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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="canonical" href=""/><title>Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey? | Penn State University</title><meta name="title" content="Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey? | Penn State University" data-testid="title"/><meta name="description" content="Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the Tofurky." data-testid="description"/><meta name="abstract" content="Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the Tofurky." data-testid="abstract"/><meta name="robots" content="noodp, noydir" data-testid="robots"/><meta property="og:type" content="article" data-testid="og:type"/><meta property="og:title" content="Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey? | Penn State University" data-testid="og:title"/><meta property="og:description" content="Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each 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class="article-header_articleHeader__2OlVW"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="article-header_articleTopic___KasL" id="article-primary-tag" href="/news/research">Research</a><h1 class="article-header_articleTitle__wF1eO">Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey?</h1></div><div class="article-top-social-share_outer__tYbND"><div class="article-top-social-share_inner__hHyrG"><div class="article-top-social-share_articleTopGrid__uFbzB"><p class="article-top-social-share_publishDate__TX0Gj">November 19, 2014</p><p class="article-top-social-share_authorName__Ob6EX">By Chris Tachibana</p><div data-testid="addthis-widget" class="article-top-social-share_socialShare__GyAms"><div class="article-top-social-share_content__OYcDe article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u"><button id="main-facebook" aria-label="facebook" class="react-share__ShareButton article-top-social-share_socialButton__Wi8LM article-top-social-share_inline__kSd0u" 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24.66h6.81v-5.44h3.77v-7.7c-.01-.5-.41-.9-.91-.9zM11.88 8.56h8.86v2.06h-8.86V8.56zm10.98 9.18h-1.05v-2.1h-1.06v7.96H16.4c-1.58 0-.82-3.74-.82-3.74s-3.65.89-3.69-.78v-3.43h-1.06v2.06H9.77v-3.58h13.09v3.61zm.75-4.91c-.4 0-.72-.32-.72-.72s.32-.72.72-.72c.4 0 .72.32.72.72s-.32.72-.72.72zm-4.12 2.96h-6.1v1.06h6.1v-1.06zm-6.11 3.15h6.1v-1.06h-6.1v1.06z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="basic-story_paragraphContainer__TWxF3"><div class="text-content_outer__fxYfg text-intro"><div class="text-content_inner__OK4E9"><div class="text-content_textContent__f06k1"><div id="text-content-container"><p><img alt="heritage turkey" src="/sites/default/files/research/image/790.jpg" />Matt Billings via Wikimedia Commons </p><p>A Bourbon Red tom turkey</p> <p>Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the <a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>. Hunters provide some -- last autumn, about 24,000 wild turkeys were harvested in Pennsylvania. Vegetarians might serve up a soybean-based alternative, like <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2006/db20061121_949275.htm">Tofurky</a>. However, most holiday tables feature a Broad-Breasted White, the breed that makes up over 99 percent of grocery-store turkeys. But with the trend in locally raised food, another option is experiencing a surge in popularity. What's a "heritage turkey"?</p> <p><a href="http://poultry.cas.psu.edu/people/hulet.htm">R. Michael Hulet</a>, associate professor of poultry science at Penn State, says many of these colorful birds (with equally colorful names such as Black Spanish, Bourbon Red, and Slate) are the commercially-bred turkeys of yesteryear. "Some of these varieties were the progenitors of our current commercial turkeys, and they are fairly closely related to them genetically," explains Hulet. "Today's commercial turkeys are white because people didn't like the little dots of pigment left on the skin after the feathers are pulled out, so breeders selected for a white-skinned turkey." The white color is more natural for chickens, "while it's a mutation for turkeys."</p> <p>Unlike the heritage and wild breeds, commercial breeds such as the Broad-Breasted White can't fly or mate naturally, and are artificially inseminated. "Commercial turkeys have undergone tremendous genetic selection for breast size and breast meat yield," notes Hulet. They have also been selected to grow fast, he adds. While heritage turkeys may take 25 to 30 weeks to grow to 25-28 pounds, the commercial breeds become 40-pound birds within 18 weeks.</p> <p>Heritage turkeys are a niche market, and "they are expensive to grow, because they don't produce as much meat per feed," he says. Still, "they allow local producers to diversify what they farm, and people say that, because they take longer to grow, there's a little more texture and turkey-ish taste to the meat."