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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_et_schéma_de_données" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_et_schéma_de_données"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation et schéma de données</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation_et_schéma_de_données-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Droit_et_protection_des_données_personnelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Droit_et_protection_des_données_personnelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Droit et protection des données personnelles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Droit_et_protection_des_données_personnelles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Droit et protection des données personnelles</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Droit_et_protection_des_données_personnelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RFC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RFC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>RFC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RFC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Divers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whois</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 26 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84)" title="هو إيز (بروتوكول) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هو إيز (بروتوكول)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C" title="হুইজ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুইজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="هوئیز – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوئیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88" title="후이즈 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후이즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q590967#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Whois" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Whois" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Whois"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Whois"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Whois" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Whois" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&oldid=217856450" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Whois&id=217856450&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWhois"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWhois"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Whois"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Whois&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whois" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q590967" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Whois.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whois.png/220px-Whois.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whois.png/330px-Whois.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Whois.png/440px-Whois.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Exemple d'une commande whois visant le serveur de <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Whois</b> (contraction de l'<a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a> <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>who is?</i></span>, signifiant « qui est ? ») est un <a href="/wiki/Protocole_informatique" title="Protocole informatique">protocole</a> et le nom de services de recherche, basés sur ce protocole, fourni par les registres <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, par exemple les <a href="/wiki/Registre_Internet_R%C3%A9gional" class="mw-redirect" title="Registre Internet Régional">Registres Internet régionaux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Registre_Internet_r%C3%A9gional" title="Registre Internet régional">RIR</a>) ou bien les <a href="/wiki/Registre_de_noms_de_domaine" title="Registre de noms de domaine">registres de noms de domaine</a> permettant d'obtenir des informations sur une <a href="/wiki/Adresse_IP" title="Adresse IP">adresse IP</a> ou un <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_domaine" title="Nom de domaine">nom de domaine</a>. Ces informations ont des usages très variés, que ce soit la coordination entre ingénieurs réseaux pour résoudre un problème technique, ou bien la recherche du titulaire d'un nom de domaine par une société qui souhaiterait l'obtenir. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Exemples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Exemples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voici par exemple la sortie de la commande GNU <code>whois wikipedia.org</code> : </p> <pre>... Avertissement juridique ... Domain ID:D51687756-LROR Domain Name:WIKIPEDIA.ORG Created On:13-Jan-2001 00:12:14 UTC Last Updated On:09-May-2012 00:25:29 UTC Expiration Date:13-Jan-2016 00:12:14 UTC Sponsoring Registrar:MarkMonitor Inc. (R37-LROR) Status:CLIENT DELETE PROHIBITED Status:CLIENT TRANSFER PROHIBITED Status:CLIENT UPDATE PROHIBITED Registrant ID:mmr-116560 Registrant Name:Domain Admin Registrant Organization:<a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, Inc. Registrant Street1:149 New Montgomery Street Registrant Street2:Third Floor Registrant Street3: Registrant City:San Francisco Registrant State/Province:CA Registrant Postal Code:94105 Registrant Country:US Registrant Phone:+1.4158396885 Registrant Phone Ext.: Registrant FAX:+1.4158820495 Registrant FAX Ext.: Registrant Email:dns-admin@wikimedia.org ... </pre> <p>Et celle du serveur whois d'<a href="/wiki/AfriNIC" title="AfriNIC">AfriNIC</a> pour <code>213.136.100.81</code> : </p> <pre>inetnum: 213.136.100.0 - 213.136.100.255 netname: CIT-ICA descr: <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Backbone</span> Internet de Côte d’Ivoire Telecom <span class="lang-en" lang="en">country</span>: CI admin-c: AS2462-AFRINIC tech-c: AC1582-AFRINIC <span class="lang-en" lang="en">status</span>: <span class="lang-en" lang="en">ASSIGNED</span> PA <br /> <span class="lang-en" lang="en">person</span>: ANGEL SANCHEZ <span class="lang-en" lang="en">address</span>: COTE D'IVOIRE TELECOM <span class="lang-en" lang="en">address</span>: 17 BP 275 ABIDJAN 17 <span class="lang-en" lang="en">address</span>: IVORY COAST <span class="lang-en" lang="en">phone</span>: +225 20 34 53 27 <span class="lang-en" lang="en">e-mail</span>: asanchez@citelecom.ci nic-hdl: AS2462-AFRINIC </pre> <p>Certains <a href="/wiki/Site_web" title="Site web">sites web</a> fournissent un service analogue, souvent appelé <i>whois</i> par <a href="/wiki/Abus_de_langage" title="Abus de langage">abus de langage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_et_schéma_de_données"><span id="Organisation_et_sch.C3.A9ma_de_donn.C3.A9es"></span>Organisation et schéma de données</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Organisation et schéma de données" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Organisation et schéma de données"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les données stockées dans la <a href="/wiki/Base_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Base de données">base de données</a> du registre le sont selon son propre schéma de données. Il n'existe pas de norme sur ce que le registre doit stocker et selon quel vocabulaire. </p><p>Par exemple, <code>.org</code>, cité plus haut pour <code>wikipedia.org</code>, a la notion de <b>date d'expiration</b>, qui n'existe pas dans tous les registres (<code>.fr</code> a une <b>date anniversaire</b> qui