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<li id="toc-Ancient_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient calendars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Persian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Persian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Old Persian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Persian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrian_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrian_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Zoroastrian calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrian_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifications_by_Parthians,_Ardashir_I,_Hormizd_I,_Yazdgerd_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifications_by_Parthians,_Ardashir_I,_Hormizd_I,_Yazdgerd_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Modifications by Parthians, Ardashir I, Hormizd I, Yazdgerd III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifications_by_Parthians,_Ardashir_I,_Hormizd_I,_Yazdgerd_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Muslim conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era:_Jalali_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era:_Jalali_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval era: Jalali calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era:_Jalali_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_calendar:_Solar_Hijri_(SH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_calendar:_Solar_Hijri_(SH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern calendar: Solar Hijri (SH)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_calendar:_Solar_Hijri_(SH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iranian calendars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تقويم إيراني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم إيراني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Иранияб календарь – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Иранияб календарь" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ایران تقویمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران تقویمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="ইরানি বর্ষপঞ্জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানি বর্ষপঞ্জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Іранскі каляндар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іранскі каляндар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирански календар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирански календар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiziadur_pers" title="Deiziadur pers – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deiziadur pers" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_kalender" title="Iranske kalender – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iranske kalender" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraani_kalender" title="Iraani kalender – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraani kalender" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Περσικό ημερολόγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περσικό ημερολόγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiar_egutegia" title="Persiar egutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Persiar egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گاه‌شماری در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%A0%A5" title="이란력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Իրանական օրացույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանական օրացույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Iran" title="Kalender Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99" title="הלוח הפרסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלוח הפרסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggalan_Iran" title="Tanggalan Iran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tanggalan Iran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandriy%C3%A9_persan" title="Kalandriyé persan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kalandriyé persan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salnameya_%C3%AEran%C3%AE" title="Salnameya îranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Salnameya îranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81nas_kalend%C4%81rs" title="Irānas kalendārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irānas kalendārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalendorius" title="Iraniečių kalendorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iraniečių kalendorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирански календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирански календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiandro_iraniana" title="Tetiandro iraniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tetiandro iraniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इराणी कालगणना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणी कालगणना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირანული კალენდარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირანული კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="تقويم ايرانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقويم ايرانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="هجری شمسی تقویم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هجری شمسی تقویم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroniy_taqvim" title="Eroniy taqvim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eroniy taqvim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایرانی تقویم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایرانی تقویم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Иранский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иранский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iranian calendars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕۆژژمێری ئێرانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژژمێری ئێرانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ирански календар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирански календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_kalendar" title="Iranski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iranski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A9nder_Iran" title="Kalénder Iran – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalénder Iran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranilainen_ajanlasku" title="Iranilainen ajanlasku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iranilainen ajanlasku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiska_kalendern" title="Persiska kalendern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persiska kalendern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="இரானிய நாட்காட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரானிய நாட்காட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%82%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Шәмси тәкъвим – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәмси тәкъвим" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D2%B3%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Гоҳшумории эронӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гоҳшумории эронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Іранський календар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іранський календар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایرانی تقویم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایرانی تقویم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_Iran" title="Lịch Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פערסישער קאלענדאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערסישער קאלענדאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendars used in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the official calendar in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;border:1px solid #ccc;background:#fff;border-right:3px solid #ccc;border-bottom:3px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:3px;float:right;font-size:smaller;margin-right:4px;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0 0 0.1em;background:#aaa;color:#f9f9f9;"> Today</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="line-height:1.6em;white-space:nowrap;;padding-top:0.25em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wednesday" title="Wednesday">Wednesday</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_November" class="mw-redirect" title="27 November">27 November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">AD/CE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>7 <a href="/wiki/Azar" title="Azar">Azar</a></li> <li>1403 <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">SH</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>25 <a href="/wiki/Jumada_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumada al-awwal">Jumada al-awwal</a></li> <li>1446 <a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">AH</a></li></ul> <hr /> <small>[<span class="plainlinks"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page">refresh</span></a></span></span>]</small></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iranian calendar</b> or <b>Iranian chronology</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گاه‌شماری ایرانی</span>, <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Gâh Ŝomâriye Irâni</i></span>) are a succession of calendars created and used for over two millennia in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, also known as Persia. One of the longest chronological records in human history, the Iranian calendar has been modified many times for administrative purposes. The most influential person in laying the frameworks for the calendar and its precision was the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a>. The modern Iranian calendar is currently the official <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a> in Iran. </p><p>The Iranian <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> begins at the midnight nearest to the instant of the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">northern spring equinox</a>, as determined by astronomic calculations for the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> (52.5°E). It is, therefore, an observation-based calendar, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>, which is rule-based.<sup id="cite_ref-heydari_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heydari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This equinox occurs on or about 20 March of the Gregorian calendar. The <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zone</a> of Iran is <a href="/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time" title="Iran Standard Time">Iran Standard Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:30" title="UTC+03:30">UTC+03:30</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_calendars">Ancient calendars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient calendars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_stars" title="Royal stars">Royal stars</a></div> <p>The earliest evidence of Iranian calendrical traditions is from the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">second millennium BC</a> and possibly even predates the appearance of the Iranian prophet <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>. The first fully preserved calendar is that of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenids</a>, a royal dynasty of the 5th century BC who gave rise to Zoroastrianism. Throughout recorded history, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> have been keen on the idea and importance of having a <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>. They were among the first cultures to use a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> and have long favoured a solar over <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> approaches. The sun has always been a religious and divine symbol in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian culture">Iranian culture</a> and is the origin of the folklore regarding <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI-C-i_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-C-i-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Persian_calendar">Old Persian calendar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Persian calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Persian inscriptions and tablets indicate that early Iranians used a <a href="/wiki/360-day_calendar" title="360-day calendar">360-day calendar</a> based on the solar observation directly and modified for their beliefs. Days were not named. The months had two or three divisions depending on the phase of the moon. Twelve months of 30 days were named for festivals or activities of the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> year. An <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a> month was added periodically to keep the calendar synchronized with the seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table lists the Old Persian months, alongside the approximate Gregorian months and approximate Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Lunar_months" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar months">lunar months</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Order</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Approximate corresponding <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> months</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite spelling</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Meaning</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Approximate corresponding <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a> lunar month(s)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">March–April </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ādukanaiša </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Hadukannaš </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Sowing (month)" </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nīsannu</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>April–May </td> <td>Θūravāhara </td> <td>Turmar </td> <td>"(Month of) strong spring" </td> <td>Ayyāru </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>May–June </td> <td>Θāigraciš </td> <td>Sākurriziš </td> <td>"Garlic-collecting (month)" </td> <td>Sīmannu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>June–July </td> <td>Garmapada </td> <td>Karmabataš </td> <td>"Heat-station (month)" </td> <td>Du'ūzu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>July–August </td> <td>Drnabāji </td> <td>Turnabaziš </td> <td>"Harvest (month)" </td> <td>Ābu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>August–September </td> <td>Kārapaθiya </td> <td>Karbašiyaš </td> <td>uncertain </td> <td>Ulūlū </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">September–October </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bāgayādiš </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bakeyatiš </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"(Month of) the worship of <a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">baga</a> (god, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>)" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tašrītu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>8 </td> <td>October–November </td> <td>*Vrkazana </td> <td>Markašanaš </td> <td>"Wolf killing (month)" </td> <td>Arahsamna </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>9 </td> <td>November–December </td> <td>Āçiyādiya </td> <td>Hašiyatiš </td> <td>"(Month) of the worship of the fire" </td> <td>Kisilīmu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>10 </td> <td>December–January </td> <td>Anāmaka </td> <td>Hanamakaš </td> <td>"(Month of) the nameless god(?)" </td> <td>Tebētu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>11 </td> <td>January–February </td> <td>*Θwayauvā </td> <td>Samiyamaš </td> <td>"(Month of) the terrible one" </td> <td>Šabāţu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>12 </td> <td>February–March </td> <td>Viyax(a)na </td> <td>Miyakannaš </td> <td>"Digging-up (month)" </td> <td>Addāru </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were four farming festivals, symmetric about <i>maidyoshahem</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>Festival</th> <th>Time from previous </th></tr> <tr> <td>hamaspathmaidyem</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>maidyoshahem</td> <td>105 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ayathrem</td> <td>105 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>maidyarem</td> <td>75 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two more festivals were later added, creating the six <i>gahanbar</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>Festival</th> <th>Time from previous </th></tr> <tr> <td>hamaspathmaidyem (end of retirement)</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>maidyozarem (spring)</td> <td>45 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>maidyoshahem (mid-summer)</td> <td>60 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>paitishahem (harvest)</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>ayathrem (end of the summer)</td> <td>30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>maidyarem</td> <td>75 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrian_calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zoroastrian calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></div> <p>The first calendars based on <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a> cosmology appeared in the later Achaemenid period (650 to 330 BC). They evolved over the centuries, but month names changed little until now. </p><p>The unified <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> required a distinctive Iranian calendar, and one was devised in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian tradition</a>, with 12 months of 30 days, each dedicated to a <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazata</a> (Eyzad), and four divisions resembling the Semitic week. Four days per month were dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and seven were named after the six <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a>. Thirteen days were named after Fire, Water, Sun, Moon, <a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tiri</a> and Geush Urvan (the soul of all animals), Mithra, <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> (Soroush, yazata of prayer), <a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashnu</a> (the Judge), <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Bahram</a> (yazata of victory), Raman (Ramesh meaning peace), and <a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vata</a>, the divinity of the wind. Three were dedicated to the female divinities, <a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Daena</a> (yazata of religion and personified conscious), <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a> (yazata of fortune) and <a href="/wiki/Arshtat" title="Arshtat">Arshtat</a> (justice). The remaining four were dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Asman" title="Asman">Asman</a> (lord of sky or Heaven), <a href="/wiki/Zam" title="Zam">Zam</a> (earth), Manthra Spenta (the Bounteous Sacred Word) and Anaghra Raocha (the 'Endless Light' of paradise). </p><p>The month names and their modern versions are given in the following table. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Order </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> name of the Yazata (in the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>)</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Approximate meaning of the name</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Pahlavi Middle Persian</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><b>Modern Iranian Persian</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><i><b>Romanized</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>English</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Romanized</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Native Script</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Romanized</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravašinąm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">(Guardian spirits, souls of the righteous) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Frawardīn </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فروردین</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Farvardīn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Asha_Vahishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asha Vahishta">Ašahe Vahištahe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Best Truth" / "Best Righteousness" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ardwahišt </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُردیبهشت</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ordībehešt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Haurvatat" title="Haurvatat">Haurvatātō</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Wholeness" / "Perfection" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Khordād </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خرداد</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Khordād </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tištryehe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Sirius" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tīr </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تیر</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tīr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat">Amərətātō</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Immortality" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Amurdād </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَمرداد</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Amordād </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshathra Vairya">Xšaθrahe Vairyehe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Desirable Dominion" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shahrewar </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شهریور</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Shahrīvar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Miθrahe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Covenant" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mihr </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مهر</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Mehr </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">Apąm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Waters" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ābān </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آبان</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ābān </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Āθrō</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Fire" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Ādur </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آذر</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Āzar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Daθušō</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"The Creator" (i.e. Ahura Mazda) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Day </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دی</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Dey </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vaŋhə̄uš Manaŋhō</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Good Spirit" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Wahman </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بهمن</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bahman </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">Spəntayā̊ Ārmatōiš</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">"Holy Devotion" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Spandarmad </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اسفند</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Esfand </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The calendar had a significant impact on religious observance. It fixed the pantheon of major divinities, and also ensured that their names were uttered often, since at every Zoroastrian act of worship the yazatas of both day and month were invoked. It also clarified the pattern of festivities; for example, Mitrakanna or <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a> was celebrated on Mithra day of Mithra month, and the Tiri festival (Tiragan) was celebrated on Tiri day of the Tiri month. </p><p>In 538 BC <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (uncertain if he was a Zoroastrian) conquered Babylon and the Babylonian luni-solar calendar came into use for civil purposes. <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> conquered Egypt in 525 BC. He was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>, a Zoroastrian who became ruler of the Persian empire in 517 BC. The Zoroastrians adopted the wandering Egyptian solar calendar of twelve months of thirty days plus five <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)#Solar_calendars" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">epagomenal days</a>. As their year began in the spring (with the festival of <i>norouz</i>) the <i>epagomenai</i> were placed just before <i>norouz</i>. </p><p>In Egypt the star Sirius had significance since every 1460 years (the <a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a>) its <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal rising</a> (just before sunrise) marked the Egyptian new year and the inundation of the Nile. In Persia also the star had significance, since its heliacal rising there also coincided with the coming of the rain. The fourth Persian month was <i>Tishtrya</i> (Sirius, rain star). The vernal equinox at Greenwich fell on the first day of the first month from 487 to 483 BC (inclusive). Adopting S H Taqizadeh's date of 28 March 487 BC for the reform<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the calendar for that year is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <caption>* denotes 1 Epagomene </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Egyptian month</th> <th>First day</th> <th>Persian month</th> <th>First day </th></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>23 March</td> <td>1</td> <td>23*–28 March </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>22 April</td> <td>2</td> <td>27 April </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>22 May</td> <td>3</td> <td>27 May </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>21 June</td> <td>4</td> <td>26 June </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>21 July</td> <td>5</td> <td>26 July </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>20 August</td> <td>6</td> <td>25 August </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>19 September</td> <td>7</td> <td>24 September </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>19 October</td> <td>8</td> <td>24 October </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>18 November</td> <td>9</td> <td>23 November </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>18*–23 December</td> <td>10</td> <td>23 December </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>22 January</td> <td>11</td> <td>22 January </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>21 February</td> <td>12</td> <td>21 February </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fourth month includes 20 July, the date of the heliacal rising of Sirius. In the first year the people carried on using the old calendar, anticipating festival dates by five days. As each day is named after a god, it is important to observe the celebrations on the right day. Thus the <i>fravasis</i> festival, which in the old calendar was kept between sunset on 30 Spandarmad and sunrise on 1 Frawardin, was now observed throughout the <i>epagomenai</i>. In the second year of the reform, the old 30 Spandarmad was the new 25 Spandarmad, so from then on the festival covered eleven days, up to the new 1 Frawardin. Five days was considered enough for other festivals, however. </p><p>In all the lands where the Persian calendar was used the <i>epagomenai</i> were placed at the end of the year. To offset the difference between the agricultural year and the calendar year (the tax-gathering season began after the harvest) the start of the <i>araji</i> (land-tax) year was delayed by one month every 120 years. A Roman historian, Quintus Curtius Rufus, describing a ceremony in 333 BC, writes: </p> <blockquote><p>The magi were followed by three hundred and sixty-five young men clad in purple robes, equal in number to the days of a whole year; for the Persians also divided the year into that number of days.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the conquests by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander III of Macedon">Alexander the Great</a> and his death, the Persian territories fell to one of his generals, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a> (312 BC), starting the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> dynasty of Iran. Based on the Greek tradition, Seleucids introduced the practice of dating by era rather than by the reign of individual kings. Their era became known as that of Alexander, or later the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a>. Since the new rulers were not Zoroastrians, Zoroastrian priests lost their function at the royal courts, and so resented the Seleucids. Although they began dating by eras, they established their own era of Zoroaster. </p><p>That was the first serious attempt to determine the dates associated with the prophet Zoroaster's life. Priests had no Zoroastrian historical sources, and so turned to Babylonian archives famous in the ancient world. From these they learned that a great event in Persian history took place 228 years before the era of Alexander. In fact, this was