Schizophrenia | Psychology Today Singapore

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Individuals afflicted with this thought disorder experience hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and are prone to false and paranoid beliefs. These and other symptoms often render the individual fearful, withdrawn, or difficult to interact with." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/conditions/schizophrenia" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Psychology Today" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/conditions/schizophrenia" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Schizophrenia" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental illness that impairs a person's thoughts and behavior, and if left untreated, can include psychosis. Schizophrenia is a disabling mental illness that affects more than 1 percent of the world's population. Individuals afflicted with this thought disorder experience hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and are prone to false and paranoid beliefs. 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</div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper block" id="block-breadcrumbsblock-2"> <div class="breadcrumbs container"> <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions">Conditions</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions#psychosisschizophrenia-spectrum-disorders">Psychosis/Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail">Schizophrenia</span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="outer-layout-container"> <main class="layout-content layout-container" > <div class="layout-content-full"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container--grid layout-container--primary-left-rail--single"> <div class="layout-content-main"> <div> <div id="block-pt-content" class="block">     <article data-history-node-id="15633" role="article" class="basics-full"> <div class="content-header d-flex reference-header"> <div class="content-header--text"> <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Schizophrenia</h1> <p class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/sg/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="reference__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p>Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic mental illness that impairs a person's thoughts and behavior, and if left untreated, can include psychosis. </p> <p>Schizophrenia is a disabling mental illness that affects more than 1 percent of the world's population. Individuals afflicted with this thought disorder experience hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and are prone to false and paranoid beliefs. These and other symptoms often render the individual fearful, withdrawn, or difficult to interact with. </p> <p>Schizophrenia afflicts men and women in equal numbers and is found at similar rates in all ethnic groups around the world. The symptom presentation and age of onset do differ between the sexes, however. Men present with more negative symptoms (see below) and become symptomatic at a younger age. The peak age for onset in men is between ages 21 and 25. Women are more likely to be diagnosed between ages 25 and 30, and again after age 45. In women with late-onset, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/hormones" title="Psychology Today looks at hormonal" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">hormonal</a> changes associated with <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/menopause" title="Psychology Today looks at perimenopause" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">perimenopause</a> or menopause are thought to be a contributing factor but the mechanism is unclear and has been a source of debate within the field of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychiatry" title="Psychology Today looks at psychiatry" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">psychiatry</a>. </p> <p>Schizophrenia rarely occurs in children, but awareness of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/child-development" title="Psychology Today looks at childhood" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">childhood</a>-onset schizophrenia is increasing. It can be difficult to diagnose schizophrenia in teens because the first signs of the illness can include withdrawal from friends, a drop in grades, sleep problems, and irritability—common adolescent behaviors. The period prior to acute onset is known as the prodromal period and often includes withdrawing from others and an increase in unusual thoughts and suspicions. It is critical to seek a professional opinion if a prodromal period is suspected because early intervention (prior to or just following a first <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychosis" title="Psychology Today looks at psychotic episode" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">psychotic episode</a>) can greatly minimize symptoms and alter the course of the disease, leading to much higher lifetime functioning.</p> <p>Schizophrenia is typically a chronic condition and people with this diagnosis cope with symptoms throughout life. However, many people with schizophrenia lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="table-of-contents border-top"> <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4> <ul> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#symptoms"> Symptoms </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#causes"> Causes </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#treatment"> Treatment </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="symptoms" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="h2 section-title" itemprop="name"> Symptoms </div> <div class="section__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>The symptoms of schizophrenia are classified by the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dsm" title="Psychology Today looks at DSM-5" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">DSM-5</a> as positive and negative, each of which includes a suite of behaviors. There may also be cognitive symptoms, which are harder to detect because functioning is already impaired. For a diagnosis to be made, acute symptoms must be present for a one-month period, and continuous signs of a disturbance must be present for at least six months. Despite the severity of their symptoms, many people diagnosed with schizophrenia are unaware that they have an illness.