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faction |name = Al-Khansaa Brigade |native_name = {{lang|ar|لواء الخنساء}} |war = the [[Syrian Civil War]] |image = [[File:Al-Khansaa_Media_Brigade.jpg|200px]] |caption = Official emblem of the Al-Khansaa Media Brigade |active = February 2014<ref name="FoxfemalepoliceISIS">{{cite news|title=Brutal female police enforce ISIS sharia vision on women of caliphate |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/brutal-female-police-enforce-isis-sharia-vision-on-women-of-caliphate/ |first=Hollie |last=McKay |author-link=Hollie McKay |publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=20 October 2015}}</ref>– Present (Largely inactive since 2019) |ideology = |leaders = [[Fatiha Mejjati|Fatiha el-Mejjati]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The jihadist plan to use women to launch the next incarnation of ISIS |first1=Souad |last1=Mekhennet |author-link1=Souad Mekhennet |first2=Joby |last2=Warrick |author-link2=Joby Warrick |date=26 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/national-security/the-jihadist-plan-to-use-women-to-launch-the-next-incarnation-of-isis/2017/11/26/e81435b4-ca29-11e7-8321-481fd63f174d_story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalindustrywire.com/2019/10/29/donald-trump-claims-baghdadis-alternative-as-chief-of-isis-has-been-killed-by-us-troops/|title=Donald Trump claims Baghdadi's alternative as chief of ISIS has been killed by US troops {{!}} Digital Industry Wire|date=29 October 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> |groups = |headquarters = |area = [[Territory of the Islamic State|Islamic State]] |size = 60<ref name="FoxfemalepoliceISIS" /> (2014) |partof = {{flag|Islamic State}} |predecessor = |successor = |allies = |opponents = |battles = |status = }} The '''Al-Khansaa Brigade''' ({{langx|ar|لواء الخنساء}}) was an all-women police or religious enforcement unit of the [[jihadist]] group [[Islamic State]] (IS), operating in its ''de facto'' capital of [[Raqqa]] and [[Mosul]].<ref name=syriadirect>{{cite news |url=http://syriadirect.org/news/how-the-islamic-state-uses-women-to-control-women/ |title=How the Islamic State uses women to control women |work=[[Syria Direct]] |date=25 March 2015}}</ref> ==History== Formed in 2014 and initially consisting of around sixty women, the brigade was used to enforce Sharia law, mainly in IS-occupied Raqqa and Mosul, but also in refugee camps as IS territory collapsed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vonderhaar |first=Lora |date=2021-05-13 |title=ISIS's Female Morality Police |url=https://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/2021/05/13/isiss-female-morality-police/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Georgetown Security Studies Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The group was probably named after [[Al-Khansa]], a female [[Arabic poetry|Arabic poet]] from the earliest days of Islam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saripi |first=Nur Irfani Binte |date=2015 |title=Female Members of ISIS: A Greater Need for Rehabilitation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351339 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=26–31 |jstor=26351339 |issn=2382-6444}}</ref> It was unique in the Muslim world as, in other regimes with similar systems of [[Islamic religious police|religious police]] (such as Saudi Arabia), only men are permitted to enforce [[hisbah]] among women.<ref name=gilsinan>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/ |title=The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women |work=[[The Atlantic]] |first=Kathy |last=Gilsinan |date=25 July 2014}}</ref> After initially being set up to enable men disguised as women to be identified through searches at checkpoints, the group's role was expanded to police and punish women according to IS regulations, with the size of the group expanding to include 1000 women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearson |first=Elizabeth |date=March 2016 |title=The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad: Gender and Online Radicalization |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.101 |journal=Policy & Internet |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=5–33 |doi=10.1002/poi3.101}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> An IS official, Abu Ahmad, said in 2014, "We have established the brigade to raise awareness of our religion among women, and to punish women who do not abide by the law."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.syriadeeply.org/articles/2014/07/5799/raqqa-all-female-isis-brigade-cracks-local-women/ |title=In Raqqa, an All-Female ISIS Brigade Cracks Down on Local Women |work=[[Syria Deeply]] |first=Ahmad |last=al-Bahri |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419040545/http://www.syriadeeply.org/articles/2014/07/5799/raqqa-all-female-isis-brigade-cracks-local-women/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The outfit has also been called IS's 'moral police'.<ref name=gilsinan/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Saleh |first=John |title=The Women of ISIS and the Al-Hol Camp |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/women-isis-and-al-hol-camp |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en}}</ref> Women who went out without a male chaperone or were not fully covered in public were subject to arrests and beatings by Al-Khansaa.