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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolitikum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolitikum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neolitikum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolitikum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronstydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronstydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bronstydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronstydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donker_Eeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donker_Eeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Donker Eeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donker_Eeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argaïese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argaïese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Argaïese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argaïese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassieke_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassieke_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Klassieke tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassieke_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistiese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistiese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Hellenistiese tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistiese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romeinse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeinse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Romeinse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeinse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bisantynse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bisantynse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Bisantynse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bisantynse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Turkse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efese_en_die_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efese_en_die_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Efese en die Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efese_en_die_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belangrikste_terreine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belangrikste_terreine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Belangrikste terreine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belangrikste_terreine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewe_Slapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewe_Slapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sewe Slapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewe_Slapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argeologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argeologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Argeologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argeologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Efese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 87 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8C%E1%88%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ኤፌሶን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤፌሶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephese" title="Ephese – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ephese" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="أفسس – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفسس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="افسوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افسوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89fesu" title="Éfesu – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éfesu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Эфес (горад) – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфес (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Эфэс (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эфэс (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="এফেসাস – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এফেসাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA-h%C3%B3k-s%C5%AB" title="Ī-hók-sū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ī-hók-sū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effesus" title="Effesus – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Effesus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%86%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έφεσος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έφεσος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efezo" title="Efezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Efezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89fesu" title="Éfesu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Éfesu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="افسوس (شهر) – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افسوس (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus" title="Efesus – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Efesus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ph%C3%A8se" title="Éphèse – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éphèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88f%C3%A8so" title="Èfèso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èfèso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-fut-s%C3%B3" title="Yî-fut-só – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-fut-só" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אפסוס – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפסוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="इफिसुस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इफिसुस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epheszosz" title="Epheszosz – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epheszosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Եփեսոս – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եփեսոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus_(kota)" title="Efesus (kota) – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Efesus (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B9" title="エフェソス – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エフェソス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesus" title="Efesus – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Efesus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D" title="ეფესო – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეფესო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8E%98%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="에페소스 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에페소스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesas" title="Efesas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Efesas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesa" title="Efesa – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Efesa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes%C3%B4sy" title="Efesôsy – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Efesôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="इफेसूस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इफेसूस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesu" title="Efesu – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Efesu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeze" title="Efeze – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Efeze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C3%A8s" title="Efès – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Efès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89feso" title="Éfeso – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Эфес (город) – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфес (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88fesu" title="Èfesu – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Èfesu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efez" title="Efez – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Efez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos" title="Ephesos – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ephesos" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesos" title="Efesos – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efesos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="எபேசஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எபேசஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เอฟิซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอฟิซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Efeso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ефес – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B3" title="افسس – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افسس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes" title="Efes – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Efes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88fezo" title="Èfezo – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Èfezo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeze" title="Efeze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Efeze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="以弗所" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以弗所" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8F%B2%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF" title="艾菲索斯 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾菲索斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47611#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Efese" title="Bekyk die 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geografiese_ko%C3%B6rdinatestelsel" title="Geografiese koördinatestelsel">Koördinate</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Efese&language=af&params=37_56_28_N_27_20_31_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">37°56′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">27°20′31″O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">37.94111°N 27.34194°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.94111; 27.34194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:20em;max-width:285px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#eee; padding:0.2em; line-height:110%; text-align:center; font-size:135%;"><span class="fn org">Efese</span><sup>*</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Unesco-wêrelderfenisterrein </a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/290px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/435px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/580px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">Die fasade van die <a href="/wiki/Celsus-biblioteek" title="Celsus-biblioteek">Celsus-biblioteek</a> in Efese.<hr /> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div style="width: 252px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid geen; padding: 0px; width: 250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Turkey_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Efese op 'n kaart (Turkye)"><img alt="Ligging van Efese op 'n kaart (Turkye)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/250px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/375px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 65.1%; left: 9.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 8px; font-size: 8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Efese"><img alt="Efese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; links: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;">Efese</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"></div></div><small>Ligging van Efese in Turkye</small> </td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: smaller; padding-bottom: 0.7em;">Koördinate: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Efese&language=af&params=37_56_28_N_27_20_31_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">37°56′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">27°20′31″O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">37.94111°N 27.34194°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.94111; 27.34194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Lande</b> </td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tipe</b> </td> <td>Kultureel </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kriteria</b> </td> <td>iii, iv, vi </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Verwysings</b> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1018">1018</a> </td></tr> <tr class="adr"> <td><b>Streek</b>† </td> <td style="line-height:150%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="region"><a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;"><b>Inskripsiegeskiedenis</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Inskripsie</b> </td> <td style="line-height:150%;">2015  <small>(39ste <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">Sessie</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:150%; padding-top:0.8em; border-top: 1px #aaa solid; text-align:left; font-size:80%; font-weight:lighter;"><span style="margin:0.5em; color:#555;">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Naam soos dit in die Wêrelderfenislys verskyn.</a><br /><span style="margin:0.5em; color:#555;">† <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">Streek soos deur Unesco geklassifiseer.</a></span> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Turcja,_Efez,_Nike_(Aw58).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/200px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/300px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG/400px-Turcja%2C_Efez%2C_Nike_%28Aw58%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>'n Uitbeelding van <a href="/wiki/Nike" title="Nike">Nike</a> in Efese.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Efese</b> (Antieke <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a>: Ἔφεσος; <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a>: Efes) was ’n <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekse</a> hawestad aan die weskus van <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a>, naby die huidige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sel%C3%A7uk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selçuk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selçuk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>. In die Romeinse tyd is 'n nuwe hawe gevestig, aangesien die baai om die vorige reeds deur die Kaistrosrivier toegeslik was. Die nuwe hawe sou tot 'n belangrike handelsentrum ontwikkel wat baie jare lank die tweede grootste stad in die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> sou wees.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCU_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit het in die eerste eeu v.C. sowat 250 000 inwoners gehad, wat dit ook die tweede grootste stad ter wêreld gemaak het.<sup id="cite_ref-OCU_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die stad was onder meer bekend vir sy <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Artemis" title="Tempel van Artemis">Tempel van Artemis</a>, wat omstreeks <a href="/wiki/550_v.C." title="550 v.C.">550 v.C.</a> voltooi is, en een van die <a href="/wiki/Sewe_wonders_van_die_w%C3%AAreld" title="Sewe wonders van die wêreld">wonders van die antieke wêreld</a> was. Die tempel is in <a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a> n.C. verwoes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keiser <a href="/wiki/Konstantyn_die_Grote" title="Konstantyn die Grote">Konstantyn die Grote</a> het ’n groot deel van die stad laat herbou en nuwe openbare baddens opgerig. Die stad is weer in <a href="/wiki/614" title="614">614</a> gedeeltelik deur ’n <a href="/wiki/Aardbewing" title="Aardbewing">aardbewing</a> verwoes. Die baai waaraan dit eens geleë was het langsamerhand volkome toegeslik. Skeepstoegang is hierdeur belemmer en die stad het gekwyn.<sup id="cite_ref-ami1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die ruïnes lê vandag 3 km suidwes van die dorp Selçuk in Turkye en is ’n gewilde toeriste-attraksie. Die Kaistrosrivier staan tans as die Küçük Menderes, oftewel "Klein Meander" bekend. Efese was een van die sewe gemeentes wat in <a href="/wiki/Openbaring" title="Openbaring">Openbaring</a> genoem word (Openbaring 1:11). <a href="/wiki/Paulus_van_Tarsus" title="Paulus van Tarsus">Paulus</a> het ook 'n <a href="/wiki/Efesi%C3%ABrs" title="Efesiërs">brief</a> aan die gemeente geskryf. In 1863 het die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a> met opgrawings begin, wat deur die Oostenrykse Argeologiese Instituut opgevolg is.<sup id="cite_ref-ami1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 is Efese deur <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> as <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebied</a> gelys. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Neolitikum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Neolitikum"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die gebied om Efese was reeds in die <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a> (omstreeks 6000 v.C.) bewoon, soos blyk uit uitgrawings by die nabygeleë grafheuwels (bekend as <a href="/wiki/Tel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel">tels</a>) van Arvalya en Cukurici.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronstydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bronstydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onlangse uitgrawings het nedersettings by die Ayasuluk-heuwel uit die vroeë <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a> ontbloot. In <a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> is ’n begraafplaas met keramiekpotte uit die <a href="/wiki/Miceense_Griekeland" title="Miceense Griekeland">Miceense</a> tydperk (1500-1400 v.C.) naby die ruïnes van die Johannes-basilika ontdek.