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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-漢地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>漢地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藏區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藏區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>藏區</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藏區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>歐洲</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歐洲子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歐洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-莊園制度的意義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#莊園制度的意義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>莊園制度的意義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-莊園制度的意義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-莊園制度的歷史背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#莊園制度的歷史背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>莊園制度的歷史背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-莊園制度的歷史背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-莊園經濟的特質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#莊園經濟的特質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>莊園經濟的特質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-莊園經濟的特質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>另見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">庄园</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。38种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyor%C3%ADa" title="Sinyoría – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinyoría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مانورالية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانورالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADu" title="Señoríu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Señoríu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сеньория – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сеньория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyoriu" title="Senyoriu – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senyoriu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panstv%C3%AD" title="Panství – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundherrschaft" title="Grundherrschaft – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grundherrschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χωροδεσποτεία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωροδεσποτεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Manorialism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjorio" title="Senjorio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senjorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo" title="Señorío – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Señorío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaurerri" title="Jaurerri – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jaurerri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ارباب‌منشی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارباب‌منشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartanotalous" title="Kartanotalous – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartanotalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigneurie_(institution)" title="Seigneurie (institution) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seigneurie (institution)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1or%C3%ADo" title="Señorío – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Señorío" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in_Mallakar_filaye" title="Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haƙƙin Mallakar filaye" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מנוריאליזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוריאליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կալվածատիրություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալվածատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialisme" title="Manorialisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manorialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_(Medioevo)" title="Corte (Medioevo) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corte (Medioevo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92" title="荘園 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="荘園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სენიორია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენიორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%9B%90_(%EB%B4%89%EA%B1%B4%EC%A0%9C)" title="장원 (봉건제) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장원 (봉건제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_directum" title="Dominium directum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dominium directum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorisme" title="Seniorisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Seniorisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepertuanan_tanah_di_Eropah_zaman_Pertengahan" title="Kepertuanan tanah di Eropah zaman Pertengahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepertuanan tanah di Eropah zaman Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstelsel" title="Hofstelsel – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hofstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhori%C3%A1" title="Senhoriá – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Senhoriá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhoria" title="Senhoria – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Senhoria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud%C4%83" title="Feudă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feudă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Манориализм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манориализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manorialism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%C3%ABria_feudale" title="Shoqëria feudale – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria feudale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godssystem" title="Godssystem – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Godssystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ระบบถือครองที่ดินสมัยฟิวดัล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบถือครองที่ดินสมัยฟิวดัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoryalismo" title="Manoryalismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manoryalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoryalizm" title="Manoryalizm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manoryalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1550557#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉相关主题的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2015年12月14日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:庄园（页面不存在）">討論頁</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/260px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/390px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg/520px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>法國的莊園</figcaption></figure> <p><b>莊園</b>指大的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="農場">農場</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晉南北朝">魏晉南北朝</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AE%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="唐宋">唐宋</a>時的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>、古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中古歐洲">中古歐洲</a>的大農場都稱作莊園。