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id="toc-Geological_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_human_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_human_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early human settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_human_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Medical access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_cultural_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_cultural_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ethnic and cultural groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_cultural_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latinos/Hispanics,_Chicanos_and_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latinos/Hispanics,_Chicanos_and_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Latinos/Hispanics, Chicanos and Mexicans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latinos/Hispanics,_Chicanos_and_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>European groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Asian Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okies_and_Arkies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okies_and_Arkies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Okies and Arkies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okies_and_Arkies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Petroleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_major_industries_and_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_major_industries_and_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other major industries and employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_major_industries_and_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Recent changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Air pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crop_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Crop loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_effects_on_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_effects_on_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Negative effects on public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_effects_on_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrates_in_groundwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrates_in_groundwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nitrates in groundwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrates_in_groundwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-intensity_crop_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-intensity_crop_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>High-intensity crop production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-intensity_crop_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_dairy_herds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_dairy_herds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Large dairy herds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_dairy_herds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_solutions_and_alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_solutions_and_alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Possible solutions and alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_solutions_and_alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fluoridation_of_tap_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fluoridation_of_tap_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Non-fluoridation of tap water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fluoridation_of_tap_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valley_Fever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valley_Fever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Valley Fever</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valley_Fever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cities and counties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities_and_counties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cities and counties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_with_more_than_500,000_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_with_more_than_500,000_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_with_more_than_500,000_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_with_100,000_to_500,000_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_with_100,000_to_500,000_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_with_100,000_to_500,000_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_with_20,000_to_100,000_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_with_20,000_to_100,000_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_with_20,000_to_100,000_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_with_fewer_than_20,000_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_with_fewer_than_20,000_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_with_fewer_than_20,000_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">San Joaquin Valley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="وادي سان هواكين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وادي سان هواكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_San_Joaqu%C3%ADn" title="Valle de San Joaquín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valle de San Joaquín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valo_San_Joaquin" title="Valo San Joaquin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valo San Joaquin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_harana" title="San Joaquin harana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Joaquin harana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دره سن‌خواکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دره سن‌خواکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_San_Joaquin" title="Vallée de San Joaquin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vallée de San Joaquin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_di_San_Joaquin" title="Valle di San Joaquin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valle di San Joaquin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0" title="സാൻ ജൊവാക്വിൻ താഴ്‍‍വര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാൻ ജൊവാക്വിൻ താഴ്‍‍വര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="サンホアキン・バレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンホアキン・バレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_de_San_Joaquin" title="Vale de San Joaquin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vale de San Joaquin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Сан-Хоакин (долина) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сан-Хоакин (долина)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="San Joaquin Valley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Joaquin_Valley&params=36_37_44_N_120_11_06_W_source:nlwiki_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°37′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°11′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.62889°N 120.18500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.62889; -120.18500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of the Central Valley in California</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">San Joaquin Valley</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Valle de San Joaquín</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG/272px-California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG/408px-California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG/544px-California%27s_Central_Valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">San Joaquin Valley</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg/272px-California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg/408px-California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg/544px-California_San_Joaquin_counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of the counties encompassing the San Joaquin Valley ecoregion</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">California, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population centers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulare,_California" title="Tulare, California">Tulare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porterville,_California" title="Porterville, California">Porterville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clovis,_California" title="Clovis, California">Clovis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanford,_California" title="Hanford, California">Hanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madera,_California" title="Madera, California">Madera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_California" title="Lodi, California">Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galt,_California" title="Galt, California">Galt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manteca,_California" title="Manteca, California">Manteca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceres,_California" title="Ceres, California">Ceres</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> (east), <a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a> (north), <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">Coast Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> (west), <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains" title="Tehachapi Mountains">Tehachapi Mountains</a> (south)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Joaquin_Valley&params=36_37_44_N_120_11_06_W_source:nlwiki_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°37′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°11′06″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.62889°N 120.18500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.62889; -120.18500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traversed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">Interstate 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_99" title="California State Route 99">State Route 99</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rivers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png/220px-San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png/330px-San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png/440px-San_Joaquin_River_watershed.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries, showing the extent of the valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>San Joaquin Valley</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/hw/: 'wh' in 'why'">hw</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/En-us-san_joaquin.ogg\/En-us-san_joaquin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-san joaquin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/En-us-san_joaquin.ogg/En-us-san_joaquin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-san_joaquin.ogg" title="File:En-us-san joaquin.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAN</span> whah-<span style="font-size:90%">KEEN</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Valle de San Joaquín</i>) is the southern half of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>. Famed as a major <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the San Joaquin Valley is an important source of food, producing a significant part of California's agricultural output. </p><p>San Joaquin Valley draws from eight counties of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, including all of <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Joaquin County">San Joaquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a> counties, most of <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaus County">Stanislaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merced_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Merced County">Merced</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a> counties, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a> counties, along with a majority of <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern County</a> in Southern California.