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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Fujian tulou</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Fujian_tulou-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Fujian tulou subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Fujian_tulou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chuxi_Tulou_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuxi_Tulou_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chuxi Tulou cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuxi_Tulou_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhencheng_Lou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhencheng_Lou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zhencheng Lou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhencheng_Lou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chengqi_Lou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chengqi_Lou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chengqi Lou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chengqi_Lou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuchang_Lou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuchang_Lou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Yuchang Lou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuchang_Lou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eryilou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eryilou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Eryilou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eryilou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanxi_Tulou_cluster_(including_Yanxiang_Lou)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanxi_Tulou_cluster_(including_Yanxiang_Lou)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Nanxi Tulou cluster (including Yanxiang Lou)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanxi_Tulou_cluster_(including_Yanxiang_Lou)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heguilou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heguilou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Heguilou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heguilou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_round_Tulou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_round_Tulou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Largest round Tulou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_round_Tulou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smallest_Tulou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smallest_Tulou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Smallest Tulou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smallest_Tulou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldest_Tulou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_Tulou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Oldest Tulou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_Tulou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_for_a_community_of_equals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_for_a_community_of_equals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Housing for a community of equals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_for_a_community_of_equals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fujian <i>tulou</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="فوجيان تولو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوجيان تولو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucyen_tuloular%C4%B1" title="Fucyen tulouları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fucyen tulouları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hok-ki%C3%A0n_th%C3%B3%CD%98-l%C3%A2u" title="Hok-kiàn thó͘-lâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hok-kiàn thó͘-lâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchu-lou" title="Tchu-lou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tchu-lou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulou_de_Fujian" title="Tulou de Fujian – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tulou de Fujian" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="فوجیان تالو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوجیان تالو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulou_du_Fujian" title="Tulou du Fujian – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tulou du Fujian" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak-k%C3%A2_th%C3%BA-l%C3%A8u" title="Hak-kâ thú-lèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hak-kâ thú-lèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%A0%A0_%ED%86%A0%EB%A3%A8" title="푸젠 토루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸젠 토루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuloui_Fujiana" title="Tuloui Fujiana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tuloui Fujiana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_lou" title="Yuan lou – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yuan lou" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95" title="פוג'יין טולואו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוג'יין טולואו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3" title="ტულოუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტულოუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulou_ta%27_Fujian" title="Tulou ta' Fujian – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tulou ta' Fujian" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3k-gi%C3%B3ng_t%C5%AB-l%C3%A0u" title="Hók-gióng tū-làu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hók-gióng tū-làu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulou" title="Tulou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tulou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC" title="福建土楼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福建土楼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulou_de_Fuqui%C3%A9m" title="Tulou de Fuquiém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tulou de Fuquiém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu-%C5%A5ien_tchu-lou" title="Fu-ťien tchu-lou – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fu-ťien tchu-lou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrogle_stavbe_%27%27tolou%27%27_v_Fud%C5%BEjanu" title="Okrogle stavbe ''tolou'' v Fudžjanu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Okrogle stavbe ''tolou'' v Fudžjanu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuloui_Fujiana" title="Tuloui Fujiana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuloui Fujiana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujianin_tulout" title="Fujianin tulout – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fujianin tulout" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ถู่โหลวแห่งฝูเจี้ยน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถู่โหลวแห่งฝูเจี้ยน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fujian Tulou" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BAc_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Th%E1%BB%95_L%C3%A2u" title="Phúc Kiến Thổ Lâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.02306°N 117.68583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.02306; 117.68583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_Tulou&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Tulou">Fujian Tulou</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese rural dwellings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Fujian <i>Tulou</i></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg/260px-China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg/390px-China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg/520px-China_Fujian_Tulou_Gaobei_Qiaofulou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chuxi_Tulou_cluster" title="Chuxi Tulou cluster">Chuxi Tulou cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongkeng_Tulou_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongkeng Tulou cluster (page does not exist)">Hongkeng Tulou cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaobei_Tulou_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaobei Tulou cluster (page does not exist)">Gaobei Tulou cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanxiang_Lou" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanxiang Lou">Yanxiang Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenfu_Lou" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenfu Lou">Zhenfu Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster" title="Tianluokeng Tulou cluster">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hekeng_Tulou_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hekeng Tulou cluster (page does not exist)">Hekeng Tulou cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaiyuan_Lou" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyuan Lou">Huaiyuan Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegui_Lou" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegui Lou">Hegui Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dadi_Tulou_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dadi Tulou cluster (page does not exist)">Dadi Tulou cluster</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (iii), (iv), (v)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1113">1113</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (32nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">152.65 ha (377.2 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">934.59 ha (2,309.4 acres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fujian_tulou&params=25_1_23_N_117_41_9_E_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°1′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°41′9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.02306°N 117.68583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.02306; 117.68583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">福建土楼</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">福建土樓</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Fujian earthen buildings"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Fújiàn tǔlóu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[fǔ.tɕjɛ̂n tʰù.lǒʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Fuk-kien thú-lèu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Fūk-gin tóu-làuh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Fuk1-gin3 tou2-lau4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hok-kiàn thóo-lâu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fujian tulou is located in Fujian"><img alt="Fujian tulou is located in Fujian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg/250px-China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg/375px-China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg/500px-China_Fujian_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="818" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.864%;left:39.742%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fujian tulou"><img alt="Fujian tulou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Fujian tulou in Fujian</div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Fujian</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fujian tulou is located in China"><img alt="Fujian tulou is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.743%;left:75.502%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fujian tulou"><img alt="Fujian tulou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Fujian tulou (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <b>Fujian</b> <i><b>tulou</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">福建土楼</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">福建土樓</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Fújiàn tǔlóu</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Fujian earthen buildings') are Chinese rural dwellings<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unique to the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> in the mountainous areas in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenchenglou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zhenchenglou.JPG/260px-Zhenchenglou.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zhenchenglou.JPG/390px-Zhenchenglou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Zhenchenglou.JPG/520px-Zhenchenglou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Zhencheng Lou</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Tulou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulou">tulou</a></i> is usually a large, enclosed and fortified <a href="/wiki/Earth_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth building">earth building</a>, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 800 people. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.<sup id="cite_ref-icm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortified outer structures are formed by compacting earth, mixed with stone, bamboo, wood and other readily available materials, to form walls up to 6 feet (1.8 m) thick. Branches, strips of wood and bamboo chips are often laid in the wall as additional reinforcement. The result is a well-lit, well-ventilated, windproof and earthquake-proof building that is warm in winter and cool in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-icm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tulous usually have only one main gate, guarded by 4–5-inch-thick (100–130 mm) wooden doors reinforced with an outer shell of iron plate. The top level of these earth buildings has <a href="/wiki/Gun_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun hole">gun holes</a> for defensive purposes. </p><p>Most of the <i>tulou</i> (with the exception of the Dadi tulou cluster in <a href="/wiki/Hua%27an_County" title="Hua'an County">Hua'an county</a>) are found in a relatively small geographical area, straddling the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Yongding_District,_Longyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongding District, Longyan">Yongding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_County" title="Nanjing County">Nanjing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinghe_County" title="Pinghe County">Pinghe</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province. Some of tulous are also found in neighboring Guangdong province such as in eastern <a href="/wiki/Dabu_County" title="Dabu County">Dabu County</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a>. These are administered as a single tourist site (known as the Nanjing Tulou Scenic Area) with its entrance in <a href="/wiki/Shuyang,_Fujian" title="Shuyang, Fujian">Shuyang township</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanjing_County" title="Nanjing County">Nanjing County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>). Visits to this area therefore usually comprise a tour of the most distinctive and famous across both the "Yongding" (Gaobei Tulou cluster, Hongkeng Tulou cluster, <a href="/wiki/Chuxi_Tulou_cluster" title="Chuxi Tulou cluster">Chuxi Tulou cluster</a>, Zhenfulou Earthen House, and Yanxianglou Earthen House) and "Nanjing" (<a href="/wiki/Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster" title="Tianluokeng Tulou cluster">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</a>, Hekeng Tulou cluster, Heguilou Earthen House, and Huaiyuanlou Earthen House) tulou groups. </p><p>A total of 46 Fujian <i>tulou</i> sites were inscribed in 2008 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, as "exceptional examples of a building tradition and function exemplifying a particular type of communal living and defensive organization [in a] harmonious relationship with their environment". The inscribed sites include <a href="/wiki/Chuxi_Tulou_cluster" title="Chuxi Tulou cluster">Chuxi Tulou cluster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster" title="Tianluokeng Tulou cluster">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</a>, Hekeng Tulou cluster, Gaobei Tulou cluster, Dadi Tulou cluster, Hongkeng Tulou cluster, Yangxian Lou, Huiyuan Lou, Zhengfu Lou, and Hegui Lou.