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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1836–1942 daily newspaper published in Pennsylvania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250428316">.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-newspaper"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Public Ledger</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Publicledger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Publicledger.png/300px-Publicledger.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Publicledger.png/450px-Publicledger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Publicledger.png/600px-Publicledger.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="461" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The newspaper's first edition on March 25, 1836</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Daily <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data">Broadsheet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Moseley_Swain" title="William Moseley Swain">William Moseley Swain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunah_Shepherdson_Abell" title="Arunah Shepherdson Abell">Arunah S. Abell</a>, Azariah H. Simmons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 25, 1836<span class="noprint">; 188 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1836-03-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ceased publication</span></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1942<span class="noprint">; 82 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1942-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Public Ledger</b></i> was a daily <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, published from March 25, 1836, to January 1942. Its motto was "Virtue, Liberty, and Independence". It was Philadelphia's most widely-circulated newspaper for a period, but its circulation began declining in the mid-1930s. The newspaper also operated a <a href="/wiki/Print_syndication" title="Print syndication">syndicate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ledger_Syndicate" title="Ledger Syndicate">Ledger Syndicate</a>, from 1915 until 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Public_Ledger_Building_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>The Public Ledger Building at 6th and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut</a> Streets in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City Philadelphia</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/John_McArthur_Jr." title="John McArthur Jr.">John McArthur Jr.</a>, built in 1867, and demolished in 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg/220px-Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg/330px-Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg/440px-Public_Ledger_Press_Room_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The press room of the <i>Public Ledger</i> in 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Public Ledger</i> was founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Moseley_Swain" title="William Moseley Swain">William Moseley Swain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunah_Shepherdson_Abell" title="Arunah Shepherdson Abell">Arunah S. Abell</a>, and Azariah H. Simmons, and edited by Swain. It was the first penny paper in Philadelphia. At the time, most newspapers sold for five cents (equal to $1.39 today) or more, a relatively high price which limited their appeal to readers who were reasonably well-off. </p><p>Swain and Abell drew on the success of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i>, one of the first penny papers and decided to use a one cent cover price to appeal to a broad audience. They mimicked the <i>Herald's</i> use of bold headlines to draw sales. The formula was a success and the <i>Public Ledger</i> posted a circulation of 15,000 in 1840, growing to 40,000 a decade later. To put this into perspective, the entire circulation of all newspapers in Philadelphia was estimated at only 8,000 when the <i>Public Ledger</i> was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Public Ledger</i> favored the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>, and in 1838 its office was threatened by a pro-slavery mob, two days after the same pro-slavery group burned down the new <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-post2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Public Ledger</i> was a technological innovator as well. It was the first daily to make use of a <a href="/wiki/Pony_express_(newspapers)" title="Pony express (newspapers)">pony express</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and among the first papers to use the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic telegraph">electromagnetic telegraph</a>. From 1846, it was printed on the first <a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">rotary printing press</a>. </p><p>By the early 1860s, <i>The Ledger</i> was a money-losing operation, squeezed by rising paper and printing costs. It had lost circulation by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperhead Policy</a> of opposing the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and advocating an immediate peace settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. Most readers in Philadelphia at the time supported the <a href="/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (Civil War)">Union</a>, although there was a strong contingent of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> sympathizers and families with ties to the South, since many Southerners maintained second homes in Philadelphia and sent their daughters to finishing schools there. </p><p>In the face of declining circulation, publishers were reluctant to increase the one-cent subscription cost, although it was needed to cover the costs of production.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1864, the paper was sold to <a href="/wiki/George_William_Childs" title="George William Childs">George William Childs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Drexel" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony J. Drexel">Anthony J. Drexel</a> for a reported $20,000 (equal to $389,617 today).<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After acquiring the <i>Public Ledger</i>, Childs changed the newspaper's policies and operations. He changed the editorial policy to support the Union, raised advertising rates, and doubled the cover price to two cents. After an initial drop, circulation rebounded and the paper resumed profitability. Childs was closely involved in all operations of the paper, from the press room to the composing room. He intentionally upgraded the quality of advertisements appearing in the publication to suit a higher-end readership. </p><p>Childs's efforts bore fruit and the <i>Public Ledger</i> became one of the most influential journals in the country. Circulation growth led the firm to outgrow its facilities; in 1866 Childs bought property at Sixth and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Streets</a> in Philadelphia, where the Public Ledger Building was constructed. Designed by <a href="/wiki/John_McArthur_Jr." title="John McArthur Jr.">John McArthur Jr.