n'a pas la même signification puisque le renouvellement est automatique). </p><p>Comme ce schéma de données est étroitement lié à la politique d'enregistrement du registre, il est probable qu'il n'y aura pas de convergence de ces schémas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Droit_et_protection_des_données_personnelles"><span id="Droit_et_protection_des_donn.C3.A9es_personnelles"></span>Droit et protection des données personnelles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Droit et protection des données personnelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Droit et protection des données personnelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comme whois ne permet pas d'authentification, l'accès au serveur whois est public. Cela peut poser des problèmes pour la protection de la <a href="/wiki/Vie_priv%C3%A9e_et_informatique" title="Vie privée et informatique">vie privée</a> des personnes ou, tout simplement, pour le <a href="/wiki/Secret_commercial" title="Secret commercial">secret commercial</a> ou bien pour la protection contre le <a href="/wiki/Spam" title="Spam">spam</a>. </p><p>Diverses solutions ont été étudiées et parfois déployées (comme des systèmes optionnels de diffusion restreinte des informations, voire comme la quasi-suppression des données renvoyées par whois). Le choix de ce qu'on publie reste une des questions politiques les plus brûlantes pour un registre Internet. </p><p>Les données servies par le serveur whois sont fréquemment fausses : soit elles étaient erronées depuis le début (par exemple parce que le titulaire n'avait pas d'autre choix pour protéger sa vie privée), soit elles sont devenues invalides avec le temps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RFC"><a href="/wiki/RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC">RFC</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : RFC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : RFC"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc812" class="extiw" title="rfc:812">RFC 812</a> - <span class="lang-en" lang="en">NICNAME/WHOIS</span> (<a href="/wiki/1982_en_informatique" title="1982 en informatique">1982</a>, obsolète)</li> <li><a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc954" class="extiw" title="rfc:954">RFC 954</a> - <span class="lang-en" lang="en">NICNAME/WHOIS</span> (<a href="/wiki/1985_en_informatique" title="1985 en informatique">1985</a>, obsolète)</li> <li><a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3912" class="extiw" title="rfc:3912">RFC 3912</a> - <span class="lang-en" lang="en">WHOIS protocol specification</span> (<a href="/wiki/2004_en_informatique" title="2004 en informatique">2004</a>, actuel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Technique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Technique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaque registre a son propre serveur whois. Les mécanismes de redirection, permettant à un registre de renvoyer à un autre, mieux renseigné, ne sont pas normalisés. </p><p>Le RFC ne spécifie absolument pas le format de sortie. Le format « attribut : valeur » que l'on voit dans les exemples ci-dessus est le plus courant mais pas le seul. </p><p>Et, même dans ce cas, en l'absence de schéma de données commun, l'interprétation du résultat de whois nécessite une connaissance de la politique du registre interrogé. </p><p>Pour trouver le serveur whois pertinent, on doit l'indiquer à son logiciel. Il n'existe pas de mécanismes standard pour le trouver. Certains clients whois « intelligents » utilisent un <a href="/wiki/Fichier_de_configuration" title="Fichier de configuration">fichier de configuration</a> local (c'est le cas de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.fsf.org/whois.html">GNU <code>whois</code></a>) ou bien accèdent à une base non officielle. </p><p>Du point de vue technique, les grosses limitations de whois sont : </p> <ul><li>aucun mécanisme d'authentification ;</li> <li>aucun mécanisme d'<a href="/wiki/Internationalisation_de_logiciel" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalisation de logiciel">internationalisation</a> ;</li> <li>pas de norme pour le format de sortie ;</li> <li>pas de norme pour les redirections.</li></ul> <p>En raison de ces limitations, l'<a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> a développé un nouveau protocole, IRIS (<span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Registry_Information_Service" title="Internet Registry Information Service">Internet Registry Information Service</a></i></span>), spécifié dans le <a href="/wiki/Request_for_comments" title="Request for comments">RFC</a> 3981, et qui n'est actuellement déployé par aucun registre. D'autres protocoles comme <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a> ou whois++ ont tenté de remplacer whois, sans succès. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divers">Divers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Divers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Divers"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La commande <b>/whois {pseudo}</b> permet dans la plupart des clients <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> d'obtenir des informations sur une personne connectée. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_inetutils" title="GNU inetutils">GNU inetutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footprinting" title="Footprinting">Footprinting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afnic.fr/fr/produits-et-services/services/whois/">Site Whois de l'Afnic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/">The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iana.org/">The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/modwhois/">mod_whois - Module WHOIS pour Apache</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" title="Portail de l’informatique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/24px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/36px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Circle-icons-computer.svg/48px-Circle-icons-computer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Informatique" title="Portail:Informatique">Portail de l’informatique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Portail des télécommunications"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/24px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/36px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle-icons-phone.svg/48px-Circle-icons-phone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Portail:Télécommunications">Portail des télécommunications</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whois&oldid=217856450">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whois&oldid=217856450</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégorie</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Domain_Name_System" title="Catégorie:Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Informatique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Informatique/Articles liés">Portail:Informatique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Technologies/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Technologies/Articles liés">Portail:Technologies/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Télécommunications/Articles liés">Portail:Télécommunications/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 21 août 2024 à 06:27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. 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