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Parkinson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bradford W. Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bradford Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bradford Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bradford Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="برادفورد باركنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برادفورد باركنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bradford Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American engineer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bradford Parkinson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png/220px-Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png/330px-Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png/440px-Col_Bradford_Parkinson_USAF_official_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1935-02-16</span>) </span>February 16, 1935<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 89)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Global_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning system">Global positioning system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Premium" title="Magellanic Premium">Magellanic Premium</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Draper_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Draper Prize">Draper Prize</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Prize" title="Marconi Prize">Marconi Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Prize_for_Engineering" title="Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering">Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penina_Axelrad" title="Penina Axelrad">Penina Axelrad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bradford Parkinson</b> (born February 16, 1935) is an American <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and inventor, retired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> and Emeritus Professor at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. He is best known as the lead architect, advocate and developer, with early contributions from <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan Getting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Easton" title="Roger L. Easton">Roger Easton</a>, of the Air Force NAVSTAR program, better known as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also the co-principal investigator (co-PI) and program manager on <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a>, which tested <a href="/wiki/Gravitomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitomagnetism">gravitomagnetism</a> and was the first direct mechanical test of Einstein’s <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General Relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has received numerous awards and honors for GPS and contributions to engineering and invention, including the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Bradford Parkinson shared the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering with three other GPS pioneers (<a href="/wiki/James_Spilker" title="James Spilker">James Spilker</a>, Hugo Freuhauf, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schwartz_(engineer)" title="Richard Schwartz (engineer)">Richard Schwartz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For his secondary education, Parkinson attended the <a href="/wiki/Breck_School" title="Breck School">Breck School</a>, then a small, all-boys preparatory school, graduating in 1952. Parkinson has credited his experiences at the Breck School for inspiring in him an early love of math and science, an interest which eventually became his life's calling.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parkinson was a distinguished graduate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a>, graduating in 1957 with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering. While studying there, Parkinson discovered he had a deep interest in controls engineering, which was introduced in a Senior Level course at the time. Fortunately, one of Parkinson's <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical Engineering</a> professors was an Air Force officer who urged him to consider being <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned</a> in the Air Force rather than the Navy. Parkinson also knew he wanted to get a Ph.D. later in life, and the Air Force was more receptive to graduate and post-graduate education at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being commissioned in the Air Force, he was trained in electronics maintenance and supervised large <a href="/wiki/Ground_radar" title="Ground radar">ground radar</a> installations in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>. He then was sponsored by USAF to attend <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, studying <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">controls engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance">inertial guidance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a> and electrical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parkinson worked in the lab of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Stark Draper</a>, the namesake for the prestigious Draper Prize which Parkinson went on to win later in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At MIT, he received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">Astronautics</a> in 1961 and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Pi" title="Tau Beta Pi">Tau Beta Pi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a> honor Societies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parkinson was then assigned to work at the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility at <a href="/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base" title="Holloman Air Force Base">Holloman Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamogordo">Alamogordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. There he developed tests and was a Chief Analyst for the evaluation of the Air Force’s inertial guidance systems and continued work on electrical and controls engineering. In 1964, after three years at Holloman, Parkinson was assigned to a Ph.D. program at Stanford University graduating in 1966, with a degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force_duty">Air Force duty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Air Force duty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from the Naval Academy, Parkinson opted to perform regular Air Force duty in order to, as he put it, “find out what the Air Force was all about”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served two years as Chief Communications-Electronics officer at an early warning station In Washington State. After finishing his Ph.D. at Stanford, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School">U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School</a> (1966–68) as an academic instructor and was chief of their Simulation Division. He also was chief academic instructor to a class of USAF Astronauts, including