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class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Logic Gates: Understand The Basics of Digital Electronics</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2023-11-28T10:28:15+01:00" itemprop="dateModified">November 28, 2023</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-09-09T06:32:33+02:00" itemprop="datePublished">September 9, 2022</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/author/oyvind/" title="View all posts by 脴yvind Nydal Dahl" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">脴yvind Nydal Dahl</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p>Logic gates are the basic building blocks of digital electronics. These are the components that we use for “doing stuff” with the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/binary-number-system/">1s and 0s</a>. You can combine them to create other building blocks like <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/s-r-latch/">latches</a>, <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/d-flip-flop/">flip-flops</a>, <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/half-adder/">adders</a>, <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/shift-register/">shift registers</a>, and more. </p> <p>The basic logic gates are AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NOT.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-medium"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/logic-lates-illustration-300x169.png" alt="Symbols of the logic gates" class="wp-image-16707" srcset="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/logic-lates-illustration-300x169.png 300w, https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/logic-lates-illustration-768x432.png 768w, https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/logic-lates-illustration.png 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure></div> <p>All the gates are pretty easy to understand, and as you’ll see, their names give away what they do. I recommend you read through each gate explanation below, then get yourself some gates and test out how they work by building some test circuits. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">AND gate</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/and-gate/">AND gate</a> takes two (or more) inputs and gives out a 1 (HIGH/true) if all the inputs are 1. Otherwise, it gives out a 0 (LOW/false).</p> <p>The truth table is below, but all you really need to remember is that the AND gate needs a 1 on input A <strong>and</strong> input B to give out 1. All the logic gates have names that make their functionality, well, logical.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-AND-gate-text.png" alt="AND gate symbol" class="wp-image-18427"/></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">AND Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use it in a circuit, the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-4081/">IC 4081</a> contains four AND gates.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">NOT gate/Inverter</h2> <p>The simplest logic gate of all is the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/not-gate/">NOT gate</a>. It takes one bit as input (A). And it gives as an output (Q) what is NOT on the input. So if there is a 1 on the input, its output is 0. And if there is 0 on the input, its output is 1. It’s also called an <em>inverter</em>.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="360" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-NOT-gate-inverter-text.png" alt="Inverter/NOT gate symbol" class="wp-image-18485"/></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><tbody><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Output Q</th></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NOT Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use a NOT gate in your circuit, you can for example use the <a href="https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd4572ub.pdf">IC 4572</a> or <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-40106/">IC 40106</a>.</p><div class="incontent-container signup-catcher-container" data-type="incontent" data-form-id="ab_test_5form_1" data-form-type="incontent_form" data-group-id="group_1" data-ck-id="939272"data-ck-tags=""><div style="background:#fbdd71;" class="signup-container"> <img decoding="async" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Learn-Electronics-Cover-2023-cropped-heavily.png" alt="ebook cover"> <div class="signup-form"> <h2>10 Simple Steps to Learn Electronics</h2> <p>Electronics is easy when you know what to focus on and what to ignore. Learn what "the basics" really is and how to learn it fast.</p> <form> <input type="text" id="name" name="name" placeholder="First Name"> <input type="email" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Email Address"> <button style="background:#e86b59;"type="submit">Download Guide</button> </form> </div></div></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Is the buffer part of the logic gates?</h3> <p>Note that there is also a component called a <em>buffer</em> that looks like the NOT gate, but without the circle on the output. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="279" height="192" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Buffer-symbol.png" alt="The buffer symbol" class="wp-image-19727" style="width:140px;height:96px"/></figure></div> <p>The output from the buffer is the same as the input. So I wouldn’t consider it a part of the logic gates (since it doesn’t do any logical operation). But it’s sometimes included as a logic gate.</p> <p>The point of the buffer is to add delay into a digital circuit or to add the possibility to pull out more current from a gate that can’t deliver much current.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">OR gate</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/or-gate/">OR gate</a> takes two (or more) inputs and gives out a 1 if any of the inputs are 1. Otherwise, it gives out a 0.</p> <p>The truth table is below, but all you really need to remember is that the OR gate needs a 1 on input A <strong>or</strong> input B to give out 1.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-OR-gate-text.png" alt="OR gate symbol" class="wp-image-18413"/></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">OR Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use it in a circuit, the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-4071/">IC 4071</a> contains 4 OR gates.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">NAND gate</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nand-gate/">NAND gate</a> (or NOT AND) operates in the opposite way of the AND gate. It’s like if an AND gate had a NOT gate on its output:</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="180" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NAND-gate.png" alt="Equivalent NAND gate built from AND nad NOT gates" class="wp-image-18401" srcset="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NAND-gate.png 600w, https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NAND-gate-500x150.png 500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure></div> <p>You’ll find the truth table below. But all you need to remember is that the only time the output of a NAND gate is 0 is when both the inputs are 1.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-NAND-gate-text.png" alt="NAND gate symbol" class="wp-image-18404"/></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NAND Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use NAND gates in a circuit, the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-4011/">CMOS IC 4011</a> contains 4 NAND gates.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">NOR gate</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nor-gate/">NOR gate</a> (or NOT OR) operates in the opposite way of the OR gate. It’s as if an OR gate had a NOT gate on its output.