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id="toc-Spire_collapse_(1561)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spire_collapse_(1561)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spire collapse (1561)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spire_collapse_(1561)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_work_(1621–1666)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_work_(1621–1666)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Restoration work (1621–1666)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_work_(1621–1666)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Fire_of_London_(1666)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Fire_of_London_(1666)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Great Fire of London (1666)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Fire_of_London_(1666)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Great Fire of London (1666) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Fire_of_London_(1666)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_burials_in_Old_St_Paul's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_burials_in_Old_St_Paul's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable burials in Old St Paul's</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hn%C9%99_M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Pavel_kafedral%C4%B1" title="Köhnə Müqəddəs Pavel kafedralı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köhnə Müqəddəs Pavel kafedralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_catedral_de_San_Pablo" title="Antigua catedral de San Pablo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua catedral de San Pablo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کلیسای جامع قدیمی سنت پل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع قدیمی سنت پل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Old St Paul's Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_cattedrale_di_San_Paolo" title="Antica cattedrale di San Paolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antica cattedrale di San Paolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="קתדרלת סנט פול הישנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת סנט פול הישנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ძველი წმინდა პავლეს კათედრალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი წმინდა პავლეს კათედრალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس القديمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائية القديس بولس القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Catedral_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Antiga Catedral de São Paulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiga Catedral de São Paulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Старый собор Святого Павла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старый собор Святого Павла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old St Paul's Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_Katedr%C3%A1la_sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_Pavla" title="Stará Katedrála svätého Pavla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stará Katedrála svätého Pavla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%9C%A3%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="旧圣保罗座堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旧圣保罗座堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E8%81%96%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="舊聖保羅座堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="舊聖保羅座堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2576524#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&params=51_30_49_N_0_5_54_W_type:landmark_scale:1000_region:GB-LND"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°5′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.51361°N 0.09833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.51361; -0.09833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. 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The central tower is buttressed and with an imposing wooden spire. An octagonal chapter house is in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_photographic_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="3169" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Digital reconstruction giving an impression of Old St Paul's during the Middle Ages. The image is based on a model of the Cathedral in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a>, composited with a modern city background.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_c.1381,_plain_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral is located in City of London in 1300"><img alt="Old St Paul's Cathedral is located in City of London in 1300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png/250px-London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png/375px-London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png/500px-London_c.1381%2C_plain_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.796%;left:51.692%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Old St Paul's Cathedral"><img alt="Old St Paul's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Old St Paul's Cathedral</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Old St Paul's on a 1300 map of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&params=51_30_49_N_0_5_54_W_type:landmark_scale:1000_region:GB-LND"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°5′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.51361°N 0.09833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.51361; -0.09833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data">Cathedral and canonry destroyed by fire – 1087, 1666</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous cathedrals</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="English Gothic">English Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years built</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>c. 604–675</li><li>c. 685–961</li><li>c. 962–1087</li><li>1087–1666</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li><li>Paddington</li><li>St Margaret</li><li>St Marylebone</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Clergy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Deans_of_St_Paul%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deans of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">Building details</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_6635b5f32cbec07ef6e82433c3c09363c5be4e51"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&revid=1248149233&groups=_6635b5f32cbec07ef6e82433c3c09363c5be4e51" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&revid=1248149233&groups=_6635b5f32cbec07ef6e82433c3c09363c5be4e51 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Record height</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Tallest in the world from the mid-13th century to 1311<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_talleststatus"><a href="#endnote_talleststatus">[I]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surpassed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Old St Paul's Cathedral</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> that, until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of 1666</a>, stood on the site of the present <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a>, this building was perhaps the fourth such church at this site on <a href="/wiki/Ludgate_Hill" title="Ludgate Hill">Ludgate Hill</a>, going back to the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_(28883447381).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg/220px-St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg/330px-St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg/440px-St_Alban%27s_Abbey_IMG_2742_%2828883447381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> St Erkenwald, foundational figure in the history of St Paul's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Work on the cathedral began after a <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London#Norman" title="Early fires of London">fire in 1087</a>, which destroyed the previous church. Work took more than 200 years, and over that time the architecture of the church changed from <a href="/wiki/Norman_Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Romanesque">Norman Romanesque</a> to early <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="English Gothic">English Gothic</a>. The church was <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> in 1240, enlarged in 1256 and again in the early 14th century. At its completion in the mid-14th century, the cathedral was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_church_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of longest church buildings in the world">longest churches in the world</a>, had <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_churches_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest churches in the world">one of the tallest spires</a> and some of the finest <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_(monument)_(State_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/220px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/330px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg/440px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_%28monument%29_%28State_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="5640" /></a><figcaption>Shrine of St Erkenwald, relics removed 1550, lost as a monument in the Great Fire of London</figcaption></figure> <p>The continuing presence of the shrine of the 7th century bishop <a href="/wiki/Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwald">Saint Erkenwald</a> made the cathedral a site of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Milman,_22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milman,_22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to serving as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a>, the building developed a reputation as a social hub, with the nave aisle, "<a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a>", known as a business centre and a place to hear the news and gossip on the London <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_(gossip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine (gossip)">grapevine</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, the open-air pulpit in the churchyard, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a>, became the place for radical evangelical preaching and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">bookselling</a>. </p><p>The cathedral was in structural decline by the early 17th century. Restoration work begun by <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> in the 1620s was temporarily halted during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651). In 1666, further restoration was in progress under <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a> when the cathedral was devastated in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>. At that point, it was demolished, and the present cathedral was built on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old St Paul's Cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at <a href="/wiki/Ludgate_Hill" title="Ludgate Hill">Ludgate Hill</a> dedicated to St Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-Milman,_22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milman,_22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London#Norman" title="Early fires of London">devastating fire</a> in 1087,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, destroyed much of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">King William I (William the Conqueror)</a> donated the stone from the destroyed Palatine Tower on the <a href="/wiki/River_Fleet" title="River Fleet">River Fleet</a> towards the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Romanesque</a> Norman cathedral, an act sometimes said to be his last before death.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Bishop_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice (Bishop of London)">Bishop Maurice</a> oversaw preparations, although it was primarily under his successor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Beaumis_(died_1127)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de Beaumis (died 1127)">Richard de Beaumis</a>, that construction work fully commenced. Beaumis was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">King Henry I</a>, who gave the bishop stone and asked that all material brought up the River Fleet for the cathedral should be free from toll. To fund the cathedral, Henry I gave Beaumis rights to all fish caught within the cathedral neighbourhood and <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> on venison taken in the County of Essex. Beaumis also gave a site for the original foundation of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry I's death was followed by a period of unrest and civil war known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a>". <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Blois" title="Henry of Blois">Henry of Blois</a>, Bishop of Winchester, was appointed to administer the affairs of St Paul's. Almost immediately, he had to deal with the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Early_fires_of_London#The_Great_Fire_of_1135" title="Early fires of London">a fire</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> in 1135. It spread over much of the city, damaging the cathedral and delaying its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the architectural style was changed from heavy <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> to <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">Early English Gothic</a>. Although the base Norman columns were left alone, <a href="/wiki/Lancet_arch#Lancet_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet arch">lancet pointed arches</a> were placed over them in the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> and some heavy columns were substituted with clustered pillars. The steeple was erected in 1221 and the cathedral was rededicated by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Roger_Niger" title="Roger Niger">Roger Niger</a> in 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_work_(1255–1314)"><span id="New_work_.281255.E2.80.931314.29"></span>New work (1255–1314)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New work (1255–1314)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a succession of storms, in 1255 <a href="/wiki/Fulk_Basset_(bishop_of_London)" title="Fulk Basset (bishop of London)">Bishop Fulk Basset</a> appealed for money to repair the roof. The roof was rebuilt in wood, which ultimately ruined the building. At this time, the east end of the cathedral church was lengthened, enclosing the <a href="/wiki/St_Faith_under_St_Paul%27s" title="St Faith under St Paul's">parish church of St Faith</a>, which was now brought within the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastward addition was referred to as "The New Work".