在中世紀的西歐莊園（manor）發展成自給自足的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="農村">農村</a>經濟共同體。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢地"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E5.9C.B0"></span>漢地</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：漢地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E7%94%B0" title="莊田">莊田</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%BC%E4%BD%B5%E5%8F%B2" title="中國土地兼併史">中國土地兼併史</a></div> <p>「莊園經濟」是於<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晉南北朝">魏晉南北朝</a>時期出現，當時指代了地主持有著農業生產單位。在這段時期高門大族無論在政治上、經濟上都擁有特權，不少皇室、貴族、大官、富豪等就借勢佔據民田成為自有資產；另外由於宗教在這段時期發展鼎盛，而深受君主喜愛，政權為開闢財源亦准許寺院在民間佔地為其財產。許多農民因而無法自有土地，而必須到莊園做工謀生<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>唐宋時期，面積不太小、互相毗連的一片私有土地，有時稱莊園。為了強調土地私有，莊園會冠以主人之姓，如李家莊張家莊之類，或起個別緻名字，帶有自我炫耀的意味。 </p><p>唐末及北宋「莊園」十分盛行，大半是地主自己經營的農場。莊園經營方式不一，有奴僮、有雇農、有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%83%E8%BE%B2" title="佃農">佃農</a>。到宋代，使用奴隸的農場愈來愈少，使用僱工耕種漸漸增加。從北宋末年開始，以雇工經營的大農場也愈來愈少，地主逐漸將土地出租給佃農。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>唐朝中葉，官僚地主侵夺田地，均田制废止，地主庄园经济便日益发展起来，如田庄、庄田、庄宅、庄院、山庄，岭南节度使<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%AE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="韦宙">韦宙</a>的“江陸别业”积攒谷物七千堆<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%AE" title="宋之问">宋之问</a>的“兰田山庄”、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BB%B4" title="王维">王维</a>的“辋口庄”等都是有名的大庄园，江南军使苏建雄，“有别墅，在昆陵，恒使傔人李诚来往检视”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97" title="唐高宗">唐高宗</a>时，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%BF%BC" title="王方翼">王方翼</a>就已經“辟田数十顷，修饰馆宇，列植竹木”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。唐玄宗诏稱：“王公百官及富豪之家比置庄田，恣行吞并”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="安史之乱">安史之乱</a>后，均田制既坏，庄园经济更加发达，<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E8%B4%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陆贽">陆贽</a>指出：“今制度弛紊，疆理隳坏，恣人相吞，无复畔限，富者兼地数万亩，贫者无容足之居”。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>唐代的僧侶也都有大量土地，宜春郡的齐觉寺，“其寺常住庄田，孳畜甚多”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。又如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA" title="少林寺">少林寺</a>有柏谷庄，占地40顷<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藏區"><span id=".E8.97.8F.E5.8D.80"></span>藏區</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：藏區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>滅亡后，各地教派割据，政教合一，出现很多庄园。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="莊園 (日本)">莊園 (日本)</a></div> <p><b>庄园</b>（日语：<span title="漢字或假名表記（原文）"><span lang="ja">荘園</span></span><small>／</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">しょうえん</span></span><sup> <span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">Shōen</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:日語"><span style="font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0 .1em;">?</span></a></small></sup>）在古代<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>是指由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>、大<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="寺院">寺院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" title="神社">神社</a>所占有，具有經濟效益的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a>。莊園制度的出現，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>上削弱了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="天皇">天皇</a>和朝廷的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="中央集權">中央集權</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>上促進了古代日本各地區的發展。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐洲"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2"></span>歐洲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：歐洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blenheim-Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blenheim-Palace.jpg/240px-Blenheim-Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blenheim-Palace.jpg/360px-Blenheim-Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blenheim-Palace.jpg/480px-Blenheim-Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>英國<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="布倫海姆宮">邱吉爾莊園</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Althorp_House_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Althorp_House_entrance.jpg/240px-Althorp_House_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Althorp_House_entrance.jpg/360px-Althorp_House_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Althorp_House_entrance.jpg/480px-Althorp_House_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>英國<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧爾索普莊園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Althorp"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%A2%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧爾索普莊園（页面不存在）">奧爾索普莊園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althorp" class="extiw" title="en:Althorp"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Althorp</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg/240px-Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg/360px-Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg/480px-Kuskovo_aerial_view-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%B2%83" title="庫斯科沃">庫斯科沃</a>莊園</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg/240px-Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg/360px-Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg/480px-Emkendorf_Herrenhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>德國一所莊園的主屋</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg/240px-Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg/360px-Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg/480px-Upper_Slaughter_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_964906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>英國1086年Slaughter莊園遺跡</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg/240px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg/360px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg/480px-Tula_YasnayaPolyana_asv2019-09_img11_LNTolstoy_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="亚斯纳亚波利亚纳">托爾斯泰莊園</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg/240px-Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg/360px-Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg/480px-Saint-Cirq-Lapopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>古堡為中心和周圍農戶構成的庄园</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birr_Castle,_Offaly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg/240px-Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg/360px-Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg/480px-Birr_Castle%2C_Offaly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>愛爾蘭<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="比爾城堡">比爾城堡</a>莊園</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kykuit,_Tarrytown,_NY_-_front_facade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG/240px-Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG/360px-Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG/480px-Kykuit%2C_Tarrytown%2C_NY_-_front_facade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="洛克菲勒庄园">洛克菲勒莊園</a></figcaption></figure> <p>莊園（manor），是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>基本經濟單位。