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view-dom-id-1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field-field-imagefile-fid"> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/201304ASIA_Burma_Arakan_01_ZH.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile][<p>若开族人手持武器走出一座陷入火海的村庄，政府军士兵袖手旁观。缅甸若开邦，2012年6月。</p>]" class="imagefield imagefield-lightbox2 imagefield-lightbox2-scale-300x imagefield-field_imagefile imagecache imagecache-field_imagefile imagecache-scale-300x imagecache-field_imagefile-scale-300x"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008im_/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/scale-300x/media/images/photographs/201304ASIA_Burma_Arakan_01_ZH.JPG"/></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field-field-image-caption-value"> <div class="field-content"><div><a href="/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media/images/photographs/201304ASIA_Burma_Arakan_01_ZH.JPG" rel="lightbox[field_imagefile]" class="image-enlarge">Enlarge</a></div> <p>若开族人手持武器走出一座陷入火海的村庄，政府军士兵袖手旁观。缅甸若开邦，2012年6月。</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field-field-copyright-value"> <span class="field-content">© 2012 私人提供</span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-news-additional"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-nodereference field-field-related-content"> <div class="field-label">相关资料: </div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> <div class="view view-reference-views-formatter view-id-reference_views_formatter view-display-id-reference_field_1 news-related-materials view-dom-id-2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <div class="views-field-title"> <span class="field-content"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fieldgroup group-pullquote"> <div class="content"><div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 缅甸政府以断绝援助和限制移动的方式，参与了针对罗兴亚人持续至今的种族清洗行动。该政府必须立即停止侵害行为，并追究加害者的责任，否则，它就必须为国内不断发生的种族和宗教暴力行为负起责任。 </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-type-text field-field-news-pullquote-author"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item odd"> 亚洲部副主任，费尔・罗柏森 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="node-body"><p>（曼谷，2013年4月22日）－人权观察今天发布的最新报告指出，<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/burma">缅甸</a>当局和若开族（Arakanese）组织成员自2012年6月以来在若开邦（Arakan State）针对罗兴亚族（Rohingya）穆斯林进行的种族清洗行动，已触犯危害人类罪。