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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamak_Fare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamak_Fare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mamak Fare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamak_Fare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_Tom_Yam_Stall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_Tom_Yam_Stall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Malay Tom Yam Stall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_Tom_Yam_Stall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kios_mamak" title="Kios mamak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kios mamak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerai_mamak" title="Gerai mamak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerai mamak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ママッストール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ママッストール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Restaurant_Ahmediah_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Restaurant_Ahmediah_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Restaurant_Ahmediah_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Restaurant_Ahmediah_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A mamak stall in <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar, Kedah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mamak stalls</b> are indoor and open-air food establishments particularly found in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, where the cuisines served are typically those derived from <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a> cuisines, unique to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MamakInKL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MamakInKL.JPG/220px-MamakInKL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MamakInKL.JPG/330px-MamakInKL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MamakInKL.JPG/440px-MamakInKL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Certain Mamak stalls, such as this example in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, may remain open 24 hours a day.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mamak stalls originate from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslims</a>, most of whom migrated from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and other locations in Southeast Asia centuries ago. They are regarded as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Malaysian Indian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean Indian">Singaporean Indian</a>" community, or "Straits Indian". Archaeological findings in the <a href="/wiki/Bujang_Valley" title="Bujang Valley">Bujang Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> suggest a trade relationship with India as early as the 1st to 5th century C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription dated 779 AD that refers to the trade relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> and the region was found in <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arokiaswamy2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arokiaswamy2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word 'Mamak' is from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> term for maternal uncle, or 'maa-ma'. In Singapore and Malaysia, it is used by children as an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> to respectfully address adults such as shopkeepers. Although the origins of the word are benign and neutral, it can sometimes be used as a derogatory term and insult against the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">South Asian Muslim</a> community in Malaysia and Singapore, and therefore its usage is generally avoided outside of specifically referring to Mamak stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mamak stalls</b> and <b>Hindu stalls</b> are alike except that Mamaks, who are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, do not serve pork but do serve beef, whereas Hindus serve neither beef nor pork. There are also similar stalls run by local <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MamakModern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MamakModern.jpg/220px-MamakModern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MamakModern.jpg/330px-MamakModern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MamakModern.jpg/440px-MamakModern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hanging televisions and <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">misting fan</a> systems are commonplace features at Mamak stalls</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg/220px-Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg/330px-Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Malaysian_mamak_making_tandoori_chicken_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>A Mamak cook preparing <a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori Chicken</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mamak stalls' affordable food and unpretentious atmosphere tend to create a casual dining atmosphere. Newer mamak stalls have more of a café aspect, usually being well lit and furnished with stainless steel tables. Some are outfitted with large flat screen televisions, or even projectors, so that patrons can catch the latest programs or live matches as they dine. Some mamak stalls also provide free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> service. Despite these innovations, many modern mamak stalls attempt to retain their predecessors' open air dining atmosphere by setting up tables on a patio, the <a href="/wiki/Shoplot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoplot">shoplot</a>'s walkway, or even on the street.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mamak_Fare">Mamak Fare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mamak Fare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg/220px-Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg/330px-Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg/440px-Roti_Telur_and_Teh_Tarik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>A classic Mamak dish of Roti Telur and Teh Tarik.</figcaption></figure> <p>A mamak stall usually offers different varieties of <a href="/wiki/Roti_canai" title="Roti canai">roti canai</a> to eat and <a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">teh tarik</a>, coffee, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Milo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestlé Milo">Milo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horlicks" title="Horlicks">Horlicks</a> and soft drinks to drink. Most mamak stalls also serve several varieties of rice, such as <a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">nasi lemak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">nasi goreng</a>, as well as noodle dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Mee_goreng" title="Mee goreng">mee goreng</a> (fried noodles). Some stalls also offer <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a> and Western dishes. </p><p>A typical Mamak stall will offer the following dishes and beverages, though this differs from stall to stall: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roti_canai" title="Roti canai">Roti canai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>) <ul><li>Roti prata (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh_tarik" title="Teh tarik">Teh tarik</a></li> <li>Half-boiled eggs</li> <li>Goat's milk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtabak" title="Murtabak">Murtabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thosai">Thosai</a> (also known as a dosa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">Chapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kandar" title="Nasi kandar">Nasi kandar</a></li> <li>Nasi briyani (or <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">Nasi lemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">Nasi goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggi_goreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggi goreng">Maggi goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mee_goreng" title="Mee goreng">Mee goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mie_goreng" title="Mie goreng">Mie goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mee_rebus" title="Mee rebus">Mee rebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihun_goreng" title="Bihun goreng">Bihun goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwetiau_goreng" title="Kwetiau goreng">Kwetiau goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_kway_teow" title="Char kway teow">Char kway teow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomie" title="Indomie">Indomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasembur" title="Pasembur">Pasembur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojak" title="Rojak">Mamak Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasembur" title="Pasembur">Indian Rojak</a></li> <li>Ayam Goreng (fried chicken)</li> <li>Maggi sup</li> <li>Bihun sup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sup_Kambing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sup Kambing">Sup Kambing</a> (goat soup)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken Soup">Sup Ayam</a> (chicken soup)</li> <li>Sup Tulang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roti_Tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti Tissue">Roti Tissue</a></li> <li>Roti Bakar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_toast" title="Kaya toast">Kaya toast</a></li> <li>Roti Bawang</li> <li>Roti Bom</li> <li>Roti Cheese</li> <li>Roti Planta</li> <li>Roti Pisang</li> <li>Roti Telur</li> <li>Roti Sardin</li> <li>Roti Jantan</li> <li>Roti Milo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">Naan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">tandoori chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(food)" title="Puri (food)">Puri</a> or Poori</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papadum" class="mw-redirect" title="Papadum">Papadum</a></li> <li>Ais Kosong</li> <li>Limau Ais Kosong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nescafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nescafe">Nescafe</a></li> <li>Neslo (Nescafe with milo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horlicks" title="Horlicks">Horlicks</a></li> <li>Barli</li> <li>Limau Ais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li>Milo Ais</li> <li>Milo Kosong</li> <li>Milo Panas</li> <li>Milo 'O'</li> <li>Sirap</li> <li>Sirap Limau</li> <li>Sirap Bandung</li> <li>Teh Ais (Iced tea)</li> <li>Teh Halia</li> <li>Teh 'O' Ais</li> <li>Teh 'O' Ais Limau</li> <li>Teh 'O' Panas</li> <li>Teh 'O' Kosong</li> <li>Chicken and Waffles</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malay_Tom_Yam_Stall">Malay Tom Yam Stall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Malay Tom Yam Stall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, to attract more customers, some Mamak restaurants have added an extra stall in their restaurant. The stall, which is operated individually by either an ethnic Malay from the North East Peninsular Malaysia and the east coast Peninsula Malaysia or an ethnic Malay from Southern Thailand, is known as Malay tom yam stall. This provides customers with more food options, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">Tom yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_paprik" title="Nasi paprik">Nasi paprik</a></li> <li>Nasi goreng Kampung (village-style fried rice)</li> <li>Nasi goreng Cina (Chinese fried rice)</li> <li>Nasi goreng USA ["Westernised" fried rice, hence "USA", served with prawn (U-dang), squid (S-otong) and chicken (A-yam)</li> <li>Nasi masak merah (red-cooked rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng_pattaya" title="Nasi goreng pattaya">Nasi pattaya</a> (despite the name, the dish originated in Malaysia)</li> <li>Telur bistik (stuffed omelette)</li> <li>Sayur campur (mixed vegetables)</li> <li>Ikan pedas (spicy fish)</li> <li>Nasi lala (clam rice)</li></ul> <p>Tom yam stalls first appeared in Peninsular Malaysia circa late 1970s and early 1980s. Unlike local Malay food, the food is basically Thai based and somewhat similar to the cuisine in the state of Kelantan. The tom yam dishes have a mix of typically sweet, hot, and sour flavours. As the dishes are cooked immediately upon the customer's order, tom yam stalls are the Malay equivalent of fast food outlets albeit with Thai-based cuisine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tom yam stalls can also be found by the street or at designated areas such as car parks at night. These stalls tend to be popular. Many tom yam stalls are built illegally, usually on land reserved for public roads. Attempts to remove these illegal stalls have been fairly successful<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but such attempts can have a political price.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a> – Similar to mamak stall, but with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dhaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dhaba">Punjabi dhaba</a> – In India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">Warung</a> – Street stalls in Indonesia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamak_stall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSriramrajan" class="citation web cs1">Sriramrajan, Visvajit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coconuts.co/singapore/features/how-a-hunger-for-home-and-rubber-fueled-rise-of-singapores-mamak-stalls/">"How a hunger for home, and rubber, fueled rise of Singapore's 'Mamak' stalls | Coconuts"</a>. <i>coconuts.co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coconuts.co&rft.atitle=How+a+hunger+for+home%2C+and+rubber%2C+fueled+rise+of+Singapore%27s+%27Mamak%27+stalls+%7C+Coconuts&rft.aulast=Sriramrajan&rft.aufirst=Visvajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoconuts.co%2Fsingapore%2Ffeatures%2Fhow-a-hunger-for-home-and-rubber-fueled-rise-of-singapores-mamak-stalls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamak+stall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/PostgraduateForum2011/Arch/NaizatulAkmaMOKHTAR.pdf">THE ANCIENT IRON SMELTING IN SG. 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Manila s.n. pp. 37, 38, 41, 43, 45–49, 51–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Influences+in+Malaysia%2C+Indonesia%2C+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=Manila+s.n.&rft.pages=37%2C+38%2C+41%2C+43%2C+45-49%2C+51-57&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arokiaswamy&rft.aufirst=Celine+W.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamak+stall" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/archive/2005/07/02/the-merchants-of-penang">"The Merchants of Penang | The Star"</a>. <i>www.thestar.com.my</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thestar.com.my&rft.atitle=The+Merchants+of+Penang+%7C+The+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Farchive%2F2005%2F07%2F02%2Fthe-merchants-of-penang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMamak+stall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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Australia">Australian cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Book café">Book café</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_church" title="Cafe church">Cafe church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Philosophique" class="mw-redirect" title="Café Philosophique">Café Philosophique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_piernas" title="Café con piernas">Café con piernas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_caf%C3%A9" title="Cat café">Cat café</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffeeshop_(Netherlands)" title="Coffeeshop (Netherlands)">Coffeeshop</a></i> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay_restaurant" title="Cosplay restaurant">Cosplay restaurant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maid_caf%C3%A9" title="Maid café">Maid café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_caf%C3%A9" title="Butler café">Butler café</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_cafe" title="Crisis cafe">Crisis cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet café</a> (<a href="/wiki/PC_bang" title="PC bang">PC <i>bang</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dabang" title="Dabang">Dabang</a></i> (Korea)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafana" title="Kafana">Kafana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kissaten" title="Kissaten">Kissaten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konditorei" title="Konditorei">Konditorei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Mamak</i> stall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meikyoku_kissa" title="Meikyoku kissa">Meikyoku kissa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coffeehouse" title="Ottoman coffeehouse">Ottoman coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisian_caf%C3%A9" title="Parisian café">Parisian café</a></li> <li><a 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