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technical documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="GitBook (2ce59d7)"/><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.openalex.org/additional-help/faq"/><meta property="og:title" content="FAQ | OpenAlex technical documentation"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.openalex.org/~gitbook/ogimage/XVb2TPR3waN28ttNqKhX"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="FAQ | OpenAlex technical documentation"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://docs.openalex.org/~gitbook/ogimage/XVb2TPR3waN28ttNqKhX"/><link rel="icon" href="https://334408415-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FpHVuV3Ib5KXeBKft4Kcl%2Ficon%2FaTe4gltoLU8Qg8voVznD%2Ffavicon.png?alt=media&token=36be6641-15dc-4a46-9c65-6dccad0f5887" type="image/png" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)"/><link rel="icon" 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justify-end items-center gap-x-2.5 mr-2.5 lg:gap-x-5 lg:mr-2.5 *:max-w-56 z-20"><div class="headerLinks_linkEllipsis__Z01IN items-center z-20"><div class="group/dropdown relative flex"><button class="px-1 text-dark/8 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:text-light hover:text-header-link-400"><span class="sr-only">More</span><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/ellipsis.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon opacity-6 size-3 ms-1"></svg></button><div tabindex="-1" role="menu" aria-orientation="vertical" aria-labelledby=":S1:" class="w-52 max-h-56 flex absolute top-full left-0 z-20 origin-top-left invisible transition-opacity duration-1000 group-hover/dropdown:visible group-focus-within/dropdown:visible -translate-x-48 md:translate-x-0"><div class="mt-2 w-full bg-light rounded-lg straight-corners:rounded-sm p-2 shadow-1xs overflow-auto ring-1 ring-dark/1 ring-opacity-8 focus:outline-none dark:bg-dark 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class="flex-1">Search</span><span class="hidden md:inline justify-end text-xs text-dark/5 contrast-more:text-dark dark:text-light/5 contrast-more:dark:text-light [font-feature-settings:"calt",_"case"]">Ctrl + K</span></button></div></div></div></header><div class="scroll-nojump"><div class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row px-4 sm:px-6 md:px-8 max-w-screen-2xl mx-auto page-full-width:max-w-full min-h-[calc(100vh-64px)]"><aside class="relative group flex flex-col basis-full bg-light grow-0 shrink-0 shadow-thinbottom navigation-open:shadow-dark/2 z-[1] top-0 h-[100vh] lg:basis-72 lg:navigation-open:border-b-0 lg:sticky dark:bg-dark dark:navigation-open:shadow-light/2 page-no-toc:hidden lg:top-16 lg:h-[calc(100vh_-_4rem)]"><div class="pt-4 hidden lg:flex flex-grow flex-col overflow-y-auto lg:gutter-stable lg:pr-2 group-hover:[&::-webkit-scrollbar]:bg-dark/1 group-hover:[&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb]:bg-dark/3 [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:bg-transparent [&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb]:bg-transparent dark:[&::-webkit-scrollbar]:bg-transparent dark:[&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb]:bg-transparent dark:group-hover:[&::-webkit-scrollbar]:bg-light/1 dark:group-hover:[&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb]:bg-light/3 navigation-open:flex lg:-ml-5 lg:pb-20"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/">Overview</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/quickstart-tutorial">Quickstart tutorial</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div class="flex items-center gap-3 px-5 pt-6 pb-1.5 text-xs tracking-wide font-semibold uppercase z-[1] sticky -top-4 bg-gradient-to-b from-light to-transparent from-65% dark:from-dark dark:tracking-wider dark:to-transparent">API Entities</div><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/entities-overview">Entities overview</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">📄</span>Works</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/work-object">Work object<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/work-object/authorship-object">Authorship object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/work-object/location-object">Location object</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/get-a-single-work">Get a single work</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/get-lists-of-works">Get lists of works</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/filter-works">Filter works</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/search-works">Search works</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/group-works">Group works</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/works/get-n-grams">Get N-grams</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">👩</span>Authors</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/author-object">Author object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/get-a-single-author">Get a single author</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/get-lists-of-authors">Get lists of authors</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/filter-authors">Filter authors</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/search-authors">Search authors</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/group-authors">Group authors</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/limitations">Limitations</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/authors/author-disambiguation">Author disambiguation</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">📚</span>Sources</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/source-object">Source object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/get-a-single-source">Get a single source</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/get-lists-of-sources">Get lists of sources</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/filter-sources">Filter sources</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/search-sources">Search sources</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/sources/group-sources">Group