td> <td>常務 </td> <td><i>Jōmu</i> </td> <td><i>Sangmu</i><br />(상무) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president<br />or general manager<br />or department head </td> <td>部長 </td> <td><i>Buchō</i> </td> <td><i>Bujang</i><br />(부장) </td> <td>Highest non-executive title; denotes a head of a division or department. There is significant variation in the official English translation used by different companies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy general manager </td> <td>次長 </td> <td><i>Jichō</i> </td> <td><i>Chajang</i><br />(차장) </td> <td>Direct subordinate to <i>buchō</i>/<i>bujang</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manager<br />or section head </td> <td>課長 </td> <td><i>Kachō</i> </td> <td><i>Gwajang</i><br />(과장) </td> <td>Denotes a head of a team or section underneath a larger division or department </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assistant manager<br />or team leader </td> <td>係長<br />(代理) </td> <td><i>Kakarichō</i> </td> <td><i>Daeri'</i><br />(대리) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Staff </td> <td>社員 </td> <td><i>Shain</i> </td> <td><i>Sawon</i><br />(사원) </td> <td>Staff without managerial titles are often referred to without using a title at all </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personnel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Classification </th> <th>English gloss </th> <th><i>Kanji</i> </th> <th>Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">管理監督者 <p>商人 </p><p>使用者 </p> </td> <td rowspan="6">Administrator or merchant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a> </td> <td>会長 </td> <td><i>Kaichō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice chairman">Vice chairman</a> </td> <td>副会長 </td> <td><i>Fuku-kaichō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> </td> <td>会社長 </td> <td><i>Kaishachō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president </td> <td>副社長 </td> <td><i>Fuku-shachō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Senior director and managing director (precedence depends on company and their roles)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>専務 </td> <td><i>Senmu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>常務 </td> <td><i>Jōmu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">管理職 <p>商業使用人 </p><p>使用者 </p> </td> <td rowspan="6">Manager or mercantile<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> servant </td> <td>General manager </td> <td>本部長 </td> <td><i>Hon-buchō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Department manager </td> <td>部長 </td> <td><i>Buchō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy department manager </td> <td>次長 </td> <td><i>Jichō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section manager </td> <td>課長 </td> <td><i>Kachō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assistant section manager </td> <td>課長補佐 </td> <td><i>Kachō-hosa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Team leader or team manager </td> <td>係長 </td> <td><i>Kakarichō</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">従業員 <p>労働者 </p><p>被用者 </p><p>被雇用者 </p> </td> <td colspan="2">Senior staff or chief (staff) </td> <td>主任 </td> <td><i>Shunin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Staff<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Executives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Classification </th> <th>English gloss </th> <th><i>Kanji</i> </th> <th>Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">役員 </td> <td rowspan="3">Executive </td> <td>Director<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>取締役<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>Torishimariyaku</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Statutory auditor </td> <td>監査役 </td> <td><i>Kansayaku</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accounting advisor </td> <td>会計参与 </td> <td><i>Kaikei-Sanyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">役員等 </td> <td rowspan="2">Executives and <i>etcetera</i> </td> <td>Executive director </td> <td>執行役 </td> <td><i>Shikkōyaku</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accounting auditor </td> <td>会計監査人 </td> <td><i>Kaikei-kansanin</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The top management group, comprising <i>jomu</i>/<i>sangmu</i> and above, is often referred to collectively as "cadre" or "senior management" (幹部 or 重役; <i>kambu</i> or <i>juyaku</i> in Japanese; <i>ganbu</i> or <i>jungyŏk</i> in Korean). </p><p>Some Japanese and Korean companies have also adopted American-style titles, but these are not yet widespread and their usage varies. For example, although there is a Korean translation for "<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a>" (<i>최고운영책임자, choego unyŏng chaegimja</i>), not companies have yet adopted it with the exception of a few multi-nationals such as <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/CJ_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="CJ Corporation">CJ</a> (a spin-off from Samsung), while the CFO title is often used alongside other titles such as <i>bu-sajang</i> (SEVP) or <i>Jŏnmu</i> (EVP). </p><p>Since the late 1990s, many Japanese companies have introduced the title of <i>shikkō yakuin</i> (執行役員) or 'officer', seeking to emulate the separation of directors and officers found in American companies. In 2002, the statutory title of <i>shikkō yaku</i> (執行役) was introduced for use in companies that introduced a three-committee structure in their board of directors. The titles are frequently given to <i>buchō</i> and higher-level personnel. Although the two titles are very similar in intent and usage, there are several legal distinctions: <i>shikkō yaku</i> make their own decisions in the course of performing work delegated to them by the board of directors, and are considered managers of the company rather than employees, with a legal status similar to that of directors. <i>Shikkō yakuin</i> are considered employees of the company that follow the decisions of the board of directors, although in some cases directors may have the <i>shikkō yakuin</i> title as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senior_management">Senior management<span id="Senior"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Senior management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest-level executives in <a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">senior management</a> usually have titles beginning with "chief" and ending with "officer", forming what is often called the "C-suite",<sup id="cite_ref-C-suite_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-suite-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "CxO", where "x" is a variable that could be any functional area (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">CXO</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional three such officers are <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">COO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>. Depending on the management structure, titles may exist instead of, or be blended/overlapped with, other traditional executive titles, such as <i>president</i>, various designations of <i>vice presidents</i> (e.g. VP of marketing), and <i>general managers</i> or <i>directors</i> of various divisions (such as director of marketing); the latter may or may not imply membership of the <i>board of directors</i>. </p><p>Certain other prominent positions have emerged, some of which are sector-specific. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chief_audit_executive" title="Chief audit executive">chief audit executive</a> (CAE), <a href="/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer" title="Chief procurement officer">chief procurement officer</a> (CPO) and <a href="/wiki/Chief_risk_officer" title="Chief risk officer">chief risk officer</a> (CRO) positions are often found in many types of financial services companies. Technology companies of all sorts now tend to have a <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a> (CTO) to manage technology development. A <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">chief information officer</a> (CIO) oversees information technology (IT) matters, either in companies that specialize in IT or in any kind of company that relies on it for supporting infrastructure. </p><p>Many companies now also have a <a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">chief marketing officer</a> (CMO), particularly mature companies in competitive sectors, where <a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">brand management</a> is a high priority. A chief value officer (CVO) is introduced in companies where business processes and organizational entities are focused on the creation and maximization of value. Approximately 50% of the S&P 500 companies have created a <a href="/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer" title="Chief strategy officer">chief strategy officer</a> (CSO) in their top management team to lead strategic planning and manage inorganic growth, which provides a long range perspective versus the tactical view of the COO or CFO. This function often replaces a COO on the C-Suite team, in cases where the company wants to focus on growth rather than efficiency and cost containment. A <a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">chief administrative officer</a> (CAO) may be found in many large complex organizations that have various departments or divisions. Additionally, many companies now call their top diversity leadership position the <a href="/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer" title="Chief diversity officer">chief diversity officer</a> (CDO). However, this and many other nontraditional and lower-ranking titles are not universally recognized as corporate officers, and they tend to be specific to particular organizational cultures or the preferences of employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_corporate_officer_positions">Specific corporate officer positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specific corporate officer positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman of the board</a> – presiding officer of the corporate board of directors. The chairman influences the board of directors, which in turn elects and removes the officers of a corporation and oversees the human, financial, environmental and technical operations of a corporation. </p> <ul><li>The CEO may also hold the title of "chairman", resulting in an executive chairman. In this case, the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. The C-suite is normally led by the CEO.</li> <li>Executive chairman – the chairman's post may also exist as an office separate from that of CEO, and it is considered an executive chairman if that titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon" title="Vince McMahon">Vince McMahon</a> of <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Case" title="Steve Case">Steve Case</a> of <a href="/wiki/AOL_Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Time Warner">AOL Time Warner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Flint" title="Douglas Flint">Douglas Flint</a> of <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>. In particular, the group chairmanship of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chairman essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chairman oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-executive chairman – also a separate post from the CEO, unlike an executive chairman, a non-executive chairman does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chairman and CEO, often resulting in a non-executive chairman, saying that this move improves corporate governance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a> is a corporate senior executive who assumes full management responsibility for the company's deal making, provides leadership and executes a deal strategy that will allow the company to fulfill its scientific/technology mission and build shareholder value, provides managerial guidance to the company's product development staff as needed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief of staff</a> is a corporate director level manager who has overall responsibility for the staff activity within the company who often would have responsibility of hiring and firing of the highest level managers and sometimes directors. They can work with and report directly to managing directors and the chief executive officer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">Financial control officer</a>, FCO or FC, also comptroller or controller – supervises accounting and financial reporting within an organization</li> <li>Director or member of a board of directors – high-level official with a fiduciary responsibility of overseeing the operation of a corporation and elects or removes officers of a corporation; nominally, <i>directors</i>, other than the <i>chairman</i> are usually not considered to be employees of the company <i>per se</i>, although they may receive compensation, often including benefits; in publicly held companies. A <i>board of directors</i> is normally made up of members (<i>directors</i>) who are a mixture of corporate officials who are also management employees of the company (<a href="/wiki/Inside_director" title="Inside director">inside directors</a>) and persons who are not employed by the company in any capacity (<a href="/wiki/Outside_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Outside director">outside directors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-executive_director" title="Non-executive director">non-executive directors</a>). In privately held companies, the <i>board of directors</i> often only consists of the statutory corporate officials, and in <i>sole proprietorship</i> and <i>partnerships</i>, the board is entirely optional, and if it does exist, only operates in an advisory capacity to the owner or <i>partners</i>. Non-profit corporations' governing board members may be called <i>directors</i> like most for-profit corporations, or an alternative like <i>trustees</i>, <i>governors</i>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(business)" title="Director (business)">Director</a> – a manager of managers within an organization who is often responsible for a major business function and who sometimes reports to a vice president (in some financial services companies the title vice president has a different meaning). Often used with name of a functional area; <i>finance director</i>, <i>director of finance</i>, <i>marketing director</i>, and so on. Not to be confused with a <i>member of the board of directors</i>, who is also referred to as a <i>director</i>. This is a middle management and not an executive level position, unless it is in the banking industry. Alternatively, a manager of managers is often referred to as a "senior manager' or as an "associate vice president", depending upon levels of management, and industry type.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a> – legally recognized highest "titled" corporate officer, and usually a member of the board of directors. There is much variation; often the CEO also holds the title of president, while in other organizations if there is a separate CEO, the president is then second highest-ranking position. In such a case the president is often the COO and is considered to be more focused upon daily operations compared to the CEO, who is supposed to be the visionary. If the corporate president is not the COO (such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parsons_(businessman)" title="Richard Parsons (businessman)">Richard Parsons</a> of Time Warner from 1995 to 2001), then many division heads report directly to the CEO themselves, with the president taking on special assignments from the CEO.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">Secretary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Company_secretary" title="Company secretary">company secretary</a> – legally recognized "titled" corporate officer who reports to the board of directors and is responsible for keeping the records of the board and the company. This title is often concurrently held by the <i>treasurer</i> in a dual position called <i>secretary-treasurer</i>; both positions may be concurrently held by the <i>CFO</i>. Note, however, that the <i>secretary</i> has a reporting line to the board of directors, regardless of any other reporting lines conferred by concurrent titles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a> – legally recognized corporate officer entrusted with the fiduciary responsibility of caring for company funds. Often this title is held concurrently with that of <i>secretary</i> in a dual role called <i>secretary-treasurer</i>. It can also be held concurrently with the title of <i>CFO</i> or fall under the jurisdiction of one, though the CFO tends to oversee the finance department instead, which deals with accounting and audits, while the treasurer deals directly with company funds. Note, however, that the <i>treasurer</i> has a reporting line to the board of directors, regardless of any other reporting lines conferred by concurrent titles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Superintendent (disambiguation)">Superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Owner</a> (sometimes proprietor or sole proprietor, for <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorships</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_(business_rank)" title="Partner (business rank)">Partner</a> – Used in many different ways. This may indicate a co-owner as in a legal partnership or may be used in a general way to refer to a broad class of employees or temporary/contract workers who are often assigned field or customer service work. Associate is often used in a similar way.