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond,_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving of Old St Paul's cathedral seen from above. The building is in a cross shape, architecturally rectangular and very long west to east, with flying buttresses along the quire. In the centre is a square central tower, which in this picture has a tall spire. The building looms over the old City of London before the Great Fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/450px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/675px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg/900px-St_Paul%27s_old._From_Francis_Bond%2C_Early_Christian_Architecture._Last_book_1913..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A 1916 engraving of Old St Paul's as it appeared before the fire of 1561 in which the spire was destroyed</figcaption></figure> <p>After complaints from the dispossessed parishioners of St Faith's, the east end of the west crypt was allotted to them as their parish church. The congregation were also allowed to keep a detached tower with a peal of bells east of the church which had historically been used to peal the summons to the <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a> <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Folkmote</a>. The parish later moved to the Jesus chapel during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a> and was merged with <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Watling_Street" title="St Augustine Watling Street">St Augustine Watling Street</a> after the 1666 fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds194_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds194-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "New Work" was completed in 1314, although the additions had been consecrated in 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath1086_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath1086-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations in 1878 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Penrose" title="Francis Penrose">Francis Penrose</a> showed the enlarged cathedral was 586 feet (179 m) long (excluding the porch later added by Inigo Jones) and 100 feet (30 m) wide (290 feet (88 m) across the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">crossing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_275_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton-Taylor,_275-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg/220px-Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Funeral_Procession_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century monastic funeral procession entering Old St Paul's. The coffin is covered by a blue and gold <a href="/wiki/Pall_(funeral)" title="Pall (funeral)">pall</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">grave</a> is being dug in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral had one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">Europe's tallest church spires</a>, the height of which is traditionally given as 489 feet (149 m), surpassing all but <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>. The King's Surveyor, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1632–1723), judged that an overestimate and gave 460 feet (140 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1664, Robert Hooke used a plumb-line to calculate the height of the tower as "two hundred and four feet very near, which is about sixty feet higher than it was usually reported to be."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Benham_(priest)" title="William Benham (priest)">William Benham</a> noted that the cathedral probably "resembled in general outline that of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a>, but it was a hundred feet longer, and the spire was sixty or eighty feet higher. The tower was open internally as far as the base of the spire, and was probably more beautiful both inside and out than that of any other English cathedral."<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapter_house">Chapter house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chapter house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harvey (historian)">John Harvey</a>, the octagonal <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a>, built about 1332 by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Ramsey" title="William de Ramsey">William de Ramsey</a>, was the earliest example of <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Clifton-Taylor" title="Alec Clifton-Taylor">Alec Clifton-Taylor</a>, who notes that the chapter house and <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> at the medieval <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Palace">Westminster Palace</a> predate the early Perpendicular work at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> by several years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundations of the chapter house were recently made visible in the redeveloped south churchyard of the new cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg/270px-Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg/405px-Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg/540px-Copperplate_map_St_Pauls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Old St Paul's, still with its spire, as shown on the <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_map_of_London" title="Copperplate map of London">"Copperplate" map</a> of the 1550s</figcaption></figure> <p>The finished cathedral of the Middle Ages was renowned for the beauty of its interior. Canon William Benham wrote in 1902: "It had not a rival in England, perhaps one might say in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>'s length was particularly notable, with a Norman <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted ceiling</a>. The length earned it the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a>". The cathedral's <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> was reputed to be the best in the country, and the east-end <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> was particularly exquisite. The poet <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> used the windows as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> in "<a href="/wiki/The_Miller%27s_Tale" title="The Miller's Tale">The Miller's Tale</a>" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knowing that other Londoners at that time would understand the comparison: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>His rode was red, his eyen grey as goose,<br /> With Paule's windows carven on his shoes<br /> In hosen red he went full fetisly. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>From the cathedral's construction until its destruction, the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwald">Erkenwald</a> was a popular pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-Webb,_29_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb,_29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Bishop_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice (Bishop of London)">Bishop Maurice</a>, reports of miracles attributed to the shrine increased, with the shrine attracting thousands of pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-Webb,_29_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb,_29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliterative Middle English poem <i><a href="/wiki/St._Erkenwald_(poem)" title="St. Erkenwald (poem)">St Erkenwald</a></i> (sometimes attributed to the 14th-century "<a href="/wiki/Pearl_Poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Poet">Pearl Poet</a>") begins with a description of the construction of the cathedral, referring to the building as the "New Werke".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shrine was adorned with gold, silver and precious stones. In 1339, three London goldsmiths were employed for a whole year to rebuild the shrine to a higher standard.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Dugdale records that the shrine was <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> in shape with an altar table placed in front for offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of the nave, a vast, long space with Norman arches stretching into the distance and a vaulted ceiling. The rose window is just visible in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg/250px-Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg/375px-Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg/500px-Wenceslas_Hollar_Paul%27s_Walk_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="5094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas Hollar">Wenceslas Hollar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of the cathedral nave, "<a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Monarchs and other notables were often in attendance at the cathedral, and <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">the court</a> occasionally held sessions there.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was also the place of several incidents. In 1191, whilst <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">King Richard I</a> was in Palestine, his brother <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a> summoned a council of bishops to St Paul's to denounce <a href="/wiki/William_de_Longchamp" title="William de Longchamp">William de Longchamp</a>, Bishop of Ely – to whom Richard had entrusted government affairs – for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, <a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Osbern_(1196)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fitz Osbern (1196)">William Fitz Osbern</a> gave a speech against the oppression of the poor at Paul's Cross and incited a riot which saw the cathedral invaded, halted by a plea from <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury. Osbern barricaded himself in <a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a> and was executed, after which Paul's Cross was silent for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> in St Paul's on 14 November 1501. Chroniclers are profuse in their descriptions of the decorations of the cathedral and city on that occasion. Arthur died five months later, at the age of 15, and the marriage was later proved contentious during the reign of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several kings of the Middle Ages lay in state in St Paul's before their funerals at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of Richard II, the display of his body in such a public place was to dispel rumours that he was not dead.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls were lined with the tombs of bishops and nobility. In addition to the shrine of Erkenwald, two <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kings were buried inside: <a href="/wiki/Sebbi_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebbi of Essex">Sebbi</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">East Saxons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of figures such as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_de_Beauchamp,_1st_Baron_Beauchamp_de_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick">John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick</a> had particularly large monuments constructed within the cathedral, and the building later contained the tombs of the Crown minister <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(courtier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bacon (courtier)">Nicholas Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Sidney" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Sidney">Sir Philip Sidney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul's_Walk"><span id="Paul.27s_Walk"></span>Paul's Walk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paul's Walk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lofty Norman cathedral interior is full of people treating the building like a marketplace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg/170px-John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg/255px-John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg/340px-John_Franklin_-_Paul%27s_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>John Franklin's illustration of Paul's Walk for <a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_Ainsworth" title="William Harrison Ainsworth">William Harrison Ainsworth</a>'s 1841 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Paul%27s_(novel)" title="Old St. Paul's (novel)">Old Saint Paul's</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first historical reference to the nave, "Paul's walk", being used as a marketplace and general meeting area is recorded during the 1381–1404 tenure of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Braybrooke" title="Robert Braybrooke">Bishop Braybrooke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishop issued an open letter decrying the use of the building for selling "wares, as if it were a public market" and "others ... by the instigation of the Devil [using] stones and arrows to bring down the birds, jackdaws and pigeons which nestle in the walls and crevices of the building. Others play at ball ... breaking the beautiful and costly painted windows to the amazement of spectators."