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg/330px-Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg/500px-Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Earth_building-chengqi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><i>Chengqilou</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 1980s, the Fujian Tulou has been variously called "Hakka tulou", "earth dwelling", "round stronghouse" or simply "Tulou". <i>Tu lou</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">土樓</span></span>) literally translates as <i>earthen structures</i>. Fujian Tulous's literal translation is "Fujian earthen structures", and scholars of Chinese architecture have recently standardized the term <i>Fujian Tulou</i>. </p><p>Early publications on tulous (the first of which appeared in a journal of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Nanjing Institute of Technology</a> in 1957) talked about tulous as the homes of Hakka people, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Yongding_District,_Longyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongding District, Longyan">Yongding County</a> of southwestern Fujian. However, by the 1980s a substantial amount of research was also published on the tulous of the Hakkas' neighbors, the Southern Fujian people (known in Chinese as the <a href="/wiki/Minnan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnan people">Minnan people</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_2009_17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang_2009_17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those are primarily found in to the east of Yongding, in particular in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_County" title="Nanjing County">Nanjing County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinghe_County" title="Pinghe County">Pinghe County</a> of southeastern Fujian.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of Hakka tulou belong to the Fujian Tulou category. While <i>all</i> south Fujian tulous belong to the Fujian Tulou category, they do not belong to "Hakka Tulou". In effect, "Fujian Tulou" is not a synonym for "tulou", but rather a special subgroup of the latter. There are more than 20,000 tulous in Fujian, while there are only around three thousand "Fujian Tulou" located in the southwestern region. <i>Fujian Tulou</i> is however the official name adopted by UNESCO for all dwellings of this type. </p><p>Based on the literal meaning of the Chinese words <i>tu</i> (土; "earth") and <i>lou</i> (樓; "[tall] building"), one may think of the term "tulou" as a generic description of a rammed-earth building. However, this would not be a useful definition, since, as the scholar of China's traditional architecture Huang Hanmin notes, rammed-earth building of one kind or another can be found in virtually all parts of China. Instead, it is preferable to use the definition actually used in Fujian: a tulou is a large building, constructed with load-bearing rammed earth walls, and used as a residence by a community (a group of families).<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouDef_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouDef-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the definition contrasts tulous with structures that merely use rammed earth around the load-bearing wooden frame; the second part distinguishes tulous from small, single-family residencies.<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouDef_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouDef-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the above definition, Huang Hanmin believes that out of the great variety of rammed-earth <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> of China, only the following regional styles, all associated with either Hakka or Minnan people, can be called "tulou" (at least in Chinese):<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Guangdong tulou": the <i>weilongwu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圍龍屋</span></span>) compounds of the northern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, and the <i>weiwu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圍屋</span></span>) compounds of the northeastern Guangdong;<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Jiangxi tulou": the <i>tuweizi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">土圍子</span></span>) compounds of the southern <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xiamen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xiamen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Fujian tulou": several types of tulou of southern Fujian.<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the Guangdong and Jiangxi tulou (usually known is English as "fortified villages"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Hakka_walled_village" title="Hakka walled village">Hakka walled village</a>) are associated with the Hakka people, among the Fujian tulou there are several types, some of which are characteristic of the Hakka, and others, of the Minnan.<sup id="cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the specifically Fujian Tulou, Huang Hanmin gives the following definition: "A large multi-story building in southeast Fujian mountainous region for large community living and defense, built with weight bearing rammed earth wall and wood frame structure."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Fujian_tulou">Notable Fujian tulou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable Fujian tulou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chuxi_Tulou_cluster">Chuxi Tulou cluster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chuxi Tulou cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg/250px-%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg/330px-%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg/500px-%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Chuxi Tulou cluster from look out</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiqinglou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiqinglou.JPG/250px-Jiqinglou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiqinglou.JPG/330px-Jiqinglou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiqinglou.JPG/500px-Jiqinglou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Jiqing Lou</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Chuxi_Tulou_cluster" title="Chuxi Tulou cluster">Chuxi Tulou cluster</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">初溪土樓群</span></span>), located in Yongding County, Xiayang township, Chuxi village. Inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage site 1113-001. </p> <ul><li>Jiqinglou, the largest round tulou, and also the oldest in this cluster, built in 1419 during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. It consists of two concentric rings, the outer ring building is four stories tall, with 53 rooms on each level. The outer ring has 72 staircases. The second ring is a one-story building.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zhencheng_Lou">Zhencheng Lou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zhencheng Lou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestral_hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ancestral_hall.JPG/220px-Ancestral_hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ancestral_hall.JPG/330px-Ancestral_hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ancestral_hall.JPG/440px-Ancestral_hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Ancestral hall of Zhengchenglou</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zhenchenglou</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">振成樓</span></span>), nicknamed "the prince of tulou", belongs to Hongkeng Tulou cluster. It is located in Hongkeng village, Hukeng township of Yongding County. Inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage 1113-002 It was built in 1912 by the descendants of a rich tobacco merchant. Zhenchenglou is a double ring tulou, its outer ring is four stories high, total 184 rooms, the inner ring is two stories with 32 rooms. The outer ring was partitioned into four segments according to <a href="/wiki/Bagua_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagua (concept)">Bagua concept</a> of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fengshui" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengshui">Fengshui</a>. </p><p>Western influence is evident in the Greek style columns of the ancestral hall, and in the wrought iron railing of the second level corridor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chengqi_Lou">Chengqi Lou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chengqi Lou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengqilou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chengqilou.JPG/220px-Chengqilou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chengqilou.JPG/330px-Chengqilou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chengqilou.JPG/440px-Chengqilou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>King