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href="#Individual_thoracic_vertebrae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Individual thoracic vertebrae</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Individual_thoracic_vertebrae-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Individual thoracic vertebrae subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Individual_thoracic_vertebrae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_thoracic_vertebra_(T1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_thoracic_vertebra_(T1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First thoracic vertebra (T1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_thoracic_vertebra_(T1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_thoracic_vertebra_(T2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_thoracic_vertebra_(T2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second thoracic vertebra (T2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_thoracic_vertebra_(T2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_thoracic_vertebra_(T3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_thoracic_vertebra_(T3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third thoracic vertebra (T3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_thoracic_vertebra_(T3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_thoracic_vertebra_(T4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_thoracic_vertebra_(T4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_thoracic_vertebra_(T4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_thoracic_vertebra_(T5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_thoracic_vertebra_(T5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_thoracic_vertebra_(T5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_thoracic_vertebra_(T6)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_thoracic_vertebra_(T6)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sixth thoracic vertebra (T6)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_thoracic_vertebra_(T6)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T7)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T7)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T7)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_thoracic_vertebra_(T8)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_thoracic_vertebra_(T8)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Eighth thoracic vertebra (T8)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_thoracic_vertebra_(T8)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_thoracic_vertebra_(T9)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_thoracic_vertebra_(T9)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ninth thoracic vertebra (T9)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_thoracic_vertebra_(T9)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_thoracic_vertebra_(T10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_thoracic_vertebra_(T10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Tenth thoracic vertebra (T10)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_thoracic_vertebra_(T10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T11)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T11)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T11)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_thoracic_vertebra_(T12)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_thoracic_vertebra_(T12)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_thoracic_vertebra_(T12)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thoracic vertebrae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borswerwel" title="Borswerwel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Borswerwel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فقرة صدرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقرة صدرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torakal_f%C9%99q%C9%99r%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Torakal fəqərələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torakal fəqərələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng-chui-kut" title="Heng-chui-kut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Heng-chui-kut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudni_pr%C5%A1ljenovi" title="Grudni pršljenovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grudni pršljenovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mell_ar_c%27hein" title="Mell ar c'hein – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mell ar c'hein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rtebra_dorsal" title="Vèrtebra dorsal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vèrtebra dorsal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăкăр сыпписем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăкăр сыпписем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brustwirbel" title="Brustwirbel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brustwirbel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinnal%C3%BClid" title="Rinnalülid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rinnalülid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%83%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Θωρακικοί σπόνδυλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θωρακικοί σπόνδυλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rtebra_tor%C3%A1cica" title="Vértebra torácica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vértebra torácica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torakaj_vertebroj" title="Torakaj vertebroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Torakaj vertebroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizkar-orno" title="Bizkar-orno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizkar-orno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="مهره‌های سینه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهره‌های سینه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A8bre_thoracique" title="Vertèbre thoracique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vertèbre thoracique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EB%BC%88" title="등뼈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등뼈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_punggung_tengah" title="Tulang punggung tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulang punggung tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra_toracica" title="Vertebra toracica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vertebra toracica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Арқа омыртқалары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арқа омыртқалары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%ABtin%C4%97s_slanksteliai" title="Krūtinės slanksteliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krūtinės slanksteliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Градни прешлени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Градни прешлени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruas_tulang_belakang_toraks" title="Ruas tulang belakang toraks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ruas tulang belakang toraks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borstwervel" title="Borstwervel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Borstwervel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="थोर्‍यासिक भर्तिब्रे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थोर्‍यासिक भर्तिब्रे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E6%A4%8E" title="胸椎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胸椎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gi_piersiowe" title="Kręgi piersiowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgi piersiowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rtebra_tor%C3%A1cica" title="Vértebra torácica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vértebra torácica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Грудные позвонки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грудные позвонки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thoracic vertebrae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6stkota" title="Bröstkota – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bröstkota" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebra_7&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra 7">Thoracic vertebra 7</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vertebrae between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Thoracic vertebrae</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png/250px-Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png/375px-Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png/500px-Thoracic_vertebrae_back5.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Position of the thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif/250px-Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif/375px-Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif/500px-Thoracic_vertebra_2_close-up_superior_surface_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Animation of T2</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>vertebrae thoracicae</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013904">D013904</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.2.03.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.2.03.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1059">1059</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9139">9139</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578786" class="extiw" title="d:Q578786">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, <b>thoracic vertebrae</b> compose the middle segment of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar vertebrae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, there are twelve thoracic <a href="/wiki/Vertebra_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra (anatomy)">vertebrae</a> of intermediate size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are distinguished by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Zygapophysial_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygapophysial joint">facets</a> on the sides of the bodies for <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulation (anatomy)">articulation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of rib">heads of the ribs</a>, as well as facets on the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse process">transverse processes</a> of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the <a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (rib)">tubercles of the ribs</a>. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Body_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of vertebra">vertebral bodies</a> in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg/400px-Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg/600px-Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg/800px-Thoracic_vertebrae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Thoracic vertebra</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicle of vertebral arch">pedicles</a> are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">laminae</a> are broad, thick, and imbricated – that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_foramen" title="Intervertebral foramen">intervertebral foramen</a> is small, and circular, with two at each intervertebral level, one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">vertebral foramen</a> is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the <i>spinal canal</i>. It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous process</a> is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Superior_articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior articular processes">superior articular processes</a> are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior articular processes">inferior articular processes</a> are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed proximally, medially, and inferiorly to the lamina. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">transverse processes</a> arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_thoracic_vertebrae">Individual thoracic vertebrae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Individual thoracic vertebrae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray91.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray91.png/300px-Gray91.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray91.png 1.5x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The first and ninth through twelfth thoracic vertebra have some peculiarities</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_thoracic_vertebra_(T1)"><span id="First_thoracic_vertebra_.28T1.29"></span>First thoracic vertebra (T1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First thoracic vertebra (T1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the <b>body</b>, an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib. </p><p>The body is like that of a cervical vertebra, being broad, concave, and lipped on either side. </p><p>The <b>superior articular surfaces</b> are directed upward and backward; the <b>spinous process</b> is thick, long, and almost horizontal. </p><p>The <b>transverse processes</b> are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_1" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 1">thoracic spinal nerve 1</a> (T1) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_thoracic_vertebra_(T2)"><span id="Second_thoracic_vertebra_.28T2.29"></span>Second thoracic vertebra (T2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second thoracic vertebra (T2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_2" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 2">thoracic spinal nerve 2</a> (T2) passes inferior to it. The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_thoracic_vertebra_(T3)"><span id="Third_thoracic_vertebra_.28T3.29"></span>Third thoracic vertebra (T3)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third thoracic vertebra (T3)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_3" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 3">thoracic spinal nerve 3</a> (T3) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_thoracic_vertebra_(T4)"><span id="Fourth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T4.29"></span>Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth thoracic vertebra, together with the fifth, is at the same level as the <a href="/wiki/Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">sternal angle</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_4" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 4">thoracic spinal nerve 4</a> (T4) passes inferior it. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spine_Adult_Male_Age_57.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Spine_Adult_Male_Age_57.png/200px-Spine_Adult_Male_Age_57.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Spine_Adult_Male_Age_57.png 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A thoracic spine <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> of a 57-year-old male.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orientation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Orientation.PNG/220px-Orientation.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Orientation.PNG/330px-Orientation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Orientation.PNG/440px-Orientation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Surface orientation of T3 and T7, at middle of <a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior angle of the scapula</a>, respectively.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_thoracic_vertebra_(T5)"><span id="Fifth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T5.29"></span>Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth thoracic vertebra, together with the fourth, is at the same level as the <a href="/wiki/Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">sternal angle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea#In_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">human trachea</a> divides into two main <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchi</a> at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra, but may also end higher or lower, depending on breathing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_5" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 5">thoracic spinal nerve 5</a> (T5) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_thoracic_vertebra_(T6)"><span id="Sixth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T6.29"></span>Sixth thoracic vertebra (T6)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sixth thoracic vertebra (T6)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_6" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 6">thoracic spinal nerve 6</a> (T6) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T7)"><span id="Seventh_thoracic_vertebra_.28T7.29"></span>Seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_7" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 7">thoracic spinal nerve 7</a> (T7) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_thoracic_vertebra_(T8)"><span id="Eighth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T8.29"></span>Eighth thoracic vertebra (T8)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eighth thoracic vertebra (T8)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eighth thoracic vertebra is, together with the ninth thoracic vertebra, at the same level as the <a href="/wiki/Xiphisternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphisternum">xiphisternum</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_8" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 8">thoracic spinal nerve 8</a> (T8) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_thoracic_vertebra_(T9)"><span id="Ninth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T9.29"></span>Ninth thoracic vertebra (T9)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ninth thoracic vertebra (T9)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth doesn't have facets but demi-facets at the upper part. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_9" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 9">thoracic spinal nerve 9</a> (T9) passes inferior to it. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xiphisternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphisternum">xiphisternum</a> (or xiphoid process of the sternum) is at the same level in the <a href="/wiki/Axial_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial plane">axial plane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_thoracic_vertebra_(T10)"><span id="Tenth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T10.29"></span>Tenth thoracic vertebra (T10)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tenth thoracic vertebra (T10)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet (not demi-facet) on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It doesn't have any kind of facet below, because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_10" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 10">thoracic spinal nerve 10</a> (T10) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra_(T11)"><span id="Eleventh_thoracic_vertebra_.28T11.29"></span>Eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the <b>body</b> approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae. </p><p>The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of medium size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region. </p><p>The <b>spinous process</b> is short, and nearly horizontal in direction. </p><p>The <b>transverse processes</b> are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and do not have articular facets. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_11" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 11">thoracic spinal nerve 11</a> (T11) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_thoracic_vertebra_(T12)"><span id="Twelfth_thoracic_vertebra_.28T12.29"></span>Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_12" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 12">thoracic spinal nerve 12</a> (T12) passes inferior to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, most <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> have 13, but <a href="/wiki/Koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Koalas">koalas</a> have only 11.