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His decree goes on to threaten perpetrators with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 15th century, the cathedral had become the centre of the London <a href="/wiki/Grapevine_(gossip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine (gossip)">grapevine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "News mongers", as they were called, gathered there to pass on the latest news and gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who visited the cathedral to keep up with the news were known as "Paul's walkers". </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne" title="Francis Osborne">Francis Osborne</a> (1593–1659): </p> <blockquote><p>It was the fashion of those times ... for the principal gentry, lords, courtiers, and men of all professions not merely mechanic, to meet in Paul's Church by eleven and walk in the middle aisle till twelve, and after dinner from three to six, during which times some discoursed on business, others of news. Now in regard of the universal there happened little that did not first or last arrive here ... And those news-mongers, as they called them, did not only take the boldness to weigh the public but most intrinsic actions of the state, which some courtier or other did betray to this society.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>St Paul's became the place to go to hear the latest news of current affairs, war, religion, parliament and the court. In his play <i>Englishmen for my Money</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Haughton_(playwright)" title="William Haughton (playwright)">William Haughton</a> (d. 1605) described Paul's walk as a kind of "open house" filled with a "great store of company that do nothing but go up and down, and go up and down, and make a grumbling together".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infested with beggars and thieves, Paul's walk was also a place to pick up gossip, topical jokes, and even prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Microcosmographie</i> (1628), a series of satirical portraits of contemporary England, <a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a> (1601–1665), described it thus: </p> <blockquote><p>[Paul's walk] is the land's epitome, or you may call it the lesser isle of Great Britain. It is more than this, the whole world's map, which you may here discern in its perfectest motion, justling and turning. It is a heap of stones and men, with a vast confusion of languages; and were the steeple not sanctified, nothing liker Babel. The noise in it is like that of bees, a strange humming or buzz mixed of walking tongues and feet: it is a kind of still roar or loud whisper ... It is the great exchange of all discourse, and no business whatsoever but is here stirring and a-foot ... It is the general mint of all famous lies, which are here like the legends of popery, first coined and stamped in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_(16th_century)"><span id="Decline_.2816th_century.29"></span>Decline (16th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline (16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StPaul%27sCross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colourful painting of a sermon being preached to hundreds of people from a wooden pulpit in the grounds of the old cathedral. The perspective of the image is wrong, making the people look huge by comparison to the building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/StPaul%27sCross.jpg/300px-StPaul%27sCross.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/StPaul%27sCross.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A sermon preached from <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a> (bottom left) in 1614</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 16th century the building was deteriorating. Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chantries_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantries Acts">Chantries Acts</a> led to the destruction of interior ornamentation and the <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charnel">charnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantry" title="Chantry">chantries</a> and other buildings in the churchyard.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers,_135-136_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers,_135-136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Many of these former religious sites in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard</a>, having been seized by the crown, were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and <a href="/wiki/Bookseller" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookseller">booksellers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(publisher)" title="Thomas Adams (publisher)">Thomas Adams</a>, who were often <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers,_135-136_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers,_135-136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings that were razed often supplied ready-dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protector's city palace, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath1086_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath1086-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of St Paul's at a later date showing the rose window. The spire has been lost." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/300px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/450px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_east_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">Rose window</a> of Old St Paul's Cathedral (spire no longer in place after the fire of 1561)</figcaption></figure> <p>Crowds were drawn to the northeast corner of the Churchyard, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a>, where open-air preaching took place. It was there in the Cross Yard in 1549 that radical Protestant preachers incited a mob to <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">destroy</a> many of the cathedral's interior decorations. In 1554, in an attempt to end inappropriate practices taking place in the nave, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor</a> decreed that the church should return to its original purpose as a religious building, issuing a writ stating that the selling of horses, beer and "other gross wares" was "to the great dishonour and displeasure of Almighty God, and the great grief also and offence of all good and well-disposed persons".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spire_collapse_(1561)"><span id="Spire_collapse_.281561.29"></span>Spire collapse (1561)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spire collapse (1561)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg/280px-Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg/420px-Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg/560px-Old_St_Pauls_Cathedral_Ashwell_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A graffito executed on a wall of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Ashwell,_Hertfordshire" title="St Mary's Church, Ashwell, Hertfordshire">St Mary's Church, Ashwell</a> in Hertfordshire is believed to show Old St Paul's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Ornellas2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ornellas2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 June 1561, the spire caught fire and crashed through the nave roof. According to a newsheet published days after the fire, the cause was a lightning strike.<sup id="cite_ref-report_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1753, David Henry, a writer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>, revived a rumour in his <i>Historical description of St Paul's Cathedral,</i> writing that a plumber had "confessed on his death bed" that he had "left a pan of coals and other fuel in the tower when he went to dinner."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the number of contemporary eyewitnesses to the storm and a subsequent investigation appears to contradict this.<sup id="cite_ref-report_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the cause, the subsequent conflagration was hot enough to melt the cathedral's bells and the lead covering the wooden spire "poured down like lava upon the roof", destroying it.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds194_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds194-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benham50_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was taken by both Protestants and Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at the other faction's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham50_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> contributed £1,000 in gold towards the cost of repairs as well as timber from the royal estate<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bishop of London <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a> gave £1200, although the spire was never rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham50_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repair work on the nave roof was sub-standard, and only fifty years after the rebuilding was in a dangerous condition.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollar,_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraving showing the cross-shaped plan of the cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg/280px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg/420px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg/560px-Hollar%2C_Wenceslaus_1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>'s 1658 plan of the cathedral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of the west front of the cathedral, showing a somewhat incongruous classical-style porch added to the cathedral, with eight tall columns, looking a little like the Parthenon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/280px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/420px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_from_the_west_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Classical-style West Front by <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, added between 1630 and 1666</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_work_(1621–1666)"><span id="Restoration_work_.281621.E2.80.931666.29"></span>Restoration work (1621–1666)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Restoration work (1621–1666)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerned at the decaying state of the building, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a> appointed the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> to restore the building. The poet Henry Farley records the king comparing himself to the building at the commencement of the work in 1621: "<i>I</i> have had more sweeping, brushing and cleaning than in forty years before. My workmen looke like him they call Muldsacke after sweeping of a chimney."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to cleaning and rebuilding parts of the Gothic structure, Jones added a classical-style portico to the cathedral's west front in the 1630s, which William Benham notes was "altogether incongruous with the old building ... It was no doubt fortunate that Inigo Jones confined his work at St Paul's to some very poor additions to the transepts, and to a portico, very magnificent in its way, at the west end."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work stopped during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and there was much defacement and mistreatment of the building by <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> forces during which old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed, and the nave used as a stable for cavalry horses.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the detailed information historians have of the cathedral is taken from <a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">William Dugdale</a>'s 1658 <i>History of St Pauls Cathedral</i>, written hastily during <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> for fear that "one of the most eminent Structures of that kinde in the Christian World" might be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugdale_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugdale-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, a persistent rumour of the time suggested that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a> had considered giving the building to London's <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">returning Jewish community</a> to become a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dugdale embarked on his project due to discovering hampers full of decaying 14th and 15th century documents from the cathedral's early archives.