<ref name=gilsinan/>An example of crimes punished and sentences administered by al-Khansaa were those for two women in Raqqa in 2015, who received 20 lashes for wearing form-fitting abayas, five for wearing makeup underneath their abayas, and another five for "not being meek enough when detained".<ref name=MOAVENI-21-11-2015>{{cite news |last1=Moaveni |first1=Azadeh |author-link=Azadeh Moaveni |title=ISIS Women and Enforcers in Syria Recount Collaboration, Anguish and Escape|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/middleeast/isis-wives-and-enforcers-in-syria-recount-collaboration-anguish-and-escape.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 November 2015}}</ref> The brigade had its own facilities to enforce [[Islam and gender segregation|sex segregation]].<ref name=gilsinan/> Its members were aged between 18 and 25, receiving a monthly salary of [[Syrian pound|LS]]&nbsp;25,000.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/al-khansaa-brigade |title=Al-Khansaa Brigade (Islamic State / IS - Female Unit / ISISF) |newspaper=Trac |publisher=Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> According to [[defector]]s interviewed by ''[[Sky News]]'', al-Khansa Brigade included many foreign women, and recruits were "trained for a month". Their pay is estimated to be "between £70 and £100 [ [[Pound sterling|STG]] ] per month". According to one source hostile to IS, women were not allowed to drive cars or carry weapons, but women in the Khansaa Brigade "can do both".<ref name=syriadirect/> In April 2017 the group released a recruitment video for female [[hacker]]s claiming to have hacked over 100 social media accounts over the previous month.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Lisa |last=Daftari |author-link=Lisa Daftari |title=ISIS all-female hacking group looks to recruit more women |date=19 April 2017 |work=The Foreign Desk |url=http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-female-hacking-group-looks-recruit-women/ |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505004156/http://www.foreigndesknews.com/world/middle-east/isis-female-hacking-group-looks-recruit-women/ |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to ''[[Iraqi News]]'', in 2017 Al-Khansaa members were used as snipers to defend IS-held Mosul against assaults by [[Iraqi security forces|Iraq's security forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=IS deploys women snipers, fights harder in remaining western Mosul districts |url=https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/deploys-women-snipers-fights-harder-remaining-western-mosul-districts/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Iraqi News |language=en-US}}</ref> Though IS has not held any territory since 2019, there have been reports of the group's members infiltrating refugee camps in Iraq, with some of these reports having come as late as 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2017/04/26/Fear-of-ISIS-female-biters-haunts-women-during-night-at-Iraq-s-camps.html |title=Fear of ISIS female 'biters' haunts women during night at Iraq's camps |last=Brisha |first=Aly |date=26 April 2017 |work=[[Al Arabiya English]]}}</ref> == Activities == The Brigade has been known for their brutal violence against women. They oversee brothels of enslaved Yazidi women and search women at checkpoints.<ref>DePriest-Kessler, M. (2022). The Implications of Gender and the Islamic State: The Evolution of Female Roles in Iraq and Syria and Gendered Counterterrorism in the West. ''PI SIGMA ALPHA'', 36.</ref> The Al-Khansaa Brigade is instrumental in disseminating ISIS propaganda and recruiting foreign militants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres Díaz |first=Olga |date=2015 |title=La propaganda del Daesh también es cosa de mujeres. De Umm Sumayyah al-Muhajirah en Dabiq al manifiesto de la brigada al-Khansaa en internet |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7688321 |journal=Pre-bie3 |issue=6 |pages=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=García Alcaide |first=María |date=2018 |title=La participación de las mujeres en el ISIL, ¿víctimas o agentes activos? |url=https://ebuah.uah.es/dspace/handle/10017/38894}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Esholdt |first=Henriette Frees |title=The attractions of Salafi-jihadism as a gendered counterculture: Propaganda narratives from the Swedish online "sisters in deen" |date=2022 |work=Salafi-Jihadism and Digital Media |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003261315-4/attractions-salafi-jihadism-gendered-counterculture-henriette-frees-esholdt |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003261315-4 |isbn=978-1-003-26131-5}}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War]] * [[Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408195232/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/women-of-the-islamic-state3.pdf Al-Khansaa Brigade Manifesto] (Translation and analysis by the Quilliam Foundation) [[Category:Factions of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] [[Category:All-female military units and formations]] [[Category:2014 establishments in Syria]] [[Category:Military units and formations established in 2014]] [[Category:Islamic religious police]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" 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