the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC. But the priests misinterpreted this date to be the time the "true faith" was revealed to their prophet, and since <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> literature indicates that revelation happened when Zoroaster was 30 years old, 568 BC was taken as his year of birth. The date entered written records as the beginning of the era of Zoroaster, and indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>. This incorrect date is still mentioned in many current encyclopedias as Zoroaster's birth date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modifications_by_Parthians,_Ardashir_I,_Hormizd_I,_Yazdgerd_III"><span id="Modifications_by_Parthians.2C_Ardashir_I.2C_Hormizd_I.2C_Yazdgerd_III"></span>Modifications by Parthians, Ardashir I, Hormizd I, Yazdgerd III</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modifications by Parthians, Ardashir I, Hormizd I, Yazdgerd III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> (Arsacid dynasty) adopted the same calendar system with minor modifications, and dated their era from 248 BC, the date they succeeded the Seleucids. Their names for the months and days are Parthian equivalents of the Avestan ones used previously, differing slightly from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> names used by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanians">Sassanians</a>. For example, in Achaemenid times the modern Persian month 'Day' was called Dadvah (Creator), in Parthian it was Datush and the Sassanians named it Dadv/Dai (Dadar in Pahlavi). </p><p>When in April of AD 224 the Parthian dynasty fell and was replaced by the Sasanid, the new king, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, abolished the official Babylonian calendar and replaced it with the Zoroastrian. This involved a correction to the places of the <i>gahanbar</i>, which had slipped back in the seasons since they were fixed. These were placed eight months later, as were the <i>epagomenai</i>, the 'Gatha' or 'Gah' days after the ancient Zoroastrian hymns of the same name. Other countries, such as the Armenians and Choresmians, did not accept the change. The new dates were: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Achaemenid</th> <th>Choresmian</th> <th>Sasanian</th> <th>Time since previous </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>maidyozarem</td> <td>(11-) 15 ii (Ardawahisht)</td> <td>15 v</td> <td>(11-) 15 x (Day)</td> <td>45 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>maidyoshahem</td> <td>(11-) 15 iv (Tir)</td> <td>15 vii</td> <td>(11-) 15 xii (Spandarmad)</td> <td>60 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>paitishahem</td> <td>(26-) 30 vi (Shahrivar)</td> <td>30 ix</td> <td>(26-) 30 ii (Ardawahisht)</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>ayathrem</td> <td>(26-) 30 vii (Mihr)</td> <td>30 x</td> <td>(26-) 30 iii (Khordad)</td> <td>30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>maidyarem</td> <td>(11-) 15 x (Day)</td> <td>10 i</td> <td>(11-) 15 vi (Shahrewar)</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>hamaspathmaidyem</td> <td>(1-) 5 Epagomene</td> <td>30 iii</td> <td>(1-) 5 Epagomene</td> <td>80 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In AD 224 the vernal equinox at Greenwich fell at noon on 21 March, which was 22 Shahrewar. Immediately after the reform 21 March corresponded to 27 Shahrewar. Here is the calendar for AD 225–6: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <caption>* = 1 Epagomene </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Armenian<br /> month</th> <th>First day</th> <th>Egyptian<br /> month</th> <th>First day</th> <th>Persian<br /> month</th> <th>First day </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>26* September–1 October</td> <td>4</td> <td>26 September</td> <td>1</td> <td>26 September </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>31 October</td> <td>5</td> <td>26 October</td> <td>2</td> <td>26 October </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>30 November</td> <td>6</td> <td>25 November</td> <td>3</td> <td>25 November </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>30 December</td> <td>7</td> <td>25 December</td> <td>4</td> <td>25 December </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>29 January</td> <td>8</td> <td>24 January</td> <td>5</td> <td>24 January </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>28 February</td> <td>9</td> <td>23 February</td> <td>6</td> <td>23 February </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>30 March</td> <td>10</td> <td>25 March</td> <td>7</td> <td>25 March </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>29 April</td> <td>11</td> <td>24 April</td> <td>8</td> <td>24 April </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>29 May</td> <td>12</td> <td>24 May</td> <td>9</td> <td>24*–29 May </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>28 June</td> <td>1</td> <td>23*–28 June</td> <td>10</td> <td>28 June </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>28 July</td> <td>2</td> <td>28 July</td> <td>11</td> <td>28 July </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>27 August</td> <td>3</td> <td>27 August</td> <td>12</td> <td>27 August </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The change caused confusion and was immensely unpopular. The new <i>epagomenai</i> were referred to as "robber days". The people now observed the "Great" <i>nowruz</i> on 6 Frawardin, which was Zoroaster's birthday and corresponded to 1 Frawardin in the old calendar. The new 1 Frawardin was observed as the "lesser" <i>nowruz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> (AD 272–273) made the intervening days into festivals as well. In AD 273, the vernal equinox at 0° fell at 05:00 UTC on 21 March. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> reigned from AD 399–420. In AD 400 the equinox fell about 19 March, which was 9 Aban. According to al-Biruni, in that reign there was a double adjustment of the start of the <i>araji</i> year. The tenth-century astronomer Abu'l-asan Kusyar noted that during the reign of Osrow II (AD 589–628) the sun entered Aries in Adur. This happened throughout his reign. An <i>araji</i> era was introduced dating from AD 621, and the Yazdegerdi era dates from 16 June AD 632, so the Yazdegerdi era is eleven years behind the <i>araji</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_conquest">Muslim conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muslim conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muslim rulers who took over from the middle of the seventh century used the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> for administration, which caused hardship because the year was shorter – i.e. a tax which was formerly collected after the harvest would now have to be paid before the harvest. Traditionally it is said that the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar</a> reintroduced the Persian calendar for tax collection purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In AD 895 there was another double readjustment of the start of the <i>araji</i> year. It moved from 1 Frawardin (12 April) to 1 Khordad (11 June). By AD 1006 the vernal equinox, 15 March, was again coinciding with <i>nowruz</i>, 1 Frawardin. In that year, therefore, the <i>epagomenai</i> were delayed four months, moving from the end of Aban to their old position at the end of Spandarmad. This is the calendar for AD 1006/7: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <caption>* denotes 1 Epagomene </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Armenian<br />month</th> <th>First day</th> <th>Old<br />Egyptian<br />month</th> <th>First day</th> <th>Persian<br />month</th> <th>First day </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>15*–20 March</td> <td>4</td> <td>15 March</td> <td>1</td> <td>10*–15 March </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>19 April</td> <td>5</td> <td>14 April</td> <td>2</td> <td>14 April </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>19 May</td> <td>6</td> <td>14 May</td> <td>3</td> <td>14 May </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>18 June</td> <td>7</td> <td>13 June</td> <td>4</td> <td>13 June </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>18 July</td> <td>8</td> <td>13 July</td> <td>5</td> <td>13 July </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>17 August</td> <td>9</td> <td>12 August</td> <td>6</td> <td>12 August </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>16 September</td> <td>10</td> <td>11 September</td> <td>7</td> <td>11 September </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>16 October</td> <td>11</td> <td>11 October</td> <td>8</td> <td>11 October </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>15 November</td> <td>12</td> <td>10 November</td> <td>9</td> <td>10 November </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>15 December</td> <td>1</td> <td>10*–15 December</td> <td>10</td> <td>10 December </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>14 January</td> <td>2</td> <td>14 January</td> <td>11</td> <td>9 January </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>13 February</td> <td>3</td> <td>13 February</td> <td>12</td> <td>8 February </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>gahanbar</i> did not move quite to their old places, because the fifth moved to 20 Day, which was the old 15 Day, thus increasing the interval between the fourth and fifth to eighty days and reducing the interval between the fifth and sixth to 75 days. The new dates were: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:centre"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Time since previous </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>maidyozarem</td> <td>(11-) 15 ii (Ardawahisht)</td> <td>45 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>maidyoshahem</td> <td>(11-) 15 iv (Tir)</td> <td>60 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>paitishahem</td> <td>(26-) 30 vi (Shahrivar)</td> <td>75 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>ayathrem</td> <td>(26-) 30 vii (Mihr)</td> <td>30 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>maidyarem</td> <td>(16-) 20 x (Day)</td> <td>80 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>hamaspathmaidyem</td> <td>(1-) 5 Epagomene</td> <td>75 days </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era:_Jalali_calendar">Medieval era: Jalali calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval era: Jalali calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali calendar</a></div> <p>In AD 1079, by the order of the Jalal Al-Din Shah <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuqi</a>, the Islamic Calendar (which was and is based on the lunar system) was replaced in Persia by the calendar of <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> and was called the Jalali Calendar. Khayyam and his team had worked 8 years in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, the capital of Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a>. The research and creation of the Khayyam calendar was financially supported by Jalal Al din Shah. Khayyam designed his calendar in which the beginning of the new year, season and month are aligned and he named the first day of the spring and the new year to be Norooz (also spelled <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>). Before Khayyam's calendar, Norooz was not a fixed day and each year could fall in late winter or early spring. </p><p>From 15 March 1079, when the calendar had slipped a further eighteen days, the <i>araji</i> calendar was reformed by repeating the first eighteen days of Frawardin. Thus 14 March was 18 Frawardin <i>qadimi</i> (old) or <i>farsi</i> (Persian) and 15 March was 1 Frawardin <i>jalali</i> or <i>maleki</i> (royal). This new calendar was astronomically calculated, so that it did not have <i>epagemonai</i> – the months began when the sun entered a new sign of the zodiac. </p><p>About 120 years after the reform of AD 1006, when the vernal equinox was starting to fall in Ardawahisht, Zoroastrians made it again coincide with <i>nowruz</i> by adding a second Spandarmad. This <i>Shensai</i> calendar was a month behind the <i>qadimi</i> still used in Persia, being used only by the Zoroastrians in India, the Parsees. On 6 June 1745 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>) some <a href="/wiki/Parsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsee">Parsees</a> re-adopted the <i>qadimi</i> calendar, and in 1906 some adopted the <i>Fasli</i> calendar in which 1 Frawardin was equated with 21 March, so that there was a sixth epagomenal day every four years. In 1911 the <i>jalali</i> calendar became the official national calendar of Persia. Some Zoroastrians in Persia now use the <i>Fasli</i> calendar, having begun changing to it in 1930. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_calendar:_Solar_Hijri_(SH)"><span id="Modern_calendar:_Solar_Hijri_.28SH.29"></span>Modern calendar: Solar Hijri (SH)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern calendar: Solar Hijri (SH)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a></div> <p>The present Iranian calendar was legally adopted on 31 March 1925, under the early <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. The law said that the first day of the year should be the first day of spring in "the true solar year", "as it has been" ever so. It also fixed the number of days in each month, which previously varied by year with the <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology" title="Sidereal and tropical astrology">sidereal zodiac</a>. It revived the ancient Persian names, which are still used. 1 Farvardin is the day whose midnight start is nearest to the instant of vernal equinox. The first six months have 31 days, the next five thirty, and the twelfth has 29 days and 30 in leap years. </p><p>It specified <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">the origin of the calendar</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a> of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also deprecated the 12-year cycles of the Chinese-Uighur calendar which were not officially sanctioned but were commonly used. </p><p>In 1976, Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> changed the origin of the calendar to the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>'s reign as its first year, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Hegira" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegira">Hijra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Overnight, the year changed from 1355 to 2535. This change only lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> in 1979, at which time the calendar reverted to Solar Hijri.