many who later joined NASA and flew on the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then attended the Air Force Command and Staff College for a year where he became a Distinguished Graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next, he was assigned as a Professor and Deputy Head of the Air Force Academy Department of Astronautics and Computer Science. In the midst of his first year he was detached to help with the development of a brand-new version of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">AC-130 gunship</a>. In particular, he led the final development of the innovative digital <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control system</a>. After successful testing at <a href="/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin Air Force Base</a>, he deployed to South East Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and flew 26 combat missions to continue evaluation and refinement of the weapons system. During this deployment he logged more than 170 hours of combat missions, and was awarded a number of military honors including the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medals</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a>. He then returned to the Air Force Academy as the Head of the Department of Astronautics and Computer Science.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He next was a student at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, for a year where he graduated with distinction and was followed by a brief assignment as the Chief Engineer of the Advanced Ballistic Re-Entry System (ABRES) project, at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Air Force Station">Los Angeles Air Force Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NAVSTAR_project">NAVSTAR project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NAVSTAR project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, thanks in part to the influence of his mentor, General William W. Dunn, the Commander, Lt-Gen Kenneth Schultz, assigned Parkinson to a floundering Air Force program called Project 621B. This program had been trying to gain approval for a new <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>-based navigation system concept. Strong technical support was rendered by <a href="/wiki/The_Aerospace_Corporation" title="The Aerospace Corporation">The Aerospace Corporation</a>. Parkinson quickly recruited a small cadre of highly competent Air Force Officer-Engineers, with Masters and PhDs from top universities. After initially failing to gain approval in August 1973, Parkinson called a remote site meeting in <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> over <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> 1973 called the "Lonely Halls Meeting." At that meeting, attended only by his officer-engineers and two people from the Aerospace Corporation, he led the re-architecture of the concept. He then assumed lead responsibility to sell the new configuration to the Air Force and to top Pentagon Officials. By December 1973 he gained approval and budget for a four satellite, live demonstration of the new idea. This included the concept of flying Atomic clocks in high orbits that had been advocated by both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> and an earlier USAF Aerospace study by J. B. Woodford and H. Nakamura.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parkinson then assumed full, direct control of the development of the demonstration system, which included satellites, a global ground control system, nine types of user receivers, and an extensive land, sea and air test program. He testified before congress and explained that there would be an “at-risk” signal to freely support civilian applications of precision positioning from the outset. In 1978, Parkinson was the launch Commander for the first prototype GPS satellite to be launched (forty-four months after go-ahead). Later that year, the test program verified every performance claim that Parkinson had made. Parkinson was then offered a job as the Air Force aid to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>. Parkinson rather elected to retire from the Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of his 26-year military career, Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1957 to 1978, and five years with the Navy. He retired at the rank of full colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_sector">Private sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After retiring from the Air Force in 1978, Parkinson spent one year as a professor of Mechanical Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, he accepted a position as Vice President at the Space Systems Group of the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell International</a> (later absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>), where he was involved in strategic planning and developing advanced—and classified—space systems. From 1980 to 1984, he was vice president and general manager of the Boston software company <a href="/wiki/Intermetrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetrics">Intermetrics</a>, which was responsible for creating the currently used <a href="/wiki/HAL/S" title="HAL/S">HAL/S</a> programming language for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program. He was heavily involved in the company’s <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> in 1982. In 1984, he left Intermetrics to accept an appointment as a Research Professor at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Shortly after, he became a tenured Professor and assumed Stanford’s “Edward C. Wells” Chair of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He taught <a href="/wiki/Astrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrodynamics">Astrodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control Theory</a>, and developed a special course on “Managing Innovation.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, he took a leave of absence for a year and served as the CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a> based company, <a href="/wiki/Trimble_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimble Navigation">Trimble Navigation</a>, a producer of advanced positioning systems. He then returned to his faculty position at Stanford. In 2001 he briefly retired from Stanford and named Emeritus, but was immediately recalled and is currently active, albeit at a lower activity level.