Rumination Disorder | Psychology Today Singapore

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<div class="td_fat_subheader__verified"> <p><img width="18" height="18" loading="lazy" alt="" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/theme-assets/icons/icon-check-circle-gray.svg"/> Verified by <span class="font-weight-semi-bold">Psychology Today</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper block" id="block-breadcrumbsblock-2"> <div class="breadcrumbs container"> <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions">Conditions</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions#eating-disorders">Eating Disorders</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail">Rumination Disorder</span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="outer-layout-container"> <main class="layout-content layout-container" > <div class="layout-content-full"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container--grid layout-container--primary-left-rail--single"> <div class="layout-content-main"> <div> <div id="block-pt-content" class="block">     <article data-history-node-id="5000485" role="article" class="basics-full"> <div class="content-header d-flex reference-header"> <div class="content-header--text"> <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Rumination Disorder</h1> <p class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/sg/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div class="reference__body"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rumination disorder, or rumination syndrome, is a condition in which someone regularly regurgitates their food after eating it. The food is re-chewed and then either re-swallowed or spat out.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="table-of-contents border-top"> <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4> <ul> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#symptoms"> Symptoms </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#causes"> Causes </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#treatment"> Treatment </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="symptoms" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Symptoms </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The core symptom of rumination disorder is regurgitating one’s food, after which the food may be swallowed again or spat out. In rumination disorder, regurgitation is not due to throwing up involuntarily, and the person doesn’t view the behavior with disgust. It’s sometimes described as habitual or uncontrollable, according to the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dsm" title="Psychology Today looks at DSM-5" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">DSM-5</a>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Regurgitating food several times a week, for a period of a month or longer, would lead to a diagnosis of rumination disorder. A diagnosis would not be given if the behavior was due to another <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/eating-disorders" title="Psychology Today looks at eating disorder" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">eating disorder</a>, mental health condition, or medical condition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rumination can lead to psychological distress, because people may struggle with <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/embarrassment" title="Psychology Today looks at embarrassment" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">embarrassment</a> and isolation, potentially avoiding settings where they would need to eat with other people such as at school or work. The disorder can sometimes lead to medical complications as well, through weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and dental problems. Therefore, seeking treatment early on is key.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What are signs that someone may have rumination disorder? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Adults with rumination disorder may try to hide their regurgitation by coughing into their hand or their napkin while eating. They may also avoid eating with other people. Babies with rumination disorder may make sucking movements with their tongue, display hunger and irritability between regurgitation sessions, and struggle to gain weight, according to the DSM-5.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How is rumination disorder diagnosed? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Rumination disorder is diagnosed based on a medical exam and the behavior of regurgitating food after eating. This may be reported by the patient or their family members, or the doctor may observe it directly during an appointment. Patients with rumination disorder often report <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.12954">vomiting as their main symptom,</a> which can lead rumination to be confused with other diseases. Many patients are often misdiagnosed, and most wait between <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9331149/">two and six years for a correct diagnosis,</a> research suggests.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Is rumination different than vomiting? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>The regurgitation that takes place in rumination disorder is <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.12954">distinct from vomiting</a> because it happens effortlessly, doesn’t involve feeling nauseous, and the food remains undigested and therefore tastes the same as when it was first eaten. It’s distinct from acid reflux because the taste is not acidic and regurgitation doesn’t occur specifically after sleep or fasting.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="causes" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Causes </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The roots of rumination disorder are still mysterious, but the disorder involves contracting the muscles in the esophagus and diaphragm, which may then lead regurgitation to become a reflex, similar to burping.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>A few environmental factors raise the risk of developing the disorder, including lack of stimulation, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/stress" title="Psychology Today looks at stressful" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">stressful</a> events, and a problematic parent-child relationship, according to the DSM-5.