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-artdaily_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artdaily-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book's dedicatory epistle, he wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>... so great was your foresight of what we have since by wofull experience seen and felt, and specially in the Church, (through the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> contagion, which then began violently to breake out) that you often and earnestly incited me to a speedy view of what Monuments I could, especially in the principall Churches of this Realme; to the end, that by Inke and paper, the Shadows of them, with their Inscriptions might be preserved for posteritie, forasmuch as the things themselves were so neer unto ruine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugdale_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugdale-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dugdale's book is also the source for many of the surviving engravings of the building, created by <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Etcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Etcher">etcher</a> <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>. In July 2010, an original sketch for Hollar's engravings was rediscovered when it was submitted to <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> auction house.<sup id="cite_ref-artdaily_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artdaily-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Fire_of_London_(1666)"><span id="Great_Fire_of_London_.281666.29"></span>Great Fire of London (1666)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Fire of London (1666)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restoration</a> of the monarchy, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> appointed Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> to the position of Surveyor to the King's Works. He was given the task of restoring the cathedral in a style matching Inigo Jones' classical additions of 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren instead recommended that the building be completely demolished; according to his first biographer, <a href="/wiki/James_Elmes" title="James Elmes">James Elmes</a>, Wren “expressed his surprise at the carelessness and want of accuracy in the original builders of the structure”; Wren's son described the new design as "The Gothic rectified to a better manner of architecture".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the clergy and citizens of the city opposed such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howitt,_605-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Wren proposed to restore the body of the gothic building, but replace the existing tower with a dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howitt,_605-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in his 1666 <i>Of the Surveyor's Design for repairing the old ruinous structure of St Paul's</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>It must be concluded that the Tower from Top to Bottom and the adjacent parts are such a heap of deformaties that no Judicious Architect will think it corrigible by any Expense that can be laid out upon new dressing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_237_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton-Taylor,_237-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wren, whose uncle <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Wren" title="Matthew Wren">Matthew Wren</a> was Bishop of Ely, admired the central lantern of <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> and proposed that his dome design could be constructed over the top of the existing gothic tower, before the old structure was removed from within.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_237_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton-Taylor,_237-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, he reasoned, would prevent the need for extensive scaffolding and would not upset Londoners ("Unbelievers") by demolishing a familiar landmark without being able to see its "hopeful Successor rise in its stead."<sup id="cite_ref-van_Eck,_155-160_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Eck,_155-160-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The matter was still under discussion when the restoration work on St Paul's finally began in the 1660s but soon after being sheathed in wooden scaffolding, the building was completely gutted in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> of 1666.<sup id="cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howitt,_605-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire, aided by the scaffolding, destroyed the roof and much of the stonework along with masses of stocks and personal belongings that had been placed there for safety.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> recalls the building in flames in his diary:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Up by five o'clock, and blessed be God! find all well, and by water to Paul's Wharf. Walked thence and saw all the town burned, and a miserable sight of Paul's Church, with all the roof fallen, and the body of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> fallen into St. Faith's; Paul's School also, Ludgate, and <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>'s account paints a similar picture of destruction: </p> <blockquote><p>September 3rd – I went and saw the whole south part of the City burning from Cheapeside to the Thames, and ... was now taking hold of St Paule's Church, to which the scaffolds contributed exceedingly.<br />September 7th – I went this morning on foote from White-hall as far as London Bridge, thro' the late Fleete-streete, Ludgate Hill, by St Paules ... At my returne I was infinitely concern'd to find that goodly Church St Paules now a sad ruine, and that beautiful portico ... now rent in pieces, flakes of vast stone split asunder, and nothing now remaining intire but the inscription in the architrave, shewing by whom it was built, which had not one letter of it defac'd. It was astonishing to see what immense stones the heate had in a manner calcin'd, so that all the ornaments, columns, freezes, capitals, and projectures of massie Portland-stone flew off, even to the very roofe, where a sheet of lead covering a great space (no less than six akers by measure) was totally mealted; the ruines of the vaulted roofe falling broke into St. Faith's, which being fill'd with the magazines of bookes belonging to the Stationers, and carried thither for safety, they were all consum'd, burning for a weeke following. It is also observable that the lead over the altar at the East end was untouch'd, and among the divers monuments, the body of one Bishop remain'd intire. Thus lay in ashes that most venerable Church, one of the most antient pieces of early piety in the Christian world.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_(monument).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tomb of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. The tomb was lost in the Great Fire of 1666."><img alt="The tomb of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. The tomb was lost in the Great Fire of 1666." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg/123px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg/184px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg/245px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_John_of_Gaunt_%28monument%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="7504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tomb of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a> in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Hollar" title="Wenceslaus Hollar">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. The tomb was lost in the Great Fire of 1666.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Fire_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Fire of London, depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is London Bridge; to the right, the Tower of London. St Paul's Cathedral is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames."><img alt="The Great Fire of London, depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of Tower Wharf on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is London Bridge; to the right, the Tower of London. St Paul's Cathedral is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/200px-Great_Fire_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/300px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Great_Fire_London.jpg/400px-Great_Fire_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5477" data-file-height="3189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>, depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/St_Katharine_Docks" title="St Katharine Docks">Tower Wharf</a> on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a>; to the right, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. St Paul's Cathedral is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral in flames, 1666"><img alt="An engraving showing huge flames leaping from the roof of the cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/200px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/300px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png/400px-Old_St._Paul%27s_Cathedral_in_flames_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old St Paul's Cathedral in flames, 1666</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the Cathedral after the fire drawn by Thomas Wyck, c. 1673"><img alt="A man and boy survey the ruins of the cathedral, of which the roof is gone and only a few walls are left standing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png/200px-Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png/300px-Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png/400px-Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="2236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the Cathedral after the fire drawn by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Wyck">Thomas Wyck</a>, c. 1673</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Christopher Wren's approved "warrant design""><img alt="A prototype drawing of Christopher Wren's new cathedral, with a very different central tower, looking like a large upturned funnel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg/200px-St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg/300px-St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/St_Paul%27s_-_the_warrant_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a>'s approved "warrant design"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Christopher Wren's final design for the new cathedral"><img alt="Christopher Wren's drawing of his new St Paul's. The building is quite fat, with two fussy pinacle towers at the west end. In the middle is a huge dome, which looks a bit like a breast on a wedding cake." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg/200px-St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg/300px-St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/St_Paul%27s_-_the_final_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir Christopher Wren's final design for the new cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27(Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition,_corrected_and_enlarged.)%27_(11067815965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg/250px-Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg/375px-Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg/500px-Image_taken_from_page_122_of_%27%28Curiosities_of_London_..._A_new_edition%2C_corrected_and_enlarged.%29%27_%2811067815965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>An 1871 illustration showing the positions of the old and new St Paul Cathedrals</figcaption></figure> <p>Temporary repairs were made to the building. While it might have been salvageable, albeit with almost complete reconstruction, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style instead, a step which had been contemplated even before the fire. Wren declared that it was impossible to restore the old building.<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_74–75_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_74–75-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following April, the Dean <a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a> wrote to him that he had been right in his judgement: "Our work at the west end," he wrote, "has fallen about our ears." Two pillars had collapsed, and the rest was so unsafe that men were afraid to go near, even to pull it down. He added, "You are so absolutely necessary to us that we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you."<sup id="cite_ref-Benham,_74–75_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benham,_74–75-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this declaration by the Dean, demolition of the remains of the old cathedral began in 1668. Demolition of the Old Cathedral proved unexpectedly difficult as the stonework had been bonded together by molten lead.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren initially used the then-new technique of using <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> to bring down the surviving stone walls.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many experimental techniques, the use of gunpowder was not easy to control; several workers were killed and nearby residents complained about noise and damage. Eventually, Wren resorted to using a <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a> instead. Building work on the <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">new cathedral</a> began in June 1675.<sup id="cite_ref-Demolition_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolition-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wren's first proposal, the "Greek cross" design, was considered too radical by members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church. Members of the clergy decried the design as being too dissimilar from churches that already existed in England at the time to suggest any continuity within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes,_11-34-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren's approved "Warrant design" sought to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> with his "better manner of architecture", featuring a portico influenced by Inigo Jones' addition to the old cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes,_11-34-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Wren received permission from the king to make "ornamental changes" to the submitted design, and over the course of the construction made significant alterations, including the addition of the famous dome.