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Özgünel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Özgünel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit was die tydperk van die Miceense uitbreidings toe die <a href="/wiki/Achajers" title="Achajers">Achajers</a> (of <i>Achaioi</i> soos <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> hulle genoem het) hulle in Ahhiyawa gevestig het tydens die <a href="/wiki/14de_eeu_v.C." title="14de eeu v.C.">14de</a> en <a href="/wiki/13de_eeu_v.C." title="13de eeu v.C.">13de eeu v.C.</a> Geleerdes glo Efese is gebou op die nedersetting Apasa (of <i>Abasa</i>), ’n stad uit die Bronstydperk wat in <a href="/wiki/Hetiete" title="Hetiete">Hetitiese</a> bronne uit die 14de eeu v.C. genoem word.<sup id="cite_ref-Akurgal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akurgal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donker_Eeue">Donker Eeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Donker Eeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Donker Eeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ac_artemisephesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ac_artemisephesus.jpg/220px-Ac_artemisephesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ac_artemisephesus.jpg/330px-Ac_artemisephesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ac_artemisephesus.jpg/440px-Ac_artemisephesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die terrein van die Tempel van Artemis op die dorp Selçuk, naby Efese</figcaption></figure> <p>Efese is in die <a href="/wiki/10de_eeu_v.C." title="10de eeu v.C.">10de eeu v.C.</a> op die Ayasuluk-heuwel gestig as ’n Atties-Ioniese kolonie – 3 km van die middel van antieke Efese af (soos blyk uit uitgrawings in die 1990's by die <a href="/wiki/Seldjoekse_Ryk" title="Seldjoekse Ryk">Seldjoekse</a> kasteel). Die mitiese stigter van die stad was ’n prins van <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> met die naam Androklos, wat sy land moes verlaat ná die dood van sy pa, koning Kadros. </p><p>Volgens die legende het hy Efese gestig op die plek waar die <a href="/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel">orakel</a> van <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> dit voorspel het: "’n Vis en ’n varkbeer sal vir jou die pad wys." Androklos het die meeste van die inheemse <a href="/wiki/Kari%C3%AB" title="Karië">Kariese</a> en Lelegiese inwoners verdryf en sy volk met die res verenig. Hy was ’n suksesvolle kryger en as koning het hy die 12 stede van <a href="/wiki/Ioni%C3%AB" title="Ionië">Ionië</a> in die Ioniese Bond verenig. </p><p>Tydens sy bewind het die stad begin floreer. Hy is in ’n geveg teen die Kariërs dood toe hy Priëne, ’n ander stad van die Bond, te hulp snel.<sup id="cite_ref-Pausanius_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pausanius-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Androklos en sy hond word uitgebeeld op die <a href="/wiki/Fries_(boukunde)" title="Fries (boukunde)">fries</a> van die Tempel van <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a> uit die 2de eeu. Later het Griekse historici soos Pausanias, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> en <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a> vertel die stad se mitiese stigter is Ephos, koningin van die <a href="/wiki/Amasone_(mitologie)" title="Amasone (mitologie)">Amasones</a>. </p><p>Die Griekse godin <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> en die Anatoliese godin <a href="/wiki/Kubele" title="Kubele">Kubele</a> is saam geïdentifiseer as "Artemis van Efese". Die "Dame van Efese" met die baie borste wat met Artemis verbind word, is vereer in die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Artemis" title="Tempel van Artemis">Tempel van Artemis</a>, een van die Sewe Wonders en volgens Pausanias (4.31.8) die grootste gebou van die Antieke Wêreld. Die geograaf noem dat die tempel deur Efese, seun van die riviergod Kaystros, gebou is<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voor die aankoms van die Ioniërs. Omtrent niks van dié struktuur is oor nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argaïese_tydperk"><span id="Arga.C3.AFese_tydperk"></span>Argaïese tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Argaïese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Argaïese tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omstreeks 650 v.C. is Efese deur die <a href="/wiki/Kimmeri%C3%ABrs" title="Kimmeriërs">Kimmeriërs</a> aangeval en verwoes. Nadat die Kimmeriërs verdryf is, is die stad deur ’n reeks tiranne regeer. Ná ’n opstand deur die inwoners is die stad deur ’n raad, die <i>Kuretes</i>, regeer. Efese het weer floreer en ’n paar belangrike historiese figure opgelewer, soos die digter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callinus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Callinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Callinus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callinus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die filosoof <a href="/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos">Herakleitos</a>. </p><p>Omstreeks <a href="/wiki/560_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="560 v.C.">560 v.C.</a> is Efese deur die <a href="/wiki/Lidi%C3%AB" title="Lidië">Lidiërs</a> onder koning <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> verower. Hy het die inwoners met respek behandel, ondanks sy streng heerskappy, en het selfs een van die hoofbydraers geword vir die herbou van die Tempel van Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sy handtekening is op die basis van een die pilare van die tempel gevind (wat nou in die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a> uitgestal word). Croesus het die bevolkings om Efese in die omgewing van die tempel laat hergroepeer en so die stad vergroot. </p><p>Later in dié eeu het die Lidiërs onder Croesus <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persië</a> binnegeval. Die Ioniërs het ’n vredesaanbod van <a href="/wiki/Kores_die_Grote" title="Kores die Grote">Kores die Grote</a> geweier en hulle eerder by die Lidiërs geskaar. Nadat die Perse Croesus verslaan het, het die Ioniërs aangebied om vrede te maak, maar Kores het daarop aangedring dat hulle oorgee en deel van sy ryk word.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hulle is in 547 v.C. deur die Persiese leëraanvoerder Harpagos verslaan. Die Perse het toe die Griekse stede van <a href="/wiki/Klein-Asi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Klein-Asië">Klein-Asië</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Achaemenidiese_Ryk" title="Achaemenidiese Ryk">Achaemenidiese Ryk</a> opgeneem. </p><p>Efese was eeue lank vir argeoloë ’n raaisel omdat geen vasgestelde ligging van die stad vir die argaïese tydperk bekend is nie. Verskeie terreine word voorgestel vir die beweging van ’n nedersetting tussen die Brons- en die Romeinse tydperk, maar die toeslyking van die natuurlike hawens en die beweging van die Kaistrosrivier het meegebring dat die ligging nooit dieselfde gebly het nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassieke_tydperk">Klassieke tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Klassieke tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Klassieke tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efese het aanhou vooruitgaan. Maar toe belasting bly verhoog is onder <a href="/wiki/Kambuses" title="Kambuses">Kambuses</a> II en <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_van_Persi%C3%AB" title="Darius I van Persië">Darius</a>, het die Efesiërs deelgeneem aan die <a href="/wiki/Ioniese_Opstand" title="Ioniese Opstand">Ioniese Opstand</a> teen die Persiese heerskappy in die Slag van Efese (498 v.C.), ’n voorval wat gelei het tot die <a href="/wiki/Grieks-Persiese_Oorlo%C3%AB" title="Grieks-Persiese Oorloë">Grieks-Persiese Oorloë</a>. In 479 v.C. het Ionië, <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> die Persiese heersers uit Anatolië verdryf. In <a href="/wiki/478_v.C." title="478 v.C.">478 v.C.