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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reverse engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sky_2009_card_replacements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sky_2009_card_replacements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sky 2009 card replacements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sky_2009_card_replacements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supported_broadcasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supported_broadcasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Supported broadcasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supported_broadcasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conditional access system for satellite television</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NDS_VideoGuard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/NDS_VideoGuard.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="78" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>VideoGuard</b> (sometimes referred to simply as <i>NDS</i>), produced by <a href="/wiki/NDS_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NDS Group">NDS</a>, is a digital <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> system for use with <a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">conditional access</a> television broadcasting. It is used on digital <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> systems – some of which are operated by <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>, which owned about half (49%) of NDS until its sale to <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> in 2012 (becoming <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Videoscape" title="Cisco Videoscape">Cisco Videoscape</a> division).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2018 VideoGuard is improved and maintained by <a href="/wiki/Synamedia" title="Synamedia">Synamedia</a> (Cisco's spun-off company based on its former Videoscape division). Its two most widely used implementations are <b><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a></b> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <b><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></b> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the former of which launched the digital version of the system in 1998. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the majority of content provided by companies like BSkyB requires subscription, VideoGuard protects that content by encrypting both standard subscription channels and <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> movies and events. Access flags can be downloaded to the subscriber's card either over the air (via 'hidden' data streams) or by using the <a href="/wiki/Set_top_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Set top box">box's</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>, thereby allowing rapid changing of channel packages and ordering of events. </p><p>Already in use in America since 1997, the VideoGuard system was introduced to the UK by NDS in 1998 with the launch of Sky Digital, replacing the <a href="/wiki/VideoCrypt" title="VideoCrypt">VideoCrypt</a> system (also supplied by NDS) in use on Sky's analogue broadcasts. Despite widespread <a href="/wiki/Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">piracy</a> of the US DirecTV service between 1997 and 2002, the implementation in the UK remained secure until 2014 when a BBC investigation revealed that some companies in south London offered pirated Sky TV sold for £10 a month. The BBC report quoted Keith Cottenden, forensic services director at consultants Cy4or, said in February 2014 that there were some areas in the UK where those hacking satellite TV outnumber viewers paying for it legitimately.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various pay-per-view flaws have been identified in the past, related merely to the circuitry of the set-top box (STB), rather than the NDS card. It is suspected that the version initially used by Sky was either insecure or close to being broken, as a software update rolled out to all boxes required replacement of the BSkyB subscriber's viewing card. Even so, wholesale card replacements are rare, currently having occurred just twice during the lifetime of Sky Digital – once in 2002/2003, and again in 2009 (replacements carried out between April and June). </p><p>While most commonly used to protect pay-TV, VideoGuard is also used by numerous non-subscription broadcasters to enforce geographic rights restrictions. VideoGuard has been used by the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 to restrict non-UK viewing, although in recent years these broadcasters have moved to broadcasting FTA on the more geographically restricted footprint of the <a href="/wiki/Astra_2D" title="Astra 2D">Astra 2D</a> satellite which is mainly, although not entirely, focused on the UK and Ireland. In some cases, encryption is still used on some versions of ITV and Channel 4 services where rights issues or a lack of capacity on the Astra 2D satellite are an issue. </p><p>Many broadcasters choose to <i>pair</i> their cards, meaning that a paired (also called "married") card can be used only in a specific broadcaster-supplied STB, or by using the serial number from said receiver with one of the reverse-engineered solutions. In the case of Sky, all cards are <i>married</i> to a particular STB, although almost all non-premium channels will still allow viewing even if the box and card are not paired. Other channels, such as Sky's sports and movie channels, cannot be viewed unless the viewing card is being used in its specifically <i>paired</i> set top box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reverse_engineering">Reverse engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reverse engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VideoGuard is unusual in that legitimate external <a href="/wiki/Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">conditional-access modules</a> are not available, the encryption system instead being built into the hardware and firmware of platform-supplied set-top boxes. However, several groups have managed to reverse-engineer VideoGuard to the point where a legitimate subscriber's card can be utilised in third-party receivers to decrypt those channels which that subscriber is authorised to view. A software CAM emulator exists for the <a href="/wiki/Dreambox" title="Dreambox">Dreambox</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple-Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple-Dragon (page does not exist)">Triple-Dragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-powered satellite receivers, along with the Diablo, Dragon, Giga-Blue and T-Rex conditional-access modules. Some of the reverse-engineered solutions are unable to update the card, meaning the legitimate card needs to be returned to official Sky receiver for a few hours (or overnight) to be refreshed, or programmes will no longer decrypt. An example of a reverse-engineered solution that does support card updates is NDSCam.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sky_2009_card_replacements">Sky 2009 card replacements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sky 2009 card replacements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of late March 2009, BSkyB have begun issuing replacement NDS smartcards. These new cards are believed to close off the current software CAM loophole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supported_broadcasters">Supported broadcasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supported broadcasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other broadcasters than Sky or DirecTV around the world use the VideoGuard system, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrio_Corp." title="Vrio Corp.">DirecTV (Latin America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_(Israel)" title="Hot (Israel)">Hot (Israel)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yes_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes (Israel)">Yes (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(Nordic_television_service)" title="Viasat (Nordic television service)">Viasat</a> (Scandinavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Sky Italia</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Deutschland</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Brazil">Sky Brazil</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Television (New Zealand)">Sky Network Television</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_dth" class="mw-redirect" title="Airtel dth">Airtel DigitalTV</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Sky">Tata Sky</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hathway" title="Hathway">Hathway</a> (<a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a>) (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (television)">Astro</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Smart" title="D-Smart">D-Smart</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalTV" class="mw-redirect" title="TotalTV">TotalTV</a> (Balkan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONO_(Spain)" title="ONO (Spain)">ONO (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Broadband" title="Serbia Broadband">SBB</a> (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KabelBW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KabelBW (page does not exist)">KabelBW</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivacom" title="Vivacom">Vivacom</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_(satellite_television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolce (satellite television)">Dolce</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Telekom_TV" title="Telekom TV">Telekom TV</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Networks_Group_Asia_Pacific" title="Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific">STAR TV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fox_Networks_Group" title="Fox Networks Group">Fox International Channels</a> (Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cignal_Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cignal Digital TV">Cignal Digital TV</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aora" title="Aora">Aora</a> <small>(currently discontinued)</small> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNC_Vision" title="MNC Vision">MNC Vision</a> <small>(formerly known as Indovision, OkeVision, and Top TV)</small> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Romania" title="Orange Romania">Orange Home TV cable</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OTAU_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OTAU TV (page does not exist)">OTAU TV</a> (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="OTE TV">OTE TV</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oi_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oi TV (page does not exist)">Oi TV</a> (Brazil)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=712002">"Cisco Announces Intent to Acquire NDS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cisco+Announces+Intent+to+Acquire+NDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.cisco.com%2Fpress-release-content%3Ftype%3Dwebcontent%26articleId%3D712002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideoGuard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-26052012">Pirated Sky TV sold for £10 a month</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ReadMe.txt from NDSCam ver.0.0.0.7</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synamedia.com/video-solutions/video-security/">Informations on video security products from Synamedia (including VideoGuard)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_encryption_and_digital_rights_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcast_encryption" title="Template:Broadcast encryption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcast_encryption" title="Template talk:Broadcast encryption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcast_encryption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcast encryption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_encryption_and_digital_rights_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_encryption" title="Broadcast encryption">Broadcast encryption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">Conditional access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CableCARD" title="CableCARD">CableCARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_access" title="Conditional access">Conditional access system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_security" title="Renewable security">Renewable security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Interface" title="Common Interface">Common Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Scrambling_Algorithm" title="Common Scrambling Algorithm">CSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional-access_module" title="Conditional-access module">Conditional-access module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">DVB-CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">FTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">Syndication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Interoperable_Scrambling_System" title="Basic Interoperable Scrambling System">BISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Videoscape" title="Cisco Videoscape">Cisco Videoscape</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">VideoGuard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conax" title="Conax">Conax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoworks" title="Cryptoworks">Irdeto Cryptoworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiCipher_2" title="DigiCipher 2">Digicipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection" title="High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection">HDCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyFly" title="KeyFly">KeyFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagravision" title="Nagravision">Nagravision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVu" title="PowerVu">PowerVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Asset_Specification" title="Reusable Asset Specification">RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagra_France" title="Nagra France">SECA</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediaguard" title="Mediaguard">Mediaguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verimatrix" title="Verimatrix">Verimatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaccess" title="Viaccess">Viaccess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital video disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System" title="Advanced Access Content System">Advanced Access Content System</a> (AACS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD%2B" title="BD+">BD+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_domain" title="Authorized domain">Authorized domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-CAS" title="B-CAS">B-CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_sharing" title="Card sharing">Card sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTA_receiver" title="FTA receiver">FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_decryption" title="Pirate decryption">Pirate decryption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analogue broadcast</a> encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroCrypt" title="EuroCrypt">EuroCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitch_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitch Technology">Leitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Industries" title="Oak Industries">Oak Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocipher" title="Videocipher">Videocipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCrypt" title="VideoCrypt">VideoCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&oldid=1246574691">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VideoGuard&oldid=1246574691</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_television" title="Category:Digital television">Digital television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conditional-access_television_broadcasting" title="Category:Conditional-access television broadcasting">Conditional-access television broadcasting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_introductions" title="Category:1997 introductions">1997 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications-related_introductions_in_1997" title="Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997">Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audiovisual_introductions_in_1997" title="Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1997">Audiovisual introductions in 1997</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer 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