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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perennial_wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Perennial wisdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perennial_wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heuristic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heuristic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Heuristic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heuristic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythological_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mythological perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythological_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythological perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythological_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Buddhist mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom_tooth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom_tooth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Wisdom tooth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom_tooth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Greek mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athena_and_metis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athena_and_metis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Athena and metis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athena_and_metis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Apollo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Roman mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Norse mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Egyptian mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Academia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories_and_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_and_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Theories and models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_and_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Educational perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maxwell's_educational_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maxwell's_educational_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Maxwell's educational philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maxwell's_educational_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Psychological perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Psychological perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Positive psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grossman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grossman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Grossman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grossman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Measuring wisdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archetypal_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archetypal_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Archetypal psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archetypal_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotheistic_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotheistic_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Monotheistic perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monotheistic_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Monotheistic perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Monotheistic_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Abrahamic religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Hebrew Bible and Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Christian theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polytheistic_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polytheistic_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Polytheistic perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polytheistic_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polytheistic perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polytheistic_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inuit_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inuit_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Inuit religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inuit_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ancient Near East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_religion_and_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_religion_and_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hellenistic religion and Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_religion_and_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Indian religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nontheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nontheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nontheism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nontheism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nontheism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nontheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Confucianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Tao </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wisdom</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysheid" title="Wysheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wysheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabencia" title="Sabencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sabencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حيکمت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حيکمت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রজ্ঞা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজ্ঞা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AC-h%C5%ABi" title="Tì-hūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tì-hūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хикмәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хикмәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadunongan" title="Kadunongan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadunongan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мъдрост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъдрост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mudrost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saviesa" title="Saviesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saviesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Ăсхаллăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăсхаллăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudrost" title="Moudrost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moudrost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njere" title="Njere – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Njere" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visdom" title="Visdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Visdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisheit" title="Weisheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weisheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkus" title="Tarkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σοφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabidur%C3%ADa" title="Sabiduría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sabiduría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Do" title="Saĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakinduria" title="Jakinduria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakinduria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکمت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکمت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagesse" title="Sagesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sagesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiisheid" title="Wiisheid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiisheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndimaagu" title="Ndimaagu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ndimaagu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagna" title="Eagna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eagna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabedor%C3%ADa" title="Sabedoría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sabedoría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A3" title="શાણપણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાણપણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%98%9C" title="지혜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지혜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իմաստություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իմաստություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mudrost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajeso" title="Sajeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sajeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Wisdom" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmat" title="Hikmat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hikmat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagessa" title="Sagessa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sagessa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlakanipho" title="Inhlakanipho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlakanipho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saggezza" title="Saggezza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saggezza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94" title="חוכמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוכמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Даналық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Даналық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekima" title="Hekima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hekima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saj%C3%A8s" title="Sajès – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sajès" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapientia" title="Sapientia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sapientia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudr%C4%ABba" title="Gudrība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gudrība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1mintis" title="Išmintis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išmintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesheid" title="Wiesheid – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wiesheid" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajia" title="Sajia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sajia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мудрост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мудрост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahendrena" title="Fahendrena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahendrena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="बुद्धी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुद्धी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%87%E1%80%B9%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC" title="ဝိဇ္ဇာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝိဇ္ဇာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalomatua" title="Yalomatua – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yalomatua" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijsheid_(deugd)" title="Wijsheid (deugd) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijsheid (deugd)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E6%81%B5" title="知恵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="知恵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visdom" title="Visdom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visdom" title="Visdom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Visdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapi%C3%A9ncia_(conc%C3%A8pte_filosofic)" title="Sapiéncia (concèpte filosofic) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sapiéncia (concèpte filosofic)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%AA" title="ਸਿਆਣਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਣਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C3%ABssa" title="Saviëssa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saviëssa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85dro%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Mądrość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mądrość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabedoria" title="Sabedoria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sabedoria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8En%C8%9Belepciune" title="Înțelepciune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înțelepciune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мудрость – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мудрость" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мудрость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мудрость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ज्ञानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dituria" title="Dituria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dituria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="බුද්ධිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුද්ධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wisdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modrost" title="Modrost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modrost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti" title="Murti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Murti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA" title="حیکمەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیکمەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мудрост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мудрост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrost" title="Mudrost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mudrost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viisaus" title="Viisaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viisaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visdom" title="Visdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Visdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunungan" title="Karunungan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karunungan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хикмәт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хикмәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ปัญญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัญญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgelik" title="Bilgelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumwang" title="Mumwang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mumwang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мудрість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мудрість" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wisdom (disambiguation)">Wisdom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wisdom#Phrasing_such_as_"The_Wise_Ones"_seems_to_link_to_some_kind_of_specific_spiritual_practices,_but_is_presented_as_fact_as_though_who_those_people_are_is_pre-established." title="Talk:Wisdom">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/220px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/330px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg/440px-Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a>: The Dream of Solomon: God promises Solomon wisdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_109.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Solomon's Wisdom, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> Wisdom (sapience, sagacity) is the use of one's <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a> to make good judgements.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Personified-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Wisdom is the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(philosophy)" title="Interpretation (philosophy)">interpreting </a> and <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> that leads to greater <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Wisdom is a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> kind of "<a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis (process)</a>" where one is constantly using <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> The wise ones have <a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">equanimity (psychological stability)</a> through tough times and an <a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">acceptance</a> of reality.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Wise ones use <a href="/wiki/Active_listening" title="Active listening">active</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflective_listening" title="Reflective listening">reflective</a> listening, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance (virtue)</a>, and a wise <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Wisdom is associated with <a href="/wiki/Compromise" title="Compromise">compromise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_humility" title="Intellectual humility">intellectual humility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">acceptance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a> of what is <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Wisdom contains <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">benevolence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2015-14">[14]</a> Wisdom is personified as <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Personified-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Wisdom has been defined in many different ways,<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trowbridge2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> and there are several distinct approaches to assessing the characteristics attributed to wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_-_wisdome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Beowulf_-_wisdome.jpg/220px-Beowulf_-_wisdome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Beowulf_-_wisdome.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>Early mention of wisdom in <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haddon_Spurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Haddon Spurgeon">Charles Haddon Spurgeon</a> defined wisdom as "the right use of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Sutton" title="Robert I. Sutton">Robert I. Sutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hargadon" title="Andrew Hargadon">Andrew Hargadon</a> defined the "attitude of wisdom" as "acting with knowledge while doubting what one knows".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In social and psychological sciences, several distinct approaches to wisdom exist,<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> along with techniques of operationalization<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> and measurement<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> of wisdom as a psychological construct. Wisdom is the capacity to have <a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">foreknowledge</a> of something, to know the consequences (positive and negative) of the available courses of action, and take the best of the available options.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_J._A._1990_Pp._181-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sapience">Sapience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sapience">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sapience" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div> Sapience ("sophia" in Greek) is "transcendent wisdom", "ultimate reality", or the ultimate truth of things.<a href="#cite_note-Trowbridge2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aggregates-22">[22]</a> This more cosmic, "big picture" definition is often how wisdom ("true wisdom" or "Wisdom" with a capital W) is considered in a religious context.<a href="#cite_note-Trowbridge2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2015-14">[14]</a> It transcends mere practical wisdom and may include deep understanding of <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self</a>, interconnectedness, conditioned origination, and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> insight.<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trowbridge2011-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh2015-14">[14]</a> A person with this type of wisdom can act with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">judgment</a>, a broad understanding of situations, and greater appreciation/compassion towards other living beings.<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a> The word sapience is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> sapientia, meaning "wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-LewisShortLatinDictionary-24">[24]</a> The corresponding verb sapere has the original meaning of "to taste", hence "to perceive, to discern" and "to know"; its present participle sapiens was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Latin_binomial" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin binomial">Latin binomial</a> for the human species, <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perennial_wisdom">Perennial wisdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perennial wisdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Worship of heavenly bodies</a></div> Perennial wisdom seeks unity through <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">nondualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heuristic">Heuristic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heuristic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">Heuristic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">Unity of opposites</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">wisdom of the crowd</a> is a common strategy (i.e., heuristic).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> is a heuristic of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_perspectives">Mythological perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mythological perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">Dream interpretation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_mythology">Buddhist mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhist mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist mythology</a></div> Buddhist traditions provide comprehensive guidance on how to develop wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_Bodhi-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wisdom_tooth">Wisdom tooth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wisdom tooth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tooth" title="Wisdom tooth">Wisdom tooth</a>.</div> In many cultures, the name for third molars, which are the last teeth to grow, is etymologically linked with wisdom, as in the English <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tooth" title="Wisdom tooth">wisdom tooth</a>. This nickname originated from the classical tradition—the Hippocratic writings used the term sóphronistér (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, related to the meaning of moderation or teaching a lesson), and in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> dens sapientiae (wisdom tooth).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greek mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages of Greece</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athena_and_metis">Athena and metis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Athena and metis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis (mythology)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> (as Mentor) supported <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">him</a> by recognizing and fostering <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>, sense, bravery, and adeptness (Homer, trans. 1996, p. 102).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sommer</cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> considered wisdom to be an important <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personified" class="mw-redirect" title="Personified">personified</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a> Metis and Athena. Metis was the first wife of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, who, according to <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, had devoured her pregnant; Zeus earned the title of Mêtieta ("The Wise Counselor") after that, as Metis was the embodiment of wisdom, and he gave birth to Athena, who is said to have sprung from his head.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Athena was portrayed as strong, fair, merciful, and chaste.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apollo">Apollo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Apollo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></div> Apollo was also considered a god of wisdom, designated as the conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a> (Musagetes),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> who were personifications of the sciences and of the inspired and poetic arts. According to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a>, the name of Apollo could also mean "ballon" (archer) and "omopoulon" (unifier of poles [divine and earthly]), since this god was responsible for divine and true inspirations, thus considered an archer who was always right in healing and oracles: "he is an ever-darting archer".