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the valley is predominantly rural, it has three densely populated urban centers: <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>/<a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_San_Joaquin,_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg/200px-Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg/400px-Map_of_the_San_Joaquin%2C_Sacramento_and_Tulare_Valleys_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An 1873 map shows <a href="/wiki/Tulare_Lake" title="Tulare Lake">Tulare Lake</a> prior to shrinkage from large-scale agriculture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The San Joaquin Valley is the southern half of California's <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SJVIDP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJVIDP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains" title="Tehachapi Mountains">Tehachapi Mountains</a> in the south, and from the California coastal ranges (<a href="/wiki/Diablo_Range" title="Diablo Range">Diablo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temblor_Range" title="Temblor Range">Temblor</a>) in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The valley contains two large river systems, divided north and south. The northern portion of San Joaquin Valley is called the San Joaquin Basin: the watershed of the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a> and its tributaries including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a>, all of which drain northwest into the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and eventually out to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The somewhat larger southern portion is the Tulare Basin, an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Tulare_Lake" title="Tulare Lake">Tulare Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SJVIDP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJVIDP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Tulare Lake was fed by the <a href="/wiki/Tule_River" title="Tule River">Tule River</a>, the Kings River, the <a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(California)" title="White River (California)">White River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern River</a>, but much of this water has been diverted for agricultural uses and the watershed is mostly dry in its lower reaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millerton_Lake_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Millerton_Lake_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Millerton_Lake" title="Millerton Lake">Millerton Lake</a>, supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Madera_Canal" title="Madera Canal">Madera Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friant-Kern_Canal" title="Friant-Kern Canal">Friant-Kern Canal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The San Joaquin Valley began to form about 66 million years ago during the early Paleocene era. Broad fluctuations in the sea level caused various areas of the valley to be flooded with ocean water for the next 60 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 5 million years ago, the marine outlets began to close due to uplift of the coastal ranges and the deposition of sediment in the valley. Starting 2 million years ago, a series of glacial episodes periodically caused much of the valley to become a fresh water lake. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Corcoran" title="Lake Corcoran">Lake Corcoran</a> was the last widespread lake to fill the valley about 700,000 years ago. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> there were three major lakes remaining in the southern part of the Valley, Tulare Lake, <a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista_Lake" title="Buena Vista Lake">Buena Vista Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kern_Lake_(Kern_County)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kern Lake (Kern County)">Kern Lake</a>. In the late 19th and in the 20th century, agricultural diversion of the Kern River eventually dried out these lakes. Today, only a fragment of Buena Vista Lake remains as two small lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Webb_(California)" title="Lake Webb (California)">Lake Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Evans_(California)" title="Lake Evans (California)">Lake Evans</a> in a portion of the former Buena Vista Lakebed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley has extremely hot, dry summers and pleasantly mild winters characterized by dense <a href="/wiki/Tule_fog" title="Tule fog">tule fog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rainy season normally runs from November through April. The valley has experienced a severe and intensifying <a href="/wiki/Megadrought" title="Megadrought">megadrought</a> since the early 2010s. This drought is not only affecting humans, with farmland <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taking much of the impact, but also the wildlife <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well. </p><p>In August 2015, the Director of the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Water_Resources" title="California Department of Water Resources">California Department of Water Resources</a> stated, "Because of increased pumping, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> levels are reaching record lows—up to 100 feet lower than previous records."<sup id="cite_ref-dwrsink_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwrsink-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research from NASA shows that parts of the San Joaquin Valley sank as much as 8 inches (0.20 m) in a four-month period, and land near <a href="/wiki/Corcoran,_California" title="Corcoran, California">Corcoran</a> sank 13 inches (0.33 m) in 8 months. The sinking has destroyed thousands of groundwater well casings and has the potential to damage aqueducts, roads, bridges, and flood-control structures. In the long term, the <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater exploitation">extracting groundwater</a> could irreversibly reduce the underground aquifer's water storage capacity, although immediate and short term needs are given higher priority and sense of urgency than long term sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-dwrsink_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwrsink-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> Forecast Office for the San Joaquin Valley is located in <a href="/wiki/Hanford,_California" title="Hanford, California">Hanford</a> and includes a <a href="/wiki/Doppler_weather_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a>. Weather forecasts and climatological information for the San Joaquin Valley are available from its official website.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_human_settlement">Early human settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early human settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley was originally inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Yokuts_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokuts people">Yokuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miwok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Miwok people">Miwok peoples</a>. The first European to enter the valley was <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Pedro Fages</a> in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tejon_Indian_Tribe_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejon Indian Tribe of California">Tejon Indian Tribe of California</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of California">indigenous people of California</a>. Their ancestral homeland is the southern San Joaquin Valley, <a href="/wiki/San_Emigdio_Mountains" title="San Emigdio Mountains">San Emigdio Mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Mountains" title="Tehachapi Mountains">Tehachapi Mountains</a>. Today they live in <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern County, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-baker_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Wasco,_California" title="Wasco, California">Wasco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nnn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Picayune_Rancheria_of_Chukchansi_Indians_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California">Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians of California</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of California">indigenous people of California</a>, Chukchansi or Foothills <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a>, now located in <a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera County</a> in the San Joaquin Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-sdsu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdsu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Rancheria" title="Santa Rosa Rancheria">Santa Rosa Rancheria</a> belongs to the federally recognized Tachi <a href="/wiki/Yokuts_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokuts people">Yokuts</a> tribe and is located 4.5 miles (7.24 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Lemoore,_California" title="Lemoore, California">Lemoore, California</a>, in the San Joaquin Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010, statewide <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_California" title="Droughts in California">droughts in California</a> have further strained both the San Joaquin Valley's and the Sacramento Valley's <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total population of the eight counties comprising the San Joaquin Valley at the time of the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates by United States Census Bureau reported a population of 4,080,509.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racial composition of San Joaquin Valley was 1,428,978 (35.0%) Non-Hispanic White, 2,048,280 (50.2%) Hispanic or Latino, 310,557 (7.6%) Asian, 193,694 (4.7%) Black or African American, 40,911 (1.0%) American Indian and Alaska Native, and 13,000 (0.32%) Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The educational attainment of high school graduate or higher is 72.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, six San Joaquin Valley counties had the highest percentage of residents living below the federal <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a> in 2006 of any counties in California. The report also showed that the same six counties were among the 52 counties with the highest poverty rate in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median income for a household in the valley was $46,713.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poverty rate for individuals below the poverty level is 23.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 U.S. congressional researchers compared the economically distressed Valley to the traditionally impoverished <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> region, resulting in the appellation <b>New Appalachia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 <i>Forbes,</i> after taking the fluctuation of median home values, five of the top twenty "most miserable cities" were located in the San Joaquin Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the collapse of median home values, persistent crime, unemployment and poverty were common factors between <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a> – every major city of the San Joaquin Valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_access">Medical access</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medical access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insufficient access to medicine in the United States, in particular prenatal and preventive care, is typified by both rural and inner city communities. Early and adequate access to prenatal care is important to maternal and child health and is another comparative indicator of community health. According to the California Department of Health Services, 37% of births in <a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced County</a> occurred with no or late prenatal care and the San Joaquin Valley average was 19.5% of births with no or late prenatal care. By comparison, the California average was 13.6% of births and the national average was 10% of births<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, the counties of the San Joaquin Valley have relatively high ratios of population to physicians, suggesting relatively low access, with the highest in <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings County</a> at 1,027 patients per a physician, the San Joaquin Valley average at approximately 671 patients per a physician and the California average of 400 patients per a physician.