sources</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">🏫</span>Institutions</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/institution-object">Institution object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/get-a-single-institution">Get a single institution</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/get-lists-of-institutions">Get lists of institutions</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/filter-institutions">Filter institutions</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/search-institutions">Search institutions</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/institutions/group-institutions">Group institutions</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">💡</span>Topics</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/topic-object">Topic object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/get-a-single-topic">Get a single topic</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/get-lists-of-topics">Get lists of topics</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/filter-topics">Filter topics</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/search-topics">Search topics</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/topics/group-topics">Group topics</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/keywords"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">🗝️</span>Keywords</span></a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">🏢</span>Publishers</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/publisher-object">Publisher object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/get-a-single-publisher">Get a single publisher</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/get-lists-of-publishers">Get lists of publishers</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/filter-publishers">Filter publishers</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/search-publishers">Search publishers</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/publishers/group-publishers">Group publishers</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">💰</span>Funders</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/funder-object">Funder object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/get-a-single-funder">Get a single funder</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/get-lists-of-funders">Get lists of funders</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/filter-funders">Filter funders</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/search-funders">Search funders</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/funders/group-funders">Group funders</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/geo"><span class="flex gap-3 items-center"><span class="emoji text-base dark:text-light/6 group-aria-current-page/toclink:text-primary group-aria-current-page/toclink:dark:text-primary-400 text-inherit">🌎</span>Geo</span><span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/geo/continents">Continents</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/geo/regions">Regions</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts">Concepts<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/concept-object">Concept object</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/get-a-single-concept">Get a single concept</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/get-lists-of-concepts">Get lists of concepts</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/filter-concepts">Filter concepts</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/search-concepts">Search concepts</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/concepts/group-concepts">Group concepts</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/api-entities/aboutness-endpoint-text">Aboutness endpoint (/text)</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div class="flex items-center gap-3 px-5 pt-6 pb-1.5 text-xs tracking-wide font-semibold uppercase z-[1] sticky -top-4 bg-gradient-to-b from-light to-transparent from-65% dark:from-dark dark:tracking-wider dark:to-transparent">How to use the API</div><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/api-overview">API Overview</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-single-entities">Get single entities<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-single-entities/random-result">Random result</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-single-entities/select-fields">Select fields</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities">Get lists of entities<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/paging">Paging</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/filter-entity-lists">Filter entity lists</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/search-entities">Search entities</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/sort-entity-lists">Sort entity lists</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/select-fields">Select fields</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/sample-entity-lists">Sample entity lists</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/autocomplete-entities">Autocomplete entities</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-groups-of-entities">Get groups of entities</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/how-to-use-the-api/rate-limits-and-authentication">Rate limits and authentication</a></div></li></ul></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div class="flex items-center gap-3 px-5 pt-6 pb-1.5 text-xs tracking-wide font-semibold uppercase z-[1] sticky -top-4 bg-gradient-to-b from-light to-transparent from-65% dark:from-dark dark:tracking-wider dark:to-transparent">Download all data</div><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/openalex-snapshot">OpenAlex snapshot</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/snapshot-data-format">Snapshot data format</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/download-to-your-machine">Download to your machine</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/upload-to-your-database">Upload to your database<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/upload-to-your-database/load-to-a-data-warehouse">Load to a data warehouse</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/upload-to-your-database/load-to-a-relational-database">Load to a relational database<span class="group relative rounded-full straight-corners:rounded-sm w-5 h-5 after:grid-area-1-1 after:absolute after:-top-1 after:grid after:-left-1 after:w-7 after:h-7 hover:bg-dark/2 hover:text-current dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:text-current"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-right.