</p> <p><strong>Positive Symptoms</strong></p> <p>Positive symptoms refer to the presence of psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people. People with positive symptoms often "lose touch" with reality. Positive symptoms include the following:</p> <ul><li><em>Hallucinations</em> such as hearing voices are common in schizophrenia. Other types of hallucinations include seeing people or objects that are not there, smelling odors that no one else detects, and feeling things like invisible fingers touching the body.</li> <li><em>Delusions</em><strong> </strong>are false beliefs that persist even after other people demonstrate that the beliefs are not true or logical. People with schizophrenia can have delusions that seem bizarre, such as believing that neighbors can control their behavior with magnetic waves. Sometimes they believe they are someone else, such as a famous historical figure. They may have paranoid delusions and believe that others are trying to harm them.</li> <li><em>Thought disorders</em> are unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking. One form of a thought disorder is called "disorganized thinking." This is when a person has trouble organizing his or her thoughts or connecting them logically. They may talk in a confusing way that is hard to understand. Another form is called "thought blocking." This is when a person stops speaking abruptly in the middle of a thought. When asked why he or she stopped talking, the person may say that it felt as if the thought had been taken out of his or her head. A person with this symptom might make up meaningless words or neologisms.</li> <li><em>Movement disorders</em> may appear as agitated body movements. A person with a movement disorder may repeat certain motions over and over. In the other extreme, a person may become catatonic. Catatonia is a state in which a person does not move and does not respond to others. Catatonia is rare today, but it was more common when treatment for schizophrenia was not available.</li> </ul><p><strong>Negative Symptoms</strong></p> <p>Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors. These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/depression" title="Psychology Today looks at depression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">depression</a> or other conditions. These symptoms include the following:</p> <ul><li>Flat affect (a person's face does not move or they talk in a dull or monotonous voice)</li> <li>Lack of pleasure in everyday life</li> <li>Lack of ability to begin and sustain planned activities</li> <li>Speaking little, even when forced to interact</li> </ul><p>People with negative symptoms need help with everyday tasks. They often neglect basic personal hygiene. This may make them seem lazy or unwilling to help themselves, but the problems are symptoms caused by the disorder.</p> <p><strong>Cognitive Symptoms</strong></p> <p>Cognitive deficits are commonly present in people with schizophrenia, but they may be difficult to recognize as part of the disorder. Often, they are detected only when other tests are performed. Cognitive symptoms include the following:</p> <ul><li>Poor <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/executive-function" title="Psychology Today looks at executive functioning" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">executive functioning</a> (the ability to understand information and use it to make decisions)</li> <li>Trouble focusing or paying <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/attention" title="Psychology Today looks at attention" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">attention</a></li> <li>Problems with working <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/memory" title="Psychology Today looks at memory" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">memory</a> (the ability to use information immediately after learning it)</li> <li>Slower processing speed</li> </ul><p>Cognitive symptoms often make it hard to lead a normal life and earn a living. They can cause a great deal of emotional distress. Additionally, the people around an individual with schizophrenia may not realize cognitive deficits are present, so they become easily frustrated when the individual is increasingly confused or forgetful. </p> <p>In previous versions of the DSM, schizophrenia was categorized into the following subtypes: paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types. In the DSM-5, schizophrenia is instead evaluated based on severity. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How does schizophrenia affect families? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Schizophrenia takes an enormous toll on afflicted families. Many people with schizophrenia have difficulty maintaining a job or living independently, though it is important to recognize that treatment, especially at the onset of symptoms, allows individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia to lead meaningful, productive lives.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Are people with schizophrenia dangerous? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>No. While people with schizophrenia may display hostility or <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/anger" title="Psychology Today looks at aggression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">aggression</a>, it should be noted that the vast majority of people with schizophrenia are not aggressive and pose much more danger to themselves than to others.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="causes" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="h2 section-title" itemprop="name"> Causes </div> <div class="section__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Experts think schizophrenia is caused by several factors.