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also the co-principal investigator and program manager on the NASA/Stanford University endeavor <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B" title="Gravity Probe B">Gravity Probe B</a>, which tested <a href="/wiki/Gravitomagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitomagnetism">gravitomagnetism</a> and was the first ever direct mechanical test of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>’s <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General Relativity</a>. Using orbiting <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> in satellites, they measured the <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a>. Under NASA sponsorship, this was successfully launched from <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> on April 20, 2004. While the spaceflight phase completed in 2005, the results were announced and published from 2007 to as late as 2015. A Stanford-based analysis group and NASA announced on 4 May 2011 that the data from GP-B indeed confirms the two predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been on many corporate and governmental boards and recently stepped down as Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>’s Advisory Council after thirteen years in the position, long past the usual two-year tenure. He still serves as Co-Chair for the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_for_Space-Based_Positioning,_Navigation_and_Timing" title="National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing">National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT</a> Advisory Board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention">Invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the landmark launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik</a> in 1957, the first man-made satellite, members of the aeronautical and military spheres realized that satellite-based positioning was technically feasible, perhaps likely.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> experimented with the technology in 1960, launching the <a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit positioning satellites</a> which was mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> navigation, in particular for initializing their on-board <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>. However, Transit only provided two-dimensional, periodic fixes every several hours with an accuracy of about one-tenth to one-quarter mile. Additional, satellite-based, navigation systems were proposed or launched throughout the 1960s including by the USAF/Aerospace Corporation, the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Applied_Physics_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, and the Naval Research Laboratory. But because of the secrecy and competition for budgets, of such military endeavors, collaboration was minimal. Also, their collective promise of accuracy was not credible to Pentagon officials and they publicly voiced their skepticism of the whole premise. They did not believe the usefulness would justify the cost. Parkinson was met with extreme resistance, but used small-scale prototypes sell what would go on to become GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reception and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/The_Information_Age:_Economy,_Society_and_Culture" title="The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture">The Information Age</a> and the accompanying mobile technology, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> has become a ubiquitous and life-changing technology to all sectors, critical even. For example, current cell phones include GPS receivers, and when used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> like <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>, accurate and real-time directions can be used by pedestrian and civilian traffic alike. Indeed, with GPS, <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a> are now capable of landing on <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a>, and doing so with better precision and safety than human pilots. Outside of military and standard civilian use, <a href="/wiki/Seismologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologists">seismologists</a> are testing GPS for use in earthquake detection and measurement. The timing systems—<a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>—made popular by GPS, are vital to the functionality of incalculable amounts of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> services, including the <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock markets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, President Reagan stated that GPS would be guaranteed to the world, in response to <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">the Soviet downing of a Korean Airliner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent study for the US government estimated the yearly benefit of GPS to be 37 to 74 billion dollars, excluding many of the applications, such as saving lives, that were difficult to quantify.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parkinson has received numerous awards and honors from private organizations, the military, and government bodies, largely for his work on GPS. </p><p>Parkinson is an honorary fellow of the Royal institute of Navigation and the AIAA. Also he is a fellow of the American Astronautical Society, and the American Institute of Navigation and he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1990 and elected to the International Academy of Astronautics.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA awarded him with both the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Medal_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Service Medal (NASA)">Public Service Medal</a> in 1994 and the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Public_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal">Distinguished Public Service Medal</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 he shared the <a href="/wiki/Draper_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Draper Prize">Draper Prize</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 he received the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Prize" title="Marconi Prize">Marconi Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a>, their highest award, after previously being awarded their Kershner, Pioneer, M. Barry, and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Simon_Ramo_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Simon Ramo Medal">Simon Ramo</a> awards in, 1986, 1994, 1998, and 2002 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK’s Institute of Navigation awarded him in 1983 with their Gold Medal and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Navigation" title="Institute of Navigation">counterpart US organization of the same name</a> awarded him with their Thurlow, Burka, and Kepler awards in 1986, 1987, and 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, he was the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Space Command">Air Force Space Command</a>'s Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Technology_Association" title="Consumer Technology Association">Consumer Technology</a> inducted him into their Hall of Fame in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asteroid <a href="/wiki/10041_Parkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="10041 Parkinson">10041 Parkinson</a>, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Shoemaker">Carolyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> in 1985, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_10001%E2%80%9311000#041" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 10001–11000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 21 September 2002 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 46682</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His military awards, in addition to those mentioned for his combat experience, include the Legion of Merit and the Defense Superior Performance Medal.  