of Tulou- Chengqilou</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG/250px-Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG/330px-Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG/500px-Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Four concentric ring architecture of Chengqi Lou</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chengqilou</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">承啟楼</span></span>) nicknamed "the king of tulou", of <b>Gaobei Tulou cluster</b> <b>高北土楼群</b> at Gaobei Village (<a href="/wiki/Gaotou_Township" title="Gaotou Township">Gaotou Township</a>) of Yongding County was built in 1709. Inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Site 1113-003 in 2008. It is massive round tulou with four concentric rings surrounding an <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral hall">ancestral hall</a> at the center, the outer ring is 62.6 meters in diameter and four stories tall, 288 rooms, with 72 rooms on each level, circular corridor on 2nd to 4th floor, with four sets of staircases at cardinal points connecting ground to top floors. A large outward extending roof covers the main ring. The ground floor rooms are kitchens for family branches, the second level rooms are grain storage rooms, and the 3rd and 4th floor rooms are living quarters and bedrooms. The second ring of 80 rooms is two stories high, with 40 rooms on each level, the third ring served as community library, a story with 32 rooms; there are 370 rooms in all. The 4th ring is a circular covered corridor surrounding the ancestral hall. If a person stayed for one night in each room, it would take him more than a year to go through all the rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral hall is at the center. Chengqilou has two main gates and two side gates. 15th generation Jiang clan with 57 families and 300 people live here. At its heyday, there were more than 80 family branches lived in Chengqilou. </p><p>Other buildings in this cluster include: a three ring Shenyuanlou, outer ring 70m diameter; a Wujiaolou (pentagon) with irregular pentagonal floor plan and a rectangular tulou, the Shi-Ze Lou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tianluokeng Tulou cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snail_pit_tulou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Snail_pit_tulou.jpg/220px-Snail_pit_tulou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Snail_pit_tulou.jpg/330px-Snail_pit_tulou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Snail_pit_tulou.jpg/440px-Snail_pit_tulou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>Tianluokeng tulou cluster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyunlou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buyunlou.JPG/220px-Buyunlou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buyunlou.JPG/330px-Buyunlou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buyunlou.JPG/440px-Buyunlou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Buyunlou</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tianluokeng_Tulou_cluster" title="Tianluokeng Tulou cluster">Tianluokeng Tulou cluster</a></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">田螺坑土楼群</span></span>) is tulou quintet cluster located at Fujian province, Zhangzhou City, Nanjing County, Shuyang Township, Tian Luo Keng Village (literally "Snail Pit" Village) in southern China, about four hours drive by motor coach or taxi from Xiamen, through winding and bumpy narrow mountain roads. It consists of five tulous with a square "Buyunlou" at the center, surrounded by three rotunda tulous and an oval tulou, forming a pattern of "four dishes and a soup" (<i>四菜一湯</i>). The five earth buildings at the Snail Pit village are: </p> <ul><li>The square Buyunlou (Reaching the Cloud building) at the center of the quincunx. It was the first tulou at this site, built in 1796. It is three stories high, each story has 26 rooms, four sets of stairs, and a go around corridor in front of the rooms at each level. The Buyun building was burnt down by bandits in 1936, rebuilt in 1953 according to the original plan.</li> <li>The Hechang building, a three-story-high round earth building,</li> <li>Zhenchang building, three stories, round shape, 26 rooms per story, built in 1930</li> <li>Ruiyun building, built in 1936, three stories, 26 rooms per floor.</li> <li>The oval shape Wenchang building of 1966, three stories, 32 rooms per floor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuchang_Lou">Yuchang Lou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yuchang Lou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchanglou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yuchanglou.JPG/220px-Yuchanglou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yuchanglou.JPG/330px-Yuchanglou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yuchanglou.JPG/440px-Yuchanglou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Five-story Yuchanglou built in 1308</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG/220px-Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG/330px-Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG/440px-Yuchang_lou_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Zigzag structure of Yuchanglou</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yuchanglou</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裕昌樓</span></span>) is a five-story tulou located at Nanjing County, Shuyang <a href="/wiki/Town_(China)" title="Town (China)">Town</a>, Xiabanliao Village. It was built in 1308 <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> by the Liu family clan. It is one of the oldest and tallest tulou in China. Yuchanglou has been nicknamed the "zigzag building", because the vertical wooden post structure is not straight and perpendicular, but zigzags left and right. It was built that way due to an error measuring the building materials. But in spite of this apparent infirmity, this tall tulou withstood 700 years of natural elements and social turmoil. Yuchanglou's outer ring is 36 m in diameter and boasts five stories, with 50 rooms on each floor, 270 in total. </p><p>Each of the 25 kitchens on the ground floor at the back half of the circle has a private water well beside its stove. This is the only tulou in all Fujian with such convenient water supply. </p><p>There was a one-story inner-ring house surrounding the ancestral hall as late as 2003. This part of the building stood intact for nearly 700 years until it was dismantled after 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eryilou">Eryilou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eryilou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Eryilou</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">二宜樓</span></span>) of Dadi Tulou cluster is located at Zhangzhou City, <a href="/wiki/Hua%27an_County" title="Hua'an County">Hua'an County</a>, Xiandu Township, Dadi Village. Built in 1770 it consists of a four-story outer ring and a one-story inner ring. The outer ring is 71 meters in diameter, with 48 rooms on each level. Eryilou has no circular corridor at the front of each upper level, instead it has a back corridor adjacent to the wall. The outer ring rooms are partitioned vertically into separate households, each household partition has its own set of staircases not shared by other families; some partition has a frontal width of 3 rooms, others has width of 4 rooms. The partition of the inner ring is attached to the partition of the main ring via covered veranda as antechamber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanxi_Tulou_cluster_(including_Yanxiang_Lou)"><span id="Nanxi_Tulou_cluster_.28including_Yanxiang_Lou.29"></span>Nanxi Tulou cluster (including Yanxiang Lou)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nanxi Tulou cluster (including Yanxiang Lou)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nanxi Tulou cluster (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">南溪土楼群</span></span>) is the name applied to a section of the Nanxi ("South Creek") Valley in Hukeng Town (Yongding County), which for a distance of several kilometers is almost continuously built up with tulous. For its striking visual effect, the area is referred to by some authors as the "Tulou Great