<sup id="cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes,_11-34-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Topping_out" title="Topping out">topping out</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">the new cathedral</a> took place in October 1708 and the cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament in 1710. The consensus on the finished building was mixed; James Wright (1643–1713) wrote "Without, within, below, above the eye/ Is filled with unrestrained delight."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, others were less approving, noting its similarity to <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome: "There was an air of <a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">Popery</a> about the gilded capitals, the heavy arches ... They were unfamiliar, un-English."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_burials_in_Old_St_Paul's"><span id="Notable_burials_in_Old_St_Paul.27s"></span>Notable burials in Old St Paul's</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable burials in Old St Paul's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stone" title="Nicholas Stone">Nicholas Stone</a>'s 1631 monument to <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> survived the fire. It depicts the poet, standing upon an urn, dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">winding cloth</a>, rising for the moment of judgment. This depiction, Donne's own idea, was sculpted from a painting for which he posed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No further memorials or tombs survive of the many famous people buried at Old St Paul's. In 1913 the <a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">letter-cutter</a> <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Gill" title="MacDonald Gill">MacDonald Gill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Macartney" title="Mervyn Macartney">Mervyn Macartney</a> created a new tablet with the names of lost burials which was installed in Wren's cathedral:<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi King of Essex</a> (d. 695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">King Æthelred II ("the Unready")</a> (d. 1016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Exile" title="Edward the Exile">Edward the Exile</a> (d. 1057), exiled son of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln</a> (d. 1311), confidant of King Edward I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Pulteney" title="John de Pulteney">Sir John de Pulteney</a> (d. 1349), four times Mayor of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beauchamp,_1st_Baron_Beauchamp_of_Warwick" title="John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick">John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick</a> (d. 1360), Knight of the Order of the Garter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paon_de_Roet" title="Paon de Roet">Sir Paon de Roet</a> (d. 1380), herald and knight for Edward III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Buxhull" title="Alan Buxhull">Sir Alan Buxhull</a> (d. 1381), Knight of the Order of the Garter and Constable of the Tower of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster</a> (d. 1399), and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a> (d. 1368)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barton" title="Henry Barton">Sir Henry Barton</a> (d. 1435), twice Lord Mayor of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_(bishop)" title="Robert Morton (bishop)">Robert Morton</a> (d. 1497), Bishop of Worcester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murfyn" title="Thomas Murfyn">Sir Thomas Murfyn</a> (<i>fl.</i> 1510s), Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a> (d. 1519), Dean of St Paul's, <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanist</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a><sup id="cite_ref-dimock_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimock-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linacre" title="Thomas Linacre">Thomas Linacre</a> (d. 1524), physician, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke_(died_1570)" title="William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1570)">William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke</a> (d. 1570), courtier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a> (d. 1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Sir Philip Sidney</a> (d. 1586), poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a> (d. 1590), spymaster for Elizabeth I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Sir Christopher Hatton</a> (d. 1591), Lord Chancellor of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heneage" title="Thomas Heneage">Sir Thomas Heneage</a> (d. 1595), politician and courtier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baskerville_(general)" title="Thomas Baskerville (general)">Sir Thomas Baskerville</a> (d. 1597), commanded the English Army at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Siege of Amiens (1597)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_St_Barbe" title="Ursula St Barbe">Ursula St Barbe</a> (d. 1602), lady at court, wife of Sir Francis Walsingham<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(antiquary)" title="Robert Hare (antiquary)">Robert Hare</a> (d. 1611), antiquary and chancellor of the exchequer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dethick" title="William Dethick">Sir William Dethick</a> (d. 1612), officer at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cockayne" title="William Cockayne">Sir William Cockayne</a> (d. 1626), Lord Mayor of the City of London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> (d. 1631), poet and Dean of St Paul's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howson" title="John Howson">John Howson</a> (d. 1632), Bishop of Durham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Sir Anthony van Dyck</a> (d. 1641), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Walton_(bishop)" title="Brian Walton (bishop)">Brian Walton</a> (d. 1661), Bishop of Chester</li></ul></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to John Donne, St Paul's Cathedral"><img alt="Memorial to John Donne, St Paul's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg/150px-John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg/225px-John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg/300px-John_Donne_sculpture_St._Paul%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, St Paul's Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A memorial listing those buried or memorialised in the old cathedral"><img alt="A memorial listing those buried or memorialised in the old cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png/125px-St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png/188px-St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png/250px-St_Pauls_Max_Gill.png 2x" data-file-width="5209" data-file-height="8326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A memorial listing those buried or memorialised in the old cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Paul%27s" title="Children of Paul's">Children of Paul's</a>, associated theatre troupe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="List of demolished buildings and structures in London">List of demolished buildings and structures in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfichet%27s_Tower" title="Montfichet's Tower">Montfichet's Tower</a>, a Norman fortress on Ludgate Hill in London</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 3–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milman,_22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milman,_22_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milman,_22_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton-Taylor, 237–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTabor1917" class="citation book cs1">Tabor, Margaret E. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citychurchesshor00tabo/page/106/mode/2up"><i>The City Churches</i></a>. London: The Swarthmore Press Ltd. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+Churches&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=The+Swarthmore+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitychurchesshor00tabo%2Fpage%2F106%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham,_4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds194-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds194_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds194_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cath1086-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cath1086_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cath1086_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024819/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087">"1087 cathedral"</a>. <i>St Paul's official website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087">the original</a> on 16 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+official+website&rft.atitle=1087+cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History-Timeline%2F1087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton-Taylor,_275-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_275_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton-Taylor, 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham,_8-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_8_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jardine, Lisa (2001). "Monuments and Microscopes: Scientific Thinking on a Grand Scale in the Early Royal Society". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 289–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0145">10.1098/rsnr.2001.0145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144311552">144311552</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Monuments+and+Microscopes%3A+Scientific+Thinking+on+a+Grand+Scale+in+the+Early+Royal+Society&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-308&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2001.0145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144311552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton-Taylor, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterkin2008" class="citation news cs1">Peterkin, Tom (4 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2074873/St-Pauls-Cathedral-opens-new-South-Churchyard.html">"St Paul's Cathedral opens new South Churchyard"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+opens+new+South+Churchyard&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Peterkin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2074873%2FSt-Pauls-Cathedral-opens-new-South-Churchyard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation gutenberg">Chaucer, Geoffrey. “The Miller's Tale”, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/2383">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb,_29-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb,_29_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb,_29_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon. <i>St. Erkenwald</i>, lines 39–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham,_36-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_36_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024819/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087">"1087 cathedral"</a>. <i>St Paul's official website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087">the original</a> on 16 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+official+website&rft.atitle=1087+cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History-Timeline%2F1087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milman, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notestein, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, 1. Quotation of Osborne, Francis (1689), 449–451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Ostovich, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notestein, 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostovich, 108n, 215n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earle, 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Notestein, 31n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers,_135-136-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers,_135-136_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers,_135-136_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gollancz. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Benham, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ornellas2013-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ornellas2013_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_De_Ornellas2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin De Ornellas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>The Horse in Early Modern English Culture: Bridled, Curbed, and Tamed</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-659-0"><bdi>978-1-61147-659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse+in+Early+Modern+English+Culture%3A+Bridled%2C+Curbed%2C+and+Tamed&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-659-0&rft.au=Kevin+De+Ornellas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAlcnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLiGTV0qzv8C">Pollard, A. F., ed., <i>Tudor Tracts</i>, (1903)</a> pp. 401–407, from the contemporary newsheet; <i>The True Report of the Burning of the Steeple and Church of St Pauls</i>, London (1561)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham50-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham50_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham50_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham50_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lightning-strike-on-st-pauls-cathedral-2xrgwkdrr">"Lightning strike on St Paul's Cathedral"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Lightning+strike+on+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flightning-strike-on-st-pauls-cathedral-2xrgwkdrr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Benham, 68. A muld was a tribute or an offering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugdale-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dugdale_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dugdale_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugdale1658" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">Dugdale, William</a> (1658). <i>The History of St Paul's Cathedral in London from its Foundation until these Times</i>. London: T. Warren.