</a> het die Ioniese stede die <a href="/wiki/Deliese_Bond" title="Deliese Bond">Deliese Bond</a> met Athene en Sparta teen die Perse gesluit. </p><p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesiese_oorlog" title="Peloponnesiese oorlog">Peloponnesiese oorlog</a> het Efese hom eers by Athene geskaar, maar tydens ’n latere fase, die Ioniese Oorlog, by Sparta, wat ook die steun van die Perse gehad het. Die gevolg was dat die koninkryke van Anatolië weer onder Persiese bewind beland het. </p><p>Hierdie oorloë het nie die daaglikse lewe in Efese baie beïnvloed nie. Die Efesiërs was verbasend modern in hul sosiale verhoudings. Hulle het vreemdelinge toegelaat om te integreer. Opvoeding was hoog aangeskryf. Deur die aanbidding van Artemis het die stad ook ’n bastion vir vroueregte geword. Die stad het selfs vroulike kunstenaars gehad. In later tye het <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_ouere" title="Plinius die ouere">Plinius die ouere</a> genoem dat hy in Efese ’n voorstelling van die godin <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mitologie)" title="Diana (mitologie)">Diana</a> gesien het deur Timarata, die dogter van ’n skilder. </p><p>In 356 v.C. is die Tempel van Artemis afgebrand, volgens legendes deur ’n waansinnige met die naam Herostratus. Die inwoners het dadelik die tempel begin restoureer en ’n selfs groter en mooier een as die oorspronklike beplan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistiese_tydperk">Hellenistiese tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Hellenistiese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Hellenistiese tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> die Persiese magte in 334 v.C. verslaan, is die Griekse stede van Klein-Asië bevry. Die pro-Persiese tiran Syrpax en sy gesin is met klippe doodgegooi en Alexander is gul in Efese verwelkom. Toe hy sien dat die Tempel van Artemis nog nie voltooi is nie, het hy voorgestel dat hy dit finansier en sy naam aan die voorkant aangebring word. Die inwoners het dit egter van die hand gewys omdat hulle gemeen het dit is nie geskik dat een god ’n tempel vir ’n ander een bou nie. Ná Alexander se dood in <a href="/wiki/323_v.C." title="323 v.C.">323 v.C.</a> het Efese onder die heerskappy van een van sy generaals, Lusimachos, gekom. </p><p>Omdat die Kaistrosrivier die hawe toegeslik het, het die gevolglike moerasse gelei tot baie sterfgevalle weens <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> en ander oorsake. Die inwoners was verplig om 2  km verder te skuif toe die koning die ou stad oorvloei deur die rioolpype te blokkeer.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die nuwe nedersetting is na die koning se tweede vrou, Arsinoe II van Egipte, genoem. Nadat Lusimachos die nabygeleë stede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebedos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebedos (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lebedos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolophon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kolophon</a> in 292 v.C. verwoes het, het hy hul inwoners na die nuwe stad verskuif. </p><p>Efese het in opstand gekom ná die verraderlike dood van Lusimachos se seun Agathokles en het die Siriese koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleukos_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleukos I (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seleukos I</a> die geleentheid gegee om Lusimachos, sy laaste teenstander, in 281 v.C. dood te maak. Daarna is die stad weer Efese genoem. </p><p>So het Efese deel van die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukidiese Ryk</a> geword. Ná die moord op koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochos_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochos II (bladsy bestaan nie)">Antiochos II</a> en sy <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">Egiptiese</a> vrou het <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemeus III Euergetes">Ptolemeus III</a> die Seleukidiese Ryk ingeval en die kus van Klein-Asië verower. Efese het tussen <a href="/wiki/263_v.C." title="263 v.C.">263</a> en <a href="/wiki/197_v.C." title="197 v.C.">197 v.C.</a> onder Egiptiese bewind gekom. </p><p>Toe die Seleukidiese koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochos III (bladsy bestaan nie)">Antiochos III</a> probeer om die Griekse stede van Klein-Asië te herower, het hy met <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Rome</a> gebots. Ná ’n reeks gevegte is hy in <a href="/wiki/190_v.C." title="190 v.C.">190 v.C.</a> verslaan. Efese het toe onder die heerskappy van die Attalidiese koning van <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, Eumenes II, gekom. Toe sy kleinseun Attalos III sonder manlike erfgename sterf, het hy die koninkryk aan die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a> nagelaat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romeinse_tydperk">Romeinse tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Romeinse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Romeinse tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ephesus_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephesus_Theater.jpg/220px-Ephesus_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephesus_Theater.jpg/330px-Ephesus_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ephesus_Theater.jpg/440px-Ephesus_Theater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Efese se amfiteater</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Temple_of_Hadrian_(16127691050).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/220px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/330px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg/440px-The_Temple_of_Hadrian_%2816127691050%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Die Tempel van Hadrianus</figcaption></figure> <p>As deel van die Romeinse Republiek het Efese dadelik die Romeinse invloed ervaar. Belasting is aansienlik verhoog en die stad se skatte is stelselmatig geplunder. In <a href="/wiki/88_v.C." title="88 v.C.">88 v.C.</a> het Efese <a href="/wiki/Archelaos" title="Archelaos">Archelaos</a>, ’n generaal van Mitradates VI, koning van <a href="/wiki/Pontos" title="Pontos">Pontos</a>, verwelkom toe hy Wes-Anatolië verower. Dit het gelei tot die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiatiese_Vespers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiatiese Vespers (bladsy bestaan nie)">Asiatiese Vespers</a>, die slagting van 80 000 Romeinse burgers van Klein-Asië, of enigiemand wat met ’n <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> aksent gepraat het. Baie van hulle het in Efese gewoon. Maar toe die Efesiërs sien hoe sleg Zenobios, ’n generaal van Mitridates, die mense van Chios behandel, het hulle geweier dat sy leër die stad binnekom. Zenobios is wel ingenooi om Philopoimen (die vader van Monima, die gunstelingvrou van Mitridates) te besoek. Omdat die inwoners niks goeds van hom verwag het nie, het hulle hom in die tronk gegooi en vermoor. Mitridates het wraak geneem en swaar strawwe uitgedeel. Die Griekse stede het egter hul vryheid en aansienlike regte gekry. </p><p>Efese het vir ’n kort rukkie selfregerend geword. Toe Mitridates deur die Romeinse konsul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> verslaan word, het Efese in <a href="/wiki/86_v.C." title="86 v.C.">86 v.C.</a> weer onder Romeinse heerskappy gekom. Sulla het ’n groot skadeloosstelling geëis, asook belasting terugwerkend vir vyf jaar, en Asiatiese stede was dus ’n lang tyd daarna kwaai in die skuld.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithridatic_War_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithridatic_War-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 27 v.C. keiser word, het hy Efese in plaas van <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> die hoofstad gemaak van die provinsie <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Asia (Romeinse provinsie)">Asia</a>, wat die westelike <a href="/wiki/Klein-Asi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Klein-Asië">Klein-Asië</a> beslaan het. Efese het weer floreer. Dit het die setel van die goewerneur en ’n groot metropolis en handelsentrum geword. Dit was naas Rome die belangrikste en grootste stad.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die jaar <a href="/wiki/100" title="100">100</a> n.C. het Efese na skatting tussen 400 000 en 500 000 inwoners gehad; dit was die grootste stad in Romeinse Asië. Die stad het in die 1ste en 2de eeu n.C. ’n hoogtepunt bereik. </p><p>Efese was bekend vir sy Tempel van Artemis (Diana),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wie se hoofaltaar daar was, die <a href="/wiki/Celsus-biblioteek" title="Celsus-biblioteek">Celsus-biblioteek</a> en sy teater met plek vir 25 000 toeskouers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dié amfiteater is aanvanklik vir dramas gebruik, maar in latere Romeinse tye is gladiatorgevegte ook op sy verhoog gehou. In Mei 2007 is die eerste argeologiese bewyse van ’n gladiatorbegraafplaas ontdek.