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon grid flex-shrink-0 size-3 m-1 text-current transition-transform [opacity:0.40] group-hover:[opacity:1] rotate-0"></svg></span></a><div class="[&_ul>li]:opacity-1" style="opacity:0;height:0px;display:none"><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5 ms-5 my-2 border-l border-dark/3 dark:border-light/2"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/download-all-data/upload-to-your-database/load-to-a-relational-database/postgres-schema-diagram">Postgres schema diagram</a></div></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div class="flex items-center gap-3 px-5 pt-6 pb-1.5 text-xs tracking-wide font-semibold uppercase z-[1] sticky -top-4 bg-gradient-to-b from-light to-transparent from-65% dark:from-dark dark:tracking-wider dark:to-transparent">Additional Help</div><ul class="flex flex-1 flex-col gap-y-0.5"><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/additional-help/tutorials">Tutorials</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-transparent font-normal text-dark/8 hover:bg-dark/1 hover:text-dark/9 hover:before:border-dark/3 dark:text-light/8 dark:hover:bg-light/2 dark:hover:before:border-light/3 dark:hover:text-light/9" href="/additional-help/report-bugs">Report bugs</a></div></li><li class="flex flex-col"><div><a aria-current="page" class="group/toclink flex flex-row justify-between pl-5 pr-1.5 py-1.5 text-sm transition-colors relative text-balance before:border-l before:absolute before:left-[-1px] before:top-0 before:h-full rounded-md straight-corners:rounded-none [&+div_a]:rounded-l-none before:border-primary-500 font-semibold text-primary hover:bg-primary/3 dark:before:border-primary-400 dark:text-primary-400 hover:before:border-primary dark:hover:bg-primary-500/3 dark:hover:before:border-primary" href="/additional-help/faq">FAQ</a></div></li></ul></li></ul><div class="relative z-[2] lg:absolute bottom-0 right-0 left-0 flex flex-col pointer-events-none lg:-left-5"><div class="text-sm text-dark/8 pr-0 pt-2 pb-2 mt-4 mb-4 bg-[size:250%_125%] bg-[position:50%_35%] bg-[radial-gradient(farthest-side_at_50%_-70%,_var(--tw-gradient-stops))] from-transparent from-60% to-light to-80% lg:pr-2 lg:mt-0 lg:mb-0 lg:mr-2 lg:pt-16 dark:text-light/6 dark:dark:to-dark"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.gitbook.com/?utm_source=content&utm_medium=trademark&utm_campaign=pHVuV3Ib5KXeBKft4Kcl" class="font-semibold ring-1 ring-inset ring-dark/2 pointer-events-auto transition-colors flex flex-row items-center hover:bg-dark/1 bg-light dark:bg-dark px-4 py-4 rounded-lg straight-corners:rounded-none hover:backdrop-blur-sm lg:ring-0 tracking-[-0.016em] dark:hover:bg-light/1 dark:ring-light/1 border border-dark/2 dark:border-light/2"><svg style="mask-image:url(/~gitbook/static/icons/svgs/custom-icons/gitbook.svg?v=2);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon size-5 mr-3"></svg>Powered by GitBook</a></div></div></div></aside><div class="flex-1 flex flex-col"><div class="flex flex-row-reverse justify-end"><aside class="group/aside hidden xl:flex flex-col basis-56 grow-0 shrink-0 sticky py-8 break-anywhere lg:h-full h-[100vh] page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:z-[1] page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:backdrop-blur-md page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:fixed page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:right-8 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:w-56 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:bg-light-2/9 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:rounded page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:h-auto page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:py-0 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:mt-3 dark:page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:bg-dark-2/8 lg:max-h-[calc(100vh_-_4rem)] top-16 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:top-16"><div class="hidden page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:flex flex-row items-center gap-3 text-sm font-semibold px-2 py-2"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/bars.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon size-3"></svg>On this page</div><div class="overflow-auto flex-1 flex flex-col gap-4 [&::-webkit-scrollbar]:bg-transparent [&::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb]:bg-transparent page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:hidden page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:group-hover/aside:flex"><ul class="border-l border-dark/2 dark:border-light/1 pl-1"><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#how-do-i-cite-openalex" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">How do I cite OpenAlex?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#are-openalex-ids-stable" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Are OpenAlex IDs stable?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#can-you-index-my-journal" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Can you index my journal?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#do-you-disambiguate-authors" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Do you disambiguate authors?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#do-you-gather-author-affiliations" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Do you gather author affiliations?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#where-does-your-data-come-from" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Where does your data come from?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#how-often-is-the-data-updated" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">How often is the data updated?