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another measure of access is licensed acute care hospital beds per thousand population, where the Kings County average of 1.1 beds per a thousand and the San Joaquin Valley average of 1.8 beds per a thousand were again less than the state average of 2.1 bed per a thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the age adjusted death rate is significantly higher than the rest of California. </p><p>In response the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Merced" title="University of California, Merced">University of California, Merced</a> is exploring opening a research medical school specializing in rural care, in hopes that some graduates will settle in the San Joaquin Valley and provide better healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_and_cultural_groups">Ethnic and cultural groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnic and cultural groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latinos/Hispanics,_Chicanos_and_Mexicans"><span id="Latinos.2FHispanics.2C_Chicanos_and_Mexicans"></span>Latinos/Hispanics, Chicanos and Mexicans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Latinos/Hispanics, Chicanos and Mexicans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg/170px-Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg/255px-Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg/340px-Cesar_chavez_crop2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a> at a <a href="/wiki/United_Farmworkers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Farmworkers">United Farmworkers</a> rally, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, the Latino and Mexican descendants are large percentage of the demographics in the San Joaquin Valley. Since not long after the onset of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bracero" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero">bracero</a></i> program during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all but a minor percentage of the farmworkers in the region have been of Mexican ancestry. Ethnic and economic friction between Mexican-Americans and the valley's predominantly white farming elite manifested itself most notably during the 1960s and 1970s, when the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>, went on numerous <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">strikes</a> and called for boycotts of table grapes. The UFW generated enormous sympathy throughout the United States, even managing to terminate several agricultural mechanization projects at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. However, from the 1970s onward, landlords and large corporations have also hired <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">undocumented immigrants</a>. This has allowed them to increase their profits due to low overhead on wages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_groups">European groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley has—by California standards—an unusually large number of European, Middle Eastern, and Asian ethnicities in the heritage of its citizens. These communities are often quite large and, relative to Americans immigration patterns, quite eclectic: for example, there are more <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azorean</a> Portuguese in the San Joaquin Valley than in the Azores. Many groups are found in majorities in specific cities, and hardly anywhere else in the region. For example, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrians</a> are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ripon,_California" title="Ripon, California">Ripon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croats</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingsburg,_California" title="Kingsburg, California">Kingsburg</a> is famous for its distinctly <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a> air, having been founded by immigrants from that country. Ethnic groups found in a broader area are <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Germans_in_North_America" title="Russian Germans in North America">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basques</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Okies" class="mw-redirect" title="Okies">Okies</a>" of primarily <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> descent who migrated to California from the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> groups descended from <a href="/wiki/Germans_from_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans from Russia">Russian Germans</a> settled in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Reedley,_California" title="Reedley, California">Reedley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinuba,_California" title="Dinuba, California">Dinuba</a>, as well as Lutheran and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> who settled in the broader <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a> area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_Americans">Asian Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asian Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley has a large and exceptionally diverse Asian American population; primarily from the regions of Punjab in India and Pakistan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia, especially Laos and Cambodia. </p><p>Punjabi Sikh Americans have immigrated to the San Joaquin Valley since the early 1900s and 1910s, and remain a very large presence in the area. To this day, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> is the third most spoken language in the San Joaquin Valley region, after English and Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first Sikh Gurdwara was founded in Stockton in 1915. Following abolition of immigration restrictions from Asia in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of Pakistanis and Indians from Punjab, Gujarat, and Southern India have settled in these valley communities including <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_California" title="Livingston, California">Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_California" title="Lodi, California">Lodi</a>. </p><p>In addition, the late 1970s and '80s saw an influx of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> following the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam">War in Vietnam</a>. These immigrants, the majority of whom are <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Laotian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Cambodian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, have largely settled in the communities of Stockton, Modesto, <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a>. Hmongs, Laotians, and Cambodians are the largest communities of Southeast Asians in the San Joaquin Valley, and the valley has some of the largest populations of these groups in the nation. Fresno has the second-largest Hmong population of any American metropolitan area after <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>, and Stockton is believed to have the largest percentage of Cambodian Americans of any major American metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a>, Modesto, Fresno, <a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a>, and Stockton have some of the largest populations of Laotian Americans in the United States. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipino American</a> population is concentrated in Delano and <a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop</a>. Filipinos have a strong history in Stockton. Filipino organizations in Stockton are reflected in various commercial buildings identified as Filipino. Filipinos fought for the U.S. against Japan in WWII, in exchange for favorable immigration status. Stockton has been an adjunct to the San Francisco Bay Area, which was a major military production and transit area during WWII. Filipino emigration to Stockton followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Allensworth_State_Historic_Park" title="Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park">Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park</a> marks the location of the only California town to be founded, financed and governed by African Americans. The small farming community was founded in 1908 by Lt. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Allen_Allensworth" title="Allen Allensworth">Allen Allensworth</a>, Professor William Payne, William Peck, a minister, John W. Palmer, a miner, and Harry A. Mitchell, a real estate agent, dedicated to improving the economic and social status of African Americans. Uncontrollable circumstances, including a drop in the area's water table, resulted in the town's demise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Okies_and_Arkies">Okies and Arkies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Okies and Arkies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a>-era migrants to the San Joaquin Valley from the South and Midwest are one of the more well-known groups in the Central Valley, in large part due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> movie made from it. By 1910, agriculture in the southern <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> had become nearly unviable due to soil erosion and poor rainfall. Much of the rural population of states such as <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> left at this time, selling their land and moving to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, and fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Those who remained experienced continuing deterioration of conditions, which reached their nadir during the drought that began in the late 1920s and created the infamous <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>. (Small cotton farmers in states such as <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> suffered similar problems from the first major infestation of the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a>.) When the onset of the Great Depression created a national banking crisis, family farmers—usually heavily in debt—often had their mortgages foreclosed by banks desperate to shore up their balance sheets. In response, many farmers loaded their families and portable possessions into their automobiles and drove west. </p><p>Many of the Okies and Arkies left the San Joaquin Valley during World War II, most of them going to Los Angeles, San Francisco and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to work in war-related industries. Many of those who stayed ended up in <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oildale,_California" title="Oildale, California">Oildale</a>, as the southern San Joaquin Valley became an important area of oil production after major Southern California oil fields such as <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Oil_Field" title="Long Beach Oil Field">Signal Hill</a> began to dry up. <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a> legends <a href="/wiki/Buck_Owens" title="Buck Owens">Buck Owens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a> came out of Bakersfield's <a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">honky-tonk</a> scene and created <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_sound" title="Bakersfield sound">a hard-driving sound</a> that is still deeply associated with the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwsanjoaquin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gwsanjoaquin.jpg/170px-Gwsanjoaquin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gwsanjoaquin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Signs on pole show approximate altitude of land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>The San Joaquin Valley produces 12.8% of California's agricultural production (as measured by dollar value).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often called a <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> region, the valley farms emphasize fruits, vegetables and nuts more than grain for bread.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major crops include <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a> (wine grapes, table grapes and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, and vegetables. Walnuts, oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success. Certain places are identified quite strongly with a given crop: Stockton produces the majority of the domestic <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> consumed in the United States, and Fresno County is the largest producer of raisins. </p><p>Cattle and sheep ranching are also vitally important to the valley's economy. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Miller & Lux corporation built an agricultural monopoly centered around cattle. The corporation can be characterized as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_farming" title="Corporate farming">corporate farming</a> transforming the yeoman farmer into wage workers. The success of the business can be attributed to founder <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller_(rancher)" title="Henry Miller (rancher)">Henry Miller</a>'s direct management style which is reflected in his detailed correspondences to his subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During recent years, dairy farming has greatly expanded in importance. As areas such as <a href="/wiki/Chino,_California" title="Chino, California">Chino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corona,_California" title="Corona, California">Corona</a> have become absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Suburban" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban">suburban</a> sprawl of Los Angeles, many dairy farmers have cashed out and moved their herds to Kings, Tulare, and Kern counties. </p><p>Between 1990 and 2004, 28,092 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> (70,231 acres) of agricultural land was lost to urban development in the San Joaquin Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there have been some token efforts at confronting the problems of (sub)<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, the politically conservative climate of the Valley generally prefers traditional suburban sprawl type of growth such as low density housing and strip malls anchored by so-called big box stores and opposes measures such as "Smart Growth", "Transit Oriented Development", "High Density Housing", and increased public transit such as light and commuter rail. By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley. Farmers began using complex irrigation systems and using treated waste water to feed crops, while many were switching from farming cotton to other commodities, chief among them, almonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Valley_Drought_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valley_Drought-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum">Petroleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Petroleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/220px-NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/330px-NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/440px-NorthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of Northern San Joaquin Valley Oil and Gas Fields</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/220px-SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/330px-SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png/440px-SouthernSanJoaquinValleyOilGasFields.