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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British general, diplomat and scholar (1867–1945)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg/220px-Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg/330px-Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg/440px-Sir_Percy_Sykes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Percy Molesworth Sykes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1945<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1945-06-12</span>)</span> (aged 78)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">16th Lancers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Dragoon_Guards_(Queens_Bays)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Dragoon Guards (Queens Bays) (page does not exist)">2nd Dragoon Guards (Queens Bays)</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Persia_Rifles" title="South Persia Rifles">South Persia Rifles</a> (commander-in-chief overall)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Consul-General Khuzestan,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier-General">Brigadier-General</a> <b>Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire">KCIE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a></span></span> (28 February 1867 – 11 June 1945) was a British soldier, diplomat, and scholar with a considerable literary output. He wrote historical, geographical, and biographical works, as well as describing his travels in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Percy Sykes was born in <a href="/wiki/Brompton,_Kent" title="Brompton, Kent">Brompton, Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> the only son of Army chaplain Rev. William Sykes (b. 1829)<sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Mary, daughter of Captain Anthony Oliver Molesworth, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Molesworth,_1st_Viscount_Molesworth" title="Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth">Robert Molesworth</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Molesworth" title="Viscount Molesworth">Viscount Molesworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sisters <a href="/wiki/Ella_Sykes" title="Ella Sykes">Ella Sykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Sykes" title="Ethel Sykes">Ethel Sykes</a> were both writers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, William was the second son of Richard Sykes, of Edgeley House, <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Sykes_Bleaching_Company" title="Sykes Bleaching Company">Sykes Bleaching Company</a>; Percy Sykes was thus the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(rugby_union)" title="Richard Sykes (rugby union)">Richard Sykes</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> player who founded towns in America, and cousin of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alan_Sykes,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alan Sykes, 1st Baronet">Sir Alan Sykes, 1st Baronet</a> who was MP for <a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Sykes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Percy_Sykes.jpg/220px-Percy_Sykes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Percy_Sykes.jpg/330px-Percy_Sykes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Percy_Sykes.jpg/440px-Percy_Sykes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General Sir Percy Sykes with officers of the original <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Bandar_Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Bandar Abbas (page does not exist)">Mission Bandar Abbas</a>, April 1916. (standing) Major E Howell, Captain Durham, (seated) Major G. Blair (Staff Officer) Brig General Sir Percy Sykes, Captain R.C. Ruck.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sykes was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/16th_Lancers" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Lancers">16th Lancers</a>, but transferred to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Dragoon_Guards_(Queen%27s_Bays)" title="2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays)">2nd Dragoon Guards</a> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and made several journeys through Persia and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (region)">Baluchistan</a>. When he was a second lieutenant, he was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> in November 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent on a secret mission in November 1892 when he went to <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Caspian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Caspian Railway">Trans-Caspian Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promotion to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">lieutenant</a> followed on 26 April 1895, and to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(BARM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (BARM)">captain</a> on 8 December 1897. He was Consul at <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> in Persia for several years in the 1890s. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in South Africa he served as second in command of the 9th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Yeomanry" title="Imperial Yeomanry">Imperial Yeomanry</a> until September 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later served with the Intelligence Department<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was wounded in the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (CMG) in the <a href="/wiki/1902_Coronation_Honours" title="1902 Coronation Honours">1902 Coronation Honours</a> list on 26 June 1902<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1902 he joined the Indian Political Department, and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few years he made extensive journeys in the Middle East and was appointed consul-general for <a href="/wiki/Kh%C5%ABzest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khūzestān Province">Khūzestān</a> in 1906. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials,_Kashgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg/220px-Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg/330px-Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg/440px-Sir_George_Macartney_%26_Chinese_Officials%2C_Kashgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4223" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Sykes' 1915 photograph of Chinese officials and <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney_(British_consul)" title="George Macartney (British consul)">Sir George Macartney</a> who served as Britain's Consul in Kashgar from 1890 until 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915 Sykes was knighted.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1915 he was charged as acting Consul-General in Chinese Turkestan, now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Autonomous Region of China. Sykes traveled overland from England via Norway to the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> accompanied by his sister, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Constance_Sykes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ella Constance Sykes">Ella Constance Sykes</a>, herself a Fellow of the Geographical Society and a well-regarded expert on Persia. The two recorded their journey in series of photographs <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_taken_by_Lt._Col._Sir_Percy_Sykes_to_illustrate_Chinese_Turkestan,_the_Russian_Pamirs_and_Osh_April-November,_1915">[1]</a> and later published <i>Through deserts and oases of Central Asia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a book which documents their nine-month journey. </p><p>While stationed in Persia he was given the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier-General">Brigadier-General</a>, he was placed in command of the <a href="/wiki/South_Persia_Rifles" title="South Persia Rifles">South Persia Rifles</a> that he raised himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His forces, consisting of some 7,000 men, supported the Russians at <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> against Bakhtiaras and restored some order to the country. Once stationed at Isfahan, Sykes used numerous excuses to remain, including a supposed Russian request that the South Persia rifles be used as a garrison for Isfahan.