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 to 15 is common among <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, with 18 to 20 in <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, and extremes in mammals are marked by certain <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a> with 25 and <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> with 9.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of   thoracic vertebrae. Animation."><img alt="Position of   thoracic vertebrae. Animation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif/120px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif/180px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif/240px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ee0000; color:black;"> </span> thoracic vertebrae. Animation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Same as the left, but bones around the thoracic vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent."><img alt="Same as the left, but bones around the thoracic vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif/120px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif/180px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif/240px-Thoracic_vertebrae_animation2.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Same as the left, but bones around the thoracic vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl" class="mw-file-description" title="3D image"><img alt="3D image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl/120px-Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl/180px-Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl/240px-Human_thoracic_vertebra.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D image</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation showing the shape of    thoracic vertebrae."><img alt="Animation showing the shape of    thoracic vertebrae." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif/120px-Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif/180px-Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif/240px-Thoracic_vertebrae_-_close-up_-_animation3.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation showing the shape of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:paleturquoise; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffbb; color:black;"> </span> thoracic vertebrae.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lateral surface of the    thoracic vertebrae. Right half of the thoracic skeleton is not shown."><img alt="Lateral surface of the    thoracic vertebrae. Right half of the thoracic skeleton is not shown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png/120px-Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png/180px-Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png/240px-Thoracic_vertebrae_lateral7.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lateral surface of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:paleturquoise; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffbb; color:black;"> </span> thoracic vertebrae. Right half of the thoracic skeleton is not shown.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_vertebral_column.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertebral column."><img alt="Vertebral column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Illu_vertebral_column.svg/120px-Illu_vertebral_column.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Illu_vertebral_column.svg/180px-Illu_vertebral_column.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Illu_vertebral_column.svg/240px-Illu_vertebral_column.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertebral column.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertebral column."><img alt="Vertebral column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png/35px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png/52px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png/70px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertebral column.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray303.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front."><img alt="Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray303.png/120px-Gray303.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray303.png/179px-Gray303.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray303.png/239px-Gray303.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray314.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of the costotransverse joints from the third to the ninth inclusive."><img alt="Section of the costotransverse joints from the third to the ninth inclusive." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray314.png/58px-Gray314.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray314.png/88px-Gray314.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray314.png/117px-Gray314.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of the costotransverse joints from the third to the ninth inclusive.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray82.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical thoracic vertebra, viewed from above."><img alt="A typical thoracic vertebra, viewed from above." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray82.png/120px-Gray82.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray82.png/180px-Gray82.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray82.png/240px-Gray82.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical thoracic vertebra, viewed from above.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertebra_toracica.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A thoracic vertebra, viewed from above."><img alt="A thoracic vertebra, viewed from above." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vertebra_toracica.JPG/120px-Vertebra_toracica.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vertebra_toracica.JPG/180px-Vertebra_toracica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vertebra_toracica.JPG/240px-Vertebra_toracica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A thoracic vertebra, viewed from above.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A thoracic vertebra, viewed from below."><img alt="A thoracic vertebra, viewed from below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG/120px-Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG/180px-Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG/240px-Vertebra_toracica_inf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A thoracic vertebra, viewed from below.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costovertebral_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Costovertebral articulations">Costovertebral articulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/102/mode/2up">page 102</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The thoracic vertebrae were historically called <i>dorsal vertebrae</i>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/anatomydescripti1858gray/anatomydescripti1858gray.pdf">[1]</a>. Especially due to the free copying of old public domain versions of <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a>, the old term may still be encountered, however the old term is long obsolete and misleading, as the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (anatomy)">dorsum</a> refers to the whole back and not just the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thoracic</a> part of the back.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHyman1922" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, Libbie (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ost-biology-labmanualcompvert00hymarich"><i>Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ost-biology-labmanualcompvert00hymarich/page/n142">123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Vertebrate+Anatomy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Libbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fost-biology-labmanualcompvert00hymarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoracic+vertebrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.savethekoala.com/about-koalas/physical-characteristics-koala">"Physical Characteristics of the Koala"</a>. Australian Koala Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Characteristics+of+the+Koala&rft.pub=Australian+Koala+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.savethekoala.com%2Fabout-koalas%2Fphysical-characteristics-koala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThoracic+vertebrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman (1922), p.124</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thoracic_vertebrae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thoracic vertebrae">Thoracic vertebrae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713223605/http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/vert/thorc3.htm">Interactive tool to identify parts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/thoraxbones.htm">thoraxbones</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313223853/http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/osteology/spine/bonethor.html">Photos at University of Utah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1286.html">SpineUniverse anatomical diagram</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Spinal_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinal_nerves" title="Template:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spinal_nerves" title="Template talk:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinal_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerves">Cervical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_1" title="Cervical spinal nerve 1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_2" title="Cervical spinal nerve 2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_3" title="Cervical spinal nerve 3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_4" title="Cervical