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Apollo prophesied through the priestesses (<a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo (Delphi)</a>, where the aphorism "<a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">know thyself</a>" (gnōthi seauton)<a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> was inscribed (one of the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a>).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> He was contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, who was related to the sciences and technical wisdom, and, in the first centuries after Christ, was associated with <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian syncretism</a>, under the name <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trimegistus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Greek tradition recorded the earliest introducers of wisdom in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages of Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> was literally the love of wisdom (<a href="/wiki/-phil-" title="-phil-">philo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">sophia</a>). This permeates Plato's <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogues</a>; in <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a> the leaders of his proposed <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> are <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">philosopher kings</a> who understand the <a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a> and possess the courage to act accordingly. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a>, defined wisdom as understanding why things are a certain way (<a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>), which is deeper than merely knowing things are a certain way.<a href="#cite_note-41">[b]</a> He was the first to make the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">phronesis</a> and sophia.<a href="#cite_note-Trowbridge2011-16">[16]</a> According to Plato and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, the Pythia of the Delphic Oracle answered the question "who is the wisest man in Greece?" by stating Socrates was the wisest.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> According to Plato's <a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a>, Socrates decided to investigate the people who might be considered wiser than him, concluding they lacked true knowledge: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="grc" class="poem"> τούτου μὲν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐγὼ σοφώτερός εἰμι: κινδυνεύει μὲν γὰρ ἡμῶν οὐδέτερος οὐδὲν καλὸν κἀγαθὸν εἰδέναι, ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος μὲν οἴεταί τι εἰδέναι οὐκ εἰδώς, ἐγὼ δέ, ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴομαι: ἔοικα γοῦν τούτου γε σμικρῷ τινι αὐτῷ τούτῳ σοφώτερος εἶναι, ὅτι ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> I am wiser than this man; for neither of us really knows anything fine and good, but this man thinks he knows something when he does not, whereas I, as I do not know anything, do not think I do either. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> This became immortalized in the phrase "<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>" an aphorism suggesting that it is wise to recognize one's own ignorance<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> and to value <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_humility#Socratic_humility_theory_of_wisdom" title="Epistemic humility">epistemic humility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_mythology">Roman mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> also valued wisdom, which was personified as <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> or Pallas. She also represents skillful knowledge and the virtues, especially chastity. Her symbol was the <a href="/wiki/Owl#Symbolism_and_mythology" title="Owl">owl</a>, which is still a popular representation of wisdom, because it can see in darkness. She was said to have been born from Jupiter's forehead.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_mythology">Norse mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Norse mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimir">Mimir</a></div> Odin is known for his wisdom, often as acquired through various hardships and ordeals involving pain and self-sacrifice. In one instance he plucked out an eye and offered it to Mímir, guardian of the well of knowledge and wisdom, in return for a drink from the well.<a href="#cite_note-Faulkes-46">[44]</a> In another famous account, Odin hanged himself for nine nights from <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tree">World Tree</a> that unites all the <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">realms of existence</a>, suffering from hunger and thirst and finally wounding himself with a spear until he gained the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runes</a> for use in casting powerful <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> He was also able to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Mead_of_poetry" title="Mead of poetry">mead of poetry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">giants</a>, a drink of which could grant the power of a scholar or <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">poet</a>, for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">gods</a> and mortals alike.<a href="#cite_note-Faulkes-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_mythology">Egyptian mythology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egyptian mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia (god)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></div> Sia was the personification of perception and thoughtfulness in the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>. Thoth, married to <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">ancient Egyptian</a>: order, righteousness, truth), was regarded as the being who introduced wisdom to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academia">Academia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Academia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_and_models">Theories and models</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theories and models">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Berlin Wisdom Paradigm is an expertise model of life wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The Balance Theory of Wisdom<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The Self-transcendence Wisdom Theory<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The Three-dimensional Wisdom Theory<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The H.E.R.O.(E.) Model of Wisdom<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The Process View of Wisdom<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li> <li>The Integrating Virtue and Wit Theory of Wisdom<a href="#cite_note-models-51">[49]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_perspectives">Educational perspectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Educational perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg/220px-Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg/330px-Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg/440px-Meynier_-_Wisdom_defending_Youth_against_Love.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Wisdom Defending Youth against Love by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Meynier" title="Charles Meynier">Meynier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/220px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="618" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/330px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg/440px-Jacob_de_Wit_-_Allegorie_op_het_schrijven_van_de_geschiedenis_1754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Truth and Wisdom assist History in writing by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_de_Wit" title="Jacob de Wit">Jacob de Wit</a>, 1754</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Public schools in the U.S.</a> sometimes nod at "<a href="/wiki/Character_education" title="Character education">character education</a>" which would include training in wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maxwell's_educational_philosophy">Maxwell's educational philosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maxwell's educational philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Maxwell" title="Nicholas Maxwell">Nicholas Maxwell</a></div> Nicholas Maxwell, a philosopher in the United Kingdom, believes <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> ought to alter its focus from the acquisition of knowledge to seeking and promoting wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> This he defines as the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> He teaches that new knowledge and technological <a href="/wiki/Know-how" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-how">know-how</a> increase our power to act. Without wisdom though, Maxwell claims this new knowledge may cause human harm as well as human good. He argues that the pursuit of knowledge is indeed valuable and good, but that it should be considered a part of the broader task of improving wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_perspectives">Psychological perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Psychological perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">Expert</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality psychology</a></div> The three major psychological categories for wisdom are personality, development, and expertise.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Psychologists have begun to gather data on commonly held beliefs or folk theories about wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Initial analyses indicate that although "there is an overlap of the implicit theory of wisdom with intelligence, perceptiveness, spirituality, and shrewdness, it is evident that wisdom is an expertise in dealing with difficult questions of life and adaptation to the complex requirements."<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The field of psychology has also developed explicit theories and empirical research on the psychological processes underlying wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> Opinions on the psychological definition of wisdom vary,<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> but there is some consensus that critical to wisdom are certain <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">meta-cognitive</a> processes that afford life reflection and judgment about critical life matters.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> These processes include recognizing the limits of one's own knowledge, acknowledging uncertainty and change, attention to context and the bigger picture, and integrating different perspectives of a situation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Cognitive scientists suggest that wisdom requires coordinating such reasoning processes for insight into managing one's life.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Reasoning of this sort is both theoretically and empirically distinct from general (fluid or crystallized) intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Researchers have shown empirically that wise reasoning is distinct from <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Baltes and colleagues defined wisdom as "the ability to deal with the contradictions of a specific situation and to assess the consequences of an action for themselves and for others. It is achieved when in a concrete situation, a balance between intrapersonal, interpersonal and institutional interests can be prepared".<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Balance appears to be a critical criterion of wisdom. Empirical research provides some support for this idea, showing that wisdom-related reasoning is associated with achieving balance between intrapersonal and interpersonal interests when facing personal life challenges, and when setting goals for managing interpersonal conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Researchers also explore the role of emotions in wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Most agree that emotions and emotion regulation are key to effectively managing the kinds of complex and arousing situations that most call for wisdom. Much empirical research has focused on the cognitive or meta-cognitive aspects of wisdom, assuming that an ability to reason through difficult situations is paramount. So although emotions likely play a role in how wisdom plays out in real events (and in reflecting on past events), empirical studies were late to develop on how emotions affect a person's ability to deal wisely with complex events. One study found a positive relationship between diversity of emotional experience and wise reasoning, irrespective of emotional intensity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_psychology">Positive psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Positive psychology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perspective-taking" title="Perspective-taking">Perspective-taking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a></div> Peterson & Seligman state that perspective is a strength of wisdom (e.g., sage advice).