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southern San Joaquin Valley Oil and Gas Fields</figcaption></figure> <p>California has long been one of the nation's most important oil-producing states, and the San Joaquin Valley has long since eclipsed the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a> as the state's primary oil production region. Scattered oil wells on small <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> are found throughout the region, and several enormous extraction facilities – most notably near <a href="/wiki/Lost_Hills,_California" title="Lost Hills, California">Lost Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taft,_California" title="Taft, California">Taft</a>, including the enormous <a href="/wiki/Midway-Sunset_Oil_Field" title="Midway-Sunset Oil Field">Midway-Sunset Oil Field</a>, the third-largest oil field in the United States – are veritable forests of pumps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> operated a major refinery in Bakersfield; it was sold in 2005 to <a href="/wiki/Flying_J_(1968%E2%80%932010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying J (1968–2010)">Flying J</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake</a>-based firm that operates truck stops and refineries. Flying J's bankruptcy in 2009 resulted in the refinery being shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oil and gas fields in Kern County are receiving increased attention since the July 2009 announcement by Occidental Petroleum of significant discovery of oil and gas reserves<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even prior to this discovery the region retains more oil reserves than any other part of California. Of California fields outside of the San Joaquin Valley, only the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Oil_Field" title="Wilmington Oil Field">Wilmington Oil Field</a> in Los Angeles County has untapped reserves greater than 100,000,000 barrels (16,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), while six fields in the San Joaquin Valley (Midway-Sunset, <a href="/wiki/Kern_River_Oil_Field" title="Kern River Oil Field">Kern River</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Belridge_Oil_Field" title="South Belridge Oil Field">South Belridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_Hills_Oil_Field" title="Elk Hills Oil Field">Elk Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymric_Oil_Field" title="Cymric Oil Field">Cymric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lost_Hills_Oil_Field" title="Lost Hills Oil Field">Lost Hills</a>) each have reserves exceeding 100,000,000 barrels (16,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_major_industries_and_employers">Other major industries and employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other major industries and employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The isolation and vastness of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as its poverty and need for jobs, have led the state to build numerous <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a> in the area. The most notable of these is <a href="/wiki/Corcoran,_California" title="Corcoran, California">Corcoran</a>, whose inmates have included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Corona" title="Juan Corona">Juan Corona</a>. Other correctional facilities in the valley are at <a href="/wiki/Avenal,_California" title="Avenal, California">Avenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowchilla,_California" title="Chowchilla, California">Chowchilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalinga,_California" title="Coalinga, California">Coalinga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wasco,_California" title="Wasco, California">Wasco</a>. </p><p>The only significant military base in the region is <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Lemoore" title="Naval Air Station Lemoore">Naval Air Station Lemoore</a>, a vast air base located 25 kilometres (16 mi) WSW of <a href="/wiki/Hanford,_California" title="Hanford, California">Hanford</a>. Unlike many of California's other military installations, NAS Lemoore's operational importance has increased in the 1990s and 2000s. The other, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base" title="Castle Air Force Base">Castle Air Force Base</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Atwater,_California" title="Atwater, California">Atwater</a> was closed during the <a href="/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure" title="Base Realignment and Closure">Base Realignment and Closure</a> of the 1990s. Although both are in Kern County, <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Lake_Naval_Air_Weapons_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station">China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station</a> are located in the <a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</a> area of that county. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_changes">Recent changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recent changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The California real estate boom that began in the late 1990s has significantly changed the San Joaquin Valley. Once distinctly and fiercely independent of Los Angeles and San Francisco, the area has seen increasing <a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">exurban</a> development as the cost of living forces young families and small businesses further and further away from the coastal urban cores. Stockton, Modesto, Tracy (as well as the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_House,_California" title="Mountain House, California">Mountain House</a>), Manteca, and Los Banos are increasingly dominated by commuters to San Francisco and Silicon Valley, and the small farming towns to the south are finding themselves in the Bay Area's orbit as well. Bakersfield, traditionally a boom-bust oil town once described by urban scholar <a href="/wiki/Joel_Kotkin" title="Joel Kotkin">Joel Kotkin</a> as an "American <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>," has seen a massive influx of former Los Angeles business owners and commuters, to the extent that <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated communities</a> containing million-dollar homes are going up on the city's outskirts. <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a>, <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/CVS_Pharmacy" title="CVS Pharmacy">CVS Pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration Hardware">Restoration Hardware</a>, and other various large shipping firms have built huge distribution centers both in the southern end of the valley and northern part of the valley because of quick access to major interstates and low local wages. Further integration with the rest of the state is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG/220px-Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG/330px-Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG/440px-Interstate_5_Southbound_near_Derrick_Ave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The valley as seen from <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California" title="Interstate 5 in California">Interstate 5</a>, looking south near Derrick Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno County</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 5 (California)">Interstate 5</a> (I-5) and <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_99" title="California State Route 99">State Route 99</a> (SR 99) each run nearly the entire length of the San Joaquin Valley. I-5 runs in the western part of the valley, bypassing the major population centers (including Fresno, currently the largest U.S. city without an Interstate highway), while SR 99 runs through them. Both highways then merge at the southern end of valley en route to Los Angeles. When the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build I-5 as an entirely then-new freeway bypass instead of upgrading the then-existing <a href="/wiki/U.S._99" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 99">U.S. 99</a>. Since then, state and federal representatives have pushed to convert SR 99 to an Interstate, although this cannot occur until all of the portions of SR 99 between I-5 and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._50" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 50">U.S. 50</a> junction in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> are upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_standards" title="Interstate Highway standards">Interstate standards</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_58" title="California State Route 58">State Route 58</a> (SR 58), which is a freeway in Bakersfield and along most of its route until its terminus in <a href="/wiki/Barstow,_California" title="Barstow, California">Barstow</a>, is an extremely important and very heavily traveled route for truckers from the valley and the Bay Area who want to cross the Sierra Nevada and leave California (by way of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 15 (California)">Interstate 15</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 40 (California)">Interstate 40</a>) without having to climb <a href="/wiki/Donner_Pass" title="Donner Pass">Donner Pass</a> or brave the traffic congestion of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Proposals have also been made to designate this highway as a western extension of I-40 once the entirety of the route between <a href="/wiki/Mojave,_California" title="Mojave, California">Mojave</a> and Barstow has been upgraded to a freeway. This would provide an Interstate connection for Bakersfield, currently the second-largest U.S. city without an Interstate. The most recent additions to this system are State Routes 168 and 180. Route 168 begins in Fresno on Route 180 linking to Huntington Lake in the mountains through Clovis and many smaller communities. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> State Route 180 is a state highway which runs through the heart of the San Joaquin Valley from Mendota through Fresno to Kings Canyon National Park. A short piece near the eastern end, through the Grant Grove section of Kings Canyon National Park, is not state-maintained. The part east of unbuilt State Route 65 near Minkler is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System; the road east of Dunlap is the Kings Canyon Scenic Byway, a Forest Service Byway. </p><p>Other important highways in the valley include <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_46" title="California State Route 46">State Route 46</a> (SR 46) and <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_41" title="California State Route 41">State Route 41</a> (SR 41), which respectively link the <a href="/wiki/California_Central_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="California Central Coast">California Central Coast</a> with Bakersfield and Fresno; <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_33" title="California State Route 33">State Route 33</a> (SR 33), which runs south to north along the valley's western rim and provides a connection to <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Mountains" title="Santa Ynez Mountains">Santa Ynez Mountains</a>; and <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_152" title="California State Route 152">State Route 152</a> (SR 152), an important commuter route linking <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> with its fast-growing exurbs such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Banos,_California" title="Los Banos, California">Los Banos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAT_terminal_building,_11-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg/220px-FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg/330px-FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg/440px-FAT_terminal_building%2C_11-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fresno_Yosemite_International_Airport" title="Fresno Yosemite International Airport">Fresno Yosemite International Airport</a> terminal</figcaption></figure> <p>The busiest airport in San Joaquin Valley is the <a href="/wiki/Fresno_Yosemite_International_Airport" title="Fresno Yosemite International Airport">Fresno Yosemite International Airport</a>, which offers scheduled passenger flights to several major airline hubs in the United States and international service to Mexico. Additionally, there are three nonprimary airports in the region: <a href="/wiki/Meadows_Field_Airport" title="Meadows Field Airport">Meadows Field Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield">Bakersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Stockton Metropolitan Airport">Stockton Metropolitan Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merced_Municipal_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Merced Municipal Airport">Merced Municipal Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanJoaquinmerced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SanJoaquinmerced.jpg/220px-SanJoaquinmerced.