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<div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Funzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Funzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallerie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallerie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallerie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallerie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tessuto adiposo bruno</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 27 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نسيج دهني بني - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسيج دهني بني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamno_masno_tkivo" title="Tamno masno tkivo - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamno masno tkivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teixit_adip%C3%B3s_marr%C3%B3" title="Teixit adipós marró - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teixit adipós marró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%BD_tuk" title="Hnědý tuk - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnědý tuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunes_Fettgewebe" title="Braunes Fettgewebe - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braunes Fettgewebe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue" title="Brown adipose tissue - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brown adipose tissue" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasa_parda" title="Grasa parda - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grasa parda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بافت چربی قهوه‌ای - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بافت چربی قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissu_adipeux_brun" title="Tissu adipeux brun - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tissu adipeux brun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecido_adiposo_marr%C3%B3n" title="Tecido adiposo marrón - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecido adiposo marrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="שומן חום - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שומן חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_adiposa_cokelat" title="Jaringan adiposa cokelat - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan adiposa cokelat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="褐色脂肪組織 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褐色脂肪組織" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%83%89%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="갈색지방조직 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈색지방조직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruin_vetweefsel" title="Bruin vetweefsel - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruin vetweefsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt_fettvev" title="Brunt fettvev - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brunt fettvev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruczo%C5%82y_snu_zimowego" title="Gruczoły snu zimowego - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gruczoły snu zimowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecido_adiposo_marrom" title="Tecido adiposo marrom - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecido adiposo marrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Бурая жировая ткань - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурая жировая ткань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjavo_ma%C5%A1%C4%8Dobno_tkivo" title="Rjavo maščobno tkivo - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rjavo maščobno tkivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrko_masno_tkivo" title="Mrko masno tkivo - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mrko masno tkivo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt_fett" title="Brunt fett - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brunt fett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பழுப்புக் கொழுப்பு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழுப்புக் கொழுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahverengi_adipoz_doku" title="Kahverengi adipoz doku - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahverengi adipoz doku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бура жирова тканина - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бура жирова тканина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%A1_n%C3%A2u" title="Mỡ nâu - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mỡ nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E8%89%B2%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="棕色脂肪組織 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棕色脂肪組織" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q901269#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Il <b>tessuto adiposo bruno</b> o <b>TAB</b>, chiamato anche <b>BAT</b> dall'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">inglese</a> <i>brown adipose tissue</i>, è un tipo di <a href="/wiki/Tessuto_connettivo" title="Tessuto connettivo">tessuto connettivo</a> così chiamato per il colore visibile a fresco. È anche chiamato <a href="/wiki/Adipocita#Adipocita_multiloculare" title="Adipocita">tessuto adiposo multilobulare</a> poiché all'<a href="/wiki/Istologia" title="Istologia">esame istologico</a> appare composto da più lobuli contenenti il tessuto adiposo bruno. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif/180px-Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif/270px-Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif/360px-Braunes_Fettgewebe_junge_Frau_im_PET_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Tessuto adiposo bruno, visualizzato tramite <a href="/wiki/Tomografia_ad_emissione_di_positroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomografia ad emissione di positroni">PET</a>, in una giovane donna</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funzione">Funzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Funzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Funzione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il tessuto adiposo bruno viene così definito per la sua colorazione bruna data dall'elevata presenza di ferro associato ai <a href="/wiki/Citocromi" title="Citocromi">citocromi</a> presenti nei <a href="/wiki/Mitocondri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitocondri">mitocondri</a>. La sua distribuzione è principalmente riscontrabile negli animali che vanno in <a href="/wiki/Letargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Letargo">letargo</a>, ed è scarsamente presente nell'uomo (è più presente nei neonati). La maggiore distribuzione del BAT nell'uomo è riconoscibile in sede paracervicale, sopraclavicolare<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, interscapolare, e perirenale. In queste sedi sono posti in prossimità dei vasi sanguigni per diffondere il calore attraverso il flusso ematico verso le varie aree corporee. La sua principale