Wall" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">土楼长城</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the tulous in this large cluster, the Yanxiang Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衍香楼</span></span>), a round tulou in Xinnan Village (新南村, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fujian_tulou&params=24_36_22_N_116_58_30_E_region:CN-62_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°36′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°58′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.60611°N 116.97500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.60611; 116.97500</span></span></span></a></span></span>) figures on the World Heritage List as Site 1113-004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heguilou">Heguilou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heguilou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heguilou is the largest rectangular tulou, measuring 3,000 square meters and 21.5 meters high it is 5 stories high. It was built on swampland and is the tallest of the rectangular shaped tulous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_building-fuyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Earth_building-fuyu.jpg/220px-Earth_building-fuyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Earth_building-fuyu.jpg/330px-Earth_building-fuyu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Earth_building-fuyu.jpg/440px-Earth_building-fuyu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Exterior buildings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG/220px-Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG/330px-Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG/440px-Foudation_of_Tulou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Stone foundation typical tulou</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG/220px-Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG/330px-Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG/440px-Yuchanglou_inhouse_water_well.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Yuchanglou inhouse water well</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG/220px-Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG/330px-Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG/440px-Lamda_insertion_techique_of_Fujian_Tulou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><b>λ</b>insertion technique of roof tiles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_building_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Earth_building_interior.jpg/250px-Earth_building_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Earth_building_interior.jpg/330px-Earth_building_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Earth_building_interior.jpg/500px-Earth_building_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Corridors of tulou</figcaption></figure> <p>The layout of Fujian tulou followed the Chinese dwelling tradition of "closed outside, open inside" concept:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> an enclosure wall with living quarters around the peripheral and a common courtyard at the center. A small building at the center with an open front served as an ancestral hall for ancestry worshipping, festivals, meetings, weddings, funerals and other ceremonial functions. The ground floor plan includes shapes such as circles, semicircles, ovals, squares, rectangles, and irregular pentagons. </p><p>The foundation of tulou buildings were built with paved stones on top of compacted earth ground, in two to three tiers. There is a circular drain around the top tier foundation to prevent rainwater from damaging the tulou wall. </p><p>In most cases, the weight bearing outer wall of tulou consists of two sections, the lower section is built from cut stone blocks or river cobbles held together with a lime, sand and clay mixture to a height of about one or two meters, depending upon the regional flood water level. The compacted earth wall stacked on top of the stone section. The construction of earth wall from compacted earth mixed with sticky rice and reinforced with horizontal bamboo sticks was described first in <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> building standard <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a>.</i> </p><p>The walls were built inclined toward the center, such that the natural force of gravity pushes the wall together. This inward inclination method was also used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_of_Fogong_Temple" title="Pagoda of Fogong Temple">Pagoda of Fogong Temple</a>. The thickness of the tulou wall decreases with height as specified in Yingzao Fashi. The bottom two stories of tulou are solid with no window nor gun hole, windows are open only from the third to fifth stories, because rooms at the bottom story served as family storage rooms and the upper stories were living quarters. </p><p>The rooftops were covered with baked clay tiles, arranged radially;λ insertion technique was used at regular intervals to compensate for larger circumference at the outside.( Majority of roof tiles were laid from top to bottom, the gap caused by radial layout was compensated by small sections of tiles laid in <b>λ</b> shape inserts). This technique allowed the tiles to be laid radially without visible gaps, and without the use of small tiles at top, larger tiles at bottom. </p><p>The eaves usually extend about two meters, protecting the earth wall from damage by rainwater pouring from the eaves. </p><p>The wooden frame supporting the rooftop had no <a href="/wiki/Dougong" title="Dougong">dougong</a> elements common in traditional Chinese building. </p><p>Circular corridors from 2nd to uppermost level were made of wood boards laid on horizontal wooden beams with one end inserted into the earth wall. The corridors are protected with a circle of wooden railings. </p><p>Stairwells are distributed evenly around the corridors, four sets of stairwells being the usual number. Each stairwell leads from ground floor to the highest floor. </p><p>Public water wells in groups of two or three are usually located at the center court; more luxurious tulous have in-house water well for each household in ground floor kitchen. Most tulous have in built water pipes to offer protection to the upper wooden floors against fire (either accidental or as a result of attack). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_round_Tulou">Largest round Tulou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Largest round Tulou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chengqi Lou in Yongding county has long been considered to be the largest tulou, with a diameter 62.5 meters. However, Huang Hanmin discovered that the Shunyu Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">顺裕楼</span></span>) in Nanjing county is even larger, with a diameter of 74.1 meters. This tulou was built in 1933, it has four layers, with an outer wall that is 15 meters high and 1.6 meters thick, with 64 rooms along its perimeter, one main entrance and two side doors. However, the title of "largest tulou" belongs to Fusheng Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">福盛楼</span></span>), built since 1968 and completed in 1981. Its diameter was measured at 77.42 meters. It is located in the Chendong village of Yongding county.<sup id="cite_ref-H4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smallest_Tulou">Smallest Tulou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Smallest Tulou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuilin Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">翠林楼</span></span>) in the Nankeng township of Nanjing county is the smallest tulou, with a diameter of 14 meters. This three-story tulou was built in 1617.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_Tulou">Oldest Tulou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oldest Tulou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elliptic tulou Qiyun Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">齐云楼</span></span>) in Shajian village of Hua An county is the oldest tulou, built in 1371.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing_for_a_community_of_equals">Housing for a community of equals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Housing for a community of equals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fujian_tulou" title="Special:EditPage/Fujian tulou">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG/220px-Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG/330px-Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG/440px-Hekeng_-_view_from_the_lookout_-_DSCF3048.