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SanJoaquinmerced.jpg/330px-SanJoaquinmerced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SanJoaquinmerced.jpg/440px-SanJoaquinmerced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquins" title="San Joaquins">San Joaquins</a></i> train at Merced station</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquins" title="San Joaquins">San Joaquins</a></i> service handles passenger traffic between <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a> with extensions to either <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>. Amtrak rail service does not continue south of Bakersfield, as the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> does not currently allow the San Joaquins trains to run on the highly congested rail route over <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi Pass</a>, which is the only route between Bakersfield and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Passengers between these towns must travel on <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a> buses. The San Joaquin Valley is also the location of the planned initial operating segment of the <a href="/wiki/California_High-Speed_Rail" title="California High-Speed Rail">California High-Speed Rail</a> (CAHSR) project, which will run 171 miles from Bakersfield in the south to Merced in the north. </p><p>Freight service is provided by <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley_Railroad" title="San Joaquin Valley Railroad">San Joaquin Valley Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity">Electricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The valley is served by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Power_Administration" title="Western Area Power Administration">Western Area Power Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Electric-Maint_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electric-Maint-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western owns and operates its own equipment here and so performs its own <a href="/wiki/Weed_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Weed management">weed management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Electric-Maint_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electric-Maint-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herbicide_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicide rotation">Rotating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_herbicide_modes_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple herbicide modes of action">mixing</a> herbicide <a href="/wiki/Modes_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Modes of action">modes of action</a> are employed to preserve <a href="/wiki/Herbicide_efficacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicide efficacy">efficacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Electric-Maint_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electric-Maint-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health">Public health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_San_Joaquin_Valley" title="Environmental issues in the San Joaquin Valley">Environmental issues in the San Joaquin Valley</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_pollution">Air pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg/170px-PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg/255px-PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg/340px-PM_25_Kern_County_Bakersfield_over_time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>PM 2.5 Pollution Over Time</figcaption></figure> <p>Hemmed in by mountains and rarely having strong winds to disperse <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, the San Joaquin Valley has long suffered from some of the United States' worst <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. With a <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> measure of 17 micrograms per cubic meter of air,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the San Joaquin Valley’s air pollution readings exceed both California's Ambient Air Quality Standard of 12 micrograms per cubic meter,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 9 micrograms per cubic meter. Some of the San Joaquin Valley’s sources of air pollution stem from vehicle emissions, agricultural practices, and crop and wildfires. The use of diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles produces an excess of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> (<a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>), eventually forming <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> that reacts with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> gas from cow manure and urine to create the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> that “accounts for more than half of the region’s PM2.5 on the area’s most polluted days.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exacerbated by stagnant weather and the temperature drop of the cooler seasons, much of the air pollution becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, resulting in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">temperature inversion</a> and condensing the accumulation of pollutants within the valley.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Population growth has caused the San Joaquin Valley to rank with <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a> in most measures of air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-latimespollution_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimespollution-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Empire (California)">Inland Empire</a> region east of Los Angeles has worse overall air quality, and the San Joaquin Valley led the nation in 2004 in the number of days with quantities of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> considered unhealthy by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latimespollution_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimespollution-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Joaquin Valley has been deemed an "extreme non-attainment zone" by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, meaning residents are exposed to air quality that is confirmed to be hazardous to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crop_loss">Crop loss</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crop loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of the San Joaquin Valley has some of the richest soil that allows for the production of many crops.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Crops in this region include: grapes, oranges, cotton, vegetables and nuts. The <a href="/wiki/Plethora" title="Plethora">plethora</a> of crop land allows for the valley to benefit from the income of crop sales. About sixty percent of California's crops come from the land in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the unhealthy air levels that arise from <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> lead to the destruction of many crops. According to the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> the San Joaquin Valley loses about one billion dollars every year due to the pollution in the air destroying these crops.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, as crops and vegetation die off from the air and water quality, farmers sometimes turn to burning to dispose of them. Due to the surplus of crop burning to clear land. more air pollution is created, adding to the severity of the San Joaquin Valley's already poor air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negative_effects_on_public_health">Negative effects on public health</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Negative effects on public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley suffers from extremely high <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> levels that tend to increase even more on hot days.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kids are more inclined to play outdoors during summer when the weather is warmer. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> this could lead to health issues such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> because these children are not fully developed yet.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly one in six children in this region suffer from asthma due to the poor air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elderly population is also vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and could even suffer from <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a> due to decreased lung functions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Reports state that the residents in this community suffer from high rates of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and experience many related symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> attributes the noxious gas in the San Joaquin Valley to roughly 1,300 premature deaths every year, including public impacts such as lost days of school or work and emergency room visits, and a loss of as much as $11 billion each year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrates_in_groundwater">Nitrates in groundwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nitrates in groundwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>San Joaquin Valley is a major agricultural center of California.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agricultural demand for water far outstrips the urban and industrial demand.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigated agriculture is common, and according to Thomas Harter, the chair for Water Resources Management and Policy at UC Davis, “more than 80 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year may leach into groundwater beneath irrigated lands, usually as nitrates”.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1950s and 1980s, when nitrogen fertilizer use grew sixfold, nitrate concentrations in groundwater increased 2.5 times.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fertilizer runoffs contributes roughly 90% of all nitrate inputs to the alluvial groundwater system. Within agriculture, the two major factors are <i>High-Intensity Crop Production</i> and <i>Large Dairy Herds.</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these communities are cut off from larger water distribution, they are dependent on wells,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making groundwater a source of drinking water for 90% of San Joaquin Valley's residents.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitrates have found their way into the aquifers around the San Joaquin Valley, affecting over 250,000 people in communities that are poor and rural.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the State Water Resources Board took samples from domestic wells in Tulare County; they found that 40% of 181 domestic wells had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L legal limit.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though locals have typically used filters for their water, the filters need to be installed correctly and replaced frequently, which may not be economically feasible for the residents in Orosi.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Table 2 on page 20 from <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Institute" title="Pacific Institute">Pacific Institute</a>'s "The Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley" indicates the water systems that were contaminated with nitrates over the legal limit, the percentage of the population affected that are non-white and that are below or near poverty-level, and the year since the violations began.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turlock_water_basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Turlock_water_basin.png/220px-Turlock_water_basin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Turlock_water_basin.png/330px-Turlock_water_basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Turlock_water_basin.png/440px-Turlock_water_basin.