</a>, the building had at its corner a larger-than-life-sized statue of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Bailly" title="Joseph A. Bailly">Joseph A. Bailly</a> (1825–1883), which Childs had commissioned. </p><p>The quality and profitability of the <i>Ledger</i> improved dramatically. By 1894, <i>The New York Times</i> described it as "...the finest newspaper office in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the end of Child's leadership, the <i>Ledger</i> was estimated to generate profits of approximately $500,000 per year. </p><p>In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> mocked the <i>Ledger</i> for its rhyming obituaries, in a piece entitled "Post-Mortem Poetry",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his column for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Galaxy_(magazine)" title="The Galaxy (magazine)">The Galaxy</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is an element about some poetry which is able to make even physical suffering and death cheerful things to contemplate and consummations to be desired.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg/220px-Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg/330px-Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg/440px-Public_Ledger_Building_from_northeast_at_twilight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>The Public Ledger Building in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Ochs" title="Adolph Ochs">Adolph Ochs</a>, owner of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,</i> bought the paper from George W. Childs Drexel for a reported $2.25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He merged it with the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Times">Philadelphia Times</a></i> (which he had bought the previous year), and installed his brother <a href="/wiki/George_Oakes_(journalist)" title="George Oakes (journalist)">George Oakes</a> as editor. Oakes served as editor until 1914, two years after Curtis bought the publication. </p><p>In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_H._K._Curtis" title="Cyrus H. K. Curtis">Cyrus H. K. Curtis</a> purchased the paper from Ochs for $2 million and hired his step son-in-law <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Martin" title="John Charles Martin">John Charles Martin</a> as editor.<sup id="cite_ref-curtis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curtis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtis also owned <i><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i>. His intention was to establish the <i>Public Ledger</i> as Philadelphia's premier newspaper, which he achieved by buying and closing competing newspapers in the city at the time, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Evening_Telegraph" title="Philadelphia Evening Telegraph">Philadelphia Evening Telegraph</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_North_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia North American">Philadelphia North American</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Press" title="The Philadelphia Press">The Philadelphia Press</a></i>. </p><p>In 1900, Philadelphia had 13 newspapers. </p><p>Under Curtis' ownership, the <i>Public Ledger</i> had a conservative aesthetic appearance. It avoided bold headlines and seldom printed photographs on its front page. Its conservative format has been compared to the contemporary present style of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis built the <i>Public Ledger</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> foreign news service and syndicated it to other papers through the <a href="/wiki/Ledger_Syndicate" title="Ledger Syndicate">Ledger Syndicate</a>. </p><p>From 1918 through 1921, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> was on the newspaper's staff as an editorial contributor. In 1914, seeking to broaden its market and compete against <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Bulletin" title="Philadelphia Bulletin">The Evening Bulletin</a></i>, Curtis began publishing the <i>Evening Public Ledger</i>, a bolder paper designed to appeal to a broader public. </p><p>The <i>Public Ledger</i> suffered by competition from <i>The Evening Bulletin</i>, an ascendant newspaper published by William L. McLean, which grew from 12 pages in 1900 to 28 pages in 1920, and from circulation of 6,000 to a leadership position of over 500,000 readers in the same time. The <i>Bulletin's</i> bolder and more commercial approach attracted additional advertising, which in turn drew more readers. Advertising, which comprised only one-third of the <i>Bulletin</i> in 1900, grew to nearly three-fourths of its pages in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the circulation at the <i>Public Ledger</i> stagnated. </p><p>In 1924, Curtis built a new Public Ledger Building on the same site as its prior building, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Trumbauer" title="Horace Trumbauer">Horace Trumbauer</a> and built in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian Revival</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-philarch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philarch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philarchmit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philarchmit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1920s and prior to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <i>Public Ledger</i> was profitable. But with the Great Depression's onset, circulation fell in half and profits disappeared. Some observers criticized the newspaper for an indistinct editorial policy, which they contend may have alienated readers. On the one hand, it endorsed reform politicians; on the other hand, the newspaper was decidedly anti-labor. The newspaper ran anti-union advertisements during the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America</a> strike, and ran no advertisements supporting the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, despite the circulation slump caused by the Great Depression, Curtis expanded by buying <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> for $18 million, but he did not consolidate the two newspapers. When he died in 1933, Cutis was estimated to have lost $30 million on his newspaper ventures, with little to show for the investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, the <i>Public Ledger</i> was absorbed into the <i>Inquirer,</i> and management was assumed by John C. Martin, son-in-law of Curtis' second wife. Martin became general manager of Curtis-Martin Newspapers. </p><p>On April 16, 1934, the morning and Sunday editions were merged into <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, which were also owned by Curtis' heirs. The <i>Evening Public Ledger</i> continued to be published independently. </p><p>In 1939, John Martin was forced out of the management of the <i>Evening Ledger</i>, and control was assumed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cary_W._Bok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cary W. Bok (page does not exist)">Cary W. Bok</a>, Curtis's younger grandson. Bok spent two years unsuccessfully trying to make the newspaper profitable. In 1941, the <i>Evening Public Ledger</i> was sold to Robert Cresswell, formerly of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i>. Mounting debts led to a court-ordered liquidation of the newspaper, which ceased publication in January 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion"_and_Bolshevism"><span id=".22The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion.22_and_Bolshevism"></span>"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and Bolshevism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and Bolshevism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 27 and October 28, 1919, the <i>Public Ledger</i> published excerpts from the first English-language translation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>.