當時因城市毀壞、商業衰退，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>經濟淪為自給自足的農業型態，經濟關係也是以勞務交換、以物易物為主。 </p><p>莊園生產包括糧食、衣物、工具等各項生活所需，是一個農村共同體，也是一個自治的政治單位，內有耕地、公地、教堂、領主邸第與農奴住宅等。莊園土地屬<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB" title="領主">領主</a>擁有，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="農奴">農奴</a>負責耕作。領主與農奴之間有互相約定的權利與義務──農奴提供勞役、耕作、繳稅；而領主則必須分給土地、提供保護、執行司法。領主在莊園中設置的生產設施，如磨坊、烤爐與榨酒設備，農奴必須付費使用。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="農奴">農奴</a>（serf）身分介於自由人與奴隸之間。人身自由並沒完全失去，但身分又附著於土地。倘無領主同意，不可任意離開莊園，故其非完全的自由人。雖然農奴自由受限制，且生活艱苦，但有一定的保障。農奴只要履行義務，就可以世代耕作土地；一旦遇到困難，領主亦有義務提供適當的協助。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="莊園制度的意義"><span id=".E8.8E.8A.E5.9C.92.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.84.8F.E7.BE.A9"></span>莊園制度的意義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：莊園制度的意義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="封建制度">封建制度</a>的基礎在土地；經營這土地的方式則是莊園制度。「莊園制度」的英語“Manorialism”來自“Manor”一詞，類似羅馬詞彙的「Villa」。所謂的莊園可以有以下三層意義，這三者都是組成莊園制度的重要因素。第一、地緣上的意義，也就是指一個鄉村，有土地，有人民；農業是他的生活方式。第二、是農耕上的地位，是基於一種特殊的土地分配、耕種方式，以及領主私有地和其他農人持有時間的複雜關係。第三、是一種政治或者法律上的地位，在領主的統治下，每一個莊園自成一個獨立的政治系統。所以莊園制度跟封建制度是不可分的兩者。領主對於莊園內有相對的統治權。綜合上述所言，政治經濟層面上莊園制度固然是封建的一部分，但從社會的角度，莊園經濟跟封建制度沒有關係。因為兩者構成的主角是兩個世界的人。封建制度限於領主跟武士，而莊園制度則是農奴。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="莊園制度的歷史背景"><span id=".E8.8E.8A.E5.9C.92.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>莊園制度的歷史背景</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：莊園制度的歷史背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>莊園制度的起源跟封建制度一樣古老，也包含許多羅馬與日耳曼傳統。莊園經濟之所以成為中世紀歐洲的主要制度，如同封建制度一樣，是因為第十世紀卡洛林王朝的解體與歐洲政治的混亂。羅馬時代就有大莊園（Villa）的存在。地主擁有廣大土地，由奴隸與佃農來耕種。但兩者有根本性質上的不同，第一，羅馬大莊園的所有者是地主本身，奴隸是替他工作的，地主直接控制每一塊土地。中古莊園則不是，土地的所有者是貴族與武士，他們無暇參與耕種，為了獲得農奴的勞力，將莊園土地分割給農奴耕種，自己保留較小的「私地」（Demesne）或者稱為「直屬地」。中古莊園的領主對於土地沒有所有權，所有權在國王，領主只有使用權跟管理權。羅馬地主對於土地內的奴隸，沒有政治權利，不同於中古莊園。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="莊園經濟的特質"><span id=".E8.8E.8A.E5.9C.92.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E8.B3.AA"></span>莊園經濟的特質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：莊園經濟的特質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中古歐洲">中古歐洲</a>的混亂導致莊園必須自給自足，退回到原始的經濟。貨幣經濟可以說完全不存在，完全以物易物。直到十二世紀開始，商業復興，城市興起才慢慢改變這種體制。莊園經濟的一個特色就是「公社合作」（Communal cooperation），就是農奴必須共同生產。由於經濟的困難，各種農具與牲口都由領主提供。所以農奴可以說是一無所有，因此必須共同耕作。另外因為土地的貧瘠與耕種技術的落後，莊園經濟普遍採行三年<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%80%95" title="輪耕">輪耕</a>制。把耕地分為三個部份，「春耕地」、「秋耕地」以及「休耕地」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另見"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A6.8B"></span>另見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：另見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="莊園大屋">莊園大屋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%85" title="大宅">大宅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%B3%B6%E8%88%87%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%A8%81%E9%A0%93%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="羅德島與普洛威頓斯莊園州">羅德島與普洛威頓斯莊園州</a>（<span lang="en">State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E8%8E%8A" title="酒莊">酒莊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄園">葡萄園</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%96" class="mw-redirect" title="窖">窖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="農場">農場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E8%88%8D" title="農舍">農舍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="城堡">城堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="別墅">別墅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E9%84%89%E6%9D%91%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="英格蘭鄉村別墅">英格蘭鄉村別墅</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="騎士之家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cavalier house"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="騎士之家（页面不存在）">騎士之家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_house" class="extiw" title="en:Cavalier house"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cavalier house</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%81%B0" title="達恰">達恰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>式的鄉間小屋。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戶外地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buitenplaats"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B6%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戶外地（页面不存在）">戶外地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buitenplaats" class="extiw" title="en:Buitenplaats"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buitenplaats</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>的鄉間別墅。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%AE%85%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法式宅第">法式宅第</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>貴族的私人別墅</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國聯排別墅" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Townhouse (Great Britain)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E6%8E%92%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國聯排別墅（页面不存在）">英國聯排別墅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)" class="extiw" title="en:Townhouse (Great Britain)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Townhouse (Great Britain)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/pshe/tc/history/new_history/material/PDF/S1/Topic_5/S1_5_1.pdf">課題五：東西帝國的分裂與北方民族的內遷</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211016105644/https://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/pshe/tc/history/new_history/material/PDF/S1/Topic_5/S1_5_1.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）香港教育城</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">趙岡，陳鍾毅：《中國土地制度史》（台北：聯經出版事業公司，1982）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《北梦琐言·卷三》：唐相国韦公宙善治生，江陵府东有别业，良田美产，最号膏腴，而积稻如坻，皆为滞穗。咸通初，除广州节度使。懿宗以番禺珠翠之地，垂贪泉之戒。京兆从容奏对曰：“江陵庄积谷尚有七千堆，固无所贪。”懿皇曰：“此可谓之足谷翁也。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《新唐书·食货志》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%9B%86%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E4%B9%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%85%B8/%E7%AC%AC078%E5%8D%B7" class="extiw" title="s:zh:欽定古今圖書集成/曆象彙編/乾象典/第078卷">《欽定古今圖書集成·曆象彙編·乾象典·第78卷》</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3Azh%3A%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%2F%E6%9B%86%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8%2F%E4%B9%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%85%B8%2F%E7%AC%AC078%E5%8D%B7%7C-%7BR%7C%E3%80%8A%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%C2%B7%E6%9B%86%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8%C2%B7%E4%B9%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%85%B8%C2%B7%E7%AC%AC78%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%8B%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li 