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#is-your-data-quality-better-than" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Is your data quality better than ____?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#how-is-openalex-licensed" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">How is OpenAlex licensed?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#how-much-does-openalex-cost" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">How much does OpenAlex cost?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#ive-noticed-incorrect-data-in-an-openalex-author-profile.-how-can-i-correct-it" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">I've noticed incorrect data in an OpenAlex author profile. How can I correct it?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#whats-your-sustainability-plan" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">What's your sustainability plan?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#i-have-a-question-about-the-openalexr-library.-could-you-help-me" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">I have a question about the openalexR library. Could you help me?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#how-can-i-count-self-citations-between-works" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">How can I count self-citations between works?</a></li><li class="flex flex-row relative h-fit"><a href="#do-you-provide-access-to-full-text-papers" class="flex flex-row z-10 w-full items-baseline left-[-1px] relative text-sm py-1 ps-3 pe-2 transition-all duration-200 text-neutral-500 dark:text-neutral-400 hover:text-neutral-900 dark:hover:text-neutral-100">Do you provide access to full-text papers?</a></li></ul><div class="flex flex-col gap-3 page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:px-3"><div><a href="/~gitbook/pdf?page=XVb2TPR3waN28ttNqKhX&only=yes" class="flex flex-row items-center text-sm text-dark/6 hover:text-primary py-2 dark:text-light/5"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/file-pdf.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon size-4 mr-1.5"></svg>Export as PDF</a></div></div></div><div class="mt-4" data-visual-test="removed"></div></aside><main class="flex-1 relative py-8 lg:px-12 break-anywhere page-api-block:xl:max-2xl:pr-0 page-api-block:max-w-[1654px] page-api-block:mx-auto"><header class="max-w-3xl mx-auto mb-6 space-y-3 page-api-block:ml-0"><h1 class="text-4xl font-bold flex items-center gap-4">FAQ</h1></header><div class="[&>*+*]:mt-5 grid whitespace-pre-wrap"><h3 id="how-do-i-cite-openalex" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#how-do-i-cite-openalex" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">How do I cite OpenAlex?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">See our <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/#citation">citation section here.</a></p><h3 id="are-openalex-ids-stable" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#are-openalex-ids-stable" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Are OpenAlex IDs stable?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Yes!* The work associated with ID W1234 will keep the ID W1234.</p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">When we find duplicated works, authors, etc that already have assigned IDs, we merge them. Merged entities will redirect to the proper entity in the API. In the data snapshot, there is a directory which lists the IDs that have been merged.</p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">*In July 2023, OpenAlex switched to a <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/api-entities/authors/author-disambiguation">new, more accurate, author identification system</a>, replaced all OpenAlex Author IDs with new ones. This is a very rare case in which we violate the rule of having stable IDs, which is needed to make the improvements. Old IDs and their connections to works remain available in the historical OpenAlex data.</p><h3 id="can-you-index-my-journal" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#can-you-index-my-journal" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Can you index my journal?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">We automatically index new journals and articles so there is nothing you need to do. We primarily retrieve new records from <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.crossref.org/">Crossref</a>. So if you are not seeing your journal or article in OpenAlex, it is best to check if it is in Crossref with a query like <code class="py-[1px] px-1.5 min-w-[1.625rem] inline-flex justify-center items-center ring-1 ring-inset ring-dark/1 bg-dark/[0.06] rounded text-dark/8 dark:ring-light/1 dark:bg-light/1 dark:text-light/7 text-[.875em] leading-[calc(max(1.20em,1.25rem))]">https://api.crossref.org/works/<doi></code> (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1097/HS9.0000000000000014">example</a>). We do not curate journals or limit which journals will be included in OpenAlex. So any discoverable journals will be added to the data set.</p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">If your example DOI is in Crossref but not in OpenAlex, please send us a <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://openalex.org/help">support request</a> so we can look into it further!</p><h3 id="do-you-disambiguate-authors" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#do-you-disambiguate-authors" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Do you disambiguate authors?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Yes. Using coauthors, references, and other features of the data, we can tell that the same Jane Smith wrote both "Frog behavior" and "Frogs: A retrospective," but it's a different Jane Smith who wrote "Oats before boats: The breakfast customs of 17th-Century Dutch bargemen." For more details on this, see the page on <a class="underline underline-offset-2 decoration-primary/6 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors" href="/api-entities/authors/author-disambiguation">Author disambiguation</a>.</p><h3 id="do-you-gather-author-affiliations" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#do-you-gather-author-affiliations" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Do you gather author affiliations?