</i> The article was headlined "Red Bible", and the newspaper published the excerpts from <i>The Protocols</i>, a text proposing the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> plot to take over the world, After removing all references to the purported Jewish authorship of it, <i>The Protocols</i> was recast as a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevist">Bolshevist</a> manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_W._Ackerman" title="Carl W. Ackerman">Carl W. Ackerman</a>, who wrote the articles, was later appointed head of the journalism department at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, a <i>Public Ledger</i> reporter, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Renfro_Knickerbocker" title="Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker">Hubert Renfro Knickerbocker</a>, was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for a series of articles he authored on the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five Year Plan</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editors">Editors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Cook" title="Joel Cook">Joel Cook</a></li> <li>William M. Swain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fry" title="William Henry Fry">William Henry Fry</a> (1844–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Oakes_(journalist)" title="George Oakes (journalist)">George Oakes</a></li> <li>Randolph Marshall (1918)</li> <li>Charles Munro Morrison (1930–1939, 1941)</li> <li>John McLaughlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Maxwell" title="Tiny Maxwell">Tiny Maxwell</a></li> <li>John Dwyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Chambers_(editor)" title="James S. Chambers (editor)">John Chambers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Sykes" title="Charles Henry Sykes">Charles Henry Sykes</a>, <i>Evening Ledger</i> cartoonist from 1914 to 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robins" title="Edward Robins">Edward Robins</a>, Dramatic and Music editor from 1884 to 1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_newspapers_of_the_United_States" title="List of defunct newspapers of the United States">List of defunct newspapers of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRottenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Rottenberg, Dan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL-BpElFOVwC&q=public+ledger+swain&pg=PA73"><i>The Man Who Made Wall Street</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812219661" title="Special:BookSources/9780812219661"><bdi>9780812219661</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Made+Wall+Street&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780812219661&rft.aulast=Rottenberg&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZL-BpElFOVwC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bledger%2Bswain%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-post2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-post2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42083575/burning_of_pennsylvania_hall/">"(Untitled)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">The Evening Post</a> (New York, New York)</i>. May 22, 1838. p. 2 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Post+%28New+York%2C+New+York%29&rft.atitle=%28Untitled%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1838-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F42083575%2Fburning_of_pennsylvania_hall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_3_Feb.,_1894_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times, 3 Feb., 1894</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1">Brown, John Howard (1997). <i>The Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Comprising The Men And Women Of The United States Who Have Been Identified With The Growth Of The Nation</i>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2316-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2316-3"><bdi>0-8078-2316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography%3A+Comprising+The+Men+And+Women+Of+The+United+States+Who+Have+Been+Identified+With+The+Growth+Of+The+Nation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8078-2316-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Galaxy/187006f.html">"Post-Mortem Poetry"</a>. Twainquotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Mortem+Poetry&rft.pub=Twainquotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twainquotes.com%2FGalaxy%2F187006f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHoogenboom,_Ari1973" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Philip; <a href="/wiki/Hoogenboom,_Ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoogenboom, Ari">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AB24rFZOmzcC&q=public+ledger+ochs&pg=PA545"><i>A History of Pennsylvania</i></a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271038391" title="Special:BookSources/9780271038391"><bdi>9780271038391</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780271038391&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Hoogenboom%2C+Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAB24rFZOmzcC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bledger%2Bochs%26pg%3DPA545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curtis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curtis_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1930" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (17 March 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023173441/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738833-1,00.html">"Again, Curtis-Martin"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738833-1,00.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Again%2C+Curtis-Martin&rft.date=1930-03-17&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C738833-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middle-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middle_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepp2003" class="citation book cs1">Hepp, John Henry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD6Fhx_db7MC&q=%22public+ledger%22+philadelphia&pg=PA130"><i>The Middle Class City</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812237238" title="Special:BookSources/9780812237238"><bdi>9780812237238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Class+City&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780812237238&rft.aulast=Hepp&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD6Fhx_db7MC%26q%3D%2522public%2Bledger%2522%2Bphiladelphia%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philarch-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philarch_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallery2004" class="citation cs2">Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), <i>Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City</i> (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0962290815" title="Special:BookSources/0962290815"><bdi>0962290815</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Architecture%3A+A+Guide+to+the+City&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Architecture&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0962290815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span>, p.101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philarchmit-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philarchmit_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitelmanLongstreth1981" class="citation