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terwyl onder Romeinse heerskappy, het die stad ook verskeie badkomplekse gehad. Dit het een van die gevorderdste <a href="/wiki/Akwaduk" title="Akwaduk">akwadukstelsels</a> in die antieke wêreld gehad, met talle akwadukte van verskillende groottes wat verskillende gebiede van water voorsien het. </p><p>Die stad en tempel is in <a href="/wiki/263" title="263">263</a> deur die <a href="/wiki/Gote" title="Gote">Gote</a> verwoes. Dit was die begin van die stad se verval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bisantynse_tydperk">Bisantynse tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Bisantynse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bisantynse tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efese het in die 5de en 6de eeu die belangrikste stad van die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse Ryk</a> in Asië gebly naas <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a>. Keiser <a href="/wiki/Konstantyn_die_Grote" title="Konstantyn die Grote">Konstantyn die Grote</a> het ’n groot deel van die stad laat herbou en ’n nuwe openbare bad opgerig. In 406 het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Chrysostomos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Chrysostomos (bladsy bestaan nie)">Johannes Chrysostomos</a>, die aartsbiskop van Konstantinopel, gelas dat die Tempel van Artemis vernietig word.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keiser <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Flavius Arcadius</a> het die vlak van die straat tussen die teater en die hawe laat verhoog. Die Johannes-basilika is in die 6de eeu gebou tydens die bewind van keiser <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I_van_Bisantium" title="Justinianus I van Bisantium">Justinianus I</a>. </p><p>In 614 is die stad gedeeltelik deur ’n aardbewing verwoes. </p><p>Die belangrikheid van die stad as ’n handelsentrum het geleidelik afgeneem namate die rivier die hawe toegeslik het.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die verlies van die hawe het daartoe gelei dat Efese sy toegang tot die <a href="/wiki/Ege%C3%AFese_See" title="Egeïese See">Egeïese See</a> verloor het, wat belangrik vir handel was. Mense het van die laerliggende dele van die stad na die omringende heuwels getrek. Die tempel se ruïnes is as boustene vir nuwe huise gebruik en marmerstandbeelde is tot poeier gemaal om pleister te maak. </p><p>Plundertogte deur die <a href="/wiki/Omajjadiese_Kalifaat" title="Omajjadiese Kalifaat">Arabiere</a>, eers in die jaar 654-655 en later in 700 en 716, het die verval bespoedig. </p><p>Toe die <a href="/wiki/Seldjoekse_Ryk" title="Seldjoekse Ryk">Seldjoekse</a> Turke Efese in 1090 verower,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dit ’n klein dorpie. Die Bisantyne het in 1100 beheer herower en die naam verander na Hagios Theologos. Hulle het die gebied tot in 1308 beheer. <a href="/wiki/Kruistog" title="Kruistog">Kruistogvaarders</a> was verbaas toe hulle net ’n klein dorpie met die naam Ayasalouk daar aantref terwyl hulle ’n groot, besige stad met ’n groot hawe verwag het. Selfs die plaaslike bevolking het teen dié tyd al vergeet van die Tempel van Artemis. Die Kruistogvaarders van die <a href="/wiki/Kruistog#Tweede_Kruistog" title="Kruistog">Tweede Kruistog</a> het in Desember <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a> net buite die stad teen die Seldjoeke geveg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkse_tydperk">Turkse tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Turkse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Turkse tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg/220px-Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg/330px-Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg/440px-Sel%C3%A7uk_Ayasoluk_IsabeyMosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Die İsa Bey-<a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">moskee</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die dorp is in 1304 verower deur Sasa Bey, ’n leëraanvoerder van Mentesje-prinsdom. Kort daarna is dit afgestaan aan die Aydinoglu-prinsdom, wat ’n sterk vloot gevestig het in die hawe van Ayasuluğ (die hedendaagse Selçuk, langs Efese). Ayasuluğ het ’n belangrike hawe geword van waar die vloot plundertogte na omringende gebiede uitgevoer het. </p><p>Die dorp het in die 14de eeu weer ’n kort tyd van vooruitgang beleef onder hierdie nuwe Seldjoekse heersers. Hulle het belangrike geboue gebou soos die İsa Bey-<a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">moskee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai">karavanserais</a> en <a href="/wiki/Turkse_bad" title="Turkse bad">Turkse baddens</a> (hamams). </p><p>In 1390 is hulle vir die eerste keer as leenmanne in die <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk">Ottomaanse Ryk</a> opgeneem. Die Sentraal-Asiatiese kryger <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a> het die Ottomane in Anatolië in 1402 verslaan, maar die gebied is in 1425 weer in die Ottomaanse Ryk opgeneem ná ’n tydperk van onrus. </p><p>Efese is in die 15de eeu heeltemal verlaat en die nabygeleë Ayasuluğ is in 1914 hernoem tot Selçuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efese_en_die_Christendom">Efese en die Christendom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Efese en die Christendom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Efese en die Christendom"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efese was van die <span style="white-space:nowrap">50's n.C.</span> ’n belangrike sentrum vir die vroeë Christendom. Van 52–54 n.C. het die apostel <a href="/wiki/Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus">Paulus</a> in die stad gewoon en met die gemeente gewerk. Hy het blykbaar ook sendingwerk in die omgewing georganiseer.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paulus het aanvanklik, volgens <a href="/wiki/Handelinge" title="Handelinge">Handelinge</a>, in die <a href="/wiki/Jood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jood">Joodse</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge">sinagoge</a> in Efese gepreek, maar ná drie maande het hy gefrustreer geraak met die houding van sommige Jode en sy basis verskuif na die saal van Tirannus. (Hand 19:9). Paulus het in ’n dispuut betrokke geraak met kunstenaars wat hul brood en botter verdien het met beelde wat hulle van Artemis gemaak en in die godin se tempel verkoop het (Hand 19:23–40). Tussen 53 en 57 n.C. het Paulus die brief <a href="/wiki/1_Korinti%C3%ABrs" title="1 Korintiërs">1 Korintiërs</a> van Efese af geskryf (moontlik in die Paulustoring naby die hawe, waar hy vir ’n kort ruk gevange gehou is). Later, terwyl hy in Rome in die tronk was (omstreeks 62 n.C.), het hy die <a href="/wiki/Efesi%C3%ABrs" title="Efesiërs">brief aan die Efesiërs</a> geskryf. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marys_House_wza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marys_House_wza.JPG/220px-Marys_House_wza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marys_House_wza.JPG/330px-Marys_House_wza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Marys_House_wza.JPG/440px-Marys_House_wza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Die huis buite die stad waar Maria glo gebly het.</figcaption></figure> <p>Romeinse Asië word verbind met <a href="/wiki/Johannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes">Johannes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> een van die belangrikste apostels. Die <a href="/wiki/Evangelie_volgens_Johannes" title="Evangelie volgens Johannes">Evangelie volgens Johannes</a> is moontlik in Efese geskryf, omstreeks 90–100.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Gospels_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Gospels-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efese was een van die sewe stede wat in <a href="/wiki/Openbaring" title="Openbaring">Openbaring</a> aangespreek word (Op 2:1-7), wat daarop dui dat die kerk in Efese sterk was. </p><p>Twee dekades later was die kerk in Efese steeds belangrik genoeg om ’n brief van biskop <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_van_Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Ignatius van Antiogië">Ignatius</a> van <a href="/wiki/Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Antiogië">Antiogië</a> te ontvang (in die vroeë 2de eeu). Die kerk het sy steun toegesê aan Ignatius, wat na Rome geneem is om tereggestel te word. </p><p>Volgens ’n legende, wat vir die eerste keer in die 4de eeu deur Epiphanius van Salamis genoem is, het die <a href="/wiki/Maagd_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagd Maria">Maagd Maria</a> die laaste jare van haar lewe in Efese deurgebring. Die Efesiërs het dié aanname gegrond op Johannes se teenwoordigheid in die stad en <a href="/wiki/Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> se opdrag dat Johannes ná sy dood na Maria moet omsien. Epiphanius het egter daarop gewys hoewel die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> sê dat Johannes na Asië vertrek het, word nêrens genoem dat Maria saam met hom is nie. Hy het later gesê sy is in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> begrawe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedert die 19de eeu word die <a href="/wiki/Huis_van_die_Maagd_Maria" title="Huis van die Maagd Maria">Huis van die Maagd Maria</a>, sowat 7 km van Selçuk af, deur sommige beskou as Maria se laaste woonplek. Dit is ’n belangrike attraksie vir <a href="/wiki/Katolieke_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolieke Kerk">Katolieke</a> en toeriste, en ’n paar van die laaste <a href="/wiki/Pous" title="Pous">pouse</a> het dit al besoek. </p><p>Die Kerk van Maria naby Efese se hawe is in <a href="/wiki/431" title="431">431</a> gebruik vir die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Konsilie_van_Efese" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerste Konsilie van Efese">Eerste Konsilie van Efese</a>, wat gelei het tot die veroordeling van <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>. ’n Tweede konsolie is in <a href="/wiki/449" title="449">449</a> in Efese gehou, maar weens die omstrede aard daarvan is dit ongeldig verklaar en besluite wat daar geneem is, is herroep. Dit het bekend geword as die "Rowersinode" omdat van die afgevaardigdes nie vrylik oor besluite kon stem nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belangrikste_terreine">Belangrikste terreine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Belangrikste terreine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Belangrikste terreine"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:GateOfAugustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/220px-GateOfAugustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/330px-GateOfAugustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/GateOfAugustus.jpg/440px-GateOfAugustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Die Poort van Augustus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Saint_John_the_Apostle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Die graftombe van die apostel Johannes by die Sint Johannes-basilika</figcaption></figure> <p>Efese het die grootste versameling Romeinse ruïnes in die Oos-Mediterreense gebied. Net sowat 15% daarvan is opgegrawe. Die ruïnes wat sigbaar is, lewer ’n idee van die stad se oorspronklike glans. </p> <ul><li>Die <a href="/wiki/Celsus-biblioteek" title="Celsus-biblioteek">Celsus-biblioteek</a> se fasade is getrou gerestoureer. Die biblioteek is aanvanklik in 125 gebou en is genoem na Tiberius Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus, ’n Romeinse konsul wat Grieks was.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicols,_John_1978_109_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicols,_John_1978_109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celsus het self vir die bou daarvan betaal<sup id="cite_ref-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en is in ’n sarkofaag onder die gebou begrawe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die ingang is so gebou dat dit die biblioteek groter laat lyk het en die gebou kyk oos sodat die leeskamers die beste oggendlig kon kry. Daar was op ’n tyd 12 000 perkamentrolle.</li> <li>Die amfiteater oorheers die toneel in Hawestraat af; laasgenoemde lei na die toegeslikte hawe. Met plek vir 44 000 mense was dit een van die grootste buitelugteaters van die antieke wêreld.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Johannes-basilika is in die 6de eeu gebou onder keiser <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a>, op die plek waar die apostel vermoedelik begrawe is. Dit word nou deur Selçuk omring.</li> <li>Die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Artemis" title="Tempel van Artemis">Tempel van Artemis</a> is een van die <a href="/wiki/Sewe_wonders_van_die_w%C3%AAreld" title="Sewe wonders van die wêreld">wonders van die antieke wêreld</a>. Net een kolom daarvan is oor; dit is in die 1870's tydens opgrawings deur die Britse Museum ontdek. Stukke van die fries (wat voldoende is om op die oorspronklike grootte daarvan te dui) en ander klein vondste is verwyder. Sommige is na <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> geneem en ander na die Argeologiese Museum van <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a>.</li> <li>Die Odeon was ’n klein onderdakteater<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wat omstreeks 150 n.C. gebou is. Dit het plek vir 1 500 mense gehad en toneelstukke en konserte is daar gehou. Die boonste deel van die teater was versier met rooi granietpilare in die <a href="/wiki/Korinte" class="mw-redirect" title="Korinte">Korintiese</a> styl.<sup id="cite_ref-Naci_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naci-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Hadrianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempel van Hadrianus">Tempel van Hadrianus</a> dateer uit die 2de eeu, maar is in die 4de eeu gerestoureer en is nou herbou uit die oorblywende argitektoniese stukke. Die reliëfwerk in die boonste seksies is nagemaak; die oorspronklike word nou in die Argeologiese Museum van Efese uitgestal. ’n Paar figure word daarop uitgebeeld, soos keiser <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, sy vrou en oudste seun.<sup id="cite_ref-Revak_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die tempel is uitgebeeld op die rugkant van die Turkse 20 miljoen-lira-noot van 2001–2005<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die 20-nuwelira-noot van 2005–2009.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die Tempel van Domitianus (of Sebastoi) was een van die stad se grootste tempels.</li> <li>Die Graftombe/Fontein van Pollio is in 97 gebou ter ere van C. Sextilius Pollio, wat die Marnas-akwaduk gebou het. Dit het ’n halfronde fasade.<sup id="cite_ref-Naci_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naci-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revak_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daar was twee agoras, of vergadersale, een vir staats- en een vir algemene geleenthede.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sewe_Slapers">Sewe Slapers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Sewe Slapers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sewe Slapers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efese was vermoedelik die stad van die <a href="/wiki/Sewe_Slapers_van_Efese" title="Sewe Slapers van Efese">Sewe Slapers</a>. Volgens die verhaal van die slapers, wat deur Katolieke en <a href="/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk">Ortodokse Christene</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heilige" title="Heilige">heiliges</a> beskou word en wat ook in die <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> genoem word,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is hulle vervolg vanweë hul geloof in God en het hulle eeue lank in ’n grot naby Efese geslaap. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:20_YTL_arka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/250px-20_YTL_arka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/375px-20_YTL_arka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/20_YTL_arka.jpg/500px-20_YTL_arka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Die agterkant van die Turkse 20-nuwelira-noot (2005–2008).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argeologie">Argeologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Argeologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Argeologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">Argeologiese</a> navorsing dateer van 1863, toe die Britse argitek John Turtle Wood, onder borgskap van die Britse Museum, na die Tempel van Artemis begin soek het. Hy het in 1869 die sypaadjie van die tempel ontdek, maar omdat niks anders daarna gevind is nie, is uitgrawings in 1874 gestaak. </p><p>In 1895 het die Duitse argeoloog Otto Benndorf, gefinansier deur ’n skenking van die Oostenryker Karl Mautner Ritter von Markhof, uitgrawings hervat. In 1898 het Benndorf die Oostenrykse Argeologiese Instituut gestig, wat vandag ’n belangrike rol in Efese speel.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vondste in die stad word veral uitgestal in die Ephesos-museum in <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wene</a>, die Argeologiese Museum van Efese in Selçuk en die Britse Museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quezi.com/7401">Quezi: Ephesus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCU-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OCU_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OCU_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oc.edu/president/greece_turkey_tour/Ephesus.aspx">Oklahoma Christian University: Ephesus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Freely, <i>The Western Shores of Turkey: Discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts</i>, 2004, bl. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ami1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ami1_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ami1_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmitBalogh2024" class="citation web cs1">Amit, Jordan; Balogh, Balage (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrXd7UCuxsk">"The Death of a Great Roman City"</a>. <i>Street Gems</i>. YouTube<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">7 Maart</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Street+Gems&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+a+Great+Roman+City&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Amit&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft.au=Balogh%2C+Balage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DNrXd7UCuxsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[VIII. Muze Kurtrma Kazilari Semineri] <i>Adil Evren – Cengiz Icten,pp 111-133</i> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi – Cukurici Hoyuk sayi 92] <i>Adil Evren</i> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Özgünel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-C._Özgünel_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFCoskun_Özgünel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Coskun Özgünel (1996). "Mykenische Keramik in Anatolien". <i>Asia Minor Studien</i>. <b>23</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Minor+Studien&rft.atitle=Mykenische+Keramik+in+Anatolien&rft.volume=23&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Coskun+%C3%96zg%C3%BCnel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akurgal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Akurgal_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAkurgal,_Ekrem2001" class="citation book cs1">Akurgal, Ekrem (2001). <i>The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations</i>. Publications of the Republic of Turkey; Ministry of Culture. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/975-17-2756-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/975-17-2756-1"><bdi>975-17-2756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hattian+and+Hittite+Civilizations&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Publications+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey%3B+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=975-17-2756-1&rft.au=Akurgal%2C+Ekrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pausanius-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pausanius_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFPausanius1965" class="citation book cs1">Pausanius (1965). <i>Description of Greece,</i>. New York: Loeb Classical Library. pp. 7.2.8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece%2C&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7.2.8-9&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Pausanius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621092916/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1133.html">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"</a>. Ancientlibrary.com. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1133.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 21 Junie 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pub=Ancientlibrary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-bio%2F1133.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callinus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Callinus_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFtranslation_by_M.L._West1999" class="citation book cs1">translation by M.L. West (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=cABi5Pt7FgQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Ephesus++%22poetess%22&ots=T730ospusU&sig=EMrKry8YitSs5MXiO0zHzmVi3s4#PPP1,M1"><i>Greek Lyric Poetry</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-283678-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-19-283678-1"><bdi>0-19-283678-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Lyric+Poetry&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-283678-1&rft.au=translation+by+M.L.+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.be%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dnl%26lr%3D%26id%3DcABi5Pt7FgQC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPR7%26dq%3DEphesus%2B%2B%2522poetess%2522%26ots%3DT730ospusU%26sig%3DEMrKry8YitSs5MXiO0zHzmVi3s4%23PPP1%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFCremin2007" class="citation book cs1">Cremin, Aedeen (2007). <i>The World Encyclopedia of Archaeology</i>. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-55407-311-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-55407-311-1"><bdi>1-55407-311-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Richmond+Hill%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-55407-311-1&rft.aulast=Cremin&rft.aufirst=Aedeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus i. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1923–1932" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1923–1932). <i>Geography (volume 1-7)</i>. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. pp. 14.1.21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+%28volume+1-7%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=14.1.21&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1923%2F1932&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mithridatic_War-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mithridatic_War_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFAppian_of_Alexandria_(c.95-c.165)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Appian of Alexandria (c.95-c.165). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915043735/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_mithridatic_10.html">"History of Rome: The Mithridatic Wars §§ 46-50"</a> (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_mithridatic_10.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Oktober</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome%3A+The+Mithridatic+Wars+%C2%A7%C2%A7+46-50&rft.au=Appian+of+Alexandria+%28c.95-c.165%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fap-ark%2Fappian%2Fappian_mithridatic_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. Geography (volume 1-7) 14.1.24. Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Turkey/_Periods/Greek/_Texts/LETGKB/Ephesus*.html">"accessed September 14, 2007"</a>. Penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+14%2C+2007&rft.pub=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FTurkey%2F_Periods%2FGreek%2F_Texts%2FLETGKB%2FEphesus%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkin1995" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert (1995). "Ephesus". <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe</i>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-884964-02-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-884964-02-2"><bdi>978-1-884964-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephesus&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Southern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-02-2&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKupper2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kupper, Monika (2 Mei 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6614479.stm">"Gladiators' graveyard discovered"</a> (in Engels). BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6614479.stm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 25 Augustus 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gladiators%27+graveyard+discovered&rft.date=2007-05-02&rft.aulast=Kupper&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F6614479.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=lovestories">"Christian Persecutions against the Hellenes"</a>. Ysee.gr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Persecutions+against+the+Hellenes&rft.pub=Ysee.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysee.gr%2Findex-eng.php%3Ftype%3Denglish%26f%3Dlovestories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFTore_Kjeilen2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tore Kjeilen (20 Februarie 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ephesus.htm">"accessed September 24, 2007"</a> (in Engels). Lexicorient.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052555/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ephesus.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Maart 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+24%2C+2007&rft.pub=Lexicorient.com&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.au=Tore+Kjeilen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fephesus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foss, Clive (1979) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Ephesus+after+antiquity:+a+late+antique,+Byzantine,+and+Turkish+city">Ephesus after antiquity: a late antique, Byzantine, and Turkish city</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 121.<br />Gökovalı, Şadan; Altan Erguvan (1982) <i>Ephesus</i>, Ticaret Matbaacılık, p.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Paul, St." Cross, F.L., red. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant</a>, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Gospels-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Gospels_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Gospels" p. 266-268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasiliki Limberis, 'The Council of Ephesos: The Demise of the See of Ephesos and the Rise of the Cult of the Theotokos' in Helmut Koester, Ephesos: Metropolis of Asia (2004), 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicols,_John_1978_109-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicols,_John_1978_109_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFNicols,_John1978" class="citation book cs1">Nicols, John (1978). <i>Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28–31</i>. Steiner. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-515-02393-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-515-02393-1"><bdi>978-3-515-02393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vespasian+and+the+partes+Flavianae%2C+Issues+28%E2%80%9331&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-515-02393-1&rft.au=Nicols%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFForte,_Bettie1972" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Bettie (1972). <i>Rome and the Romans as the Greeks saw them</i>. American Academy in Rome. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560733">560733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Romans+as+the+Greeks+saw+them&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560733&rft.au=Forte%2C+Bettie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Too,_Yun_Lee_2010_213_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFToo,_Yun_Lee2010" class="citation book cs1">Too, Yun Lee (2010). <i>The idea of the library in the ancient world</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-957780-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-957780-4"><bdi>978-0-19-957780-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+the+library+in+the+ancient+world&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957780-4&rft.au=Too%2C+Yun+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFHanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov1975" class="citation book cs1">Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov (1975). <i>From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-472-08420-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-472-08420-3"><bdi>978-0-472-08420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Croesus+to+Constantine%3A+the+cities+of+western+Asia+Minor+and+their+arts+in+Greek+and+Roman+times&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08420-3&rft.au=Hanfmann%2C+George+Maxim+Anossov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107224935/http://www.biblestudy.org/biblepic/picture-of-largest-outdoor-theatre-in-ancient-world.html">"accessed 21 September 2007"</a> (in Engels). Biblestudy.org. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudy.org/biblepic/picture-of-largest-outdoor-theatre-in-ancient-world.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 7 Januarie 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+21+September+2007&rft.pub=Biblestudy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudy.org%2Fbiblepic%2Fpicture-of-largest-outdoor-theatre-in-ancient-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132132/http://community.iexplore.com/planning/journalEntryActivity.asp?JournalID=7393&EntryID=13307&n=The+Theater+and+The+Odeum">"accessed 24 September 2007"</a>. Community.iexplore.com. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.iexplore.com/planning/journalEntryActivity.asp?JournalID=7393&EntryID=13307&n=The+Theater+and+The+Odeum">die oorspronklike</a> op 17 Oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+24+September+2007&rft.pub=Community.iexplore.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.iexplore.com%2Fplanning%2FjournalEntryActivity.asp%3FJournalID%3D7393%26EntryID%3D13307%26n%3DThe%2BTheater%2Band%2BThe%2BOdeum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naci-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Naci_33-0">33,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Naci_33-1">33,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Keskin, Naci. <i>Ephesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9757559482" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-7559-48-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revak-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Revak_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Revak_34-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ephesus</i>. Versprei deur Rehber Basım Yayın Dağıtım Reklamcılık ve Tic. A.Ş. en Revak Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9758212117" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-8212-11-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Geargiveer</a> 15 Junie 2009 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – Twenty Million Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/20m.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122023516/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/20m.htm">Geargiveer</a> 22 November 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Geargiveer</a> 15 Junie 2009 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group – Twenty New Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E8/18.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224222417/http://tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E8/18.htm">Geargiveer</a> 24 Februarie 2009 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/mevzuat/EMISYON/KARARTEBLIGVEGENELGELER/duyuruytl-ing.htm">Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422212451/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/mevzuat/EMISYON/KARARTEBLIGVEGENELGELER/duyuruytl-ing.htm">Geargiveer</a> 22 April 2009 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 8 Mei 2007. – URL besoek op 20 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFEphesus.us" class="citation web cs1">Ephesus.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/agora.htm">"accessed September 21, 2007"</a>. Ephesus.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=accessed+September+21%2C+2007&rft.pub=Ephesus.us&rft.au=Ephesus.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ephesus.us%2Fephesus%2Fagora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFEphesus.us" class="citation web cs1">Ephesus.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/stateagora.htm">"State Agora, Ephesus Turkey"</a>. Ephesus.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Agora%2C+Ephesus+Turkey&rft.pub=Ephesus.us&rft.au=Ephesus.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ephesus.us%2Fephesus%2Fstateagora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2004). "Louis Massignon, The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus". In Bartholomew, Craig G (red.). <i>Explorations in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage</i>. Aldershot, Engeland: Ashgate. pp. 135–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7546-0856-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7546-0856-5"><bdi>0-7546-0856-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis+Massignon%2C+The+Seven+Sleepers+of+Ephesus&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+a+Christian+Theology+of+Pilgrimage&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Engeland&rft.pages=135-6&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7546-0856-5&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oeai.at/eng/ausland/geschichte.html">"Ephesos – An Ancient Metropolis: Exploration and History"</a> (in Duits). Austrian Archaeological Institute. Oktober 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301194203/http://www.oeai.at/eng/ausland/geschichte.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 Maart 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ephesos+%E2%80%93+An+Ancient+Metropolis%3A+Exploration+and+History&rft.pub=Austrian+Archaeological+Institute&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Feng%2Fausland%2Fgeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEfese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/awmc/downloads/rve_12_1Med.jpg">unc.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302232819/http://www.unc.edu/awmc/downloads/rve_12_1Med.jpg">Geargiveer</a> 2 Maart 2010 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kaart van die Romeinse Ryk teen die einde van die 2de eeu.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/ephesus/ephesus.home.htm">whitman.edu/theatre</a> Teaters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Ephesus">fotopedia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510102235/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Ephesus">Geargiveer</a> 10 Mei 2010 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Foto's.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ephesus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ephesus">Efese</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" class="extiw" title="en:Ephesus">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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