spinal nerve 4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_5" title="Cervical spinal nerve 5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_6" title="Cervical spinal nerve 6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_7" title="Cervical spinal nerve 7">C7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_8" title="Cervical spinal nerve 8">C8</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ramus of spinal nerve">anterior</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_plexus" title="Cervical plexus">Cervical plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">Brachial plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior ramus of spinal nerve">posterior</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_cervical_nerves" title="Posterior branches of cervical nerves">Posterior branches of cervical nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboccipital_nerve" title="Suboccipital nerve">Suboccipital – C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_occipital_nerve" title="Greater occipital nerve">Greater occipital – C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_occipital_nerve" title="Third occipital nerve">Third occipital – C3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic nerves">Thoracic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_1" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 1">T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_2" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 2">T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_3" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 3">T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_4" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 4">T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_5" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 5">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_6" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 6">T6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_7" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 7">T7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_8" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 8">T8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_9" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 9">T9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_10" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 10">T10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_11" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 11">T11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_12" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 12">T12</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">Intercostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostobrachial_nerve" title="Intercostobrachial nerve">Intercostobrachial – T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoraco-abdominal_nerves" title="Thoraco-abdominal nerves">Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_nerve" title="Subcostal nerve">Subcostal – T12</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_thoracic_nerves" title="Posterior branches of thoracic nerves">Posterior branches of thoracic nerves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_nerves" title="Lumbar nerves">Lumbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 1">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 3">L3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 4">L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 5">L5</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_plexus" title="Lumbar plexus">Lumbar plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_trunk" title="Lumbosacral trunk">Lumbosacral trunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_the_lumbar_nerves" title="Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves">Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cluneal_nerves" title="Superior cluneal nerves">Superior cluneal L1–L3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerves">Sacral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1" title="Sacral spinal nerve 1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_2" title="Sacral spinal nerve 2">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_3" title="Sacral spinal nerve 3">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_4" title="Sacral spinal nerve 4">S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_5" title="Sacral spinal nerve 5">S5</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">Sacral plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_sacral_nerves" title="Posterior branches of sacral nerves">Posterior branches of sacral nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_cluneal_nerves" title="Medial cluneal nerves">Medial cluneal nerves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccygeal nerve">Coccygeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">Coccygeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branch_of_coccygeal_nerve" title="Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve">Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_torso" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_torso" title="Template talk:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_torso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of torso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_torso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of vertebra">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral arch">Arch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicle of vertebral arch">pedicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral notch">notch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">Vertebral foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_foramen" title="Intervertebral foramen">Intervertebral foramen</a></li> <li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular processes">articular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">Spinal canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_foramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse foramen">Transverse foramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Anterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid tubercle">Carotid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Posterior tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_mass_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral mass of atlas">lateral mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior arch of atlas">anterior arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior arch of atlas">posterior arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">Axis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dens (anatomy)">dens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebra_prominens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra prominens">Vertebra prominens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thoracic vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costal_facet" title="Costal facet">Costal facets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_costal_facet" title="Superior costal facet">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_costal_facet" title="Inferior costal facet">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Processes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory process">accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammillary_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammillary process">mammillary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the sacrum">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">sacral promontory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of sacrum">Ala of sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral surface of sacrum">Lateral surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral tuberosity">sacral tuberosity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic surface of sacrum">Pelvic surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior sacral foramina">anterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal surface of sacrum">Dorsal surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior sacral foramina">posterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Median sacral crest">Median sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sacral crest">Medial sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral sacral crest">Lateral sacral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral canal">Sacral canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_hiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral hiatus">sacral hiatus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>none</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">Rib cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Ribs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="True ribs">true ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="False ribs">false ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating ribs">floating ribs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Parts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (rib)">angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (rib)">tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal groove">costal groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of rib">neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of rib">head</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">Sternum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">Suprasternal notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">Manubrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">Sternal angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of sternum">Body of sternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphisternal_joint" title="Xiphisternal joint">Xiphisternal joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">Xiphoid process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic cage">Thoracic cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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