</li> <li>Vice chair or <a href="/wiki/Vice_chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice chairman">vice chairman</a> – officer of the board of directors who may stand in for the <i>chairman</i> in his or her absence. However, this type of vice chairman title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> at Time Warner).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unrelated definition of <i>vice chair</i> describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than <i>executive vice president</i>. Sometimes, EVPs report to the vice chair, who in turn reports directly to the CEO (so vice chairs in effect constitute an additional layer of management), other vice chairs have more responsibilities but are otherwise on an equal tier with EVPs. Executive vice chairman are usually <i>not</i> on the board of directors. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a> previously used vice chairs in their inner management circle until 2004 but have since renamed them as <i>group heads</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_chief_officer_(CO)_titles"><span id="List_of_chief_officer_.28CO.29_titles"></span>List of chief officer (CO) titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of chief officer (CO) titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="1"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 30%;">Title </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 8%;">Abbreviation </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 62%;">Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_academic_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_academic_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief academic officer">Chief academic officer</a></td> <td>CAO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">academic administration</a> at <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> institutions </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_accessibility_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_accessibility_officer" title="Chief accessibility officer">Chief accessibility officer</a></td> <td>CAO</td> <td>Responsible for overseeing <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">inclusion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">people with disabilities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_age#Senior_citizen" title="Old age">seniors</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_accounting_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_accounting_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief accounting officer">Chief accounting officer</a></td> <td>CAO</td> <td>Responsible for overseeing all <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> functions, ensuring that <a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">ledger</a> accounts, <a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">financial statements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cost_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost control">cost control</a> systems are operating effectively </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_administrative_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">Chief administrative officer</a></td> <td>CAO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, including daily operations and overall performance </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_analytics_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_analytics_officer" title="Chief analytics officer">Chief analytics officer</a></td> <td>CAO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> and interpretation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_architect_(disambiguation)"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chief_architect"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_architect_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chief architect (disambiguation)">Chief architect</a></td> <td>CA</td> <td>Responsible for designing systems for <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a>, specifically in technology companies. Often called enterprise architects (EA). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_audit_executive"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_audit_executive" title="Chief audit executive">Chief audit executive</a></td> <td>CAE</td> <td>Responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Internal_audit" title="Internal audit">internal audit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_brand_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></td> <td>CBO</td> <td>Responsible for a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>'s image, experience, and promise, and propagating it throughout all aspects of the company, overseeing <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, design, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> departments </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_business_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a></td> <td>CBO</td> <td>Responsible for the company's deal making, provides leadership and execute a deal strategy that will allow the company to fulfill its scientific/technology mission and build shareholder value, provides managerial guidance to the company's product development staff as needed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_business_development_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_business_development_officer" title="Chief business development officer">Chief business development officer</a></td> <td>CBDO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">business development</a> plans, design and implementation of processes to support business growth </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_commercial_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_commercial_officer" title="Chief commercial officer">Chief commercial officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> strategy and development </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_communications_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_communications_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief communications officer">Chief communications officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>Responsible for communications to employees, shareholders, media, bloggers, <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">influencers</a>, the press, the community, and the public. Practical application of <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_compliance_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer" title="Chief compliance officer">Chief compliance officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>Responsible for overseeing and managing <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">regulatory compliance</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_content_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_content_officer" title="Chief content officer">Chief content officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>Responsible for developing and commissioning content for <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> channels and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> exploitation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_creative_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_creative_officer" title="Chief creative officer">Chief creative officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>In one sense of the term, responsible for the overall look and feel of marketing, media, and branding. In another sense, similar to chief design officer. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_customer_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_customer_officer" title="Chief customer officer">Chief customer officer</a></td> <td>CCO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_data_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_data_officer" title="Chief data officer">Chief data officer</a></td> <td>CDO</td> <td>Responsible for enterprise-wide governance and utilization of information and data as assets, via <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, information trading, and other means </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_Delivery_Officer"></span> Chief delivery officer </td> <td>CDO </td> <td>Responsible for leading the <a href="/wiki/Project_management_office" title="Project management office">project management office</a> for <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project coordination</a>, and facilitating product deliveries among clients worldwide </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_design_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_design_officer" title="Chief design officer">Chief design officer</a></td> <td>CDO</td> <td>Responsible for overseeing all design aspects of a company's products and services, including <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, user experience design, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Package_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Package design">package design</a>, and possibly aspects of advertising, marketing, and engineering </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_development_officer"></span> Chief development officer</td> <td>CDO</td> <td>Responsible for activities developing the business, usually through added products, added clients, markets or segments </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_digital_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_digital_officer" title="Chief digital officer">Chief digital officer</a></td> <td>CDO</td> <td>Responsible for adoption of <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital technologies</a>, digital consumer experiences, the process of <a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">digital transformation</a>, and devising and executing social strategies </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_diversity_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer" title="Chief diversity officer">Chief diversity officer</a></td> <td>CDO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> and inclusion, including <a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">diversity training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_employment_opportunity" title="Equal employment opportunity">equal employment opportunity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_engineering_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_engineering_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief engineering officer">Chief engineering officer</a></td> <td>CEngO</td> <td>Similar to the more common chief technology officer (CTO); responsible for technology/product R & D and manufacturing issues in a technology company, oversees the development of technology being <a href="/wiki/Commercialization" title="Commercialization">commercialized</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_executive_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a></td> <td>CEO</td> <td>Responsible for the overall vision and direction of an organization, making the final decisions over all of the corporation's operations. The highest-ranking management officer; often also the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the board">chairman of the board</a>. Usually called CEO in the United States, chief executive or <a href="/wiki/Managing_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Managing director">managing director</a> in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth of Nations, and some other countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_experience_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">Chief experience officer</a></td> <td>CXO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a>, overseeing <a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">user experience design</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">user interface design</a>. <i>CXO</i> is not to be confused with <i>CxO</i>, a term commonly used when referring to any one of various chief officers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_financial_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></td> <td>CFO</td> <td>Responsible for all aspects of finances </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_gaming_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_gaming_officer" title="Chief gaming officer">Chief gaming officer</a></td> <td>CGO</td> <td>Responsible for both the game development and the online and offline publishing functions of a company that makes <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_government_relations_officer"></span> Chief government relations officer</td> <td>CGRO</td> <td>Responsible for all aspects of government relations and <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_human_resources_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></td> <td>CHRO</td> <td>Responsible for all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_information_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a></td> <td>CIO</td> <td>Responsible for IT, particularly in IT companies or companies that rely heavily on an IT infrastructure </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_information_security_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_security_officer" title="Chief information security officer">Chief information security officer</a></td> <td>CISO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_information_technology_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Information_Technology_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Information Technology Officer">Chief information technology officer</a></td> <td>CITO</td> <td>Responsible for information technology. Often equivalent to chief information officer (CIO) and, in a company that sells IT, chief technology officer (CTO). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_innovation_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer" title="Chief innovation officer">Chief innovation officer</a></td> <td>CINO</td> <td>Responsible for innovation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_investment_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer" title="Chief investment officer">Chief investment officer</a></td> <td>CIO</td> <td>Responsible for investment and for the <a href="/wiki/Asset_liability_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset liability management">asset liability management</a> (ALM) of typical large financial institutions such as insurers, banks and/or pension funds </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_knowledge_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_knowledge_officer" title="Chief knowledge officer">Chief knowledge officer</a></td> <td>CKO</td> <td>Responsible for managing <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_capital" title="Intellectual capital">intellectual capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_learning_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_learning_officer" title="Chief learning officer">Chief learning officer</a></td> <td>CLO</td> <td>Responsible for learning and training </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_legal_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_legal_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief legal officer">Chief legal officer</a></td> <td>CLO</td> <td>Responsible for overseeing and identifying legal issues in all departments and their interrelation, as well as <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a> and business policy. Often called <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a> (GC) or chief counsel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_marketing_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></td> <td>CMO</td> <td>Responsible for marketing; job may include sales management, product development, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution channel">distribution channel</a> management, marketing communications (including advertising and promotions), <a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">pricing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_medical_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_medical_officer" title="Chief medical officer">Chief medical officer</a></td> <td>CMO</td> <td>Responsible for scientific and medical excellence, especially in <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, and integrated provider networks. The title is used in many countries for the senior government official who advises on matters of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> importance. In the latter sense compare also <a href="/wiki/Chief_Dental_Officer_(Canada)" title="Chief Dental Officer (Canada)">chief dental officer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_networking_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_networking_officer" title="Chief networking officer">Chief networking officer</a></td> <td>CNO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> within the company and between the company and its partners </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_nursing_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_nursing_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief nursing officer">Chief nursing officer</a></td> <td>CNO</td> <td>Responsible for nursing </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_operating_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></td> <td>COO</td> <td>Responsible for supervising <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">office</a> administration and maintenance, <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">business operations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">operations management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>, and (when applicable) <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_operations" title="Manufacturing operations">manufacturing operations</a>; role is highly contingent and situational, changing from company to company and even from a CEO to their successor within the same company. Often called "director of operations" in the nonprofit sector. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_privacy_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_privacy_officer" title="Chief privacy officer">Chief privacy officer</a></td> <td>CPO</td> <td>Responsible for all the privacy of the data in an organization, including <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">privacy policy</a> enforcement </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_process_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_process_officer" title="Chief process officer">Chief process officer</a></td> <td>CPO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a> and applied <a href="/wiki/Process_theory" title="Process theory">process theory</a>, defining rules, policies, and guidelines to ensure that the main objectives follow the company strategy as well as establishing control mechanisms </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_procurement_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer" title="Chief procurement officer">Chief procurement officer</a></td> <td>CPO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a>, sourcing goods and services and negotiating prices and contracts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_product_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a></td> <td>CPO</td> <td>Responsible for all product-related matters. The CPO is to the business's product what the CTO is to technology. The responsibilities of the CPO are inclusive of product vision, product strategy, user experience, product design, product development, and product marketing. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_quality_officer"></span> Chief quality officer</td> <td>CQO</td> <td>Responsible for quality and <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a>, setting up quality goals and ensuring that those goals continue to be met over time </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_research_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_research_officer" title="Chief research officer">Chief research officer</a></td> <td>CRO</td> <td>Responsible for research </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_research_and_development_officer"></span> Chief research and development officer</td> <td>CRDO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_revenue_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_revenue_officer" title="Chief revenue officer">Chief revenue officer</a></td> <td>CRO</td> <td>Responsible for measuring and maximizing revenue </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_risk_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_risk_officer" title="Chief risk officer">Chief risk officer</a></td> <td>CRO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>, ensuring that risk is avoided, controlled, accepted, or transferred and that opportunities are not missed. Sometimes called chief risk management officer (CRMO). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_sales_officer"></span> Chief sales officer</td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_science_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_science_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief science officer">Chief science officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for science, usually <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, including research and development and <a href="/wiki/New_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="New technologies">new technologies</a>. Sometimes called chief scientist. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_security_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_security_officer" title="Chief security officer">Chief security officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for security, including physical security and <a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">network security</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_software_officer"></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_software_officer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief software officer (page does not exist)">Chief software officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for the overall software strategy, roadmap, engineering, and user experience </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_solutions_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_solutions_officer" title="Chief solutions officer">Chief solutions officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for the development and delivery of reliable and innovative business and technology solutions </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_strategy_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer" title="Chief strategy officer">Chief strategy officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">strategic planning</a>, including enterprise portfolio management, corporate development, and market intelligence </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_sustainability_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_sustainability_officer" title="Chief sustainability officer">Chief sustainability officer</a></td> <td>CSO</td> <td>Responsible for environmental/sustainability programs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chief system engineer </td> <td>CSE </td> <td>Responsible for the whole system specification, validation, and verification in development processes. Usually using as the manager of other sub-system engineers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_technical_officer"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chief_technology_officer"></span><a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Chief_technical_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief technical officer">Chief technical officer</a>")</td> <td>CTO</td> <td>Responsible for technology and research and development, overseeing the development of technology to be commercialized. For an information technology company, the subject matter would be similar to the CIO's; however, the CTO's focus is technology for the firm to sell versus technology used for facilitating the firm's own operations. <p>This position is sometimes called "Chief technical officer", and often has the responsibility of managing the "technical issues" related to products or services in organizations that are not necessarily focused on technology. This is relatively common in NGOs and the development aid sector when the CEO or Project Director is not a person with a strong technical background related to the aid program focus such as economic development, renewable energy, human rights, agriculture, WASH, emergency responses, etc. The CTO provides guidance and advice to the program implementation team related to technical things. In some development aid programs, this position is similar to the technical director. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_value_officer"></span> Chief value officer</td> <td>CVO</td> <td>Ensure that all programs, actions, new products, services and investments create and capture customer value. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_visionary_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_visionary_officer" title="Chief visionary officer">Chief visionary officer</a></td> <td>CVO</td> <td>Responsible for defining corporate <a href="/wiki/Vision_statement" title="Vision statement">vision</a>, business strategy, and working plans </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="anchor" id="Chief_web_officer"></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_web_officer" title="Chief web officer">Chief web officer</a></td> <td>CWO</td> <td>Responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Web_presence" title="Web presence">web presence</a> of the company and usually for the entire online presence, including <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> and Internet (web, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>, other) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_management">Middle management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shop_foreman" title="Shop foreman">Foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General manager</a> or GM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manager (disambiguation)">Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">Of counsel</a> – A lawyer working on a part-time or temporary basis for a company or law firm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a> – Middle or upper manager in a corporation. They often appear in various hierarchical layers such as <i>executive vice president</i>, <i>senior vice president</i>, <i>associate vice president</i>, or <i>assistant vice president</i>, with EVP usually considered the highest and usually reporting to the CEO or president. Many times, corporate officers such as the <i>CFO</i>, <i>COO</i>, <i>CSO</i>, <i>CIO</i>, <i>CTO</i>, <i>secretary</i>, or <i>treasurer</i> will concurrently hold <i>vice president</i> titles, commonly EVP or SVP. Vice presidents in small companies are also referred to as chiefs of a certain division, such as vice president for finance, or vice president for administration. In some financial contexts, the title of vice president is actually subordinate to a director.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputation_(law)" title="Imputation (law)">Identification with corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Executive_Resources_Group" title="International Executive Resources Group">International Executive Resources Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_titles" title="List of corporate titles">List of corporate titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDominus2012" class="citation news cs1">Dominus, Susan (2012-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/ina-drew-jamie-dimon-jpmorgan-chase.html?pagewanted=all">"Ina Drew, Jamie Dimon and JPMorgan Chase's $6 Billion Mistake"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ina+Drew%2C+Jamie+Dimon+and+JPMorgan+Chase%27s+%246+Billion+Mistake&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft.aulast=Dominus&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F07%2Fmagazine%2Fina-drew-jamie-dimon-jpmorgan-chase.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010220809/http://users.wfu.edu/palmitar/ICBCorporations-Companion/Conexus/ModelBusinessCorporationAct.pdf">"Model Business Corporation Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.wfu.edu/palmitar/ICBCorporations-Companion/Conexus/ModelBusinessCorporationAct.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+Business+Corporation+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.wfu.edu%2Fpalmitar%2FICBCorporations-Companion%2FConexus%2FModelBusinessCorporationAct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delcode.delaware.gov/title8/c001/sc05/index.shtml">"Delaware General Corporation Law § 158"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>Every holder of stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the corporation by the chairperson or vice-chairperson of the board of directors, or the president or vice-president, and by the treasurer or an assistant treasurer, or the secretary or an assistant secretary of such corporation representing the number of shares registered in certificate form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delaware+General+Corporation+Law+%C2%A7+158&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelcode.delaware.gov%2Ftitle8%2Fc001%2Fsc05%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113085241/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=corp&group=00001-01000&file=300-318">"California Corporations Code § 312"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=corp&group=00001-01000&file=300-318">the original</a> on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>A corporation shall have a chairman of the board or a president or both, a secretary, a chief financial officer, and such other officers with such titles and duties as shall be stated in the bylaws or determined by the board and as may be necessary to enable it to sign instruments and share certificates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Corporations+Code+%C2%A7+312&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leginfo.ca.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdisplaycode%3Fsection%3Dcorp%26group%3D00001-01000%26file%3D300-318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence" class="citation news cs1">Lawrence, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbusiness.chron.com/llc-president-ceo-17385.html">"Does an LLC Have to Have a President or CEO?"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Does+an+LLC+Have+to+Have+a+President+or+CEO%3F&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.chron.com%2Fllc-president-ceo-17385.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/48776">"The Relevance of Employee Titles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Relevance+of+Employee+Titles&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F48776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelawdictionary.org/managing-director/">"What is MANAGING DIRECTOR?"</a>. The Law Dictionary. 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+MANAGING+DIRECTOR%3F&rft.pub=The+Law+Dictionary&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelawdictionary.org%2Fmanaging-director%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordanslawforbusiness.co.uk/articles/the-powers-of-a-managing-director">"The Powers of a Managing Director"</a>. Jordans<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+a+Managing+Director&rft.pub=Jordans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordanslawforbusiness.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fthe-powers-of-a-managing-director&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitehill1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitehill1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Murray_Whitehill1991" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Murray Whitehill (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesemanageme0000whit/page/113"><i>Japanese management: tradition and transition</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesemanageme0000whit/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02253-8"><bdi>978-0-415-02253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+management%3A+tradition+and+transition&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02253-8&rft.au=Arthur+Murray+Whitehill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesemanageme0000whit%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopp2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kopp2000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochelle_Kopp2000" class="citation book cs1">Rochelle Kopp (2000). <i>The rice-paper ceiling: breaking through Japanese corporate culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_Press" title="Stone Bridge Press">Stone Bridge Press</a>, Inc. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880656-51-8"><bdi>978-1-880656-51-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rice-paper+ceiling%3A+breaking+through+Japanese+corporate+culture&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-51-8&rft.au=Rochelle+Kopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchiDohi" class="citation web cs1">Yamaguchi, Katsuyuki; Dohi, Shinji. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.next.westlaw.com/1-502-0177?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&__lrTS=20171118235410021">"Corporate governance and directors' duties in Japan: overview"</a>. <i>Thomson Reuters Practical Law</i>. Thomson Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomson+Reuters+Practical+Law&rft.atitle=Corporate+governance+and+directors%27+duties+in+Japan%3A+overview&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Katsuyuki&rft.au=Dohi%2C+Shinji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.next.westlaw.com%2F1-502-0177%3FtransitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29%26__lrTS%3D20171118235410021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LazerRynn1990-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LazerRynn1990_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LazerRynn1990_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Lazer_and_Midori_Rynn1990" class="citation book cs1">William Lazer and Midori Rynn (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalbus0000unse_q8z9/page/361">"Japan"</a>. In Vishnu H. Kirpalani (ed.). <i>International business handbook</i>. Haworth series in international business. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalbus0000unse_q8z9/page/361">361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86656-862-3"><bdi>978-0-86656-862-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=International+business+handbook&rft.series=Haworth+series+in+international+business&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86656-862-3&rft.au=William+Lazer+and+Midori+Rynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalbus0000unse_q8z9%2Fpage%2F361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Condon1984-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Condon1984_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Condon1984_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Condon1984" class="citation book cs1">John C. Condon (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withrespecttojap00cond/page/86"><i>With respect to the Japanese: a guide for Americans</i></a>. Country orientation series. Vol. 4. Intercultural Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withrespecttojap00cond/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933662-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933662-49-0"><bdi>978-0-933662-49-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+respect+to+the+Japanese%3A+a+guide+for+Americans&rft.series=Country+orientation+series&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-933662-49-0&rft.au=John+C.+Condon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithrespecttojap00cond%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel1975-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogel1975_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzra_F._Vogel1975" class="citation book cs1">Ezra F. Vogel (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjapaneseor0000unse/page/135"><i>Modern Japanese organization and decision-making</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjapaneseor0000unse/page/135">135, 137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02857-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japanese+organization+and+decision-making&rft.pages=135%2C+137&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02857-9&rft.au=Ezra+F.+Vogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernjapaneseor0000unse%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These titles have been deleted from the new company act, started to enforced from June 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">merchant's or commercial</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <i>daihyō-torishimariyaku</i> (代表取締役), meaning "representative director", which is mandatory if the board of directors has been settled</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722045228/http://www.nri.co.jp/opinion/r_report/m_word/archive2/sikkouyakuin.html">"執行役／執行役員 Operating Officer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nomura_Research_Institute" title="Nomura Research Institute">Nomura Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nri.co.jp/opinion/r_report/m_word/archive2/sikkouyakuin.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%B9%EF%BC%8F%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%B9%E5%93%A1+Operating+Officer&rft.pub=Nomura+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nri.co.jp%2Fopinion%2Fr_report%2Fm_word%2Farchive2%2Fsikkouyakuin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki" class="citation web cs1">Suzuki, Kengo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130820002758/http://www.kengosuzuki.com/archive/entries/200810/28post-40.html">"執行役と執行役員の異同"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kengosuzuki.com/archive/entries/200810/28post-40.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%B9%E3%81%A8%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%BD%B9%E5%93%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%95%B0%E5%90%8C&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Kengo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kengosuzuki.com%2Farchive%2Fentries%2F200810%2F28post-40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-suite-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C-suite_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteside2013" class="citation web cs1">Whiteside, Kelly (3 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/2013/07/03/survey-ties-female-athletes-executive-leadership-roles/2487665/">"Survey ties female athletes to executive roles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Though the connection is widely noted, a new global survey quantifies how strong that link is among the highest ranking senior executives, the so-called C-suite, and those on boards at large companies with revenues more than $250 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Survey+ties+female+athletes+to+executive+roles&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Whiteside&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2F2013%2F07%2F03%2Fsurvey-ties-female-athletes-executive-leadership-roles%2F2487665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp">"Who's in the C-Suite?"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Who%27s+in+the+C-Suite%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fc%2Fc-suite.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFarrellAldrick2010" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Harry; Farrell, Sean; Aldrick, Philip (2010-09-22). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8019235/HSBC-investors-against-Michael-Geoghegan-becoming-chairman.html">"HSBC investors against Michael Geoghegan becoming chairman"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8019235/HSBC-investors-against-Michael-Geoghegan-becoming-chairman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=HSBC+investors+against+Michael+Geoghegan+becoming+chairman&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Sean&rft.au=Aldrick%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fbanksandfinance%2F8019235%2FHSBC-investors-against-Michael-Geoghegan-becoming-chairman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204195626/http://www.news.com.au/business/hsbc-chief-michael-geoghegan-to-quit-after-failing-to-get-top-job/story-e6frfm1i-1225928665163">"HSBC chief Michael Geoghegan 'to quit' after failing to get top job"</a>. News.com.au. 2010-09-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/business/hsbc-chief-michael-geoghegan-to-quit-after-failing-to-get-top-job/story-e6frfm1i-1225928665163">the original</a> on 2013-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HSBC+chief+Michael+Geoghegan+%27to+quit%27+after+failing+to+get+top+job&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fhsbc-chief-michael-geoghegan-to-quit-after-failing-to-get-top-job%2Fstory-e6frfm1i-1225928665163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2010" class="citation news cs1">Reece, Damian (2010-12-20). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8212815/HSBC-ex-chief-Michael-Geoghegan-relaxes-as-another-marathon-looms.html">"HSBC ex-chief Michael Geoghegan relaxes as another marathon looms"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8212815/HSBC-ex-chief-Michael-Geoghegan-relaxes-as-another-marathon-looms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=HSBC+ex-chief+Michael+Geoghegan+relaxes+as+another+marathon+looms&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fbanksandfinance%2F8212815%2FHSBC-ex-chief-Michael-Geoghegan-relaxes-as-another-marathon-looms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2003" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, James (2003-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/news/a10201/ted-turner-quits-as-aoltw-vice-chairman.html">"Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman"</a>. <i>Digital Spy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=Ted+Turner+quits+as+AOLTW+Vice+Chairman&rft.date=2003-01-29&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Fustv%2Fnews%2Fa10201%2Fted-turner-quits-as-aoltw-vice-chairman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporate+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306092218/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/november/taking-stoc-corporate-execs-get-scammed">Taking Stock - Corporate Execs Get Scammed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corporate_titles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_titles" title="Template talk:Corporate titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corporate_titles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corporate titles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_accessibility_officer" title="Chief accessibility officer">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_analytics_officer" title="Chief analytics officer">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_audit_executive" title="Chief audit executive">Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_automation_officer" title="Chief automation officer">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_channel_officer" title="Chief channel officer">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_commercial_officer" title="Chief commercial officer">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations_officer" title="Public relations officer">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer" title="Chief compliance officer">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_content_officer" title="Chief content officer">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_creative_officer" title="Chief creative officer">Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_data_officer" title="Chief data officer">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_design_officer" title="Chief design officer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_digital_officer" title="Chief digital officer">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_diversity_officer" title="Chief diversity officer">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_gaming_officer" title="Chief gaming officer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_happiness_officer" title="Chief happiness officer">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Human resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_security_officer" title="Chief information security officer">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_innovation_officer" title="Chief innovation officer">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_investment_officer" title="Chief investment officer">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_knowledge_officer" title="Chief knowledge officer">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_learning_officer" title="Chief learning officer">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_merchandising_officer" title="Chief merchandising officer">Merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_networking_officer" title="Chief networking officer">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_privacy_officer" title="Chief privacy officer">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_procurement_officer" title="Chief procurement officer">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_research_officer" title="Chief research officer">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_restructuring_officer" title="Chief restructuring officer">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_revenue_officer" title="Chief revenue officer">Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_risk_officer" title="Chief risk officer">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_scientific_officer" title="Chief scientific officer">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_security_officer" title="Chief security officer">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_solutions_officer" title="Chief solutions officer">Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_strategy_officer" title="Chief strategy officer">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_sustainability_officer" title="Chief sustainability officer">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_visionary_officer" title="Chief visionary officer">Visionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_web_officer" title="Chief web officer">Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_director" title="Creative director">Creative director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_director" title="Development director">Development director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">General counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">Executive director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-executive_director" title="Non-executive director">Non-executive director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_director_(Japan)" title="Representative director (Japan)">Representative director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-level executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account_manager" title="Account manager">Account manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_manager" title="Product manager">Product manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Foreman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations" title="List of business and finance abbreviations">List of business and finance abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aspects_of_corporations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template talk:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_corporations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_appointeeship" title="Corporate appointeeship">Appointeeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_communication" title="Corporate communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_entertainment" title="Corporate entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking_directorate" title="Interlocking directorate">Interlocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_narcissism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_opportunity" title="Corporate opportunity">Opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_pathos" title="Corporate pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_promoter" title="Corporate promoter">Promoter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_raid" title="Corporate raid">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_recovery" title="Corporate recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_resolution" title="Corporate resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporate scandals">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_services" title="Corporate services">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_entrepreneurship" title="Corporate social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sourcing" title="Corporate sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_synergy" title="Corporate synergy">Synergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_taxonomy" title="Corporate taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_trainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate trainer">Trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_transparency" title="Corporate transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_travel_management" title="Corporate travel management">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_trust" title="Corporate trust">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate video">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> See also templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&oldid=1253578791">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_title&oldid=1253578791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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