</p> <p>这份153页的报告，题为《你能做的只有祈祷：缅甸若开邦针对罗兴亚穆斯林的危害人类与种族清洗罪行》（‘<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://hrw.org/node/114882">All You Can Do is Pray’: Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State</a>），内容说明在12万5千多名罗兴亚族及其他穆斯林面临的强迫迁徙及持续性人道危机中，缅甸政府和地方当局所扮演的角色。许多缅甸官员、社区领袖和佛教僧侣组织都鼓励若开族人，在政府军的支持下，于2012年10月向穆斯林社区和村庄发动有系统的攻击，意图造成居民恐慌并强迫他们迁走。数万人因此流离失所，无法得到人道援助，有家归不得。</p> <p>人权观察亚洲部副主任费尔・罗柏森(<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/bios/phil-robertson">Phil Robertson</a>)说：“缅甸政府以断绝援助和限制移动的方式，参与了针对罗兴亚人持续至今的种族清洗行动。该政府必须立即停止侵害行为，并追究加害者的责任，否则，它就必须为国内不断发生的种族和宗教暴力行为负起责任。”</p> <p>人权观察说，在2012年6月若开族和罗兴亚族之间的宗派暴力冲突后，政府当局大肆摧毁清真寺，以暴力执行大规模逮捕，并且切断外界对流离失所穆斯林的援助。10月23日，继连续数月以集会和公开言论鼓动种族清洗后，若开族暴民攻击了九个乡镇的穆斯林社区，捣毁村庄并杀害居民，安全部队却做壁上观，甚至出手协助攻击者。部分死者的尸体被集体掩埋，使追究责任难上加难。</p> <p>在6月和10月两波暴乱后，人权观察都曾派员到若开邦进行调查，走访攻击现场和每个主要流离失所者营地，包括非正式的安置点。这份报告依据百馀位罗兴亚或非罗兴亚穆斯林、以及若开族人的访谈记录，其中包括受害者、目击者、以及一些策划或执行暴力行动的人。</p> <p>在若开邦执行任务的各种国家安全部队，包括当地警察、龙腾（Lon Thein）镇暴警察、名为纳萨卡（Nasaka）的内政部边防部队、以及陆军和海军，对于如此重大的灾难，或者未能预防，或者直接参与，全都脫不了干系。有一位穆斯林因为居住的村庄被纵火烧毁而向军队要求保护，军人却对他说：“你能做的只有祈祷保住小命了。”</p> <p>被迫迁移的罗兴亚人告诉人权观察，10月间，当一大群若开族人带著刀剑、土制手枪和汽油弹突袭他们村庄时，安全部队竟袖手旁观，甚至加入他们。有时这种攻击同时发生在距离遥远的不同乡镇。</p> <p>6月迄今共有13个乡镇发生暴力攻击，人权观察取得其中5个乡镇的<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2012/10/27-0">卫星摄像</a>，仅由这批照片即可发现27个<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2012/11/17">遭破坏的区域</a>，被毁的建筑物达4,862栋，占地面积共计248英亩，绝大部分属于穆斯林的私有住宅。</p> <p>最血腥的一次事件发生在10月23日，妙乌镇（Mrauk-U）延泰村（Yan Thei）至少有70名罗兴亚人在延续一整天的屠杀中丧生。即便攻击之前已有预警，却只有少量的镇暴警察、当地警察和士兵被派来执行维安勤务，而且他们收缴罗兴亚人手上的木棍和其他简陋武器，使他们无法自卫，等于协助屠杀行为。遇害者中，包括28名儿童被乱刀砍死，其中13名不到5岁。一名25岁的幸存者告诉人权观察：“士兵们起初说，‘不要轻举妄动，我们会保护你们，我们会保你们活命，’我们大家都相信他们。但他们没有遵守承诺。若开族肆无忌惮地殴打屠杀，安全部队根本没有保护我们。”</p> <p> “10月份，当若开族暴民攻击穆斯林聚居区，安全部队却视若无睹，甚或参与打杀和纵火，”罗伯森说。“六个月过去了，缅甸政府仍然将这些生命财产损失归咎于‘社群暴力’。其实，政府明白事实真相，却迟迟不加以遏止。”</p> <p>人权观察说，在10月的攻击行动前，当地已有大规模组织性活动，号召群众响应。在反罗兴亚活动的组织中，最具影响力的两大群体是当地佛教僧团（僧伽），以及若开民族主义人士于2012年成立、拥有区域性实力的若开民族发展党（Rakhine Nationalities Development Party, RNDP）。在6月到10月之间，这两个组织联合其他团体，散发许多反罗兴亚的小册子和公开声明，明白或暗示地否定罗兴亚族群的存在，将他们妖魔化，并呼吁将他们赶出缅甸，有时使用“种族清洗”的字眼。这些声明经常在公众集会时发表，而从当地到中央的各级政府也都看得一清二楚，但却未引起关注。当地的政府当局、政治人物和僧侣也常藉公开声明或强制力，否认穆斯林享有迁徙自由、就业谋生的机会或进入市场、获取人道主义援助的权利。其目的显然是强迫他们放弃家园、远离当地。</p> <p> “当地政府官员和社区领袖共同以有组织的行动，将穆斯林居民妖魔化、孤立起来，做为暴民血腥攻击的前奏，”罗柏森说。“而且，自从这些流血事件发生以来，中央政府一直袖手旁观，不去惩罚加害者，也不去阻止强迫迁移穆斯林的种族清洗行动。</p> <p>人权观察在若开邦发现四处集体坟场的证据──其中三处出现于6月暴力事件后，另一处则在10月暴力事件后。人权观察指出，安全部队挖掘这些集体坟场，是为了破坏犯罪证据，以避免被追究责任。</p> <p>举例而言，6月13日当天，在若开邦首府实兑（Sittwe）城外的罗兴亚流离失所者营区附近，有一辆属于政府的卡车扔下了18具一丝不挂或半裸的尸体。