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+in+London+from+its+Foundation+until+these+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Warren&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artdaily-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artdaily_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artdaily_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_new=39081&int_sec=2">"Detailed Drawing of London's Old St Paul's Cathedral, to Be Sold at Sotheby's"</a>. <i>www.artdaily.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artdaily.com&rft.atitle=Detailed+Drawing+of+London%27s+Old+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral%2C+to+Be+Sold+at+Sotheby%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artdaily.com%2Findex.asp%3Fint_new%3D39081%26int_sec%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, 47–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWightwick1859" class="citation journal cs1">Wightwick, G. (1859). "On the Architecture and Genius of Sir Christopher Wren". <i>The Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal</i>. <b>22</b>. Kent: 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Civil+Engineer+%26+Architect%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Architecture+and+Genius+of+Sir+Christopher+Wren&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Wightwick&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howitt,_605-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howitt,_605_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Howitt, 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton-Taylor,_237-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_237_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton-Taylor,_237_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton-Taylor, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Eck,_155-160-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_Eck,_155-160_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Eck, 155–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074998611&seq=149">"St Paul's. Chapter II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal" title="Chambers's Edinburgh Journal">Chambers's Journal</a></i>. Vol. 46. London: <a href="/wiki/Chambers_(publisher)" title="Chambers (publisher)">W. & R. Chambers</a>. 27 February 1869. p. 137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chambers%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=St+Paul%27s.+Chapter+II&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1869-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015074998611%26seq%3D149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation gutenberg" id="Reference-Pepys-1666">Pepys, Samuel (1666). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/4171">Diary</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Benham, 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham,_74–75-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_74–75_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benham,_74–75_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benham, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demolition-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demolition_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1668">"1668 – The Demolition"</a>. <i>St Paul's official website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Paul%27s+official+website&rft.atitle=1668+%E2%80%93+The+Demolition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stpauls.co.uk%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History%2FCathedral-History-Timeline%2F1668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes,_11-34-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes,_11-34_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Downes, 11–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1697" class="citation book cs1">Wright, James (1697). <i>The Choire</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Choire&rft.place=London&rft.date=1697&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in Baron, 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tinniswood, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">White, Adam (7 July 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7819">"Nicholas Stone"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7819">10.1093/ref:odnb/7819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Stone&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F7819&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-7819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weaver" title="Lawrence Weaver">Weaver, Lawrence</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala"><i>Memorials & Monuments – Old and New: Two hundred subjects chosen from seven centuries</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala/page/349">349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+%26+Monuments+%E2%80%93+Old+and+New%3A+Two+hundred+subjects+chosen+from+seven+centuries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Country+Life&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemorialsmonumen00weaviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dimock-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dimock_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimock1900" class="citation book cs1">Dimock, Arthur (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25266/25266-h/25266-h.htm#CHAPTER_II"><i>The Cathedral Church of St Paul</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons" title="George Bell & Sons">George Bell & Sons</a>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+Church+of+St+Paul&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Dimock&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F25266%2F25266-h%2F25266-h.htm%23CHAPTER_II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Robert (2007). <i>Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the Secret War that Saved England</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84613-0"><bdi>978-0-297-84613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Spy+Master%3A+Francis+Walsingham+and+the+Secret+War+that+Saved+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84613-0&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1997" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Xavier (1997). <i>London 1066–1914: Literary Sources and Documents</i>. 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London: Seeley & Co at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967" class="citation book cs1">Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologische00stargoog"><i>The Cathedrals of England</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20062-9"><bdi>978-0-500-20062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20062-9&rft.aulast=Clifton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologische00stargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1955" class="citation book cs1">Cook, George Henry (1955). <i>Old St Paul's Cathedral: a lost glory of mediaeval London</i>. 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London: Self-published.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Self-published&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontostpau00cumm%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_EckAnderson2003" class="citation book cs1">van Eck, Caroline; Anderson, Christy (2003). <i>British Architectural Theory, 1540–1750: an anthology of texts</i>. London: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0315-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0315-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-0315-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Architectural+Theory%2C+1540%E2%80%931750%3A+an+anthology+of+texts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0315-3&rft.aulast=van+Eck&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Christy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugdale1658" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">Dugdale, William</a> (1658). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=dul1.ark:/13960/t67381n70&view=2up&seq=11&skin=2021"><i>The History of St Pauls Cathedral in London from its Foundation until these Times</i></a>. 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Warren.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+St+Pauls+Cathedral+in+London+from+its+Foundation+until+these+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Warren&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Dugdale&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ddul1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft67381n70%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D11%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation gutenberg" id="Reference-Earle-1628">Earle, John (1628). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/">Microcosmography or, a Piece of the World Discovered</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollancz1922" class="citation book cs1">Gollancz, Israel, ed. 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"Introduction". In Ostovich, Helen (ed.). <i>Every Man out of His Humour</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-1558-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-1558-8"><bdi>0-7190-1558-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Every+Man+out+of+His+Humour&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7190-1558-8&rft.aulast=Jonson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan (2004). <i>Charters of St Paul's, London</i>. 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London: Trefoil Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86294-091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86294-091-1"><bdi>978-0-86294-091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Christopher+Wren%3A+the+Design+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trefoil+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86294-091-1&rft.aulast=Kerry&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1956" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Jane (1956). <i>Rebuilding St Paul's after the Great Fire of London</i>. 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London: DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-796-4"><bdi>978-0-85991-796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Allegory+and+the+Building+of+the+new+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-796-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Ann+Raftery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman1868" class="citation book cs1">Milman, Henry Hart (1868). <i>Annals of St Paul's Cathedral</i>. London: Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Henry+Hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotestein1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Notestein" title="Wallace Notestein">Notestein, Wallace</a> (1956). <i>Four Worthies: John Chamberlain, Lady Anne Clifford, John Taylor, Oliver Heywood</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1562848">1562848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Worthies%3A+John+Chamberlain%2C+Lady+Anne+Clifford%2C+John+Taylor%2C+Oliver+Heywood&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1562848&rft.aulast=Notestein&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOggins1996" class="citation book cs1">Oggins, Robin S. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cathedrals0000oggi"><i>Cathedrals</i></a></span>. New York: Sterling Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56799-346-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56799-346-X"><bdi>1-56799-346-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56799-346-X&rft.aulast=Oggins&rft.aufirst=Robin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcathedrals0000oggi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1922" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, H. (1922). <i>The Churches of the City of London</i>. London: Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+City+of+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2011" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, John, ed. (2011). <i>St Paul's Cathedral before Wren</i>. Swindon: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848020-56-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-848020-56-6"><bdi>978-1-848020-56-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Paul%27s+Cathedral+before+Wren&rft.place=Swindon&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-848020-56-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1966" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Elizabeth McClure, ed. (1966). <i>The Chamberlain Letters: a selection of the letters of John Chamberlain concerning life in England from 1597 to 1626</i>. New York: Capricorn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37697217">37697217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chamberlain+Letters%3A+a+selection+of+the+letters+of+John+Chamberlain+concerning+life+in+England+from+1597+to+1626&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Capricorn&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37697217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinniswood2002" class="citation book cs1">Tinniswood, Adrian (2002). <i>His Invention so Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7364-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-7364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Invention+so+Fertile%3A+A+Life+of+Christopher+Wren&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7364-8&rft.aulast=Tinniswood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2000" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Diana (2000). <i>Pilgrimage in Medieval England</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-250-4"><bdi>978-1-85285-250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+in+Medieval+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-250-4&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+St+Paul%27s+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulman (page does not exist)">Wulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Flambard" title="Ranulf Flambard">Ranulf Flambard</a> <i>(disputed)</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Mareni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Mareni (page does not exist)">William de Mareni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_de_Langford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph de Langford (page does not exist)">Ralph de Langford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Mareni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Mareni (page does not exist)">Hugh de Mareni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Diceto" title="Ralph de Diceto">Ralph de Diceto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alard_de_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alard de Burnham (page does not exist)">Alard de Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gervase_de_Howbridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gervase de Howbridge (page does not exist)">Gervase de Howbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Watford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Watford (page does not exist)">Robert de Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Pattishall" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin de Pattishall">Martin de Pattishall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_de_Lucy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey de Lucy (page does not exist)">Geoffrey de Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="William of Sainte-Mère-Église">William of Sainte-Mère-Église</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Cornhill_(priest)" title="Henry de Cornhill (priest)">Henry de Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Saleron" title="Walter de Saleron">Walter de Saleron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Barton (page does not exist)">Robert de Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_de_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter de Newport (page does not exist)">Peter de Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbot_(bishop_of_London)" title="Richard Talbot (bishop of London)">Richard Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Ebulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Ebulo (page does not exist)">John de Ebulo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_de_Fering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey de Fering (page does not exist)">Geoffrey de Fering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">John Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hervey_de_Boreham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hervey de Boreham (page does not exist)">Hervey de Boreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ingoldsthorpe" title="Thomas Ingoldsthorpe">Thomas Ingoldsthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_La_Legh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de La Legh (page does not exist)">Roger de La Legh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Montfort" title="William de Montfort">William de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baldock" title="Ralph Baldock">Ralph Baldock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnald_Frangerius_de_Cantilupo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo (page does not exist)">Arnald Frangerius de Cantilupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">John Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newport_(bishop)" title="Richard Newport (bishop)">Richard Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalis_de_Testa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalis de Testa (page does not exist)">Vitalis de Testa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Everdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Everdon (page does not exist)">John de Everdon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_de_Bruera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert de Bruera (page does not exist)">Gilbert de Bruera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Kilvington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Kilvington (page does not exist)">Richard de Kilvington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_de_Alderbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter de Alderbury (page does not exist)">Walter de Alderbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trilleck" title="Thomas Trilleck">Thomas Trilleck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Appleby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Appleby (page does not exist)">John de Appleby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Eure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Eure (page does not exist)">Thomas de Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Stowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Stowe (page does not exist)">Thomas Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_More_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas More (priest) (page does not exist)">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Kentwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Kentwood (page does not exist)">Reginald Kentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lisieux" title="Thomas Lisieux">Thomas Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Say_(priest)" title="William Say (priest)">William Say</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Radclyffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Radclyffe (page does not exist)">Roger Radclyffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wynterbourne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wynterbourne (page does not exist)">Thomas Wynterbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Worsley_(priest)" title="William Worsley (priest)">William Worsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherborne" title="Robert Sherborne">Robert Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pace" title="Richard Pace">Richard Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Incent" title="John Incent">John Incent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_May_(theologian)" title="William May (theologian)">William May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feckenham" title="John Feckenham">John Feckenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(priest)" title="Henry Cole (priest)">Henry Cole</a></li> <li>William May <i>(again)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nowell" title="Alexander Nowell">Alexander Nowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Overall_(bishop)" title="John Overall (bishop)">John Overall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Cary" title="Valentine Cary">Valentine Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Winniffe" title="Thomas Winniffe">Thomas Winniffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steward" title="Richard Steward">Richard Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nicholas" title="Matthew Nicholas">Matthew Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barwick" title="John Barwick">John Barwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">William Sancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Edward Stillingfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tillotson" title="John Tillotson">John Tillotson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sherlock" title="William Sherlock">William Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Godolphin" title="Henry Godolphin">Henry Godolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hare_(bishop)" title="Francis Hare (bishop)">Francis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Secker" title="Thomas Secker">Thomas Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume_(bishop)" title="John Hume (bishop)">John Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton" title="Thomas Newton">Thomas Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thurlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Thurlow (bishop)">Thomas Thurlow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Pretyman_Tomline" title="George Pretyman Tomline">George Pretyman Tomline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Van_Mildert" title="William Van Mildert">William Van Mildert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_(bishop)" title="Charles Sumner (bishop)">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Copleston" title="Edward Copleston">Edward Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hart_Milman" title="Henry Hart Milman">Henry Hart Milman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Longueville_Mansel" title="Henry Longueville Mansel">Henry Longueville Mansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Church" title="Richard William Church">Richard William Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gregory_(priest)" title="Robert Gregory (priest)">Robert Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralph_Inge" title="William Ralph Inge">William Ralph Inge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthews_(priest)" title="Walter Matthews (priest)">Walter Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sullivan_(priest)" title="Martin Sullivan (priest)">Martin Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Webster_(priest)" title="Alan Webster (priest)">Alan Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Evans_(priest,_born_1928)" title="Eric Evans (priest, born 1928)">Eric Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moses_(priest)" title="John Moses (priest)">John Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Knowles" title="Graeme Knowles">Graeme Knowles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Colclough" title="Michael Colclough">Michael Colclough</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ison" title="David Ison">David Ison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tremlett" title="Andrew Tremlett">Andrew Tremlett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/150px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/225px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG/300px-St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clergy<br />(current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gooder" title="Paula Gooder">Paula Gooder</a> (Canon Chancellor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Milne_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Milne (priest) (page does not exist)">James Milne</a> (Canon Precentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Hillas" title="Tricia Hillas">Tricia Hillas</a> (Canon Pastor)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (Canon Treasurer)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosemary Morton (page does not exist)">Rosemary Morton</a> (Minor Canon Succentor)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_O%27Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen O'Sullivan (page does not exist)">Helen O'Sullivan</a> (Priest Vicar Chaplain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Weir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Weir (page does not exist)">Rachel Weir</a> (Minor Canon)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Category:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral">Burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Canons_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Minor Canons of St Paul's">Minor Canons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul%27s_walk" title="Paul's walk">Paul's walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Faith_under_St_Paul%27s" title="St Faith under St Paul's">St Faith under St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cross" title="St Paul's Cross">St Paul's Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_School" title="St Paul's Cathedral School">St Paul's Cathedral School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Survives" title="St Paul's Survives">St Paul's Survives</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Fabric_of_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral">Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Category:St Paul's Cathedral">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Paul's Cathedral">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Churches_in_the_City_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Template:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Template talk:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Churches in the City of London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Churches_in_the_City_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_City_of_London" title="List of churches in the City of London">Churches in the City of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">extant<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Church of