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Yes. We automatically gather and normalize author affiliations from both structured and unstructured sources.</p><h3 id="where-does-your-data-come-from" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#where-does-your-data-come-from" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Where does your data come from?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">OpenAlex is not doing this alone! Rather, we're aggregating and standardizing data from a whole bunch of other great projects, like a river fed by many tributaries. Our two most important data sources are <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://aka.ms/msracad">MAG</a> and <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.crossref.org/">Crossref.</a> Other key sources include:</p><ul class="space-y-2 w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://orcid.org/">ORCID</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://ror.org/">ROR</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://doaj.org/">DOAJ</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://unpaywall.org/">Unpaywall</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">Pubmed</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">Pubmed Central</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.issn.org/">The ISSN International Centre</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0"><a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://archive.org/details/GeneralIndex">Internet Archive</a></p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0">Web crawls</p></div></li><li class="leading-normal flex items-start"><div class="text-base leading-normal flex items-center justify-center mr-1 min-h-[1lh] min-w-6 text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5"><div class="before:font-var before:content-[--pseudoBefore--content]" style="--pseudoBefore--content:'•';--font-family:Arial;font-size:min(1.5em, 24px);line-height:1"></div></div><div class="space-y-2 flex flex-col flex-1"><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&:is(h2)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h3)>div]:mt-0 [&:is(h4)>div]:mt-0">Subject-area and institutional repositories from <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://arxiv.org/">arXiv</a> to <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://zenodo.org/">Zenodo</a> and everywhere in between</p></div></li></ul><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Learn more at our general help center article: <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://help.openalex.org/hc/en-us/articles/24397285563671-About-the-data">About the data</a></p><h3 id="how-often-is-the-data-updated" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#how-often-is-the-data-updated" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">How often is the data updated?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">For now, the database snapshot is updated about once per month. We also offer a much faster update cadence—as often as once every few hours—through <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://openalex.org/pricing">OpenAlex Premium.</a></p><h3 id="is-your-data-quality-better-than" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#is-your-data-quality-better-than" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Is your data quality better than ____?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Our dataset is still very young, so there's not a lot of systematic research comparing OpenAlex to peer databases like MAG, Scopus, Dimensions, etc. We're currently working on publishing some research like that ourselves. Our initial finding are very encouraging...we believe OpenAlex is already comparable in coverage and accuracy to the more established players--but OpenAlex is 100% open data, built on 100% open-source code. We think that's a really important feature. We will also continue improving the data quality in the days, weeks, months, and years ahead!</p><h3 id="how-is-openalex-licensed" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#how-is-openalex-licensed" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">How is OpenAlex licensed?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">OpenAlex data is licensed as <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0</a> so it is free to use and distribute.</p><h3 id="how-much-does-openalex-cost" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#how-much-does-openalex-cost" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">How much does OpenAlex cost?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">It's free! The <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://explore.openalex.org">website</a>, the <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/">API</a>, and the <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/download-all-data/openalex-snapshot">database snapshot</a> are all available at no charge. As a nonprofit, making this data free and open is part of our mission.</p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">For those who would like a higher level of service and to provide direct financial support for our mission, we offer <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://openalex.org/pricing">OpenAlex Premium. Click here to learn more.</a></p><h3 id="ive-noticed-incorrect-data-in-an-openalex-author-profile.-how-can-i-correct-it" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#ive-noticed-incorrect-data-in-an-openalex-author-profile.-how-can-i-correct-it" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">I've noticed incorrect data in an OpenAlex author profile. How can I correct it?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Please see the help section on <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://help.openalex.org/how-it-works/authors#author-profile-curation">Author profile curation</a>.</p><h3 id="whats-your-sustainability-plan" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#whats-your-sustainability-plan" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">What's your sustainability plan?