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="180" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NOR-gate.png" alt="NOR gate equivalent from OR and NOT" class="wp-image-18385" srcset="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NOR-gate.png 600w, https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Equivalent-NOR-gate-500x150.png 500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure></div> <p>You’ll find the truth table below. But all you need to remember is that the only time the output of a NOR gate is 1 is when both the inputs are 0.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-NOR-gate-text.png" alt="NOR gate symbol" class="wp-image-18414"/></figure></div> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NOR Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use NOR gates in a circuit, the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-4001/">IC 4001</a> contains 4 NOR gates.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">XOR gate</h2> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-XOR-gate-text.png" alt="XOR gate symbol" class="wp-image-18471"/></figure></div> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xor-gate/">XOR gate</a> (or Exclusive OR) outputs 1 if one of its two inputs is 1 – but not both. You can also look at it this way – if the two inputs are different from each other, the output is true. </p> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">XOR Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use XOR gates in a circuit, the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/ic-4070/">IC 4070</a> contains 4 XOR gates.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">XNOR gate</h2> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="380" height="160" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Logic-symbol-XNOR-gate-text.png" alt="XNOR gate symbol" class="wp-image-18475"/></figure></div> <p>The <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xnor-gate/">XNOR gate</a> (or Exclusive NOT OR) works like an XOR gate with an inverter on the output. Another way to look at it is to notice that the output becomes 1 if its two inputs are equal – either two 1s or two 0s.</p> <figure class="wp-block-table truth-table"><table><thead><tr><th>Input A</th><th>Input B</th><th>Output Q</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">XNOR Gate Truth Table</figcaption></figure> <p>If you want to use XNOR gates in a circuit, you’ll find four of them in the <a href="https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd4077b.pdf">IC 4077</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Using Logic Gates in Circuits</h2> <p>A logic gate can be built with transistors and usually comes as an <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/integrated-circuit/">Integrated Circuit (IC)</a>.</p> <p>There are two classic IC series where you’ll find all the logic gates; <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/7400-series-integrated-circuits/">The 7400-series </a>and the <a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/">4000-series</a>. Both series contain chips with similar functions.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://ohmify.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IC-4001.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://ohmify.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/IC-4001-300x269.png" alt="Illustration of an IC with logic gates" class="wp-image-105669"/></a></figure></div> <p>The 7400 series is the oldest series. The 4000 series was introduced as a lower-power and more versatile option to the 7400. But today, several families of the 7400-series exist, some with similar properties as the 4000-series.</p> <p>Check out my reference library of common ICs with pinouts, explanations, and example circuits:</p> <p><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/4000-series-integrated-circuits/">List of 4000 Series IC</a><br><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/7400-series-integrated-circuits/">List of 7400 Series IC</a></p> <h2>More Logic Gates Tutorials</h2><div class="category-specific-menu"><ul id="menu-logic-gates" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-19368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-19368"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/logic-gates/" aria-current="page">Introduction to Logic Gates</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19367"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/and-gate/">AND Gate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19372"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/or-gate/">OR Gate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19371"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/not-gate/">NOT Gate (Inverter)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19369"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nand-gate/">NAND Gate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19370"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nor-gate/">NOR Gate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19374"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xor-gate/">XOR Gate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19373"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xnor-gate/">XNOR Gate</a></li> </ul></div><div class="aftercontent-container signup-catcher-container" data-type="aftercontent" data-form-id="ab_test_5form_7" data-form-type="aftercontent_form" data-group-id="group_1" data-ck-id="899203"data-ck-tags=""><div style="background:#e6f0f8;" class="signup-container"> <img decoding="async" src="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3d-Basic-Electronic-Components-transparent.png" alt="ebook cover"> <div class="signup-form"> <h2>Get Our Basic Electronic Components Guide</h2> <p>Learn how the basic electronic components work so that circuit diagrams will start making sense to you.</p> <form> <input type="text" id="name" name="name" placeholder="First Name"> <input type="email" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Email Address"> <button style="background:#e86b59;"type="submit">Download Guide</button> 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</div>  </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="widget-area sidebar is-right-sidebar" id="right-sidebar"> <div class="inside-right-sidebar"> <aside id="category-menu-widget-2" class="widget inner-padding widget_category-menu-widget"><h2 class="widget-title">More Logic Gates Tutorials</h2><div class="category-menu-widget"><div class="category-specific-menu"><ul id="menu-logic-gates-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-19368"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/logic-gates/" aria-current="page">Introduction to Logic Gates</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19367"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/and-gate/">AND Gate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19372"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/or-gate/">OR Gate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19371"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/not-gate/">NOT Gate (Inverter)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19369"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nand-gate/">NAND Gate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19370"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/nor-gate/">NOR Gate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19374"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xor-gate/">XOR Gate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-19373"><a href="https://www.build-electronic-circuits.com/xnor-gate/">XNOR Gate</a></li> </ul></div></div></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="site footer-widgets"> <div class="footer-widgets-container 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