<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <ul><li>Values in Action Classification under "Disorders of Wisdom and Knowledge"<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a> <ul><li>Strength<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a> <ul><li>Perspective<a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a> <ul><li>Not just intelligence<a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li> <li>High in factual knowledge, procedural knowledge, judgment, and advice-giving<a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li> <li>Modes of thought: <a href="/wiki/Postformal_thought" title="Postformal thought">postformal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialogic" title="Dialogic">dialogical</a><a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a><a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Psychological resilience</a><a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_humility" title="Intellectual humility">Intellectual humility</a><a href="#cite_note-APA1-71">[69]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Absence of perspective<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:search/shallow" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:search/shallow">Shallowness</a><a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Opposite of perspective<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foolishness" title="Foolishness">Foolishness</a><a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Exaggeration of perspective<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a> <ul><li>None<a href="#cite_note-VIA1-70">[68]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grossman">Grossman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grossman">edit</a>]</div> Grossmann and colleagues summarized prior psychological literature to conclude that wisdom involves certain cognitive processes that afford <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">unbiased</a>, sound <a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgment</a> in the face of ill-defined life situations: <ol><li>intellectual humility, or recognition of limits of own knowledge</li> <li>appreciation of perspectives broader than the issue at hand</li> <li>sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations</li> <li>compromise or integration of different perspectives<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></li></ol> Grossmann found that <a href="/wiki/Illeism" title="Illeism">habitually speaking and thinking of oneself in the third person</a> increases these characteristics, which means that such a habit makes a person wiser.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Grossmann says contextual factors—such as culture, experiences, and social situations—influence the understanding, development, and propensity of wisdom, with implications for training and educational practice.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[70]</a> These contextual factors are the focus of continuing research. For instance, Grossmann and Kross identified a phenomenon they called "the Solomon's paradox": that people reflect more wisely on other people's problems than on their own. (It is named after <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a>, who had legendary sagacity when making judgments about other people's dilemmas but lacked insight when it came to important decisions in his own life.)<a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measuring_wisdom">Measuring wisdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Measuring wisdom">edit</a>]</div> A researcher will measure wisdom differently depending on their theoretical position about the nature of wisdom. For example, some view wisdom as a stable personality trait, others as a context-bound process.<a href="#cite_note-Wisdom_in_context-76">[74]</a> Those wedded to the former approach often use single-shot questionnaires, which are prone to biased[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] responses,<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> something that is antithetical to the wisdom construct<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> and fails to study wisdom in the contexts where it is most relevant: complex life challenges. In contrast, researchers who prefer the latter approach measure wisdom-related features of cognition, motivation, and emotion in the context of a specific situation.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wisdom_in_context-76">[74]</a> Such state-level measures provide less-biased responses as well as greater power in explaining meaningful psychological processes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> Also, a focus on the situation allows wisdom researchers to develop a fuller understanding of the role of context in producing wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-Wisdom_in_context-76">[74]</a> For example, studies have shown evidence of cross-cultural<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> and within-cultural variability,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and systematic variability in reasoning wisely across contexts<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-75">[73]</a> and in daily life.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[80]</a> Many, but not all, studies find that adults' self-ratings of perspective and wisdom do not depend on age.<a href="#cite_note-CSVperspective-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orwoll-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> This conflicts with the popular notion that wisdom increases with age.<a href="#cite_note-Orwoll-84">[82]</a> The answer to whether age and wisdom correlate depends on how one defines wisdom and one's experimental technique. The answer to this question also depends on the domain studied, and the role of experience in that domain, with some contexts favoring older adults, others favoring younger adults, and some not differentiating age groups.<a href="#cite_note-Wisdom_in_context-76">[74]</a> Rigorous longitudinal work is needed to answer this question, while most studies rely on cross-sectional observations.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham,_J._A._1990_Pp._181-21">[21]</a> The Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> is based on a 28-question survey (SD-WISE-28) created by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California San Diego">University of California San Diego</a> to determine how wise a person is. In 2021 <a href="/wiki/Dilip_V._Jeste" title="Dilip V. Jeste">Dr. Dilip V. Jeste</a> and his colleagues created a 7-question survey (SD-WISE-7) testing seven components: acceptance of diverse perspectives, <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decisiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional regulation">emotional regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">prosocial behaviors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">self-reflection</a>, social advising, and (to a lesser degree) <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archetypal_psychology">Archetypal psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archetypal psychology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wise_Old_Man_and_Wise_Old_Woman" title="Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman">Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Hero%27s_journey" title="Hero's journey">Hero's journey</a>.</div> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> is a monomyth that uses <a href="/wiki/Archetypal_psychology" title="Archetypal psychology">archetypal psychology</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hero_with_a_Thousand_Faces" title="The Hero with a Thousand Faces">The Hero of a Thousand Faces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> The character <a href="/wiki/Yoda" title="Yoda">Master Yoda</a> from the films evokes the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(cinema)" title="Trope (cinema)">trope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">wise old man</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> and he is frequently quoted, analogously to Chinese thinkers or Eastern sages in general.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monotheistic_perspectives">Monotheistic perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Monotheistic perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a>.</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, hymns traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> means "Lord" (Ahura) and "Wisdom" (Mazda), and is the central deity who embodies goodness, being also called "Good Thought" (<a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a>).<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the order of the universe and morals is called <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">asha</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, truth, righteousness), which is determined by this <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> Thought and also considered a deity emanating from Ahura (<a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spenta</a>). It is related to another ahura deity, <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Spenta Mainyu</a> (active Mentality).<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> It says in Yazna 31:<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To him shall the best befall, who, as one that knows, speaks to me Right's truthful word of Welfare and of Immortality; even the Dominion of Mazda which Good Thought shall increase for him. About which he in the beginning thus thought, "let the blessed realms be filled with Light", he it is that by his wisdom created Right.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> scripture, "The essence of wisdom is the fear of God, the dread of His scourge and punishment, and the apprehension of His justice and decree."<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Wisdom is seen as a light that casts away darkness, and "its dictates must be observed under all circumstances".<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> One may obtain knowledge and wisdom through God, his Word, and his <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Divine Manifestation</a>; the source of all learning is the knowledge of God.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrew_Bible_and_Judaism">Hebrew Bible and Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible and Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">Chokmah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom literature</a></div> The word "wisdom" (חכם) is mentioned 222 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. It was regarded as one of the highest virtues among the Israelites along with kindness (חסד) and justice (צדק). The books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> each urge readers to obtain and to increase in wisdom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg/220px-Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg/330px-Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Book_of_Wisdom_Belarusian_Skaryna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Image from "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>" of Francysk Skaryna 1518</figcaption></figure>In the Hebrew Bible, wisdom is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, who asks God for wisdom in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%201:10&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 1:10</a>. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a>, which is filled with <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">wise sayings</a>, is attributed to Solomon. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%209:10&version=nrsv">Proverbs 9:10</a>, the fear of the Lord is called the beginning of wisdom. Another proverb says that wisdom is gained from God, "For the Lord gives wisdom; from His mouth come knowledge and understanding".