funzione è quella di produrre calore in risposta a basse temperature, in reazione a quella che viene definita <a href="/wiki/Termogenesi_indotta_dal_freddo" title="Termogenesi indotta dal freddo">termogenesi indotta dal freddo</a>, cioè la <a href="/wiki/Termoregolazione" title="Termoregolazione">termoregolazione</a> in reazione a basse temperature. In passato si riteneva che la presenza del BAT fosse irrilevante nell'uomo, ma svariate ricerche recenti ne riconoscono una certa presenza<sup id="cite_ref-van_Marken_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Marken-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, e ne rivelano importanti proprietà nella funzione svolta in risposta alla termogenesi indotta dal freddo "<i>non da brivido</i>" (<i>cold-induced "non shivering" thermogenesis</i> o NST)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, che compie principalmente assieme al <a href="/wiki/Muscolo_scheletrico" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscolo scheletrico">muscolo scheletrico</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_den_Berg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_Berg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, oltre che un importante ruolo nella regolazione del peso corporeo<sup id="cite_ref-van_Marken_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Marken-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. È stato suggerito che tale tessuto sia in grado di controllare il livello di adiposità<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, per ridurre le concentrazioni di trigliceridi e combattere l'obesità nell'uomo<sup id="cite_ref-Bartelt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartelt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La sua attività sembra essere ridotta negli uomini sovrappeso e obesi<sup id="cite_ref-van_Marken_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Marken-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La limitata letteratura scientifica riconosce che la termogenesi indotta dal BAT possa ammontare al 5% del metabolismo basale<sup id="cite_ref-Lichtenbelt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenbelt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il BAT sfrutta gli <a href="/wiki/Acidi_grassi" title="Acidi grassi">acidi grassi (FA)</a> per la produzione di calore per proteggere il corpo dal freddo, ed è stata recentemente e definitivamente dimostrata la sua presenza negli esseri umani. Le <a href="/wiki/Lipoproteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoproteine">lipoproteine</a> plasmatiche ricche di trigliceridi trasportano i <a href="/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi">lipidi</a> nel sangue, dove gli acidi grassi sono liberati dall'azione dell'enzima <a href="/wiki/Lipoproteina_lipasi" title="Lipoproteina lipasi">lipoproteina lipasi (LPL)</a>. Gli organi periferici come il muscolo scheletrico e il tessuto adiposo captano gli acidi grassi, mentre le restanti particelle ricche di <a href="/wiki/Colesterolo" title="Colesterolo">colesterolo</a> vengono smaltite dal <a href="/wiki/Fegato" title="Fegato">fegato</a>. L'attività del BAT viene attivata dall'esposizione al freddo a breve termine, in risposta alla termogenesi "<i>non da brivido</i>", sfruttando i lipidi come substrato per produrre calore<sup id="cite_ref-Bartelt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartelt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il meccanismo adoperato dal BAT tramite la termogenesi indotta dal freddo "non da brivido" (NST) ha la caratteristica di sfruttare il cosiddetto <a href="/wiki/Proteina_disaccoppiante" title="Proteina disaccoppiante">disaccoppiamento mitocondriale</a>. Al loro interno, i mitocondri del BAT presentano la proteina mitocondriale UCP1 (proteina disaccoppiante 1, o uncoupling protein 1). Questa molecola ha appunto la capacità di "disaccoppiare" la <a href="/wiki/Fosforilazione_ossidativa" title="Fosforilazione ossidativa">fosforilazione ossidativa</a> (processo energetico <a href="/wiki/Aerobiosi" title="Aerobiosi">aerobico</a> di <a href="/wiki/Respirazione_cellulare" title="Respirazione cellulare">respirazione cellulare</a>), riuscendo a spostare l'impiego di lipidi da produzione di <a href="/wiki/Adenosintrifosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosintrifosfato">ATP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Energia_chimica" title="Energia chimica">energia chimica</a>) verso la produzione di calore (energia termica)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Quest'ultima quindi prende il sopravvento rispetto alla formazione di molecole di ATP. L'attivazione di questo meccanismo in risposta al freddo, è principalmente legata alla produzione del <a href="/wiki/Neurotrasmettitore" title="Neurotrasmettitore">neurotrasmettitore</a> <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalina" title="Noradrenalina">noradrenalina</a> in interazione con i recettori β3 sotto controllo dell'<a href="/wiki/Ipotalamo" title="Ipotalamo">ipotalamo</a> mediante lo stimolo dei nervi simpatici, ed è supportata anche da fattori endocrini, principalmente l'incremento dell'attività <a href="/wiki/Tiroide" title="Tiroide">tiroidea</a> con produzione di <a href="/wiki/Triiodotironina" title="Triiodotironina">triiodotironina (T3)</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tiroxina" title="Tiroxina">tiroxina (T4)</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I principali tessuti coinvolti nel processo di disaccoppiamento mitocondriale nel NST, oltre al tessuto adiposo bruno, sono il <a href="/wiki/Muscolo_scheletrico" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscolo scheletrico">muscolo scheletrico</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Fegato" title="Fegato">fegato</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lichtenbelt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenbelt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallerie">Gallerie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Gallerie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Gallerie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownfat_PETCT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tessuto adiposo bruno evidenziato in una PET"><img alt="Tessuto adiposo bruno evidenziato in una PET" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brownfat_PETCT.jpg/120px-Brownfat_PETCT.