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Our nonprofit (OurResearch) has a ten-year track record of building sustainable scholarly infrastructure, and a formal commitment to sustainability as part of <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/posi/">our adoption of the POSI principles.</a></p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">We're currently still exploring our options for OpenAlex's sustainability plan. Thanks to a generous grant from <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.arcadiafund.org.uk/">Arcadia</a>, we've got lots of runway, and we don't need to roll anything out in a rush.</p><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">Our Unpaywall project (a free index of the world's open-access research literature) has been self-sustaining via a freemium revenue model for nearly five years, and we have recently introduced a similar model in <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://openalex.org/pricing">OpenAlex Premium. </a>Access to the data will always be free for everyone, but OpenAlex Premium offers several benefits in service above the services we offer for free.</p><h3 id="i-have-a-question-about-the-openalexr-library.-could-you-help-me" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#i-have-a-question-about-the-openalexr-library.-could-you-help-me" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">I have a question about the openalexR library. Could you help me?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">The <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://docs.ropensci.org/openalexR/">openalexR</a> package is a great way to work with the OpenAlex API using the R programming language, but it is third-party software that we do not maintain ourselves. Please direct any questions you have to them instead.</p><h3 id="how-can-i-count-self-citations-between-works" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#how-can-i-count-self-citations-between-works" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">How can I count self-citations between works?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">If you want to count self-citations—or, inversely independent citations where citing and the cited work do not have any authors in common—you can check each citation for whether they share any Author IDs in common in their <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/api-entities/works/work-object/authorship-object"><code class="py-[1px] px-1.5 min-w-[1.625rem] inline-flex justify-center items-center ring-1 ring-inset ring-dark/1 bg-dark/[0.06] rounded text-dark/8 dark:ring-light/1 dark:bg-light/1 dark:text-light/7 text-[.875em] leading-[calc(max(1.20em,1.25rem))]">authorships</code></a> field. See <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/api-entities/works/work-object#authorships">here</a> for more information.</p><h3 id="do-you-provide-access-to-full-text-papers" class="text-2xl font-semibold group relative grid w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0"><div class="grid grid-area-1-1 relative -ml-6 w-7 border-0 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-[0] group-focus:opacity-[0] md:group-hover:md:opacity-[1] md:group-focus:md:opacity-[1] mt-[0.75em]"><a href="#do-you-provide-access-to-full-text-papers" aria-label="Direct link to heading" class="inline-flex h-full items-start dark:text-light/3 dark:shadow-none dark:ring-0 leading-snug"><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/hashtag.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon w-3.5 h-[1lh] transition-colors text-transparent group-hover:text-dark/6 dark:group-hover:text-light/5 lg:w-4"></svg></a></div><div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Do you provide access to full-text papers?</div></h3><p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">We provide links to the full-text PDFs for open-access works whenever possible. In addition, we have access to raw full-text for many works either through PDF parsing we have done, or using the Internet Archive's general index, which we use to power our <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/how-to-use-the-api/get-lists-of-entities/search-entities">search</a>. You can learn more about this <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="/api-entities/works/work-object#has_fulltext">here</a>. We do not currently offer direct access to raw full-text through the API or data snapshot.</p></div><div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row mt-6 gap-2 max-w-3xl mx-auto page-api-block:ml-0"><a class="group text-sm p-2.5 flex gap-4 flex-1 flex-row-reverse items-center pl-4 border border-dark/3 rounded straight-corners:rounded-none hover:border-primary/6 dark:border-light/2 text-pretty dark:hover:border-primary-300/4 md:p-4 md:text-base" href="/additional-help/report-bugs"><span class="flex flex-col flex-1 text-right"><span class="text-xs">Previous</span><span class="text-dark dark:text-light/6 group-hover:text-primary line-clamp-2">Report bugs</span></span><svg style="mask-image:url(https://ka-p.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.6.0/svgs/regular/chevron-left.svg?v=2&token=a463935e93);mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-position:center" class="gb-icon hidden size-4 text-dark/5 group-hover:text-primary dark:text-light/4 md:block"></svg></a></div><div class="flex flex-row items-center mt-6 max-w-3xl mx-auto page-api-block:ml-0"><p class="flex-1 text-sm text-dark/6 dark:text-light/5">Last updated <time data-visual-test="transparent" dateTime="2024-07-30T13:11:13.814Z" title="7/30/2024, 1:11:13 PM">4 months ago</time></p></div></main></div></div></div></div><script nonce="ZjkzMTE0NmYtZWRkMC00MTFhLWI2ZjMtNjUzOWVhOGQyY2My" data-cfasync="false"> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", () => { if (Array.from(document.scripts).find(script => script.src.includes('rocket-loader.min.js'))) { const alert = document.createElement('div'); alert.className = 'p-4 mb-4 text-sm text-red-800 rounded-lg bg-red-50 dark:bg-gray-800 dark:text-red-400 mt-8 mx-8'; alert.innerHTML = ` <strong>Error in site configuration:</strong> It looks like ${window.location.hostname} has been incorrectly configured in Cloudflare. 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