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><b>Water Quality in Public Supply Wells of Turlock in 2006</b></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turlock_Basin" title="Turlock Basin">Turlock Basin</a> is a sub-basin of the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin found within Stanislaus County and Merced County in the Central Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California's Groundwater Bulletin 118, a chart, linked below, illustrates the number of non-compliant public supply wells with nitrates over the MCL. According to this chart, there were eight wells which had nitrate levels above the 10 mg/L MCL, out of 90 sampled for nitrates in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a> are of concern because it interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen, and can have severe health effects on pregnant women, infants under 6 months, and children using tap water for their formula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because nitrates interfere with blood's capacity to carry oxygen, infants are at high risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Blue_baby_syndrome" title="Blue baby syndrome">blue-baby syndrome</a>, which can occur when there are high nitrate levels in the blood that are untreated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-intensity_crop_production">High-intensity crop production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: High-intensity crop production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the past century, farmers have been increasing their production to meet high demand. To increase output and efficiency, farmers have increased the amount of fertilizers used, including nitrates. Because only a fraction of the nitrogen in fertilizers is efficiently used to help produce crops, this has led to a greater concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the waters, causing eutrophication and contamination of possible drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_dairy_herds">Large dairy herds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Large dairy herds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the rapid rise in demand for meat products and dairy, roaming dairy herds had contributed an insignificant amount of nitrate pollution to the underlying groundwater systems. However, within the past few decades, the increasing amount of cattle has been one of the main contributors of nitrate contamination in the groundwater systems of California.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly around 1960, cattle were openly grazing pastures, and because of the large amount of lands which they roamed manure was not intensively managed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even though manure was not closely managed, "Nitrogen excretion and deposition in pastures likely did not exceed pasture buffering capacity and had no significant leaching to groundwater".<sup id="cite_ref-:42_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the transition to dry-lot and free stall-based dairy farming in the mid-1970s, coupled with irrigated forage crops, dairy herds have contributed to nitrogen contamination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_solutions_and_alternatives">Possible solutions and alternatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Possible solutions and alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large dairy herds create manure, which is used to create the fertilizers that is applied to the crop fields. As demand for crops increases, farmers look to lower the costs of production. Using manure-based fertilizers is cost effective since manure is a by-product of large dairy farms and herds. The alternative to manure, which contains a high level of nitrates, is composting. Composting however is relatively expensive compared to using manure as fertilizer, since it is not as effective and is more timely/costly to make because of the large amount of aeration needed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fluoridation_of_tap_water">Non-fluoridation of tap water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Non-fluoridation of tap water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">Fluoridation</a> is adding an element of fluoride to drinking water to reduce the occurrence of dental issues like tooth decay. Cal Water requires fluoride in water systems if public funding is available. In 2011, the Stockton city council asked its waterworks for grants and other sources of funding of $4.6 million to add fluoride to water that will serve approximately 280,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valley_Fever">Valley Fever</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Valley Fever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valley Fever, or <a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">coccidioidomycosis</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> infection caused by <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> through the <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a> of airborne dust or dirt. The valley is just one of the areas in the southwestern United States where the illness is <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> due to C. immitis residing in the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_counties">Cities and counties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cities and counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_with_more_than_500,000_inhabitants"><span id="Cities_with_more_than_500.2C000_inhabitants"></span>Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_with_100,000_to_500,000_inhabitants"><span id="Cities_with_100.2C000_to_500.2C000_inhabitants"></span>Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cities with 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis,_California" title="Clovis, California">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_with_20,000_to_100,000_inhabitants"><span id="Cities_with_20.2C000_to_100.2C000_inhabitants"></span>Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cities with 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwater,_California" title="Atwater, California">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres,_California" title="Ceres, California">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcoran,_California" title="Corcoran, California">Corcoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinuba,_California" title="Dinuba, California">Dinuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt,_California" title="Galt, California">Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford,_California" title="Hanford, California">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemoore,_California" title="Lemoore, California">Lemoore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi,_California" title="Lodi, California">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Banos,_California" title="Los Banos, California">Los Banos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera,_California" title="Madera, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteca,_California" title="Manteca, California">Manteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_California" title="Oakdale, California">Oakdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson,_California" title="Patterson, California">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porterville,_California" title="Porterville, California">Porterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reedley,_California" title="Reedley, California">Reedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbank,_California" title="Riverbank, California">Riverbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanger,_California" title="Sanger, California">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_California" title="Selma, California">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafter,_California" title="Shafter, California">Shafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare,_California" title="Tulare, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasco,_California" title="Wasco, California">Wasco</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_with_fewer_than_20,000_inhabitants"><span id="Cities_with_fewer_than_20.2C000_inhabitants"></span>Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvin,_California" title="Arvin, California">Arvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenal,_California" title="Avenal, California">Avenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowchilla,_California" title="Chowchilla, California">Chowchilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalinga,_California" title="Coalinga, California">Coalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_Palos,_California" title="Dos Palos, California">Dos Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalon,_California" title="Escalon, California">Escalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_California" title="Exeter, California">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmersville,_California" title="Farmersville, California">Farmersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebaugh,_California" title="Firebaugh, California">Firebaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustine,_California" title="Gustine, California">Gustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughson,_California" title="Hughson, California">Hughson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman,_California" title="Kerman, California">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettleman_City,_California" title="Kettleman City, California">Kettleman City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyes,_California" title="Keyes, California">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsburg,_California" title="Kingsburg, California">Kingsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_California" title="Lindsay, California">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_California" title="Livingston, California">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland,_California" title="McFarland, California">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendota,_California" title="Mendota, California">Mendota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman,_California" title="Newman, California">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Cove,_California" title="Orange Cove, California">Orange Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlier,_California" title="Parlier, California">Parlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon,_California" title="Ripon, California">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin,_California" title="San Joaquin, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft,_California" title="Taft, California">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford,_California" title="Waterford, California">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlake,_California" title="Woodlake, California">Woodlake</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The San Joaquin Valley has been a major influence in American <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield Sound">Bakersfield Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doowop" class="mw-redirect" title="Doowop">Doowop</a> <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Era</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Bakersfield Rap Scene</a>, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Central California Hip Hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Central Valley Hip Hop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Central California Rap</a>, which are all <a href="/wiki/Subgenres" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenres">subgenres</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Gangsta rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Bass-Rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="G-Funk">West Coast G-funk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast Hip hop">West Coast Hip hop</a> which are all different styles of West Coast Rap.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Valley has been the home to many country, nu metal, and doo-wop musicians and singers, such as <a href="/wiki/Buck_Owens" title="Buck Owens">Buck Owens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Haggard" title="Merle Haggard">Merle Haggard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mize" title="Billy Mize">Billy Mize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">Korn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Simpson" title="Red Simpson">Red Simpson</a>, Dennis Payne, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Collins_(singer)" title="Tommy Collins (singer)">Tommy Collins</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Maddox_Brothers_and_Rose" title="Maddox Brothers and Rose">Maddox Brothers and Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Paradons" title="The Paradons">The Paradons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Colts_(Vocal_Group)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Colts (Vocal Group)">The Colts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_San_Joaquin" title="Sons of the San Joaquin">Sons of the San Joaquin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Joaquin Valley is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Indie_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie Hip Hop">Indie Hip Hop</a> labels, R&B singers, Jazz & Funk musicians, and Hip Hop artist such as: Kottonmouth Kings,<a href="/wiki/Fashawn" title="Fashawn">Fashawn</a>, Killa Tay, <a href="/wiki/The_Def_Dames" title="The Def Dames">The Def Dames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cali_Agents" title="Cali Agents">Cali Agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet_Asia" title="Planet Asia">Planet Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Valley also has a strong literary tradition, heavy in poetry, producing many famous poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sherley_Anne_Williams" title="Sherley Anne Williams">Sherley Anne Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a>, former U.S. Poet Laureate <a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_St._John" title="David St. John">David St. John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:San_Joaquin_Valley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater-related_subsidence" title="Groundwater-related subsidence">Groundwater-related subsidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of California rivers">List of California rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_(soil)" title="San Joaquin (soil)">San Joaquin (soil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water in California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRighter2005" class="citation book cs1">Righter, Robert W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW3iBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149"><i>The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199882069" title="Special:BookSources/9780199882069"><bdi>9780199882069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+over+Hetch+Hetchy%3A+America%27s+Most+Controversial+Dam+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Environmentalism&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199882069&rft.aulast=Righter&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW3iBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022150246/http://valleycan.org/fact_sheets_info/sjv_fact_sheet.php.html">"San Joaquin Valley Fact Sheet"</a>. Valley Clean Air Now. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valleycan.org/fact_sheets_info/sjv_fact_sheet.php.html">the original</a> on October 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Eight counties comprise the San Joaquin Valley, including all of Kings County, most of Fresno, Kern, Merced, and Stanislaus counties, and portions of Madera, San Luis Obispo, Tulare counties</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Joaquin+Valley+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Valley+Clean+Air+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalleycan.org%2Ffact_sheets_info%2Fsjv_fact_sheet.php.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarle2006" class="citation book cs1">Carle, David (2006). <i>Introduction to Air in California</i>. University of California Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247482" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247482"><bdi>9780520247482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Air+in+California&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520247482&rft.aulast=Carle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJVIDP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJVIDP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJVIDP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Agricultural Drainage and Salt Management in the San Joaquin Valley: A Special Report Including Recommended Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Report</i>. San Joaquin Valley Interagency Drainage Program. 1979. p. 2.1. <q>The San Joaquin Valley, measuring about 250 miles (400 kilometres) by 40 to 60 miles (65 to 95 km), is the southern half of the great Central Valley of California.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Drainage+and+Salt+Management+in+the+San+Joaquin+Valley%3A+A+Special+Report+Including+Recommended+Plan+and+Draft+Environmental+Impact+Report&rft.pages=2.1&rft.pub=San+Joaquin+Valley+Interagency+Drainage+Program&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassenger_Department,_Atchison,_Topeka,_and_Santa_Fe_Railway_Company1902" class="citation book cs1">Passenger Department, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Company (1902). <i>The San Joaquin Valley of the State of California: A Brief Description of the Topography, Climatic Conditions, Industrial Development and Resources of the Region : Illustrated by Photographs of Typical Scenes and Containing Maps</i>. <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a>. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+San+Joaquin+Valley+of+the+State+of+California%3A+A+Brief+Description+of+the+Topography%2C+Climatic+Conditions%2C+Industrial+Development+and+Resources+of+the+Region+%3A+Illustrated+by+Photographs+of+Typical+Scenes+and+Containing+Maps&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Atchison%2C+Topeka+and+Santa+Fe+Railway&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Passenger+Department%2C+Atchison%2C+Topeka%2C+and+Santa+Fe+Railway+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1913" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Nathaniel R. (1913). <i>The Rivers and Floods of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Watersheds</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 39. <q>The San Joaquin Valley is bounded on the east by the Sierra Nevada, on the south by the Tehachapi Cross Range, on the west by the Coast Range; in the north it merges into the Sacramento Valley in the region of the Mokelumne and Cosumnes Rivers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rivers+and+Floods+of+the+Sacramento+and+San+Joaquin+Watersheds&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose_David1946" class="citation book cs1">Rose David, Lore (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/11426561"><i>Upper Cretaceous Fish Remains from the Western Border of the San Joaquin Valley, California</i></a>. Vol. 551. Washington D.C.: Fossil Vertebrates from Western North America and Mexico. pp. 81–112. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11426561">11426561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upper+Cretaceous+Fish+Remains+from+the+Western+Border+of+the+San+Joaquin+Valley%2C+California&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=81-112&rft.pub=Fossil+Vertebrates+from+Western+North+America+and+Mexico&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11426561&rft.aulast=Rose+David&rft.aufirst=Lore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F11426561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Governmental_and_Public_Affairs1978" class="citation book cs1">Office of Governmental and Public Affairs (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-2MT52qZQAC&pg=PA24"><i>People on the Farm: Growing Oranges</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+on+the+Farm%3A+Growing+Oranges&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Office+of+Governmental+and+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-2MT52qZQAC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelaliaAndersonSkaggsŠimůnek2021" class="citation journal cs1">Helalia, Sarah A.; Anderson, Ray G.; Skaggs, Todd H.; Šimůnek, Jirka (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoilsystems5040058">"Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 2. Modeling"</a>. <i>Soil Systems</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoilsystems5040058">10.3390/soilsystems5040058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2571-8789">2571-8789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Systems&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Drought+and+Changing+Water+Sources+on+Water+Use+and+Soil+Salinity+of+Almond+and+Pistachio+Orchards%3A+2.+Modeling&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsoilsystems5040058&rft.issn=2571-8789&rft.aulast=Helalia&rft.aufirst=Sarah+A.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Ray+G.&rft.au=Skaggs%2C+Todd+H.&rft.au=%C5%A0im%C5%AFnek%2C+Jirka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsoilsystems5040058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbareeReiterHickeyStrum2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barbaree, Blake A.; Reiter, Matthew E.; Hickey, Catherine M.; Strum, Khara M.; Isola, Jennifer E.; Jennings, Scott; Tarjan, L. Max; Strong, Cheryl M.; Stenzel, Lynne E.; Shuford, W. David (October 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577470">"Effects of drought on the abundance and distribution of non-breeding shorebirds in central California, USA"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>15</b> (10): e0240931. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1540931B">2020PLoSO..1540931B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240931">10.1371/journal.pone.0240931</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577470">7577470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33085697">33085697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Effects+of+drought+on+the+abundance+and+distribution+of+non-breeding+shorebirds+in+central+California%2C+USA&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0240931&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1540931B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33085697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240931&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Barbaree&rft.aufirst=Blake+A.&rft.au=Reiter%2C+Matthew+E.&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Catherine+M.&rft.au=Strum%2C+Khara+M.&rft.au=Isola%2C+Jennifer+E.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+Scott&rft.au=Tarjan%2C+L.+Max&rft.au=Strong%2C+Cheryl+M.&rft.au=Stenzel%2C+Lynne+E.&rft.au=Shuford%2C+W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwrsink-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dwrsink_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dwrsink_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/081915.pdf">"NASA Report: Drought Causing Valley Land to Sink"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stockton+Record&rft.atitle=Stockton+wants+fluoride+in+water&rft.aulast=Writer&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Miller%2CRecord+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recordnet.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2003%2F02%2F19%2Fstockton-wants-fluoride-in-water%2F50736457007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Joaquin+Valley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:San_Joaquin_Valley" title="Template:San Joaquin Valley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:San_Joaquin_Valley" title="Template talk:San Joaquin Valley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:San_Joaquin_Valley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:San Joaquin Valley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="San_Joaquin_Valley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San Joaquin Valley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />100k–250k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis,_California" title="Clovis, California">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visalia,_California" title="Visalia, California">Visalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />25k–99k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwater,_California" title="Atwater, California">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres,_California" title="Ceres, California">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano,_California" title="Delano, California">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford,_California" title="Hanford, California">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathrop,_California" title="Lathrop, California">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemoore,_California" title="Lemoore, California">Lemoore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi,_California" title="Lodi, California">Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Banos,_California" title="Los Banos, California">Los Banos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera,_California" title="Madera, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteca,_California" title="Manteca, California">Manteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oildale,_California" title="Oildale, California">Oildale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porterville,_California" title="Porterville, California">Porterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgecrest,_California" title="Ridgecrest, California">Ridgecrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanger,_California" title="Sanger, California">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare,_California" title="Tulare, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlock,_California" title="Turlock, California">Turlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasco,_California" title="Wasco, California">Wasco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />10k–25k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvin,_California" title="Arvin, California">Arvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenal,_California" title="Avenal, California">Avenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_City,_California" title="California City, California">California City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowchilla,_California" title="Chowchilla, California">Chowchilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalinga,_California" title="Coalinga, California">Coalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcoran,_California" title="Corcoran, California">Corcoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi,_California" title="Delhi, California">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinuba,_California" title="Dinuba, California">Dinuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_California" title="Exeter, California">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmersville,_California" title="Farmersville, California">Farmersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Acres,_California" title="Garden