</p> <p><em><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/genetics" title="Psychology Today looks at Genes" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">Genes</a> and Environment:</em> Scientists have long known that schizophrenia runs in families. The illness occurs in approximately 1 percent of the general population, but it occurs in 10 percent of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder, such as a parent, brother, or sister. People who have second-degree relatives (aunts, uncles, grandparents, or cousins) with the disease also develop schizophrenia more often than the general population. The risk is highest for an identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. This individual has about a 50 percent chance of developing the disorder.</p> <p>Schizophrenia is highly polygenic, meaning it is caused by many different genes, none of which alone is sufficient to produce the outcome. Behavioral geneticists believe that a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia is on the horizon, especially for outlier cases, meaning those at the highest risk of developing the disorder. </p> <p>However, environmental factors are also in play, including exposure to viruses or malnutrition before birth, problems during birth, and other not yet known factors.</p> <p><em>Drug Use: </em>Research has suggested that using drugs during the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/adolescence" title="Psychology Today looks at teen" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">teen</a> years and young adulthood can increase the risk of schizophrenia. A growing body of evidence also indicates that <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/smoking" title="Psychology Today looks at smoking" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">smoking</a> marijuana increases the risk of experiencing psychosis, though this may occur only in those already at high risk due to genetic factors. The younger and more frequent the use, the greater the risk of having a <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychosis" title="Psychology Today looks at psychotic episode" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">psychotic episode</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="treatment" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="h2 section-title" itemprop="name"> Treatment </div> <div class="section__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Treatment for schizophrenia focuses on eliminating the symptoms of the disease. Treatments include antipsychotic medications and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at psychotherapy" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">psychotherapy</a>.</p> <p><strong>Hospitalization</strong></p> <p>Hospitalization may be necessary during the acute phase of the illness if a person presents a danger to himself or others, or is unable to care for himself. Hospitalization is often recommended to ensure that the person takes the necessary medication. </p> <p><strong>Medication</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychopharmacology" title="Psychology Today looks at Antipsychotics" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">Antipsychotics</a> have greatly improved the outlook for individual patients as they reduce psychotic symptoms and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Antipsychotic drugs are currently the best treatment available, but they do not cure schizophrenia or ensure that there will be no further psychotic episodes.</p> <p>People with schizophrenia may be treated with first-generation or second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics. Second-generation medications are generally preferred by clinicians and patients because they have a lower risk of serious side effects.</p> <p>Anti-psychotic drugs are often very effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly hallucinations and delusions. They are typically not as helpful, however, with negative symptoms, such as reduced <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/motivation" title="Psychology Today looks at motivation" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">motivation</a> and emotional expressiveness. Older antipsychotics (neuroleptics) such as haloperidol or chlorpromazine may produce side effects that resemble symptoms that are more difficult to treat, such as dullness and movement disorders. Often, lowering the dose or switching to a different medicine may reduce these side effects. The newer medicines, including olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and paliperidone appear less likely to have this problem. Sometimes when people with the illness become depressed, other symptoms can appear to worsen. The symptoms may improve with the addition of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/ssris" title="Psychology Today looks at antidepressant" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">antidepressant</a> medication.</p> <p><strong>Response to Medication</strong></p> <p>Antipsychotics are usually in pill or liquid form. Some antipsychotics are in an injectable form that is given once or twice a month.</p> <p>Symptoms of schizophrenia, such as feeling agitated and having hallucinations, usually go away within days. Symptoms like delusions usually go away within a few weeks. After about six weeks, many people will see significant improvement.</p> <p><strong>Side Effects of Medication</strong></p> <p>Antipsychotic drugs have many unwanted side effects. Side effects include drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms, dry mouth, tremor, blurred vision, rapid heartbeat, sun sensitivity, skin rashes, or menstrual problems for women. Atypical antipsychotic medications can cause major weight gain and changes in a person's metabolism. This may increase a person's risk of getting diabetes and high cholesterol. A person's weight, glucose levels, and lipid levels should be monitored regularly by a doctor while taking an atypical antipsychotic medication. Typical antipsychotic medications can cause side effects related to physical movements, such as rigidity, persistent muscle spasms, tremors, or restlessness. Most side effects go away after a few days and often can be managed successfully by adjusting the dosage or by using other medications. </p> <p>One long-term side effect may pose a more serious problem. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder characterized by involuntary movements most often affecting the mouth, lips, and tongue, and sometimes other parts of the body. TD is less common among those who use atypical antipsychotics, but some people may still get TD. People who think that they might have TD should check with their doctor before stopping their medication.