He was selected as a “Distinguished Graduate” of the US Naval Academy in 2011, and an “Engineering Hero” of Stanford in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bradford Parkinson was born in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> on February 16, 1935, but grew up in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. He is the only son of Herbert Parkinson, an architect who was also an alumnus of MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is married to Virginia Parkinson, with whom he has one son, Jared. In a previous marriage to Jillian Horner, he has 5 additional children, Leslie, Bradford II, Eric, Ian, and Bruce. He has six grandchildren and one great grandchild. He resides in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo,_California" title="San Luis Obispo, California">San Luis Obispo, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parkinson, U.S. Patent 5,726,659, “Multipath calibration in GPS pseudorange measurements”<br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent 6,434,462, “GPS control of a tractor-towed implement"<br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent 6,732,024, “Method and apparatus for vehicle control, navigation and positioning"<br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent 6,052,647, “Method and system for automatic control of vehicles based on carrier phase differential GPS"<br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent 6,373,432, "System using leo satellites for centimeter-level navigation"<br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent 5,572,218, "System and method for generating precise position determinations" <br /> Parkinson, U.S. Patent RE37,256, "System and method for generating precise position determinations" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/news/magazine/aeroastro-no4/parkinson.html">"MIT Aero-Astro Magazine - Parkinson"</a>. <i>web.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.mit.edu&rft.atitle=MIT+Aero-Astro+Magazine+-+Parkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Faeroastro%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2Faeroastro-no4%2Fparkinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABradford+Parkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeetv.ieee.org/ieeetv-specials/brad-parkinson-ieee-medal-of-honor-2018">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Father of GPS' Brad Parkinson: IEEE Medal of Honor 2018"</a>. <i>IEEE.tv</i>. 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE.tv&rft.atitle=%27Father+of+GPS%27+Brad+Parkinson%3A+IEEE+Medal+of+Honor+2018&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeetv.ieee.org%2Fieeetv-specials%2Fbrad-parkinson-ieee-medal-of-honor-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABradford+Parkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Brad_Parkinson">"Oral-History:Brad Parkinson - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"</a>. <i>ethw.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422232547/https://news.stanford.edu/2016/05/16/stanford-engineer-bradford-parkinson-father-gps-wins-prestigious-marconi-prize/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breckschool.org/alumni/alumni-awards">the original</a> on 2021-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.breckschool.org&rft.atitle=Alumni+Honors+%26+Awards+-+Breck+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breckschool.org%2Falumni%2Falumni-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABradford+Parkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.gpsfaq.com/details.aspx?item=36">Bradford Parkinson Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101234348/http://articles.gpsfaq.com/details.aspx?item=36">Archived</a> 2009-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/856302077 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/850543079 cite #5 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford Parkinson | Inside GNSS Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/856302077 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot in plain-text form. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/850543079 (or in a rev close it it) as cite #4 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (4). User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211181910/http://alum.mit.edu/news/AlumniProfiles/Archive/Bradford_Parkinson_SM_-2761.jsp">"Bradford Parkinson SM '61"</a>. MIT Alumni Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alum.mit.edu/news/AlumniProfiles/Archive/Bradford_Parkinson_SM_-2761.jsp">the original</a> on 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bradford+Parkinson+SM+%2761&rft.pub=MIT+Alumni+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falum.mit.edu%2Fnews%2FAlumniProfiles%2FArchive%2FBradford_Parkinson_SM_-2761.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABradford+Parkinson" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/856302077 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/850543079 cite #6 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford Parkinson | Inside GNSS Archived 2008-09-05 at the Wayback Machine <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/856302077 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot in plain-text form. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/850543079 (or in a rev close it it) as cite #4 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (4). User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/%E2%80%9Ci-had-sell-air-force-because-air-force-didn%E2%80%99t-want-it%E2%80%9D-0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Had To Sell This To The Air Force, Because The Air Force Didn't Want It" | Invention and Technology"</a>. <i>www.inventionandtech.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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User:GreenC_bot/Job_18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/may/gravity-probe-mission-050411.html">"Stanford's Gravity Probe B confirms two Einstein theories"</a>. <i>Stanford University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barry Carlton Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee-aess.org/membership/awards/m-barry-carlton-award">the original</a> on 2018-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABradford+Parkinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradford_Parkinson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>GPS inventor inducted into hall of fame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2004/february18/parkinson-218.html">[1]</a></li> <li>Bradford Parkinson | 'Jammers' pose threat to naval navigation - expert <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0318/1224266512968.html">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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