有些遇难者在处決前被用细绳或塑料绳绑缚。军人故意把这些尸体扔在流离失所的罗兴亚人营区附近，向他们传达一个讯息──遵循种族清洗的政策──即罗兴亚人应该离开别再回来。</p> <p> “他们扔下尸体的地方就在这里，”一名目击弃尸行为的罗兴亚男性说。“其中三具尸体带著枪伤。有些身上有烧伤，有些有刀伤。子弹一发打在额头，另一发在胸口。”</p> <p>若开邦正面临严重的人道主义危机，原因是缅甸政府有系统地阻碍人道主义援助送交给流离失所的罗兴亚人。</p> <p>超过12万5千名罗兴亚族和非罗兴亚族的穆斯林，以及少数的若开族人，自6月就住进了设于若开邦的数座流离失所者营区。虽然登盛总统的政府曾邀请高阶外交代表参访这些流离失所营地，但同时却阻碍人道主义援助有效地送往当地。许多流离失所的穆斯林被迫住在过分拥挤的营区，缺乏适当的粮食、住所、水源、卫生设备、学校和医疗照护。在少部分地区，安全部队为流离失所的穆斯林提供了保护，但一般而言，他们扮演的是监禁者的角色，阻止穆斯林到市场购物、找工作谋生或领取人道主义援助，而这正是许多穆斯林迫切需要的。</p> <p>人权观察指出，若无法在5月雨季来临前移居到地势较高的地方，数万名罗兴亚人将面临各种致命的水媒传染病。</p> <p> “若开邦援助递送的问题，不在于协调困难，而是因为缅甸政府未能发挥领导力，让流离失所的穆斯林获取援助物资，并享有迁徙自由，”罗柏森说。“再过几个星期，当雨季来临时，营区将会淹水，导致水媒传染病流行，而这个人道灾难是完全可以预见，也可以预防的。”</p> <p>人权观察说，政府从未与流离失所的罗兴亚人讨论他们返回原住城镇或村庄的权利，更令人忧虑其长远企图是在隔离这个族群。</p> <p>得不到充分的援助、保护，又面临暴力侵害，迫使成千上万的罗兴亚人从6月开始由海路逃出缅甸，企盼漂流到<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/asia/bangladesh">孟加拉</a>、<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/asia/malaysia">马来西亚</a>或<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/asia/thailand">泰国</a>沿岸，还有几千人显然已准备踵继其后──但至今已有数百人在海上丧生。</p> <p>根据国际法，危害人类罪是指一个政府或组织对于一个平民群体进行广泛性或系统性攻击所构成的犯罪行为。6月以来，针对罗兴亚人的危害人类罪行，包括谋杀、驱逐与强制迁移人口，以及其他迫害。</p> <p> “种族清洗”虽非正式的法律术语，但已被定义为一个族群或宗教团体有计划地藉着暴力或制造恐怖气氛等方式，将另一个族群或宗教团体逐出特定的地域。</p> <p>人权观察指出，罗兴亚人遭到迫害的关键在于1982年《公民权法（Citizenship Law）》基于族群歧视从实质上剥夺了罗兴亚人的公民权利。依据这项法律，由于罗兴亚人不属于八大“国民种族（national races）”之一，他们必须提出祖先在1948年缅甸独立建国前就已定居的“明确证据”，才能取得完整的公民权。但对大部分罗兴亚家庭来说，这是非常困难，甚至不可能的。</p> <p>缅甸政府与社会公然将罗兴亚人视为来自现属孟加拉地区的非法移民，而不属于缅甸“国民种族”之一，拒绝让他们取得完整的公民资格。连政府的官方声明也称他们“孟加拉人”、“所谓的罗兴亚人”或带贬意的“卡喇（kalar）”。</p> <p>人权观察要求缅甸政府紧急修正1982年《公民权法案（Citizenship Act）》，删除其中的种族歧视条文，确保罗兴亚族儿童取得国籍的权利，以免他们沦为无国籍者。</p> <p> “缅甸应当接受独立的国际调查团前往若开邦，调查当地的危害人类罪行，并寻访受害者以提供救济，”罗柏森说。“缅甸的捐助者们必须睁开眼睛，正视罗兴亚人遭遇的苦难，要求缅甸政府立即停止迫害，协助流离失所的穆斯林安全返乡，并追究侵权责任，以终止若开邦继续上演冤冤相报的流血冲突。”</p> </div><div class="translation-links"><div class="label">Also available in:</div> <ul class="translation-list"><li class="node_translation_ar first"><a href="/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2013/04/22" title="بورما – يجب وقف أعمال "التطهير العرقي" التي تُمارس ضد الروهينغيا المسلمين" class="translation-link">العربية</a></li> <li class="node_translation_en"><a href="/web/20130501221008/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/22/burma-end-ethnic-cleansing-rohingya-muslims" title="Burma: End ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of Rohingya Muslims" 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