cs2">Teitelman, Edward & Longstreth, Richard W. (1981), <i>Architecture in Philadelphia: A Guide</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262700212" title="Special:BookSources/0262700212"><bdi>0262700212</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Philadelphia%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0262700212&rft.aulast=Teitelman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Longstreth%2C+Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span>, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein p 546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (1997). <i>Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925-1950</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press">UNC Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2316-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2316-3"><bdi>0-8078-2316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoods+and+Shirts%3A+The+Extreme+Right+in+Pennsylvania%2C+1925-1950&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8078-2316-3&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanElizabeth_C._Clarage1999" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Elizabeth A; Elizabeth C. Clarage (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63nvmt4HqTEC&q=pulitzer+prize+pittsburgh+dispatch&pg=PA560"><i>Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573561112" title="Special:BookSources/9781573561112"><bdi>9781573561112</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+of+Pulitzer+Prize+winners&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781573561112&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A&rft.au=Elizabeth+C.+Clarage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63nvmt4HqTEC%26q%3Dpulitzer%2Bprize%2Bpittsburgh%2Bdispatch%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerErika_J._Fischer1987" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich; Erika J. Fischer (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0-qpyA3NXAC&q=pulitzer+prize+public+ledger&pg=RA1-PA68"><i>The Pulitzer Prize archive: a history and anthology of award-winning materials in journalism, letters, and arts</i></a>. Munich: Walter de Gruyter. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783598301704" title="Special:BookSources/9783598301704"><bdi>9783598301704</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pulitzer+Prize+archive%3A+a+history+and+anthology+of+award-winning+materials+in+journalism%2C+letters%2C+and+arts&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783598301704&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Dietrich&rft.au=Erika+J.+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0-qpyA3NXAC%26q%3Dpulitzer%2Bprize%2Bpublic%2Bledger%26pg%3DRA1-PA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public Ledger (Philadelphia)">Public Ledger (Philadelphia)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.library.villanova.edu/history-sociology/2009/03/10/philadelphias-public-ledger-now-available-via-americas-historical-newspapers/">University of Villanova</a>: Falvey Library: Philadelphia's <i>Public Ledger</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=1261">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a>: Document: Excerpts from the <i>Public Ledger</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Cyclopædia of American Biography/Muckle, Mark Richards"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Muckle,_Mark_Richards">"Muckle, Mark Richards" </a></span>. <i>The Cyclopædia of American Biography</i>. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muckle%2C+Mark+Richards&rft.btitle=The+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+Ledger+%28Philadelphia%29" class="Z3988"></span> Muckle was business manager of the <i>Public Ledger</i> about 50 years</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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K. Curtis">Cyrus H. K. Curtis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Company" title="Curtis Publishing Company">Curtis<br />Publishing<br />Company</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines<br />(years published by Curtis)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tribune and Farmer</i> (1879–84?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a></i> (1883–1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> (1898–1969, 1971–82)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Gentleman" title="The Country Gentleman">The Country Gentleman</a></i> (1911–55)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(magazine)" title="Jack and Jill (magazine)">Jack & Jill</a></i> (1938–69)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)" title="Holiday (magazine)">Holiday</a></i> (1946–77)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Home" title="The American Home">The American Home</a></i> (1958–68)</li> <li><i>Bride to Be</i></li> <li><i>Status</i> (?–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comic books (<a href="/wiki/Novelty_Press" title="Novelty Press">Novelty Press</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Bolt" title="Blue Bolt">Blue Bolt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_and_the_Targeteers" title="Target and the Targeteers">Target and the Targeteers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Market research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Analysts" title="National Analysts">National Analysts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Horace_Lorimer" title="George Horace Lorimer">George Horace Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Knapp_Curtis" title="Louisa Knapp Curtis">Louisa Knapp Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bok" title="Edward Bok">Edward William Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Curtis_Bok_Zimbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist">Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hibbs" title="Ben Hibbs">Ben Hibbs</a></li> <li>Ada Campbell Rose</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Curtis–Martin<br />Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Public Ledger</i></a> (1913–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> (1930–34)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Martin" title="John Charles Martin">John Charles Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distribution / syndication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Circulation" title="Curtis Circulation">Curtis Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledger_Syndicate" title="Ledger Syndicate">Ledger Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hall_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis Hall Arboretum">Curtis Hall Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_Tower_Gardens" title="Bok Tower Gardens">Bok Tower Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Organ" title="Curtis Organ">Curtis Organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lyndonia_(SP-734)" title="USS Lyndonia (SP-734)">The Lyndonia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. 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