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correspondence of Solar Hijri and Gregorian calendars (Solar Hijri leap years are marked *):<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>33-year <br /> cycle<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Solar Hijri year</th> <th>Gregorian year</th> <th>Solar Hijri year</th> <th>Gregorian year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>1</td> <td>1354*</td> <td>21 March 1975 – 20 March 1976</td> <td>1387*</td> <td>20 March 2008 – 20 March 2009 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2</td> <td>1355</td> <td>21 March 1976 – 20 March 1977</td> <td>1388</td> <td>21 March 2009 – 20 March 2010 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>3</td> <td>1356</td> <td>21 March 1977 – 20 March 1978</td> <td>1389</td> <td>21 March 2010 – 20 March 2011 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4</td> <td>1357</td> <td>21 March 1978 – 20 March 1979</td> <td>1390</td> <td>21 March 2011 – 19 March 2012 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>5</td> <td>1358*</td> <td>21 March 1979 – 20 March 1980</td> <td>1391*</td> <td>20 March 2012 – 20 March 2013 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>6</td> <td>1359</td> <td>21 March 1980 – 20 March 1981</td> <td>1392</td> <td>21 March 2013 – 20 March 2014 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>7</td> <td>1360</td> <td>21 March 1981 – 20 March 1982</td> <td>1393</td> <td>21 March 2014 – 20 March 2015 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>8</td> <td>1361</td> <td>21 March 1982 – 20 March 1983</td> <td>1394</td> <td>21 March 2015 – 19 March 2016 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>9</td> <td>1362*</td> <td>21 March 1983 – 20 March 1984</td> <td>1395*</td> <td>20 March 2016 – 20 March 2017 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>10</td> <td>1363</td> <td>21 March 1984 – 20 March 1985</td> <td>1396</td> <td>21 March 2017 – 20 March 2018 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>11</td> <td>1364</td> <td>21 March 1985 – 20 March 1986</td> <td>1397</td> <td>21 March 2018 – 20 March 2019 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>12</td> <td>1365</td> <td>21 March 1986 – 20 March 1987</td> <td>1398</td> <td>21 March 2019 – 19 March 2020 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>13</td> <td>1366*</td> <td>21 March 1987 – 20 March 1988</td> <td>1399*</td> <td>20 March 2020 – 20 March 2021 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>14</td> <td>1367</td> <td>21 March 1988 – 20 March 1989</td> <td>1400</td> <td>21 March 2021 – 20 March 2022 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>15</td> <td>1368</td> <td>21 March 1989 – 20 March 1990</td> <td>1401</td> <td>21 March 2022 – 20 March 2023 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>16</td> <td>1369</td> <td>21 March 1990 – 20 March 1991</td> <td>1402</td> <td>21 March 2023 – 19 March 2024 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>17</td> <td>1370*</td> <td>21 March 1991 – 20 March 1992</td> <td><b>1403</b>*</td> <td><b>20 March 2024 – 20 March 2025</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>18</td> <td>1371</td> <td>21 March 1992 – 20 March 1993</td> <td>1404</td> <td>21 March 2025 – 20 March 2026 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>19</td> <td>1372</td> <td>21 March 1993 – 20 March 1994</td> <td>1405</td> <td>21 March 2026 – 20 March 2027 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>20</td> <td>1373</td> <td>21 March 1994 – 20 March 1995</td> <td>1406</td> <td>21 March 2027 – 19 March 2028 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>21</td> <td>1374</td> <td>21 March 1995 – 19 March 1996</td> <td>1407</td> <td>20 March 2028 – 19 March 2029 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>22</td> <td>1375*</td> <td>20 March 1996 – 20 March 1997</td> <td>1408*</td> <td>20 March 2029 – 20 March 2030 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>23</td> <td>1376</td> <td>21 March 1997 – 20 March 1998</td> <td>1409</td> <td>21 March 2030 – 20 March 2031 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>24</td> <td>1377</td> <td>21 March 1998 – 20 March 1999</td> <td>1410</td> <td>21 March 2031 – 19 March 2032 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>25</td> <td>1378</td> <td>21 March 1999 – 19 March 2000</td> <td>1411</td> <td>20 March 2032 – 19 March 2033 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>26</td> <td>1379*</td> <td>20 March 2000 – 20 March 2001</td> <td>1412*</td> <td>20 March 2033 – 20 March 2034 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>27</td> <td>1380</td> <td>21 March 2001 – 20 March 2002</td> <td>1413</td> <td>21 March 2034 – 20 March 2035 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>28</td> <td>1381</td> <td>21 March 2002 – 20 March 2003</td> <td>1414</td> <td>21 March 2035 – 19 March 2036 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>29</td> <td>1382</td> <td>21 March 2003 – 19 March 2004</td> <td>1415</td> <td>20 March 2036 – 19 March 2037 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>30</td> <td>1383*</td> <td>20 March 2004 – 20 March 2005</td> <td>1416*</td> <td>20 March 2037 – 20 March 2038 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>31</td> <td>1384</td> <td>21 March 2005 – 20 March 2006</td> <td>1417</td> <td>21 March 2038 – 20 March 2039 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>32</td> <td>1385</td> <td>21 March 2006 – 20 March 2007</td> <td>1418</td> <td>21 March 2039 – 19 March 2040 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>33</td> <td>1386</td> <td>21 March 2007 – 19 March 2008</td> <td>1419</td> <td>20 March 2040 – 19 March 2041 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarian_calendar" title="Tabarian calendar">Tabarian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era"><i>Anno Graecorum</i></a> – Calendar era used during Hellenistic period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i> calendar</a> – Specific calendar based on the Julian calendar (1839–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_stars" title="Royal stars">Royal stars</a> – Persian definition in astronomy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanbeh" title="Shanbeh">Shanbeh</a> – Day of the week in the Solar Hijri calendar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-heydari-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heydari_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeydari-Malayeri2004" class="citation web cs1">Heydari-Malayeri, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramis.obspm.fr/~heydari/divers/ir-cal-eng.html">"A concise review of the Iranian calendar"</a>. Paris Observatory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+concise+review+of+the+Iranian+calendar&rft.pub=Paris+Observatory&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Heydari-Malayeri&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramis.obspm.fr%2F~heydari%2Fdivers%2Fir-cal-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-C-i-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI-C-i_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPanaino1990">Panaino 1990</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallock1969" class="citation journal cs1">Hallock, Richard T. (1969). "Persepolis Fortification Tablets". <i>Oriental Institute Publications</i>. <b>92</b>. University of Chicago Press: 3, 75–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Institute+Publications&rft.atitle=Persepolis+Fortification+Tablets&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=3%2C+75-76&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hallock&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars">"CALENDARS"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CALENDARS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalendars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taqizadeh S H: <i>Old Iranian Calendars</i>, Royal Asiatic Society (1938).