</p> <p><strong>Psychotherapeutic Treatment</strong></p> <p>Therapeutic treatments can help people with schizophrenia who are already stabilized on antipsychotic medication. These treatments help people deal with the everyday challenges of their illness, such as difficulty with communication, self-care, work, and forming and keeping relationships. Learning and using coping mechanisms to address these problems allows people with schizophrenia to socialize and attend school and work.</p> <p>Patients who receive regular treatment also are more likely to keep taking their medication, and they are less likely to have relapsed or be hospitalized. A therapist can help patients better understand and adjust to living with schizophrenia. The therapist can provide <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/education" title="Psychology Today looks at education" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">education</a> about the disorder, common symptoms or problems patients may experience, and the importance of staying on medications.</p> <p><strong>Illness <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/leadership" title="Psychology Today looks at Management" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">Management</a> Skills</strong></p> <p>People with schizophrenia can take an active role in managing their own illness. Once patients learn basic facts about schizophrenia and its treatment, they can make informed decisions about their care. If they know how to watch for the early warning signs of relapse and make a plan to respond, patients can learn to prevent <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/relapse" title="Psychology Today looks at relapses" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">relapses</a>. Patients can also use coping skills to deal with persistent symptoms.</p> <p><strong>Integrated Treatment for Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder</strong></p> <p>Substance use disorder is the most common co-occurring disorder in people with schizophrenia. Many treatment programs, however, do not address the specific needs of people with schizophrenia. </p> <p><strong>Rehabilitation</strong></p> <p>Rehabilitation includes a wide array of non-medical interventions emphasizing social and vocational training to help patients and former patients overcome difficulties. Because schizophrenia usually develops in people during the critical <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/career" title="Psychology Today looks at career" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">career</a>-forming years of life (ages 18 to 35), and because the disease makes normal thinking and functioning difficult, most patients do not receive training in the skills needed for a job. Rehabilitation programs work well when they include both job training and specific therapy designed to improve cognitive or thinking skills. Programs may include vocational counseling, job training, problem-solving, money management skills, use of public transportation, and social skills training. Programs like this help patients hold jobs, remember important details, and improve their daily functioning.</p> <p><strong>Individual Psychotherapy</strong></p> <p>Individual psychotherapy involves regularly scheduled talks between the patient and a mental health professional. The sessions may focus on current or past problems, experiences, thoughts, feelings, or relationships. A positive relationship with a therapist gives the patient a reliable source of information, sympathy, encouragement, and hope, all of which are essential for managing the disease. The therapist can help patients better understand and adjust to living with schizophrenia by educating them about the causes, symptoms, or problems they may be having. However, psychotherapy is not a substitute for antipsychotic medication.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at Cognitive Behavioral" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">Cognitive Behavioral</a> Therapy</strong></p> <p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia helps people test the reality of their thoughts and perceptions, including how to "not listen" to their voices, and how to manage their symptoms overall. CBT can help reduce the severity of symptoms and reduce the risk of relapse.</p> <p><strong>Family Education</strong></p> <p>People with schizophrenia are often discharged from the hospital into the care of their family, so it is important that family members understand the difficulties associated with the illness. With the help of a therapist, they can learn ways to minimize the person's chance of relapse by having an arsenal of coping strategies and problem-solving skills to support their ill relative. In this way, the family can help make sure their loved one sticks with treatment and stays on his or her medication. Additionally, families should learn where to find outpatient and family services.</p> <p><strong>Mutual-Support Groups</strong></p> <p>Mutual support groups for people with schizophrenia and their families are becoming increasingly common. Although not led by a professional therapist, these groups may be therapeutic because members provide continuing support as well as comfort in knowing that they are not alone. These <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/self-help" title="Psychology Today looks at self-help" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">self-help</a> groups may also serve other important functions. Families working together can more effectively serve as advocates for research and more hospital and community treatment programs. Also, groups may be able to draw public attention to the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/bias" title="Psychology Today looks at discrimination" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">discrimination</a> many people with mental illnesses face.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Are people with schizophrenia at risk for <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/suicide" title="Psychology Today looks at suicide" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">suicide</a>? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>People with schizophrenia are indeed at high risk for suicide: Some 5-6 percent of people with schizophrenia die by suicide and 20 percent attempt suicide at least once. Seeking help for this treatable condition is particularly important to minimize the risk of suicide. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Can people with schizophrenia relapse? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Some people may have a relapse, meaning their symptoms may come back or get worse. Usually, relapses happen when people stop taking their medication, or when they take it inconsistently. Some people stop taking the medication because they feel better or they may feel they don't need it anymore. No one should stop taking an antipsychotic medication without talking to his or her doctor.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="reference__citations section--separator"> <h5>References</h5> <div class="citations"> <div class="citation citation--1"> Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental聽Disorders, Fifth Edition </div> <div class="citation citation--2"> National Alliance on聽Mental Illness </div> <div class="citation citation--3"> National Institute of Mental Health </div> <div class="citation citation--4"> US Department of聽Health and Human Services </div> <div class="citation citation--5"> Archives of General Psychiatry </div> <div class="citation citation--6"> World Health Organization 聽 </div> <div class="citation citation--7"> Journal of Translational Neuroscience聽 </div> </div> <div class="revision-current">Last updated: 09/21/2021 </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-content-left-rail--first" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-conditionsnavigation" class="block index-page-menu"> <article> <div class="h2 index-page-menu--title"> Diagnosis Dictionary </div> <div class="index-page-menu--image hero--image"> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/index_page_navigation_image/public/2021-06/conditions-shutterstock-1696550344_0.jpg?itok=XiF2PjYS" width="519" height="198" alt="Decorative Image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="index-page-menu--items"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-1cdd532bc035f04979fe913d37723bf286c630b62371d211f845dcc12f66c40c"> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Abuse/Neglect</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-abuse" title="Child Abuse ">Child Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-neglect" title="Child Neglect ">Child Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-abuse" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse ">Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-neglect" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect ">Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Addictions/Substance Abuse</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder" title="Alcohol Use Disorder ">Alcohol Use Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/amphetamines" title="Amphetamines ">Amphetamines</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/caffeine" title="Caffeine ">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cannabismarijuana" title="Cannabis/Marijuana ">Cannabis/Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cocaine-use-disorder" title="Cocaine Use Disorder ">Cocaine Use Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gambling-disorder-compulsive-gambling-pathological-gambling" title="Gambling Disorder (Compulsive Gambling, Pathological Gambling) ">Gambling Disorder (Compulsive Gambling, Pathological Gambling)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogens" title="Hallucinogens ">Hallucinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/inhalant-related-disorders" title="Inhalant-Related Disorders ">Inhalant-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nicotine" title="Nicotine ">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/opioids" title="Opioids ">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sedative-hypnotic-and-anxiolytic-related-disorders" title="Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic-Related Disorders ">Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sedatives" title="Sedatives ">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stimulant-related-disorders" title="Stimulant-Related Disorders ">Stimulant-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substance-related-disorders" title="Substance-Related Disorders ">Substance-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tobacco-related-disorders" title="Tobacco-Related Disorders ">Tobacco-Related Disorders</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Aging</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/aging" title="Aging ">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delirium" title="Delirium ">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-abuse" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse ">Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-neglect" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect ">Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/empty-nest-syndrome" title="Empty Nest Syndrome ">Empty Nest Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/midlife" title="Midlife ">Midlife</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Anxiety/Phobia</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/acute-stress-disorder" title="Acute Stress Disorder ">Acute Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia ">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder" title="Body Dysmorphic Disorder ">Body Dysmorphic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder" title="Generalized Anxiety Disorder ">Generalized Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersomnolence" title="Hypersomnolence ">Hypersomnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder" title="Illness Anxiety Disorder ">Illness Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/insomnia" title="Insomnia ">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nightmares" title="Nightmares ">Nightmares</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-attack" title="Panic Attack ">Panic Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-disorder" title="Panic Disorder ">Panic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder" title="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia" title="Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) ">Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/specific-phobia" title="Specific Phobia ">Specific Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tinnitus" title="Tinnitus ">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/vertigo" title="Vertigo ">Vertigo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adult" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a 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class="title-text">Child/Adolescent</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/aspergers" title="Asperger's Syndrome ">Asperger's Syndrome </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder" title="Autism Spectrum Disorder ">Autism Spectrum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-abuse" title="Child Abuse ">Child Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-neglect" title="Child Neglect ">Child Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/conduct-disorder" title="Conduct Disorder ">Conduct Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disinhibited-social-engagement-disorder" title="Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ">Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-children-and-adolescents" title="Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents) ">Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/encopresis" title="Encopresis ">Encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/enuresis" title="Enuresis ">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/learning-disability" title="Learning Disability ">Learning Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nonverbal-learning-disorder" title="Nonverbal Learning Disorder ">Nonverbal Learning Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/selective-mutism" title="Selective Mutism ">Selective Mutism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Communication Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Depression/Mood</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bereavement" title="Bereavement ">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depressive-disorders" title="Depressive Disorders ">Depressive Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymia" title="Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) ">Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/postpartum-disorder" title="Postpartum Disorder ">Postpartum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/prolonged-grief-disorder" title="Prolonged Grief Disorder ">Prolonged Grief Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder" title="Seasonal Affective Disorder ">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/visual-snow" title="Visual Snow ">Visual Snow</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Dissociation</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder" title="Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder ">Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-amnesia" title="Dissociative Amnesia ">Dissociative Amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-fugue-psychogenic-fugue" title="Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue) ">Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder" title="Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) ">Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Eating Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/anorexia-nervosa" title="Anorexia Nervosa ">Anorexia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/arfid-avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder" title="ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder) ">ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/binge-eating-disorder-compulsive-overeating" title="Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating) ">Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bulimia-nervosa" title="Bulimia Nervosa ">Bulimia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/eating-disorders" title="Eating Disorders ">Eating Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obesity" title="Obesity ">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pica" title="Pica ">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/rumination-disorder" title="Rumination Disorder ">Rumination Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Impulse Control Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder" title="Intermittent Explosive Disorder ">Intermittent Explosive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/kleptomania" title="Kleptomania ">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder" title="Oppositional Defiant Disorder ">Oppositional Defiant Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pyromania" title="Pyromania ">Pyromania</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Movement Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/parkinsons-disease" title="Parkinson's Disease ">Parkinson's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-chronic-motor-or-vocal-tic-disorder" title="Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder ">Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stereotypic-movement-disorder" title="Stereotypic Movement Disorder ">Stereotypic Movement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Neurocognitive Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alzheimers-disease" title="Alzheimer's Disease ">Alzheimer's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frontotemporal-dementia" title="Frontotemporal Dementia ">Frontotemporal Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/lewy-body-dementia" title="Lewy Body Dementia ">Lewy Body Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dermatillomania-skin-picking" title="Dermatillomania (Skin Picking) ">Dermatillomania (Skin Picking)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hoarding-disorder" title="Hoarding Disorder ">Hoarding Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/onychophagia-nail-biting" title="Onychophagia (Nail Biting) ">Onychophagia (Nail