</p> <p>These "retro" turkeys have long been around. "Heritage birds were grown by people who raised them for fun, to show in fairs like the <a href="http://www.farmshow.state.pa.us/">Farm Show</a> in Pennsylvania," says Hulet. "Then the trend for buying local foods created a market for heritage turkey breeds, like the market we see for heritage tomatoes." However, he adds, "those types of birds can't supply all the demands we have in the U.S. for turkeys, though, especially this time of year." Only about 30,000 heritage turkeys were raised in all of 2013, compared to the estimated 240 million commercial birds.</p> <p>Whether a turkey is wild, commercial, or heritage, they are all Meleagris gallopavo, a species native to North America. Turkeys were domesticated in Mexico and taken to Europe by Spanish explorers in the 1500s, where they were selectively bred before being brought back to the Americas. The European breeds are the ancestors of both the Broad-Breasted White and the current heritage turkeys, which resulted from crossing European breeds with American wild turkeys.</p> <p>What will be on Hulet's Thanksgiving table? "Turkey, definitely," he says. While he doesn't worry about whether his bird is commercial, wild, or heritage, "I do believe there is a texture and taste difference between a fresh and a frozen bird. We grow birds at Penn State, and students from the Poultry Science Club process them the week before Thanksgiving, and sell them to promote their activities. They're fresh, so I'll be eating one of those."</p> <p><em>R. Michael Hulet, Ph.D., is associate professor of poultry science in the College of Agricultural Sciences, and can be reached at <a href="mailto:mrh4@psu.edu">mrh4@psu.edu</a>.</em></p> <p>Editor's Note: This story has been updated since its original publication in 2009.</p> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="basic-story_updatedContainer__fKQ60"><div class="basic-story_updated__EkcOf">Last Updated May 1, 2015</div></div><section class="media-contact-list_container__1uep6"><h3 class="media-contact-list_title__hpRtk">Contact</h3><ul class="media-contact-list_list__FrkOp" data-testid="contacts"><li class="media-contact-list_contact__0yNSI"><div class="media-contact_contactGrid__7Sb7R"><ul class="media-contact_list__o2Db4"><li class="media-contact_listItem__uLkAF"><a data-link-type="nextjs" class="media-contact_itemLink__oc9dw" href="mailto:mzb123@psu.edu">mzb123@psu.edu</a></li><li class="media-contact_listItem__uLkAF">Cell Phone: <a data-link-type="nextjs" 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turkey?","created":"2009-11-17T05:00:00+00:00","changed":"2015-05-02T01:08:22+00:00","path":"/research/story/probing-question-what-heritage-turkey","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/node/story/7bf8de62-fd38-4d02-be4b-7195b4e7d9a8?resourceVersion=id%3A500955"}},"relationshipNames":["field_audience","field_campus","field_college","field_content","field_hero","field_primary_topic","field_story_contacts","field_topics","field_unit","field_tags"],"drupalInternalNid":141355,"metatagNormalized":[{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"title","content":"Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey? | Penn State University"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"description","content":"Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the Tofurky."}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"abstract","content":"Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the Tofurky."}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"name":"robots","content":"noodp, noydir"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:type","content":"article"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:title","content":"Probing Question: What is a heritage turkey? | Penn State University"}},{"tag":"meta","attributes":{"property":"og:description","content":"Over 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the Tofurky."}}],"byline":"Chris Tachibana","publishOn":"2014-11-19T05:00:00-05:00","subhead":null,"audience":[],"campus":[],"college":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--college","id":"1e2e9550-3ae5-4daf-a02b-789478b13dbb","name":"Agricultural 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Agricultural Sciences","options":{"attributes":[]}}}],"content":[{"type":"paragraph--text","id":"17dfffe4-8483-4b88-9320-2e76181f0d66","links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/paragraph/text/17dfffe4-8483-4b88-9320-2e76181f0d66?resourceVersion=id%3A444246"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"targetRevisionId":444246,"drupalInternalTargetId":444246},"backgroundColor":null,"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"heritage turkey\" src=\"/sites/default/files/research/image/790.jpg\" /\u003eMatt Billings via Wikimedia Commons\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA Bourbon Red tom turkey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver 45 million turkeys are eaten by Americans each Thanksgiving, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome\"\u003eU.S. Department of Agriculture\u003c/a\u003e. Hunters provide some -- last autumn, about 24,000 wild turkeys were harvested in Pennsylvania. Vegetarians might serve up a soybean-based alternative, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2006/db20061121_949275.htm\"\u003eTofurky\u003c/a\u003e. However, most holiday tables feature a Broad-Breasted White, the breed that makes up over 99 percent of grocery-store turkeys. But with the trend in locally raised food, another option is experiencing a surge in popularity. What's a \"heritage turkey\"?