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1917 numerous British authorities, save Lord Curzon, were calling for his removal. Despite this, Sykes was finally recalled in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sykes retired from the army in 1924, retaining the honorary rank of Brigadier-General. From 1932 until his death he was honorary secretary of the Royal Central Asian Society, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_Asian_Affairs" title="Royal Society for Asian Affairs">Royal Society for Asian Affairs</a>. The society has in its gift an award called The Sir Percy Sykes Memorial Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-Award_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Back_Award" title="Back Award">Back grant</a> in 1899 and the <a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_legacy">Family and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1902 he married Evelyn Seton, eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Gordon_Seton" title="Bruce Gordon Seton">Colonel Bruce Seton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> and they had six children. His daughter Rachel married <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Reilly" title="Patrick Reilly">Sir Patrick Reilly</a> the diplomat. </p><p>Percy's family later introduced the "<a href="/wiki/Percy_Sykes_Memorial_Medal" title="Percy Sykes Memorial Medal">Sykes medal</a>", awarded to those who contributed to the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSykes1902" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173893"><i>Ten Thousand Miles in Persia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Thousand+Miles+in+Persia&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1910" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloryofshiaworld00sykeuoft"><i>The Glory of the Shia World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+the+Shia+World&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgloryofshiaworld00sykeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1914" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1914). <i>Lectures delivered to the Persia Society, 1913–1914</i>. Morrison & Gibb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+delivered+to+the+Persia+Society%2C+1913%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Morrison+%26+Gibb&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1915" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924088418466"><i>A History of Persia</i></a>. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924088418466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023243391">"Through Deserts and Oases of Central Asia"</a>. MacMillan. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+Deserts+and+Oases+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023243391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1921" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279382"><i>A History of Persia</i></a> (2nd ed.). MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.279382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1922" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1922). <i>Persia</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1926" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283682"><i>The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cassell_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Cassell & Co.">Cassell & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Honourable+Sir+Mortimer+Durand&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1930" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.544109"><i>A History of Persia</i></a> (3rd ed.). MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.544109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1934" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1934). <i>A History of Exploration</i>. George Routledge & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Exploration&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1936" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59288"><i>The Quest for Cathay</i></a>. A. & C. Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Cathay&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.59288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1938" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1938). <i>À La Recherche du Cathay</i>. Payot, Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80+La+Recherche+du+Cathay&rft.place=Payot%2C+Paris&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1939" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1939). <i>Explorers All, Famous Journeys in Asia</i>. George Newnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+All%2C+Famous+Journeys+in+Asia&rft.pub=George+Newnes&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1939" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1939). Sir Percy Sykes (ed.). <i>The Story of Exploration and Adventure</i>. George Newnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Exploration+and+Adventure&rft.pub=George+Newnes&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1940" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.78529"><i>A History of Afghanistan</i></a>. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.78529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1949" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1949). <i>A History of Exploration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge & Kegan Paul">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1958" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Sir Percy (1958). <i>A History of Persia</i> (3rd edition, with supplementary essays ed.). MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.edition=3rd+edition%2C+with+supplementary+essays&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Sir+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_Parts_1900,_p._929_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Two Hundred Years of the S.P.G.: An Historical Account of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701-1900, Based on a Digest of the Society's Records, vol. I, Charles Frederick Pascoe, 1901, p. 929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 2003, vol. 2, p. 2720</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, fortieth edition, Sir Bernard Burke, Harrison, Pall Mall, 1878, p. 835</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-73441">"Sykes, Ella Constance (1863–1939), traveller and writer"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F73441">10.1093/ref:odnb/73441</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sykes%2C+Ella+Constance+%281863%E2%80%931939%29%2C+traveller+and+writer&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F73441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-73441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford 1715-1886, later series, S-Z, ed. Joseph Foster, Parker & Co., 1888, p. 1380</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/">"A History of Persia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.date=1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7307%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette25846" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25846/page/4366">"No. 25846"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 August 1888. p. 4366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+25846&rft.pages=4366&rft.date=1888-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F25846%2Fpage%2F4366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106015214775&view=1up&seq=773">"Second Meeting, 23rd November, 1891. Election of Fellows"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society</i>. New Series. <b>13</b>: 731. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Second+Meeting%2C+23rd+November%2C+1891.