England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-on-the-Wall" title="All Hallows-on-the-Wall">All Hallows-on-the-Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe">St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s,_Holborn" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's, Holborn">St Andrew, Holborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft" title="St Andrew Undershaft">St Andrew Undershaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne_and_St_Agnes" title="St Anne and St Agnes">St Anne and St Agnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Great" title="St Bartholomew-the-Great">St Bartholomew-the-Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Less" title="St Bartholomew-the-Less">St Bartholomew-the-Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet%27s,_Paul%27s_Wharf" title="St Benet's, Paul's Wharf">St Benet, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Aldersgate" class="mw-redirect" title="St Botolph's Aldersgate">St Botolph, Aldersgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Aldgate" title="St Botolph's Aldgate">St Botolph, Aldgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph-without-Bishopsgate" title="St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate">St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bride%27s_Church" title="St Bride's Church">St Bride, Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Eastcheap" class="mw-redirect" title="St Clement Eastcheap">St Clement, Eastcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-West" title="St Dunstan-in-the-West">St Dunstan-in-the-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edmund,_King_and_Martyr" title="St Edmund, King and Martyr">St Edmund, King and Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ethelburga%27s_Bishopsgate" title="St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate">St Ethelburga, Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles, Cripplegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helen%27s_Bishopsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helen's Bishopsgate">St Helen, Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_Garlickhythe" title="St James Garlickhythe">St James, Garlickhythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Katharine_Cree" title="St Katharine Cree">St Katharine Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_Jewry" title="St Lawrence Jewry">St Lawrence Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus-the-Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus-the-Martyr">St Magnus the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Lothbury" title="St Margaret Lothbury">St Margaret Lothbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Pattens" title="St Margaret Pattens">St Margaret Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin,_Ludgate" title="St Martin, Ludgate">St Martin, Ludgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Abchurch" title="St Mary Abchurch">St Mary Abchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Aldermary" title="St Mary Aldermary">St Mary Aldermary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Woolnoth" title="St Mary Woolnoth">St Mary Woolnoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-at-Hill" title="St Mary-at-Hill">St Mary-at-Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael,_Cornhill" title="St Michael, Cornhill">St Michael, Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal" title="St Michael Paternoster Royal">St Michael, Paternoster Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Cole_Abbey" title="St Nicholas Cole Abbey">St Nicholas, Cole Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Hart_Street" title="St Olave's Church, Hart Street">St Olave, Hart Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_upon_Cornhill" title="St Peter upon Cornhill">St Peter upon Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sepulchre-without-Newgate" title="St Sepulchre-without-Newgate">St Sepulchre-without-Newgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Walbrook" title="St Stephen Walbrook">St Stephen Walbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Vedast_Foster_Lane" title="St Vedast Foster Lane">St Vedast alias Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Temple,_London" title="City Temple, London">City Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Church,_Austin_Friars" title="Dutch Church, Austin Friars">Dutch Church, Austin Friars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewin_Welsh_Presbyterian_Chapel" title="Jewin Welsh Presbyterian Chapel">Jewin Welsh Presbyterian Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Moorfields" title="St Mary Moorfields">St Mary Moorfields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches of<br />which only the<br />tower remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Staining" title="All Hallows Staining">All Hallows Staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Greyfriars" title="Christ Church Greyfriars">Christ Church, Greyfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alban,_Wood_Street" title="St Alban, Wood Street">St Alban, Wood Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alphage_London_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Alphage London Wall">St Alphage London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Watling_Street" title="St Augustine Watling Street">St Augustine, Watling Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-East" title="St Dunstan-in-the-East">St Dunstan-in-the-East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Orgar" title="St Martin Orgar">St Martin Orgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Somerset" title="St Mary Somerset">St Mary Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Old_Jewry" title="St Olave's Church, Old Jewry">St Olave, Old Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches<br />rebuilt after<br />the Great Fire<br />but since<br />demolished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows,_Bread_Street" title="All Hallows, Bread Street">All Hallows Bread Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Lombard_Street" title="All Hallows Lombard Street">All Hallows Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Hallows-the-Great" title="All-Hallows-the-Great">All-Hallows-the-Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Antholin,_Budge_Row" title="St Antholin, Budge Row">St Antholin, Budge Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange" title="St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange">St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Fink" title="St Benet Fink">St Benet Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Gracechurch" title="St Benet Gracechurch">St Benet Gracechurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Christopher_le_Stocks" title="St Christopher le Stocks">St Christopher le Stocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dionis_Backchurch" title="St Dionis Backchurch">St Dionis Backchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Botolph_Lane" title="St George Botolph Lane">St George Botolph Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Katherine_Coleman" title="St Katherine Coleman">St Katherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Aldermanbury" title="St Mary Aldermanbury">St Mary Aldermanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalen_Old_Fish_Street" title="St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street">St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Friday_Street" title="St Matthew Friday Street">St Matthew Friday Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Bassishaw" title="St Michael Bassishaw">St Michael Bassishaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Crooked_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael, Crooked Lane">St Michael, Crooked Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Queenhithe" title="St Michael Queenhithe">St Michael Queenhithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Wood_Street" title="St Michael Wood Street">St Michael Wood Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mildred,_Bread_Street" title="St Mildred, Bread Street">St Mildred, Bread Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mildred,_Poultry" title="St Mildred, Poultry">St Mildred, Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen_Coleman_Street" title="St Stephen Coleman Street">St Stephen Coleman Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Swithin,_London_Stone" title="St Swithin, London Stone">St Swithin, London Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">churches<br />destroyed in<br />the Great Fire<br />and not<br />rebuilt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows_Honey_Lane" title="All Hallows Honey Lane">All Hallows Honey Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Hallows-the-Less" title="All-Hallows-the-Less">All-Hallows-the-Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_the_Less" title="Holy Trinity the Less">Holy Trinity the Less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew_Hubbard" title="St Andrew Hubbard">St Andrew Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ann_Blackfriars" title="St Ann Blackfriars">St Ann Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet_Sherehog" title="St Benet Sherehog">St Benet Sherehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Botolph_Billingsgate" title="St Botolph Billingsgate">St Botolph Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Faith_under_St_Paul%27s" title="St Faith under St Paul's">St Faith under St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gabriel_Fenchurch" title="St Gabriel Fenchurch">St Gabriel Fenchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gregory_by_St_Paul%27s" title="St Gregory by St Paul's">St Gregory by St Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_upon_Walbrook" title="St John the Baptist upon Walbrook">St John the Baptist upon Walbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist_Friday_Street" title="St John the Evangelist Friday Street">St John the Evangelist Friday Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Zachary" title="St John Zachary">St John Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Laurence_Pountney" title="St Laurence Pountney">St Laurence Pountney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard,_Eastcheap" title="St Leonard, Eastcheap">St Leonard, Eastcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard,_Foster_Lane" title="St Leonard, Foster Lane">St Leonard, Foster Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret_Moses" title="St Margaret Moses">St Margaret Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret,_New_Fish_Street" title="St Margaret, New Fish Street">St Margaret, New Fish Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Pomary" title="St Martin Pomary">St Martin Pomary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Vintry" title="St Martin Vintry">St Martin Vintry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Bothaw" title="St Mary Bothaw">St Mary Bothaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Colechurch" title="St Mary Colechurch">St Mary Colechurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalen,_Milk_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street">St Mary Magdalen Milk Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Mounthaw" title="St Mary Mounthaw">St Mary Mounthaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Staining" title="St Mary Staining">St Mary Staining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Woolchurch_Haw" title="St Mary Woolchurch Haw">St Mary Woolchurch Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael-le-Querne" title="St Michael-le-Querne">St Michael-le-Querne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Acons" title="St Nicholas Acons">St Nicholas Acons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Olave" title="St Nicholas Olave">St Nicholas Olave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Olave%27s_Church,_Silver_Street" title="St Olave's Church, Silver Street">St Olave, Silver Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras,_Soper_Lane" title="St Pancras, Soper Lane">St Pancras, Soper Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Paul%27s_Wharf" title="St Peter, Paul's Wharf">St Peter, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter,_Westcheap" title="St Peter, Westcheap">St Peter, Westcheap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_the_Apostle_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas the Apostle (London)">St Thomas the Apostle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other former<br />churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Minor_Canons" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Minor Canons">College of Minor Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Gough_Square" title="Holy Trinity Gough Square">Holy Trinity Gough Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Priory,_Aldgate" title="Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate">Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Thomas_of_Acre" title="Hospital of St Thomas of Acre">Hospital of St Thomas of Acre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Audoen_within_Newgate" title="St Audoen within Newgate">St Audoen within Newgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine_Papey" title="St Augustine Papey">St Augustine Papey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_Duke%27s_Place" title="St James Duke's Place">St James Duke's Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_Outwich" title="St Martin Outwich">St Martin Outwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_Axe" title="Church of St Mary Axe">St Mary Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Shambles" title="St Nicholas Shambles">St Nicholas Shambles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter_le_Poer" title="St Peter le Poer">St Peter le Poer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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