<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%201:20&version=nrsv">Proverbs 1:20</a>, there is also reference to wisdom personified in female form, "Wisdom calls aloud in the streets, she raises her voice in the marketplaces." In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverbs%208:22–31&version=nrsv">Proverbs 8:22–31</a>, this personified wisdom is described as being present with God before creation began and even as taking part in creation itself. King Solomon continues his teachings of wisdom in the book of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>. Solomon discusses his exploration of the meaning of life and fulfillment, as he speaks of life's pleasures, work, and materialism, yet concludes that it is all meaningless. "'Meaningless! Meaningless!" says the Teacher [Solomon]. 'Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless'...For with much wisdom comes much sorrow, the more knowledge, the more grief"<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Solomon concludes that all life's pleasures and riches, and even [human]wisdom, mean nothing if there is no relationship with God.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> teaches that a wise person can foresee the future. Nolad is a Hebrew word for "future," but also the Hebrew word for "birth", so one rabbinic interpretation of the teaching is that a wise person is one who can foresee the consequences of his/her choices (i.e. can "see the future" that he/she "gives birth" to).<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_theology">Christian theology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Christian theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Wisdom" title="Holy Wisdom">Holy Wisdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia (wisdom)</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, "wisdom" (From <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="חכמה">חכמה</a> transliteration: chokmâh pronounced: khok-maw', <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Sophia, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Sapientia) describes an aspect of God, or the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> concept regarding the wisdom of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png/250px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png/375px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png/500px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_096.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>David and <a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a>, Abigail was a "wise woman" who helped David. 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>.</figcaption></figure> Christian thought opposes <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> wisdom and embraces Godly wisdom. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> states that worldly wisdom thinks the claims of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> to be foolishness. However, to those who are "on the path to salvation" Christ represents the wisdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Wisdom is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit">seven gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2012:8–10&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 12:8–10</a> gives an alternate list of nine virtues, among which is wisdom. The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> is a New Testament analogue of the book of Proverbs, in that it also discusses wisdom. It reiterates the message from Proverbs that wisdom comes from God by stating, "If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you".<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> James also explains how wisdom helps one acquire other forms of virtue: "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere."<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> James focuses on using this God-given wisdom to perform acts of service to the less fortunate. Apart from Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and James, other main books of wisdom in the Bible are Job, Psalms, and 1 and 2 Corinthians, which give lessons on gaining and using wisdom through difficult situations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hikmah" title="Hikmah">Hikmah</a></div> The Islamic term for wisdom is hikmah. Prophets of Islam are believed by Muslims to possess great wisdom. The term occurs a number of times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, notably in <a href="/wiki/Sura_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 2">Sura 2</a>:269, <a href="/wiki/Sura_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 22">Sura 22</a>:46, and <a href="/wiki/Sura_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 6">Sura 6</a>:151. The Sufi philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> considers al-Hakim ("The Wise") as one of the names of the Creator.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Wisdom and truth, considered divine attributes, were valued in <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">philosophy</a>. The first Arab philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> says at the beginning of his book:<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We must not be ashamed to admire the truth or to acquire it, from wherever it comes. Even if it should come from far-flung nations and foreign peoples, there is for the student of truth nothing more important than the truth, nor is the truth demeaned or diminished by the one who states or conveys it; no one is demeaned by the truth, rather all are ennobled by it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a>, On First Philosophy</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polytheistic_perspectives">Polytheistic perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Polytheistic perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inuit_religion">Inuit religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Inuit religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit religion</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> tradition, developing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] wisdom was one of the aims of teaching. An Inuit <a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a> said that a person became wise when they could see what needed to be done and do it successfully without being told what to do. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian religion and mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, also known as Ea, was the god of wisdom and intelligence. Divine wisdom allowed the provident designation of functions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and the ordering of the cosmos, and it[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] was achieved by humans by following <a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">me</a>s (in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: order, rite, righteousness) which maintain balance.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">hymns to Enki or Ea</a> dating from <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">the third millennium BCE</a>, there is among the <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Abu Salabikh</a> from 2600 BCE (the oldest dated texts), a "Hymn to <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Shamash</a>" which includes the following:<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Wide is the courtyard of Shamash night chamber, (just as wide is the womb of) a wise pregnant woman! <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>, his warrior, wise one, heard of the offerings and came down to his fiesta. He is the father of the nation and the father of intelligence</blockquote> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>—manifest word of the divine thought—was also present in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">philosophy and hymns of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a> It was important in the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic traditions</a>. It seems to have been derived from Mesopotamian culture.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_religion_and_Gnosticism">Hellenistic religion and Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hellenistic religion and Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia (wisdom)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia (Gnosticism)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Indian religions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā (Buddhism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajñā (Hinduism)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment in Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wisdom" title="Special:EditPage/Wisdom">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Medha_S%C5%ABktam" title="Medha Sūktam">Medha</a> is a goddess of wisdom found in the <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian traditions</a>, wisdom can be called <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajña</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijñana</a>. The Buddhist term <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a> was translated <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">into Chinese</a> as 智慧 (pinyin zhìhuì, characters <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:智">智</a> "knowledge" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:慧">慧</a> "bright, intelligent"). In Chinese Buddhism, the idea of wisdom is closely linked to its Indian equivalent as it appears for instance in certain conceptual continuities that exist between <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Developing wisdom is of central importance in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> traditions, where the ultimate aim is often presented as "seeing things as they are" or as gaining a "penetrative understanding of all phenomena", which in turn is described as ultimately leading to the "complete freedom from suffering".<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_Bodhi-29">[29]</a> In Buddhism, developing wisdom is accomplished through an understanding of what are known as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a> and by following the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_Bodhi-29">[29]</a> This path lists <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> as one of eight required components for cultivating wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-Karunamuni2017-23">[23]</a> Buddhist scriptures teach that wise people conduct themselves well.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> A wise person does actions that are unpleasant to do but give good results, and does not do actions that are pleasant to do but give bad results.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Wisdom is the <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> to the self-chosen <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">poison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">ignorance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> has much to say on the subject of wisdom including: <ul><li>He who arbitrates a case by force does not thereby become just (established in <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a>). But the wise man is he who carefully discriminates between right and wrong.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></li> <li>He who leads others by nonviolence, righteously and equitably, is indeed a guardian of justice, wise and righteous.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></li> <li>One is not wise merely because he talks much. But he who is calm, free from hatred and fear, is verily called a wise man.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li> <li>By quietude alone one does not become a <a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">sage</a> (muni) if he is foolish and ignorant. But he who, as if holding a pair of scales, takes the good and shuns the evil, is a wise man; he is indeed a muni by that very reason. He who understands both good and evil as they really are, is called a true sage.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li></ul> To recover the original supreme wisdom of self-nature (<a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathagata</a>) concealed by the self-imposed three dusty poisons (the <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">kleshas</a>: greed, anger, ignorance), Buddha taught to his students the threefold training by turning greed into generosity and discipline, anger into kindness and meditation, ignorance into wisdom. As the Sixth Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chán Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a>, said in his Platform Sutra, "Mind without dispute is self-nature discipline, mind without disturbance is self-nature meditation, mind without ignorance is self-nature wisdom." In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric Buddhist</a> lineages, <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a> is considered an embodiment of Buddha wisdom. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, wisdom is considered a state of mind and soul with which a person achieves <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation</a>. The god of wisdom is <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and the goddess of knowledge is <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Sanskrit verse to attain knowledge is:<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1143245455">.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>i,.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>span{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:inline-block}@media only screen and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:block}}</style> <table class="Verse_transliteration-translation" style="margin-left:2em !important;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <div style=""><div title="Sanskrit-language text"><div lang="sa"><div class="poem"> असतो मा सद्गमय तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः </div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em"> <div style="" class="poem"> Asatō mā sadgamaya tamasō mā jyōtirgamaya mr̥tyōrmā amr̥taṁ gamaya <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ </div> </td> <td><div style="" class="poem"> Lead me from the unreal to the real. Lead me from darkness to light. Lead me from death to immortality. May there be peace, peace, and peace. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Wisdom in Hinduism is knowing oneself as the truth, as the basis for the entire Creation: ultimate <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> as the one who witnesses the entire creation in all its facets and forms. Further it means realization that an individual may, through right conduct and right living, come to realize their true relationship with the creation and the <a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nontheism">Nontheism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nontheism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Confucianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> said: <blockquote> Love of learning is akin to wisdom. To practice with vigor is akin to humanity. To know to be shameful is akin to courage (zhi, ren, yong... three of <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mengzi</a>'s sprouts of virtue).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wisdom#Dubious" title="Talk:Wisdom">discuss</a>] </blockquote> Compare this with the Confucian classic <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a>, which begins with: "The Way of learning to be great consists in manifesting the clear character, loving the people, and abiding in the highest good." This is comparable to the Roman virtue <a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">prudence</a>, especially if one interprets "clear character" as "clear conscience". (From <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chan's Sources</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Philosophy">Chinese Philosophy</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tao">Tao</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tao">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, wisdom is adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">three treasures</a>: charity, simplicity, and humility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "He who knows other men is discerning [智]; he who knows himself is intelligent [明]." (知人者智，自知者明。<a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> 33).<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">Analogy</a> – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a> – Concept in metaphysics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a> – German tradition of self-cultivation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a> – Jewish work written in Greek generally dated to the mid-first century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_(metaphor)" title="Cassandra (metaphor)">Cassandra (metaphor)</a> – Metaphor originating from Greek mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> – Awareness of existence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological wisdom">Ecological wisdom</a> – Philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium as developed by Arne Næss or Félix GuattariPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a> – Human flourishing in ancient Greek philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a> – Checklist for a journalist's lead/lede: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">Heuristic</a> – Problem-solving method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a> – Ultimate concerns of human existence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a> – Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a> – Great discernment or insight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> – Study of general and fundamental questions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a> – Ability to do something</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity (social theory)</a> – Circular relationships between cause and effect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a> – Someone who has attained wisdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a> – Latin phrase meaning "dare to know"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Hard_Knocks" title="School of Hard Knocks">School of Hard Knocks</a> – Idiomatic phrase, the informal education from negative experiences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> – Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">Transcendence (philosophy)</a> – Concept designating the extra-categorical attributes of beings</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiguori1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori, Alphonus</a> (1882). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_for_all_the_Sundays_in_the_year/Sermon_5">"Sermon V.—Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity: In what true wisdom consists" </a>. Sermons for all the Sundays in the year. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+V.%E2%80%94Sunday+within+the+Octave+of+the+Nativity%3A+In+what+true+wisdom+consists&rft.btitle=Sermons+for+all+the+Sundays+in+the+year&rft.pub=Dublin&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Alphonus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sternberg, R. and Gluck, J. (2021). Wisdom: The Psychology of Wise Thoughts, Words, and Deeds (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).</li> <li>Tsai, Cheng-hung (2023). Wisdom: A Skill Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0176:text%3DCharm.:section%3D165a">Critias states the meaning of "know thyself" in Plato's Charmides (165a)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Note that two thousand years after Aristotle, Isaac Newton was forced to <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">admit that</a> "I have not yet been able to discover the cause of these properties of gravity" </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/wisdom">"Wisdom"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <q>the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisdom&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fwisdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Personified-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Personified_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Personified_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/wisdom_n">"Wisdom"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <q>judging rightly in matters relating to life and conduct; soundness of judgement in the choice of means and ends; sometimes, less strictly, sound sense [...] Personified (almost always as feminine) [...] Knowledge (esp. of a high or abstruse kind); enlightenment, learning, erudition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisdom&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwisdom_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/wise">"Wise"</a>. Dictionary.com. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <q>power of discerning and judging [...] what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion [...] judicious or prudent [...] learned; erudite [...] informed[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wise&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fwise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wise">"Wise"</a>. Merriam Webster. 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <q>deep understanding, keen discernment, and a capacity for sound judgment [...] Prudent [...] Knowing [...] Crafty, Shrewd [...] Insolent[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wise&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKekes1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kekes, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20014008">"Wisdom"</a>. American Philosophical Quarterly. 20 (3): 277–86. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20014008">20014008</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2024. <q>In descriptive knowledge one knows facts; in interpretive knowledge one knows the significance of the descriptively known facts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Wisdom&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-86&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20014008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kekes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20014008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1969" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, D. Z. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2218185">"Wisdom's Gods"</a>. The Philosophical Quarterly. 19 (74): 15–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2218185">10.2307/2218185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2218185">2218185</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2024. <q>Wisdom is saying, then, that although in one sense all the facts may be known, in another sense questions involving a greater apprehension of the facts may remain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Wisdom%27s+Gods&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=15-32&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2218185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2218185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=D.+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2218185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdelt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ardelt, Monika (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763810">"Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept"</a>. Human Development. 47 (5): 257–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000079154">10.1159/000079154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763810">26763810</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2024. <q>Intellectual or theoretical knowledge is knowledge that is understood only at the intellectual level, whereas wisdom is understood at the experiential level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=Wisdom+as+Expert+Knowledge+System%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+a+Contemporary+Operationalization+of+an+Ancient+Concept&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=257-85&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000079154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ardelt&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesKunzmann2004" class="citation journal cs1">Baltes, Paul B.; Kunzmann, Ute (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763812">"The Two Faces of Wisdom: Wisdom as a General Theory of Knowledge and Judgment about Excellence in Mind and Virtue vs. Wisdom as Everyday Realization in People and Products"</a>. Human Development. 47 (5): 290–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000079156">10.1159/000079156</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763812">26763812</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>Wisdom's functional consequences involve praxis-related behaviors: judgment, advice, and commentary in difficult and uncertain matters of life and life conduct.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=The+Two+Faces+of+Wisdom%3A+Wisdom+as+a+General+Theory+of+Knowledge+and+Judgment+about+Excellence+in+Mind+and+Virtue+vs.+Wisdom+as+Everyday+Realization+in+People+and+Products&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=290-99&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000079156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baltes&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft.au=Kunzmann%2C+Ute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lombardo, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48504847">"Wisdom in the Twenty-First Century: A Theory Of Psycho-Social Evolution"</a>. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues. 15 (1): 132–57. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48504847">48504847</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>Wisdom may be defined as the continually evolving understanding of and fascination with the big picture of life, of what is important, ethical and meaningful and the desire and ability to apply this understanding to enhance the wellbeing of life, both for oneself and others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs%3A+The+Journal+of+International+Issues&rft.atitle=Wisdom+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Theory+Of+Psycho-Social+Evolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-57&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48504847%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lombardo&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48504847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdelt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ardelt, Monika (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763810">"Wisdom as Expert Knowledge System: A Critical Review of a Contemporary Operationalization of an Ancient Concept"</a>. Human Development. 47 (5): 257–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000079154">10.1159/000079154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26763810">26763810</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>Wise people, [...] accept the positive as well as the negative side of reality [Assmann, 1994; Gadamer, 1960; Strijbos, 1995; Weinsheimer, 1985]. They are satisfied with their lives not because they concentrate only on its positive aspects but because they are aware of and can accept the reality of the present moment [Blanchard-Fields & Norris, 1995; Hart, 1987]. As a consequence, wise individuals can face even the most difficult situations with equanimity, such as the physical and social challenges that accompany old age [Ardelt, 1997, 2000a; Clayton, 1982; Kramer, 2000].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=Wisdom+as+Expert+Knowledge+System%3A+A+Critical+Review+of+a+Contemporary+Operationalization+of+an+Ancient+Concept&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=257-85&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000079154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ardelt&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26763810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesSmith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baltes, Paul B.; Smith, Jacqui (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40212228">"The Fascination of Wisdom: Its Nature, Ontogeny, and Function"</a>. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (1): 56–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6916.2008.00062.x">10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00062.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40212228">40212228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26158670">26158670</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2024. <q>Finally, wisdom is manifested in nonverbal and social behavior. 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Current Psychology. 38 (3): 627–646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12144-017-9631-7">10.1007/s12144-017-9631-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149024504">149024504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychology&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Foundations+to+Guide+Mindfulness+Meditation%3A+A+Path+to+Wisdom&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=627-646&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12144-017-9631-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149024504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Karunamuni&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Weerasekera%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmindrxiv.org%2Fmfs63%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisShortLatinDictionary-24"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisShortLatinDictionary_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1963" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C.T.; Short, C. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/90003765">"Cultivating The Sage's Creative Vision: Insights from Perennial Wisdom on Approaching Organizational Change and Sustainability"</a>. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (62): 76–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9774%2FGLEAF.4700.2016.ju.00011">10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2016.ju.00011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90003765">90003765</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>The core principle of perennial wisdom and of creative vision, life as a unity, is far different from our ordinary way of perceiving life through a dualistic lens. Yet the creativity spoken of here is not merely arbitrary. Rather, it emerges from a sense of being in touch with the needs of people and of a situation. As an expression of wisdom, creativity is balanced and informed by a strong sense of responsibility and an interest in contributing to, harmonizing with and bringing healing to one's surroundings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Corporate+Citizenship&rft.atitle=Cultivating+The+Sage%27s+Creative+Vision%3A+Insights+from+Perennial+Wisdom+on+Approaching+Organizational+Change+and+Sustainability&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=76-90&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9774%2FGLEAF.4700.2016.ju.00011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90003765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martorana&rft.aufirst=Paul+V.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90003765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Huston (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1464070">"Is There a Perennial Philosophy?"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 55 (3): 553–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLV.3.553">10.1093/jaarel/LV.3.553</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1464070">1464070</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>Perennialists are persons who are exceptionally sensitive to the commonalities that similarities disclose; they are drawn toward unity as moth to flame. [...] There is an Absolute, which is likewise Infinite. This Infinite both includes and transcends everything else, which everything is (in categorical contrast) finite and relative. The way the Absolute transcends the relative is to integrate the relative into itself so completely that even the Absolute/relative distinction gets annulled: form is emptiness, emptiness form. (This separates perennialism from the monism it is sometimes (mis)taken for; it is, rather, a-dvaita or non-dual).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Is+There+a+Perennial+Philosophy%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=553-66&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLV.3.553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1464070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Huston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1464070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigerenzerGaissmaier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gigerenzer, G.; Gaissmaier, W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2099042_4/component/file_2099041/content">"Heuristic Decision Making"</a>. Annual Review of Psychology. 62: 451–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-120709-145346">10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5">11858/00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21126183">21126183</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2024. <q>[Social heuristics] include imitation heuristics, tit-for-tat, the social-circle heuristic, and averaging the judgments of others to exploit the 'wisdom of crowds' (Hertwig & Herzog 2009). Imitate the-successful, for instance, speeds up learning of cue orders and can find orders that excel take-the-best's validity order (Garcia-Retamero et al. 2009).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Heuristic+Decision+Making&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=451-482&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-F16D-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21126183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-120709-145346&rft.aulast=Gigerenzer&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Gaissmaier%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.mpg.de%2Frest%2Fitems%2Fitem_2099042_4%2Fcomponent%2Ffile_2099041%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, Barnabas (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3482053">"Heuristic Teaching in Mathematics"</a>. Educational Studies in Mathematics. 5 (3): 291–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00684704">10.1007/BF00684704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3482053">3482053</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2024. <q>The word heuristic [...] heuriskein, 'to discover' [...] 'a technique of discovery' [...] 'serving to guide, discover, or reveal' [...] 'the discovery method'. Mauritz Johnson (1966) observes that the idea is hardly new, and that, ignoring the classical accreditation of its use to Socrates in the Meno, one finds an early discussion of discovery learning by David P. Page in his Theory and Practice of Teaching in 1847 as well as by later writers, Herbert Spencer in 1860, Frank and Charles McMurry in 1897, and William Chandler Babley in 1905.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Studies+in+Mathematics&rft.atitle=Heuristic+Teaching+in+Mathematics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-99&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00684704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3482053%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3482053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhikkhu_Bodhi-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhikkhu_Bodhi_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhikkhu_Bodhi_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhikkhu_Bodhi_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi" class="citation web cs1">Bodhi, Bhikkhu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/waytoend.html">"The Noble Eightfold Path"</a>. Access to Insight. Retrieved 16 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Noble+Eightfold+Path&rft.pub=Access+to+Insight&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fbodhi%2Fwaytoend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Šimon, František (15 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/223786">"The history of Latin teeth names"</a>. Acta medico-historica Adriatica. 13 (2): 365–384. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1334-4366">1334-4366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27604204">27604204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+medico-historica+Adriatica&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Latin+teeth+names&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-384&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27604204&rft.issn=1334-4366&rft.aulast=%C5%A0imon&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F223786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolMarkopoulosGoggins2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carol, Sommer; Markopoulos, Panagiotis; Goggins, Shana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08893675.2013.764049">"Mentoring master's level students: Drawing upon the wisdom of Athena as Mentor in Homer's Odyssey"</a>. Journal of Poetry Therapy. 26 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08893675.2013.764049">10.1080/08893675.2013.764049</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>[R]eference to Athena within the context of mentoring is not new (Roberts, 2000; Sambunjak & Marusic, 2009) [...] Athena appears in the guise of an old friend of Odysseus, whose name happens to be Mentor. She offers aid and advice to the young Telemachus. 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University College London. 