+Election+of+Fellows&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=731&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.32106015214775%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27454" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27454/page/4511">"No. 27454"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 15 July 1902. p. 4511.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27454&rft.pages=4511&rft.date=1902-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27454%2Fpage%2F4511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Percy Molesworth Sykes</i>, Y.M. Choueiri, <b>A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing: A-J</b>, ed. Daniel R. Woolf, (Routledge, 1998), 871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leach-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Leach and Susan Marie Farrington, <i>Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs</i>, (Routledge, 2003), 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Coronation Honours". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Coronation+Honours&rft.issue=36804&rft.pages=p.-5&rft.date=1902-06-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27456" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27456/page/4669">"No. 27456"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 22 July 1902. p. 4669.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27456&rft.pages=4669&rft.date=1902-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27456%2Fpage%2F4669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Naval & Military intelligence". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36972. London. 8 January 1903. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Naval+%26+Military+intelligence&rft.issue=36972&rft.pages=p.-8&rft.date=1903-01-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Through deserts and oases of central Asia</i>, by Sykes, Ella Constance, d. 1939; Sykes, Percy Molesworth, Sir, 1867-1945 , <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023243391">https://archive.org/details/cu31924023243391</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbraith-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bureaucracies at War:The British in the Middle East in the First World War</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Galbraith" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Galbraith">John S. Galbraith</a> and Robert A. Huttenback, <b>National and International Politics in the Middle East: Essays in Honour of Elie Kedourie</b>, ed. Edward Ingram, (Routledge, 2013), 117-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Award-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Award_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsaa.org.uk/page/awards">"RSAA Awards"</a>. RSAA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RSAA+Awards&rft.pub=RSAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsaa.org.uk%2Fpage%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Royal Geographical Society". <i>The Times</i>. No. 36716. London. 15 March 1902. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.issue=36716&rft.pages=p.-12&rft.date=1902-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamHormozi2016" class="citation book cs1">RamHormozi, H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzUGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT210"><i>Averting An Iranian Geopolitical Crisis: A Tale of Power Play for Dominance Between Colonial Powers, Tribal and Government Actors in the Pre and Post World War One Era</i></a>. FriesenPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781460280669" title="Special:BookSources/9781460280669"><bdi>9781460280669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Averting+An+Iranian+Geopolitical+Crisis%3A+A+Tale+of+Power+Play+for+Dominance+Between+Colonial+Powers%2C+Tribal+and+Government+Actors+in+the+Pre+and+Post+World+War+One+Era&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781460280669&rft.aulast=RamHormozi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzUGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who’s Who</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer,_Karl_E._and_Shareen_Blair_Brysac2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_E._Meyer" title="Karl E. Meyer">Meyer, Karl E.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shareen_Blair_Brysac" title="Shareen Blair Brysac">Shareen Blair Brysac</a> (2008). <i>Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East</i>. W.W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingmakers%3A+the+Invention+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Karl+E.+and+Shareen+Blair+Brysac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2003" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Wynn (2003). <i>Persia in the Great Game – Sir Percy Sykes: Explorer, Consul, Soldier</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+in+the+Great+Game+%E2%80%93+Sir+Percy+Sykes%3A+Explorer%2C+Consul%2C+Soldier&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APercy+Sykes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Sykes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Percy_Sykes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Percy Sykes">Percy Sykes</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sykes-percy">SYKES, Sir Percy Molesworth</a>, Encyclopædia Iranica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203837/http://www.rsaa.org.uk/Sykes%20-%20post-proof.pdf">Royal society for Asian Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/09042009/frnk/percy_sykes_eng">A report on the mission of Percy Sykes in Kashghar in 1915, and his photos from there</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5303">Works by Percy Sykes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20Molesworth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Sykes%2C%20P%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Molesworth%20Sykes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Molesworth%20Sykes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20Molesworth%20Sykes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20Molesworth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sykes%2C%20P%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sykes%2C%20P%2E%20Molesworth%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Molesworth%20Sykes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Molesworth%20Sykes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20M%2E%20Sykes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20Molesworth%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sykes%2C%20Percy%20M%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1945%22%20AND%20Sykes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Percy Sykes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599879#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599879#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109157408">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73946828">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5286/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8T6PXXrq9HvgDxKbw4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124666299">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016806">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12443937h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12443937h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458208">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35535405">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1448880">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/756322">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070177015">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2034585">Norway</a></span></li><li><span 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298711005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14759349">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02241234?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/988047">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124666299">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070669023">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jq89wf">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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