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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="أمية بن عبد شمس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمية بن عبد شمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abd-Xams" title="Umayya ibn Abd-Xams – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Umayya ibn Abd-Xams" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Ουμαγιά ιμπν Αμπντ Σαμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουμαγιά ιμπν Αμπντ Σαμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abd_Shams" title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="امیة بن عبدشمس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امیة بن عبدشمس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abd_Shams" title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abd_Shams" title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyah_bin_Abdu_Syams" title="Umayyah bin Abdu Syams – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Umayyah bin Abdu Syams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_%27Abd_Shams" title="Umayya ibn 'Abd Shams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umayya ibn 'Abd Shams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaiyyah_bin_Abdul_Syams" title="Umaiyyah bin Abdul Syams – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Umaiyyah bin Abdul Syams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abdushams" title="Umayya ibn Abdushams – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umayya ibn Abdushams" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umajja_Ibn_Abd_Szams" title="Umajja Ibn Abd Szams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umajja Ibn Abd Szams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Умайя ибн Абд Шамс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умайя ибн Абд Шамс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayya_ibn_Abd_Shams" title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umayya ibn Abd Shams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaja_ibn_Abd_%C5%A0ams" title="Umaja ibn Abd Šams – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umaja ibn Abd Šams" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmeyye_bin_Abd%C3%BC%C5%9Fems" title="Ümeyye bin Abdüşems – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ümeyye bin Abdüşems" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3" title="امیہ بن عبد شمس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امیہ بن عبد شمس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Commander of the Meccans (born c. 515)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Umayya ibn ʿAbd-Shams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمية بن عبد شمس</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 515<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hijaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">being the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">qāʾid</a></i></span> (wartime commander) of the Meccans.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-As_ibn_Umayya" title="Abu al-As ibn Umayya">Abu al-As ibn Umayya</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harb_ibn_Umayya" title="Harb ibn Umayya">Harb ibn Umayya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_Shams_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf">Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Umayya ibn Abd-Shams</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمية بن عبد شمس</span>) is the progenitor of the line of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad caliphs</a>. Anti-Umayyad polemic says that his name is derived from <em>'ama'</em>, a diminutive of the word for slave-girl,<sup id="cite_ref-EofI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EofI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead of being the legitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Shams_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf">Abd Shams</a>, Ibn al-Kalbi claims that he was adopted by him.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ibn al-Kalbi is acknowledged as an unreliable reporter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clan of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a> as well as the dynasty that ruled the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> are named after Umayya ibn Abd-Shams. </p><p>Umayya succeeded <a href="/wiki/Abd_Shams_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf">Abd-Shams</a> as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">qāʾid</a></i></span> (wartime commander) of the Meccans. This position was likely an occasional political post whose holder oversaw the direction of Mecca's military affairs in times of war instead of an actual field command. This proved instructive as later Umayyads were known for possessing considerable political and military organizational skills. </p><p>After a rivalry with his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Hashim_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Hashim ibn Abd Manaf">Hashim ibn Abd-Manaf</a>, Umayya ibn Abd-Shams ibn Abd-Manaf was banished by the Meccans to the Levant (<i>Bilad al-Sham</i>), where he and his progeny stayed, and he became a merchant. This later assisted his grand-son <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abi-Sufyan</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Harb_ibn_Umayya" title="Harb ibn Umayya">Harb</a> ibn Umayya to establish the new caliphate whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His children were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-As_ibn_Umayya" title="Abu al-As ibn Umayya">Abu al-'As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harb_ibn_Umayya" title="Harb ibn Umayya">Harb</a></li> <li>Al-'As</li> <li>Abu 'Amr</li> <li>Abu al-'Is</li> <li>Safiyya</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umayya_ibn_Abd_Shams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.myheritage.com/names/umayya_ibn%20abd%20manaf?lang=AR#signup_terms">https://www.myheritage.com/names/umayya_ibn%20abd%20manaf?lang=AR#signup_terms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906081722/https://www.myheritage.com/names/umayya_ibn%20abd%20manaf?lang=AR#signup_terms/">Archived</a> 2020-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EofI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EofI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Encyclopedia of Islam T-U</i>. p. 839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+T-U&rft.pages=839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmayya+ibn+Abd+Shams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussaviCrow2005" class="citation book cs1">Moussavi, Ahmad Kazemi; Crow, Karim Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkwGdStuXHUC&pg=PA181"><i>Facing One Qiblah: Legal and Doctrinal Aspects of Sunni and Shi'ah Muslims</i></a>. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971775520" title="Special:BookSources/9789971775520"><bdi>9789971775520</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+One+Qiblah%3A+Legal+and+Doctrinal+Aspects+of+Sunni+and+Shi%27ah+Muslims&rft.pub=Pustaka+Nasional+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789971775520&rft.aulast=Moussavi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Kazemi&rft.au=Crow%2C+Karim+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkwGdStuXHUC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmayya+ibn+Abd+Shams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9P1V9-3oqFcC&pg=PA695"><i>The Biography of the Prophet and the Orientalists</i></a>. ideas4islam. p. 695. GGKEY:BKP7ZJ6D11W.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+of+the+Prophet+and+the+Orientalists&rft.pages=695&rft.pub=ideas4islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9P1V9-3oqFcC%26pg%3DPA695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUmayya+ibn+Abd+Shams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204093747/http://www.playandlearn.org/reader.asp?Type=Muharram&fn=108">The Banu Umayya</a>; playandlearn.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/nasqurPDF">https://archive.org/details/nasqurPDF</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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