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hekeng tulou cluster (<a href="/wiki/Shuyang,_Nanjing_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuyang, Nanjing County">Shuyang Town</a>, Nanjing County)</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike other housing structures around the world with architecture illustrating social hierarchy, Fujian Tulou exhibits its unique characteristic as a model of community housing for equals. All rooms were built the same size with the same grade of material, same exterior decoration, same style of windows and doors, and there was no "penthouse" for "higher echelons"; a small family owned a vertical set from ground floor to "penthouse" floor, while a larger family would own two or three vertical sets. </p><p>Tulous were usually occupied by one large family clan of several generations; some larger tulou had more than one family clan. Besides the building itself, many facilities such as water wells, ceremonial hall, bathrooms, wash rooms, and weaponry were shared property. Even the surrounding land and farmland, fruit trees etc. were shared. The residents of tulou farmed communally. This continued into the 1960s even during the people's commune period; at that time a tulou was often occupied by one commune production team. Each small family has its own private property, and every family branch enjoys its privacy behind closed doors. </p><p>In the old days, the allotment of housing was based on a family's male branch; each son was counted as one branch. Public duties such as organization of festivals, cleaning of public areas, opening and closing of the main gate, etc., were also assigned to a family branch on a rotational basis. </p><p>All branches of a family clan shared a single roof, symbolizing unity and protection under a clan. The family houses face the central ancestral hall, symbolizing worship of ancestry and clan solidarity. When a clan grew, the housing expanded radially by either adding another outer concentric ring or building another tulou nearby, forming cluster to ensure a clan stayed together. </p><p>With the development of new housing with modern facilities in rural China, many tulou residents have moved out of the structures or relocated to larger towns or cities for better jobs. However, former residents can choose to keep their ancestral tulou apartment homes under padlock for occasional use when returning home for family reunions during festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense">Defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG/250px-Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG/330px-Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG/500px-Chengqilou_gun_hole.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Gun port in the Chengqilou</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gun_for_defense.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gun_for_defense.JPG/220px-Gun_for_defense.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gun_for_defense.JPG/330px-Gun_for_defense.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gun_for_defense.JPG/440px-Gun_for_defense.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A musket</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 12th century to 19th century, armed bandits plagued southern China. The people of southern Fujian first built strongholds on top of mountains as self defense. These early strongholds later evolved into Fujian Tulou. </p><p>The thick (two meters at the bottom, tapered to one meter on top) outer walls of tulous were immune to arrows and gunfire. The lower one- to two-meter section of the outer wall was sometimes built with granite blocks or large river cobbles. This granite or cobble section was immune to digging, since the outer layer of cobbles was purposely laid with the smaller ends pointing outwards—it would be futile for any attacker to dig out such cobbles. Digging a tunnel under the wall was not possible either, because the cobble section wall was extended deep down more than one meter. </p><p>The earth wall section was built with rammed earth together with lime-sand-clay mixture and reinforced with horizontal bamboo strips for lateral binding, rendering it as solid as that of a Western castle's. In 1934, a group of uprising peasants of Yongding County occupied a tulou to resist the assault of the army, which fired 19 cannon shots at that tulou, but made only a small dent on the outside wall.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The weak link in a walled system was usually the gate, but the gate of Fujian tulou was specially designed for defense. The door frame was built from a large solid block of granite; the double doors were built with fire-resistant solid wood boards up to 13 cm thick, reinforced with thick iron armor plates. The main gate door was barred with several horizontal and vertical strong wood posts inserted into holes in the granite. To guard against an enemy destroying the front doors with fire, some doors were equipped with water tanks on top to quench fires set by the enemy. </p><p>Fujian Tulou residents used firearms for active defense, shooting at enemies from gun ports at the top level of the building. Some Fujian tulou are constructed with a circular corridor along the inside wall to facilitate the movement of armed men and ammunition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buyunlou_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buyunlou_gate.jpg/250px-Buyunlou_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buyunlou_gate.jpg/330px-Buyunlou_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buyunlou_gate.jpg/500px-Buyunlou_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Buyun building main gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "tulou" first appeared in a 1573 Zhangzhou county record of the Ming dynasty; it was on record that due to the growth of bandits, many villagers built walled strongholds and tulous as a means of self defense. Many families banded together in a stronghold, and several strongholds or tulous joined hand in hand with sentinels constantly on guard and lookout; loud drums and gongs were sounded as an alarm signal for any sign of approaching bandits or invaders. Due to the massive solidarity of tulou residents, even large powerful bandit gangs with tens of thousands of men dared not attack the inhabitants of tulou. </p><p>The term "tulou" also came out occasionally in some poems; other than that, the existence of tulou bypassed mainstream literature, and was not mentioned in literature published before 1956 dedicated to the study of the people's environment. </p><p>In 1956 professor Liu Dun-zhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">刘敦桢</span></span>), Head of Chinese Dwelling Research was the first scholar to carry out research on Fujian Tulou, his book <i>History of Ancient Chinese Architecture</i> 《中国古代建筑史》published in 1964 described Chengqi Lou and Yihuai Lou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">艺槐楼</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-H3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1957, the article <i>Dwellings of the Hakka in Yongding County of Fujian Province</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">福建永定客家住宅</span></span>) by Zhang Buqian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">张步骞</span></span>), Zhu Mingquan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱鸣泉</span></span>) and Hu Zhanlie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胡占烈</span></span>) published in the <i>Journal of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Nanjing Institute of Technology</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Chengqi tulou appeared in a book titled <i>History of Ancient Chinese Architecture</i>. From then on, streams of scholars from mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Europe and America came to Fujian Zhangzhou and Yongding to explore and study tulou; tulou has walked out from seclusion into the world stage. In particular Chinese scholar Huang Hanmin (now the head of Fujian Architecture Design Institute) has spent more than twenty years on research of Fujian Tulou; his master's degree thesis <i>The Tradition Characteristics and Regional Style of Fujian Civilian Residence</i> was completed in 1982 and published on the Chinese magazine <i>Architect</i>. Japanese scholar published a report <i>Study on Chinese Civilian Housing—The Square Tulou and Round Tulou</i> followed by photo exhibition in Japan and a book in 1989. In 1997, Dutch architect <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger" title="Herman Hertzberger">Herman Hertzberger</a> inspected Fujian Tulou, and in 1999 Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neville_Agnew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neville Agnew (page does not exist)">Neville Agnew</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Getty_Conservation_Institute" title="Getty Conservation Institute">Getty Conservation Institute</a> inspected Tianluokeng, Yuchanglou and Heguilou.