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://poultry.cas.psu.edu/people/hulet.htm\"\u003eR. Michael Hulet\u003c/a\u003e, associate professor of poultry science at Penn State, says many of these colorful birds (with equally colorful names such as Black Spanish, Bourbon Red, and Slate) are the commercially-bred turkeys of yesteryear. \"Some of these varieties were the progenitors of our current commercial turkeys, and they are fairly closely related to them genetically,\" explains Hulet. \"Today's commercial turkeys are white because people didn't like the little dots of pigment left on the skin after the feathers are pulled out, so breeders selected for a white-skinned turkey.\" The white color is more natural for chickens, \"while it's a mutation for turkeys.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike the heritage and wild breeds, commercial breeds such as the Broad-Breasted White can't fly or mate naturally, and are artificially inseminated. \"Commercial turkeys have undergone tremendous genetic selection for breast size and breast meat yield,\" notes Hulet. They have also been selected to grow fast, he adds. While heritage turkeys may take 25 to 30 weeks to grow to 25-28 pounds, the commercial breeds become 40-pound birds within 18 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeritage turkeys are a niche market, and \"they are expensive to grow, because they don't produce as much meat per feed,\" he says. Still, \"they allow local producers to diversify what they farm, and people say that, because they take longer to grow, there's a little more texture and turkey-ish taste to the meat.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese \"retro\" turkeys have long been around. \"Heritage birds were grown by people who raised them for fun, to show in fairs like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmshow.state.pa.us/\"\u003eFarm Show\u003c/a\u003e in Pennsylvania,\" says Hulet. \"Then the trend for buying local foods created a market for heritage turkey breeds, like the market we see for heritage tomatoes.\" However, he adds, \"those types of birds can't supply all the demands we have in the U.S. for turkeys, though, especially this time of year.\" Only about 30,000 heritage turkeys were raised in all of 2013, compared to the estimated 240 million commercial birds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhether a turkey is wild, commercial, or heritage, they are all Meleagris gallopavo, a species native to North America. Turkeys were domesticated in Mexico and taken to Europe by Spanish explorers in the 1500s, where they were selectively bred before being brought back to the Americas. The European breeds are the ancestors of both the Broad-Breasted White and the current heritage turkeys, which resulted from crossing European breeds with American wild turkeys.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat will be on Hulet's Thanksgiving table? \"Turkey, definitely,\" he says. While he doesn't worry about whether his bird is commercial, wild, or heritage, \"I do believe there is a texture and taste difference between a fresh and a frozen bird. We grow birds at Penn State, and students from the Poultry Science Club process them the week before Thanksgiving, and sell them to promote their activities. They're fresh, so I'll be eating one of those.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. Michael Hulet, Ph.D., is associate professor of poultry science in the College of Agricultural Sciences, and can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mrh4@psu.edu\"\u003emrh4@psu.edu\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEditor's Note: This story has been updated since its original publication in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e\n","parentTypeName":"node--story"}],"hero":null,"primaryTopic":{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915","name":"Research","description":null,"weight":43,"links":{"self":{"href":"https://sc-cms.psu.edu/jsonapi/taxonomy_term/topics/45e68376-70ae-490f-bf0d-2444be6cc915?resourceVersion=id%3A271"}},"resourceIdObjMeta":{"drupalInternalTargetId":5386},"parent":[{"type":"taxonomy_term--topics","id":"virtual","resourceIdObjMeta":{"links":{"help":{"href":"https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/modules/json-api/core-concepts#virtual","meta":{"about":"Usage and meaning of the 'virtual' resource 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