Acres, California">Garden Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman,_California" title="Kerman, California">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsburg,_California" title="Kingsburg, California">Kingsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont,_California" title="Lamont, California">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_California" title="Lindsay, California">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_California" title="Livingston, California">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland,_California" title="McFarland, California">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendota,_California" title="Mendota, California">Mendota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_House,_California" title="Mountain House, California">Mountain House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman,_California" title="Newman, California">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_California" title="Oakdale, California">Oakdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlier,_California" title="Parlier, California">Parlier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterson,_California" title="Patterson, California">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reedley,_California" title="Reedley, California">Reedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon,_California" title="Ripon, California">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbank,_California" title="Riverbank, California">Riverbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamond,_California" title="Rosamond, California">Rosamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_California" title="Rosedale, California">Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salida,_California" title="Salida, California">Salida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_California" title="Selma, California">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafter,_California" title="Shafter, California">Shafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehachapi,_California" title="Tehachapi, California">Tehachapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winton,_California" title="Winton, California">Winton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers_of_California&#039;s_Central_Valley_watershed_(north-to-south)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Valley_Rivers" title="Template:Central Valley Rivers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Valley_Rivers" title="Template talk:Central Valley Rivers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Valley_Rivers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Valley Rivers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers_of_California&#039;s_Central_Valley_watershed_(north-to-south)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rivers of <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">California's Central Valley</a> watershed (north-to-south)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> watershed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_River" title="Pit River">Pit River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCloud_River" title="McCloud River">McCloud River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_Creek_(Sacramento_River_tributary)" title="Cow Creek (Sacramento River tributary)">Cow Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_Creek_(Sacramento_River_tributary)" title="Cottonwood Creek (Sacramento River tributary)">Cottonwood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek_(California)" title="Battle Creek (California)">Battle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_(Tehama_County)" title="Mill Creek (Tehama County)">Mill Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Creek_(Tehama_County,_California)" title="Deer Creek (Tehama County, California)">Deer Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomes_Creek" title="Thomes Creek">Thomes Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Chico_Creek" title="Big Chico Creek">Big Chico Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Creek_(Sacramento_River_tributary)" title="Stony Creek (Sacramento River tributary)">Stony Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_Creek_(Butte_County,_California)" title="Butte Creek (Butte County, California)">Butte Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_River" title="Feather River">Feather River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Fork_Feather_River" title="North Fork Feather River">North Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Branch_North_Fork_Feather_River" title="East Branch North Fork Feather River">East Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Branch_Feather_River" title="West Branch Feather River">West Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Fork_Feather_River" title="Middle Fork Feather River">Middle Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Fork_Feather_River" title="South Fork Feather River">South Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_River" title="Yuba River">Yuba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_River_(Feather_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear River (Feather River)">Bear River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Fork_American_River" title="North Fork American River">North Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Fork_American_River" title="Middle Fork American River">Middle Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Fork_American_River" title="South Fork American River">South Fork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_Creek_(Sacramento_River_tributary)" title="Cache Creek (Sacramento River tributary)">Cache Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putah_Creek" title="Putah Creek">Putah Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a> watershed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosumnes_River" title="Cosumnes River">Cosumnes River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_River" title="Calaveras River">Calaveras River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_River" title="Stanislaus River">Stanislaus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavey_River" title="Clavey River">Clavey River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Creek_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry Creek (California)">Cherry Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_River" title="Merced River">Merced River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_Creek" title="Mariposa Creek">Mariposa Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowchilla_River" title="Chowchilla River">Chowchilla River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_River" title="Fresno River">Fresno River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tulare_Lake" title="Tulare Lake">Tulare Basin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaweah_River" title="Kaweah River">Kaweah River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_River" title="Tule River">Tule River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_(California)" title="White River (California)">White River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poso_Creek" title="Poso Creek">Poso Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California" title="Template:California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California" title="Template talk:California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_California" title="Outline of California">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Dream" title="California Dream">California Dream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_California" title="Crime in California">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California" title="List of earthquakes in California">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Floristic_Province" title="California Floristic Province">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_California" title="Fauna of California">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_California" title="Healthcare in California">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_California" title="Abortion in California">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in California">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in California">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_California" title="List of people from California">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">state historic landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_California" title="Transportation in California">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_California-related_articles" title="Index of California-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley" title="Antelope Valley">Antelope Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Coastal California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejo_Valley" title="Conejo Valley">Conejo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucamonga_Valley" title="Cucamonga Valley">Cucamonga Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (SF Bay Area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_County,_San_Diego" title="East County, San Diego">East County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley" title="San Bernardino Valley">Greater San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_Basin" title="Klamath Basin">Klamath Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Empire,_San_Diego" title="Mountain Empire, San Diego">Mountain Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_(San_Diego_area)" title="North County (San Diego area)">North County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Coast" title="Orange Coast">Orange Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Plain" title="Oxnard Plain">Oxnard Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_Valley" title="Pomona Valley">Pomona Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Valley" title="Saddleback Valley">Saddleback Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">San Joaquin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley" title="Santa Clarita Valley">Santa Clarita Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley" title="Santa Ynez Valley">Santa Ynez Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Cascade" title="Shasta Cascade">Shasta Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay (LA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, San Diego">South Bay (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(California)" title="South Coast (California)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Border_Region_(California)" title="Southern Border Region (California)">Southern Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Valley" title="Tri-Valley">Tri-Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Country (California)">Wine Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fresno" title="Metropolitan Fresno">Fresno–Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento–Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">Most populous<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/16px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/24px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964198#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235175120">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4306034-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94006325">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551530705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/203970314">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038235">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&oldid=1260821313">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Joaquin_Valley&oldid=1260821313</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:San_Joaquin_Valley" title="Category:San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_California" title="Category:Valleys of California">Valleys of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_California" title="Category:Regions of California">Regions of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:San_Joaquin_River" title="Category:San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Fresno_County,_California" title="Category:Valleys of Fresno County, California">Valleys of Fresno County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Kern_County,_California" title="Category:Valleys of Kern County, California">Valleys of Kern County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Kings_County,_California" title="Category:Valleys of Kings County, California">Valleys of Kings County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Madera_County,_California" title="Category:Valleys of Madera County, California">Valleys of Madera County, California</a></li><li><a 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