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book <i>Fujian Tulou</i> by Huang Hanmin published in Taiwan in 1994, revised and republished in China in 2003 is at present one of the more authentic studies on Fujian Tulou, covering the history of tulou, its characteristics and style, its geographic distribution, folklore about tulou etc., with hundreds of color plates and drawing. English literature on this topic is still absent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fujian tulou buildings are scattered in the mountainous southeastern region of Fujian province. </p><p>The tulous in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_County" title="Nanjing County">Nanjing County</a> are connected to the county seat, <a href="/wiki/Shancheng,_Nanjing_County" title="Shancheng, Nanjing County">Shancheng</a> Town (the place labeled as "Nanjing County" on many maps), by winding mountain roads; the main road of the area, County Route 562 (X562) has been recently upgraded. Shancheng Town can be easily reached from the Zhanglong highway that connects Zhangzhou City with Longyan City. The Zhanglong highway is connecting the region to the rest of the Chinese network of highways. It takes approximately 2 hours by car from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> to Shancheng Town. </p><p>There are commuter buses from <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> to Longyan or Zhangzhou, about 4 hours drive each way. </p><p>There are no railways in the heart of the "tulou country" (western Nanjing County, eastern Yongding County, and western Pinghe County). The closest railway station to the most of Yongding County tulou sites is the Yongding Station, which, however, has only very limited passenger service (the daily Xiamen-Guangzhou train). </p><p>Since the opening of the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Longyan%E2%80%93Xiamen_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan–Xiamen Railway">Longyan–Xiamen Railway</a> (June 2012), travelers are able to reach Longyan from Xiamen in 45 minutes; there is direct service from Fuzhou and Shanghai as well. The line includes an intermediate station (<a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Station_(Fujian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Station (Fujian)">Nanjing</a>), serving the eastern Nanjing County; however, it is not particularly close to the tulou sites. To celebrate the tulou heritage of the county, the architects designed the new station building at Nanjing in the shape of three round tulous.<sup id="cite_ref-piao_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piao-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fujian tulou appear in the manga <i><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_266613336Wings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim 266613336Wings">Seraphim 266613336Wings</a></i>. </p><p>The titular character of <a href="/wiki/Mulan_(2020_film)" title="Mulan (2020 film)">Mulan</a> came from a Fujian tulou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania" title="Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania">Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania</a>, Romania – UNESCO heritage cluster of fortified churches whose fortified walls also function as communal living</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulade" title="Circulade">Circulades</a>, circular villages in southern France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Needham, Science and civilization in China V4 pt3. p. 133-134, 1971 Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whc.unesco.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1113">Fujian Tulou. UNESCO World Heritage Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icm.gov.mo/exhibition/tc/fjintroE.asp">Earthen Houses (Tulou), Fujian Province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512092251/http://www.icm.gov.mo/exhibition/tc/fjintroE.asp">Archived</a> 2014-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Macau Cultural Affairs Bureau</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang_2009_17-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huang_2009_17_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huangTulouDef-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouDef_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouDef_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, pp. 110–111 (Chapter 3, <i>Definition of the Fujian Tulou Concept</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huangTulouTaxonomy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huangTulouTaxonomy_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFNomination2008">Nomination 2008</a>, p. 4). The nomination restricts the term <i>tulou</i> to these 3 provinces. Quote: "In the southeastern Chinese provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong, there exist a lot of buildings with a long history called 'Tulou'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xiamen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xiamen_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are described as <i>weiwu</i> (圍屋) or <i>wei</i> (圍) in: Chen Liang, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news3734.html">Another cluster of Tulou in Longnan of Jiangxi bordering Fujian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627044532/http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news3734.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. Published on www.whatsonxiamen.com on 2008-07-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnapp2000">Knapp 2000</a>, pp. 277–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 112 (Chapter 3, <i>Definition of Fujian Tulou Concept</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang Hanmin <i>Fujian Tulou, chapter 5, most peculiar tulou in Fujian (in Chinese) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-108-01814-4" title="Special:BookSources/7-108-01814-4">7-108-01814-4</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Huang Hanmin's book was published in 2003, the inner ring was still intact. My photograph of 2007 clearly showed the foundation of the dismantled inner ring.