21 February 2019. <q>an association of people sympathetic to the idea that academic inquiry should help humanity acquire more wisdom by rational means</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+College+London&rft.atitle=Friends+of+Wisdom&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Ffriends-of-wisdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2000" class="citation cs2">Maxwell, Nicholas (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/1709/">Can Humanity Learn to become Civilized? The Crisis of Science without Civilization</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Humanity+Learn+to+become+Civilized%3F+The+Crisis+of+Science+without+Civilization&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F1709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesStaudinger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Baltes, Paul B.; Staudinger, Ursula M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2102711/component/file_2102710/content">"Wisdom: A Metaheuristic (Pragmatic) to Orchestrate Mind and Virtue Toward Excellence"</a>. American Psychologist. 55 (1): 122–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.55.1.122">10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0025-9C51-4">11858/00-001M-0000-0025-9C51-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11392856">11392856</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2024. <q>Theoretical and empirical work on explicit psychological theories of wisdom can be roughly divided into three groups: (a) the conceptualization of wisdom as a personal characteristic or constellation of personality dispositions (e.g., Erikson, 1959; McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1998), (b) the conceptualization of wisdom in the neo-Piagetian tradition of postformal and dialectical thought (e.g., Alex ander & Langer, 1990; Labouvie-Vief, 1990), and (c) the conceptualization of wisdom as an expert system dealing with the meaning and conduct of life (P. 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"Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 49 (3): 607–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.49.3.607">10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Implicit+theories+of+intelligence%2C+creativity%2C+and+wisdom&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=607-62&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.49.3.607&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGreene2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, S. C.; Greene, J. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705112332/http://www.colgate.edu/portaldata/imagegallerywww/4119/ImageGallery/JCSD_WDS.pdf">"The Wisdom Development Scale: Translating the conceptual to the concrete"</a> (PDF). Journal of College Student Development. 47: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.502.7954">10.1.1.502.7954</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcsd.2006.0002">10.1353/csd.2006.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35496789">35496789</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colgate.edu/portaldata/imagegallerywww/4119/ImageGallery/JCSD_WDS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+College+Student+Development&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+Development+Scale%3A+Translating+the+conceptual+to+the+concrete&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.502.7954%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35496789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcsd.2006.0002&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Greene%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colgate.edu%2Fportaldata%2Fimagegallerywww%2F4119%2FImageGallery%2FJCSD_WDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluckGlück2005" class="citation book cs1">Bluck, Susan; Glück, Judith (2005). "From the Inside Out: People's Implicit Theories of Wisdom". In Sternberg, Robert; Jordan, Jennifer (eds.). A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives. New York, U.S.A.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 84–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511610486.005">10.1017/cbo9780511610486.005</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511610486" title="Special:BookSources/9780511610486"><bdi>9780511610486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Inside+Out%3A+People%27s+Implicit+Theories+of+Wisdom&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+wisdom%3A+Psychological+perspectives&rft.place=New+York%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=84-109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511610486.005&rft.isbn=9780511610486&rft.aulast=Bluck&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Gl%C3%BCck%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesStaudinger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Baltes, Paul B.; Staudinger, Ursula M. (2000). "Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence". American Psychologist. 55 (1): 122–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.55.1.122">10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.122</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0025-9C51-4">11858/00-001M-0000-0025-9C51-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11392856">11392856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Wisdom%3A+A+metaheuristic+%28pragmatic%29+to+orchestrate+mind+and+virtue+toward+excellence&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-136&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0025-9C51-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11392856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.55.1.122&rft.aulast=Baltes&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft.au=Staudinger%2C+Ursula+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuong2022" class="citation book cs1">Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022). The Kingfisher Story Collection. Amazon Digital Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8353946595" title="Special:BookSources/979-8353946595"><bdi>979-8353946595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingfisher+Story+Collection&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-8353946595&rft.aulast=Vuong&rft.aufirst=Quan-Hoang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervaeke2012" class="citation web cs1">Vervaeke, John (4 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ti4Kj8TcEgk">"The Cognitive Science of Wisdom"</a>. Mind Matters Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/ti4Kj8TcEgk">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cognitive+Science+of+Wisdom&rft.pub=Mind+Matters+Conference&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft.aulast=Vervaeke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dti4Kj8TcEgk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Sternberg, Robert J.</a> (2003). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80238-3"><bdi>978-0-521-80238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisdom%2C+Intelligence%2C+and+Creativity+Synthesized&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80238-3&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmannNaVarnumPark2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grossmann, I.; Na, J.; Varnum, M.E.; Park, D.C.; Kitayama, S.; Nisbett, R.E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2010/03/23/1001715107.full.pdf">"Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (16): 7246–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.7246G">2010PNAS..107.7246G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1001715107">10.1073/pnas.1001715107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867718">2867718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368436">20368436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Reasoning+about+social+conflicts+improves+into+old+age.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=7246-50&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2867718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20368436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1001715107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.7246G&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Na%2C+J.&rft.au=Varnum%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Park%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Kitayama%2C+S.&rft.au=Nisbett%2C+R.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fpnas%2Fearly%2F2010%2F03%2F23%2F1001715107.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudingerLopezBaltes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Staudinger, U.M.; Lopez, D.F; Baltes, P.B. (1997). "The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more?". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 23 (11): 1200–1214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461672972311007">10.1177/01461672972311007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145148320">145148320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+psychometric+location+of+wisdom-related+performance%3A+Intelligence%2C+personality%2C+and+more%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1200-1214&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01461672972311007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145148320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Staudinger&rft.aufirst=U.M.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+D.F&rft.au=Baltes%2C+P.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesGlückKunzmann" class="citation book cs1">Baltes, P.B.; Glück, J.; Kunzmann, U. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6411568">"Mesopotamian precursors to the Stoic concept of logic"</a>. Melammu Symposia 2. Myth and Mythologies: Methodological Approaches to Intercultural Influences. [Melammu Project]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/714111111">714111111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melammu+Symposia+2.+Myth+and+Mythologies%3A+Methodological+Approaches+to+Intercultural+Influences&rft.atitle=Mesopotamian+precursors+to+the+Stoic+concept+of+logic&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F714111111&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Jack+Newton.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6411568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1998" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29757365">"The Perennial Message of 'the Goddess': Enduring Themes down the Ages in Bactria"</a>. East and West. 48 (1/2): 27–39. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757365">29757365</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2024. <q>In the Garuda Purana 1.7.9, one of the manifestations of the energy of Sarasvati was medha (wisdom), an identification repeated with respect to the Goddess in the Devi Mahatmya 1.11. Thus it is no surprise to find with Anahita, in verse 86 of her Aban Yast, that 'the priests (athravans) who read and the pupils of the priest will beg of thee knowledge'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Perennial+Message+of+%27the+Goddess%27%3A+Enduring+Themes+down+the+Ages+in+Bactria&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=27-39&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757365%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jannel, Romaric (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel13060486">"Xuanzang and the Three Types of Wisdom: Learning, Reasoning, and Cultivating in Yogācāra Thought"</a>. Religions. 13 (6): 486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel13060486">10.3390/rel13060486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Xuanzang+and+the+Three+Types+of+Wisdom%3A+Learning%2C+Reasoning%2C+and+Cultivating+in+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+Thought&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=486&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel13060486&rft.aulast=Jannel&rft.aufirst=Romaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel13060486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 3:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> AN 4:115 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> v. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dhammapada v. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Dhammapada v. 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Dhammapada v. 268–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> 1.3.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/dao-de-jing#n11624">Chinese Text Project</a>, trans. James Legge. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisdom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inphoproject.org/idea/1544">Wisdom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wisdom/">"Wisdom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisdom&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwisdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWisdom" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdomresearch.org">Center for Practical Wisdom</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a>/<a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></li> <li><a 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