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtius, iii, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fazlur Rehman Shaikh, <i>Chronology of Prophetic Events</i> (London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., 2001), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolaviMawlawī2002" class="citation book cs1">Molavi, Afshin; Mawlawī, Afšīn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yxd3E-_AqSEC&pg=PA13"><i>Persian Pilgrimages by Afshin Molavi</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393051193" title="Special:BookSources/9780393051193"><bdi>9780393051193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Pilgrimages+by+Afshin+Molavi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780393051193&rft.aulast=Molavi&rft.aufirst=Afshin&rft.au=Mawlaw%C4%AB%2C+Af%C5%A1%C4%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxd3E-_AqSEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOertel2009" class="citation web cs1">Oertel, Holger (30 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716225712/http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/pers_en.php">"Persian calendar by Holger Oertel"</a>. Ortelius.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ortelius.de/kalender/pers_en.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+calendar+by+Holger+Oertel&rft.pub=Ortelius.de&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft.aulast=Oertel&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ortelius.de%2Fkalender%2Fpers_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Papers/EMP/PersianC-EMP.htm"><i>The Persian calendar for 3000 years</i></a>, (Kazimierz M Borkowski), <i>Earth, Moon, and Planetsss</i>, <b>74</b> (1996), No. 3, pp 223–230.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaino1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Panaino, Antonio (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calendars#pt1">"CALENDARS, i. Pre-Islamic calendars"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9132-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9132-X"><bdi>0-7100-9132-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CALENDARS%2C+i.+Pre-Islamic+calendars&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7100-9132-X&rft.aulast=Panaino&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalendars%23pt1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+calendars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taqîzâda, Sayyid Ḥasan, Gâhshumârî dar Îrân-i qadîm, Tehran (Čapkhâna-yi Majlis) 1316/1937-1938, (reprinted with the author's notes appointed to the first edition in the 10th vol. of the Opera omnia, ed.by Î. Afshâr, Tehran, 1357/1978-79). Complete Italian ed.: H. Taqizadeh, Il computo del tempo nell'Iran antico, ed. and transl. by S. Cristoforetti, Roma (ISIAO), 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6323-290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6323-290-5">978-88-6323-290-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_calendars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/persian.php#leap">How the leap years are calculated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/History/April99/Months/index.html">Meaning of the names of the months in the Persian Calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418111538/http://www.gita.ir/products/calendar/gadget.aspx">Persian(shamsi)/Gregorian/Islamic(hijri) Windows Gadget – with persian occasions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Online calendars and converters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.PersDay.com/">PersDay.com: Online Persian Calendar and Memo Book Web Application specially designed for Iranians, shows Persian(Hijri-Shamsi), Gregorian, and Hijri-Ghamari calendars for each day; Users can write different types of notes for each day, week, month, season, or year.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526130410/http://www.persday.com/">Archived</a> 26 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php">An online Persian (shamsi)/Gregorian/Islamic(hijri) date converter on http://www.iranchamber.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaahoo.com/main/dispCalendar.asp?ULanID=E&PR=y">Online Persian Calendar from aaahoo portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parstimes.com/persian/calendar/">Online Persian Calendar from parstimes.com portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://date.samic.org">An online simple Shamsi/Gregorian date converter</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Programming</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farhadi.ir/works/jalalijscalendar">GPL Iranian Calendar in JavaScript</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155828/http://farhadi.ir/works/jalalijscalendar">Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 13 February 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.globalization.persiancalendar.aspx">System.Globalization.PersianCalendar class documentation in MSDN Library</a> (The implementation of the Persian Calendar in Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshams.ir/programs/persianzodiac">Persian Zodiac a free, open source AIR application.</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102015700/http://www.mshams.ir/programs/persianzodiac">Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2 November 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/amirmehdizadeh/JalaliCalendar">JalaliCalendar (The implementation of the Persian Calendar in java)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Months_of_the_Iranian_calendar_(SH)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IranianMonths" title="Template:IranianMonths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IranianMonths" title="Template talk:IranianMonths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IranianMonths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IranianMonths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Months_of_the_Iranian_calendar_(SH)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Months of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">SH</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordibehesht" title="Ordibehesht">Ordibehesht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tir_(month)" title="Tir (month)">Tir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordad" title="Mordad">Mordad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrivar" title="Shahrivar">Shahrivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehr_(month)" title="Mehr (month)">Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_(month)" title="Aban (month)">Aban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar" title="Azar">Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey_(month)" title="Dey (month)">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman" title="Bahman">Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfand" title="Esfand">Esfand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Calendar, Iranian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/844198/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Calendar, Iranian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018836">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Calendar, Iranian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293780105171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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