Biting)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling" title="Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) ">Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Personality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder" title="Antisocial Personality Disorder ">Antisocial Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/avoidant-personality-disorder" title="Avoidant Personality Disorder ">Avoidant Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder" title="Borderline Personality Disorder ">Borderline Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder" title="Dependent Personality Disorder ">Dependent Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/histrionic-personality-disorder" title="Histrionic Personality Disorder ">Histrionic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/malingering" title="Malingering ">Malingering</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder" title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder ">Narcissistic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title--open"><span class="title-text">Psychosis/Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed accordion--content--open"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/brief-psychotic-disorder" title="Brief Psychotic Disorder ">Brief Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/catatonia" title="Catatonia ">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delusional-disorder" title="Delusional Disorder ">Delusional Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition" title="Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition ">Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoaffective-disorder" title="Schizoaffective Disorder ">Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoid-personality-disorder" title="Schizoid Personality Disorder ">Schizoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia ">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophreniform-disorder" title="Schizophreniform Disorder ">Schizophreniform Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder" title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder ">Schizotypal Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sexuality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism ">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/fetishistic-disorder" title="Fetishistic Disorder ">Fetishistic Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frotteuristic-disorder" title="Frotteuristic Disorder ">Frotteuristic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gender-dysphoria" title="Gender Dysphoria ">Gender Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/genito-pelvic-pain-or-penetration-disorder-sexual-pain-disorder" title="Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder) ">Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction" title="Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction) ">Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/orgasmic-disorder" title="Orgasmic Disorder ">Orgasmic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paraphilias" title="Paraphilias ">Paraphilias</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-desire-disorder" title="Sexual Desire Disorder ">Sexual Desire Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-masochism-disorder" title="Sexual Masochism Disorder ">Sexual Masochism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/transvestic-disorder" title="Transvestic Disorder ">Transvestic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/voyeuristic-disorder" title="Voyeuristic Disorder ">Voyeuristic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sleep Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders" title="Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders ">Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersomnolence" title="Hypersomnolence ">Hypersomnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/insomnia" title="Insomnia ">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy ">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nightmares" title="Nightmares ">Nightmares</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/non-rapid-eye-movement-sleep-arousal-disorders" title="Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders ">Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/rapid-eye-movement-sleep-behavior-disorder" title="Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder ">Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/restless-legs-syndrome" title="Restless Legs Syndrome ">Restless Legs Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sleep-apnea" title="Sleep Apnea ">Sleep Apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sleep-related-hypoventilation" title="Sleep-Related Hypoventilation ">Sleep-Related Hypoventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking ">Sleepwalking</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Somatization</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/conversion-disorder" title="Conversion Disorder ">Conversion Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/factitious-disorder-munchausen-syndrome" title="Factitious Disorder (Munchausen Syndrome) ">Factitious Disorder (Munchausen Syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder" title="Illness Anxiety Disorder ">Illness Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/somatic-symptom-disorder" title="Somatic Symptom Disorder ">Somatic Symptom Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-none d-lg-block d-xl-block block" id="block-adblock-8"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> 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href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Diagnosis: Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a> </li> </ul> </div> </article> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x600 d-none d-lg-block d-xl-block block" id="block-adblock-9"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-findatherapistreferenceblock-3" class="block"> <div class="country find-therapist"> <div class="find-therapist--main"> <div class="h2 find-therapist--title"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/counselling?category=psychosis" title="Find Psychosis Counselling">Find Psychosis Counselling</a></div> 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