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rumination disorder is particularly high among those with developmental disabilities and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In those cases, regurgitation may be a tool for self-soothing or self-stimulation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How common is rumination disorder? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Very little research has assessed the prevalence of rumination disorder, and it’s thought to be relatively rare. Current estimates place the prevalence around <a href="https://journals.lww.com/co-gastroenterology/Abstract/2019/07000/Rumination_syndrome__when_to_suspect_and_how_to.19.aspx">1 percent.</a> (Estimates in specific populations, such as those with other eating disorders, are higher.) One study of 2,163 children in Sri Lanka found that just over <a href="https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-230X-12-163">5 percent </a>met the criteria for rumination disorder, although this data relied on self-reports. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> When does rumination disorder develop? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Rumination can occur throughout one’s lifetime. It often emerges in <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/child-development" title="Psychology Today looks at childhood" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">childhood</a>, but it can begin in adulthood as well. In infancy, the disorder most commonly appears between 3 and 12 months, according to the DSM-5.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="treatment" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Treatment </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Treatment for rumination disorder may involve working with gastroenterologists, general or nurse practitioners, and therapists.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>The primary treatment approach is diaphragmatic breathing, in which patients learn to breathe deeply from their diaphragm rather than their chest. This will help relax the diaphragm, adjust pressure in the esophagus, and consequently prevent regurgitations after eating. A therapist can help the patient learn this skill and integrate it into their mealtime routine.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="reference__citations section--separator"> <h5>References</h5> <div class="citations"> <div class="citation citation--1"> Absah, I. (2016) Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. <em>Neurogastroenterology & Motility.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--2"> American Psychiatric Association (2013). <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--3"> Halland, M. (2019) Rumination syndrome: when to suspect and how to treat. <em>Current Opinion in Gastroenterology.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--4"> Murray, H.B., et al. (2019) Diagnosis and Treatment of Rumination Syndrome: A Critical Review. <em>American Journal of Gastroenterology.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--5"> Rajindrajith, S., et al. (2012) Rumination syndrome in children and adolescents: a school survey assessing prevalence and symptomatology. <em>BMC Gastroenterology.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--6"> Soykan, I., et al. (1997) The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy, and long-term outcome. <em>Digestive Diseases and Sciences.</em> </div> </div> <div class="revision-current">Last updated: 10/05/2021 </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-content-left-rail--first" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-conditionsnavigation" class="block index-page-menu"> <article> <div class="h2 index-page-menu--title"> Diagnosis Dictionary </div> <div class="index-page-menu--image hero--image"> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/index_page_navigation_image/public/2021-06/conditions-shutterstock-1696550344_0.jpg?itok=XiF2PjYS" width="519" height="198" alt="Decorative Image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="index-page-menu--items"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-31e02e08b24a77914ccc718d504e2f1fa55a02a9a9810ff8a3bba658f193dbea"> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title 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<div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Psychosis/Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/brief-psychotic-disorder" title="Brief Psychotic Disorder ">Brief Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/catatonia" title="Catatonia ">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delusional-disorder" title="Delusional Disorder ">Delusional Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition" title="Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition 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class="title-text">Sexuality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism ">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/fetishistic-disorder" title="Fetishistic Disorder ">Fetishistic Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frotteuristic-disorder" title="Frotteuristic Disorder ">Frotteuristic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gender-dysphoria" title="Gender Dysphoria ">Gender Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/genito-pelvic-pain-or-penetration-disorder-sexual-pain-disorder" title="Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder) ">Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction" title="Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction) ">Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/orgasmic-disorder" title="Orgasmic Disorder ">Orgasmic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paraphilias" title="Paraphilias ">Paraphilias</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-desire-disorder" title="Sexual Desire Disorder ">Sexual Desire Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-masochism-disorder" title="Sexual Masochism Disorder ">Sexual Masochism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/transvestic-disorder" title="Transvestic Disorder ">Transvestic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/voyeuristic-disorder" title="Voyeuristic Disorder ">Voyeuristic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sleep Disorders</span></div> <ul 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