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0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3Azh%3A%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8%2F%E5%8D%B7185%E4%B8%8A%23%E7%8E%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%BF%BC%7C-%7BR%7C%E3%80%8A%E6%97%A7%E5%94%90%E4%B9%A6%C2%B7%E5%8D%B7185%E4%B8%8A%C2%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%BF%BC%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8C%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%83%E9%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西罗马帝国衰落的史学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西罗马帝国衰落的史学（页面不存在）">西罗马帝国的衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊-罗马多神教的衰落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊-罗马多神教的衰落（页面不存在）">古希腊宗教的衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="extiw" title="en:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="伊斯蘭教的傳播">伊斯蘭教的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第一帝国">保加利亚第一帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(925%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941102%E5%B9%B4)" title="克羅埃西亞王國 (925年—1102年)">克罗地亚王国 (925年—1102年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰">盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="古教會斯拉夫語">古教會斯拉夫語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Civitas Schinesghe" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civitas Schinesghe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civitas_Schinesghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civitas Schinesghe（页面不存在）">Civitas Schinesghe</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" class="extiw" title="en:Civitas Schinesghe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civitas Schinesghe</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="查士丁尼王朝">东罗马帝国的发展</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg" title="template"><img alt="template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/160px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/240px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/320px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>template</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀盛期">中世紀盛期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第二帝国">保加利亚第二帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="格鲁吉亚王国">格鲁吉亚帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1025%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941385%E5%B9%B4)" title="波兰王国 (1025年—1385年)">波兰王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BB%BB%E6%9D%83%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="叙任权斗争">叙任权斗争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收復失地運動">收復失地運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" title="修道 (基督教)">修道制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="中世纪公社">公社</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">庄园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%BA%AB%E6%9A%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀溫暖時期">中世紀溫暖時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%81" title="长子西征">蒙古入侵欧洲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="玫瑰战争">玫瑰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="胡斯战争">胡斯战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="勃艮第公國">勃艮第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="天主教會大分裂">天主教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="奧斯曼帝國的崛起">奧斯曼帝國的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5" title="瑞士雇佣兵">瑞士雇佣兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="騎士精神">騎士精神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">文藝復興人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世纪晚期危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="小冰期">小冰期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval architecture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="欧洲中世纪美术">艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Church and state in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家（页面不存在）">教会和国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Church and state in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Church and state in medieval Europe</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="中世紀飲食">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪人口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval demography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪人口（页面不存在）">人口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval demography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval demography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval household"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_household" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval household"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval household</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西欧的中世纪医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西欧的中世纪医学（页面不存在）">医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀美學">美學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪诗歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪诗歌（页面不存在）">诗歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval poetry</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slavery in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制（页面不存在）">奴隶制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Slavery in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slavery in medieval Europe</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪技术（页面不存在）">技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中世纪战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="歐洲黑暗時代">黑暗時代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的残疾人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disability in the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的残疾人（页面不存在）">中世纪的残疾人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Disability in the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disability in the Middle Ages</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的概述（页面不存在）">基本主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Middle Ages</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪主义（页面不存在）">中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medievalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪重演" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval reenactment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E9%87%8D%E6%BC%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪重演（页面不存在）">中世纪重演</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval reenactment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval reenactment</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪研究（页面不存在）">中世纪研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval studies</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新中世纪主义（页面不存在）">新中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-medievalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中世纪年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="后古代史">同一时期的全球历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="Portal:中世纪">中世纪主题</a> <div style="float:left;"> « <span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></span> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550557#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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