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brownfat_PETCT.jpg/180px-Brownfat_PETCT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Brownfat_PETCT.jpg/240px-Brownfat_PETCT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tessuto adiposo bruno evidenziato in una <a href="/wiki/Tomografia_a_emissione_di_positroni" title="Tomografia a emissione di positroni">PET</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hibernoma2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Un ibernoma all'interno del tessuto adiposo bruno"><img alt="Un ibernoma all'interno del tessuto adiposo bruno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hibernoma2.jpg/120px-Hibernoma2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hibernoma2.jpg/180px-Hibernoma2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hibernoma2.jpg/240px-Hibernoma2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibernoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibernoma (la pagina non esiste)">ibernoma</a> all'interno del tessuto adiposo bruno</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Una sezione di tessuto adiposo bruno"><img alt="Una sezione di tessuto adiposo bruno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif/120px-Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif/180px-Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif/240px-Tecido_adiposo_multilocular_brown_adipose_tissue.gif 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Una sezione di tessuto adiposo bruno</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Virtanen et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357407">Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults</a></i>. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 9;360(15):1518-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Marken-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-van_Marken_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-van_Marken_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-van_Marken_2-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">van Marken Lichtenbelt et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357405">Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men</a></i>. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 9;360(15):1500-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Saito et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19401428">High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity</a></i>. Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1526-31. Epub 2009 Apr 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Wijers et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18335051">Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling is associated with cold induced adaptive thermogenesis</a></i>. PLoS One. 2008 Mar 12;3(3):e1777.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_den_Berg-5"><a href="#cite_ref-van_den_Berg_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">van den Berg et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415733">Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling, adaptive thermogenesis and energy expenditure</a></i>. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011 May;14(3):243-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Yoneshiro et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448535">Brown adipose tissue, whole-body energy expenditure, and thermogenesis in healthy adult men</a></i>. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jan;19(1):13-6. Epub 2010 May 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartelt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Bartelt_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Bartelt_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartelt et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258337">Brown adipose tissue activity controls triglyceride clearance</a></i>. Nat Med. 2011 Feb;17(2):200-5. Epub 2011 Jan 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lichtenbelt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lichtenbelt_8-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Lichtenbelt_8-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490370">Implications of nonshivering thermogenesis for energy balance regulation in humans</a></i>. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Aug;301(2):R285-96. Epub 2011 Apr 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Watanabe et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451493">Cold-induced changes in gene expression in brown adipose tissue: implications for the activation of thermogenesis</a></i>. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 May;31(5):775-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Zaninovich AA. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721329">Thyroid hormones, obesity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis</a></i>. Medicina (B Aires). 2001;61(5 Pt 1):597-602.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adamo S., Carinci P., Molinaro M., Siracusa G., Stefanini M., Ziparo E. (a cura di), <i>Istologia di V. Monesi</i>. Piccin Editore, 5ª edizione. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8829916390" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-299-1639-0</a></li> <li>Fawcett Don W., <i>Bloom & Fawcett - Trattato di Istologia</i>. McGraw-Hill, 12ª edizione. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8838620504" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-386-2050-4</a></li> <li>Young B.,. Heath J.W, <i>Atlante di istologia e anatomia microscopica del Wheater</i>. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 3ª edizione. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8840811710" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-408-1171-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipocita" title="Adipocita">Adipocita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessuto_adiposo_bianco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tessuto adiposo bianco">Tessuto adiposo bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massa_grassa" title="Massa grassa">Massa grassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasso_essenziale" title="Grasso essenziale">Grasso essenziale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termoregolazione" title="Termoregolazione">Termoregolazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termogenesi" title="Termogenesi">Termogenesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termogenesi_indotta_dal_freddo" title="Termogenesi indotta dal freddo">Termogenesi indotta dal freddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calore" title="Calore">Calore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomografia_ad_emissione_di_positroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomografia ad emissione di positroni">Tomografia ad emissione di positroni</a> (PET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irisina" title="Irisina">Irisina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Brown adipose tissue"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brown_adipose_tissue?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brown_adipose_tissue?uselang=it">tessuto adiposo bruno</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tessuto_adiposo_bruno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jason Vassy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/brown-adipose-tissue"><span style="font-style:italic;">brown adipose tissue</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901269#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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