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJiang_Wenming_(江文明)2009" class="citation cs2">Jiang Wenming (江文明) (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjjryd.cn/news_view.asp?newsid=4222">"怀望"土楼长城" (Looking fondly at the "Tulou Great Wall")"</a>, <i>Today's Yongding magazine (今日永定杂志)</i> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Yongding+magazine+%28%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%B0%B8%E5%AE%9A%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%29&rft.atitle=%E6%80%80%E6%9C%9B%22%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%22+%28Looking+fondly+at+the+%22Tulou+Great+Wall%22%29&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Jiang+Wenming+%28%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjjryd.cn%2Fnews_view.asp%3Fnewsid%3D4222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A photo of the valley, captioned "土楼长城" ("Tulou Great Wall") can be seen in <a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 334. The photo shows the section of the valley starting from around <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fujian_tulou&params=24_34_28_N_116_59_40_E_region:CN-62_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°34′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°59′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.57444°N 116.99444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.57444; 116.99444</span></span></span></a></span></span> (Shijia village, 实佳村), and stretching toward the north-northwest for several kilometers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang Hanmin 2003, p108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang 2003, p116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang, 2003 p118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang Hanmin 2003, p162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang Hanming 2003 edition pp19-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjtl.gov.cn/syzs/">福建土楼世遗知识</a> (Things to know about Fujian Tulou, a World Heritage Site) <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2009">Huang 2009</a>, p. 17; Huang only gives the name of the first author of that article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiamen Daily, December 2nd, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piao-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-piao_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.huochepiao.com/huochezhan/jieshao/3712.htm">南靖火车站</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuang2003" class="citation cs2">Huang, Hanmin (黄汉民) (2003), <i>福建土楼-中国传统民居的瑰宝 (Fujian Tulou: a jewel of China's traditional residential architecture)</i>, 三联书店 (Sanlian Books), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787108018144" title="Special:BookSources/9787108018144"><bdi>9787108018144</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E6%B0%91%E5%B1%85%E7%9A%84%E7%91%B0%E5%AE%9D+%28Fujian+Tulou%3A+a+jewel+of+China%27s+traditional+residential+architecture%29&rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97+%28Sanlian+Books%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787108018144&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Hanmin+%28%E9%BB%84%E6%B1%89%E6%B0%91%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuang2009" class="citation cs2">Huang, Hanmin (黄汉民) (2009), <i>福建土楼-中国传统民居的瑰宝 (Fujian Tulou: a jewel of China's traditional residential architecture)</i>, 三联书店 (Sanlian Books), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787108031754" title="Special:BookSources/9787108031754"><bdi>9787108031754</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E6%B0%91%E5%B1%85%E7%9A%84%E7%91%B0%E5%AE%9D+%28Fujian+Tulou%3A+a+jewel+of+China%27s+traditional+residential+architecture%29&rft.pub=%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97+%28Sanlian+Books%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9787108031754&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Hanmin+%28%E9%BB%84%E6%B1%89%E6%B0%91%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" class="Z3988"></span> (revised edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2000" class="citation cs2">Knapp, Ronald G. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNnfwOo-WdAC"><i>China's old dwellings</i></a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2214-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2214-5"><bdi>0-8248-2214-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+old+dwellings&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8248-2214-5&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNnfwOo-WdAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNomination2008" class="citation cs2">Zheng, Guozhen; He, Jingping; Hu, Daxin; Lin, Yimou; Jian, Weipeng; Chang, Hao (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1113.pdf"><i>Nomination of Cultural Property for Inscription on the World Heritage List: Fujian Tulou</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomination+of+Cultural+Property+for+Inscription+on+the+World+Heritage+List%3A+Fujian+Tulou&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Guozhen&rft.au=He%2C+Jingping&rft.au=Hu%2C+Daxin&rft.au=Lin%2C+Yimou&rft.au=Jian%2C+Weipeng&rft.au=Chang%2C+Hao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fuploads%2Fnominations%2F1113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" class="Z3988"></span> (This document is linked from the heritage object's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1113/documents/">main page</a>. The list of preparers is on p. 332.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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List</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amoytrip.com/fujian-tulou-tour-faq/">Fujian Tulou Tour FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202023251/http://www.amoytrip.com/fujian-tulou-tour-faq/">Archived</a> 2016-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212204949/http://www.chinadwelling.dk/images/htm/13_01.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20090212204949/http://www.chinadwelling.dk/images/htm/13_01.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002022405/http://www.chinadwelling.dk/hovedsider/construction-tekst.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20131002022405/http://www.chinadwelling.dk/hovedsider/construction-tekst.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1113">World Heritage Center – Fujian <i>Tulou</i></a> (Official website of UNESCO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028230345/http://www.fjtl.gov.cn/">Fujian Tulou</a> – official government website on Fujian Tulou. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fjtlw.gov.cn/">http://www.fjtlw.gov.cn/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725091343/http://www.cityweekend.com.cn/beijing/articles/cw-magazine/travel/earth/">From the Earth</a> Article about the Tulou earth villages of the Fujian Hakka</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725151043/http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/fujian_tulou">Fujian Tulou preservation project summary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund" title="Global Heritage Fund">Global Heritage Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205454/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=905">Explore Fujian Tulou with Google Earth</a> on Global Heritage Network</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Wong2011" class="citation cs2">Edward Wong (2011-03-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/world/asia/23yongding.html">"Monuments to Clan Life Are Losing Their Appeal"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monuments+to+Clan+Life+Are+Losing+Their+Appeal&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.au=Edward+Wong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F23yongding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujian+tulou" 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href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">ROC capital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fujian" title="Category:Fujian">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian#History" title="Fujian">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian#Politics" title="Fujian">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian#Economy" title="Fujian">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Fujian" title="Category:Geography of Fujian">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiulong_River" title="Jiulong River">Jiulong River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Min River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitan Island">Haitan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_River_(Fujian)" title="Jin River (Fujian)">Jin River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Fujian" title="List of universities and colleges in Fujian">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaqiao_University" title="Huaqiao University">Huaqiao University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimei_University" title="Jimei University">Jimei University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University_of_Technology" title="Xiamen University of Technology">Xiamen University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_University" title="Longyan University">Longyan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_University" title="Putian University">Putian University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian#Culture" title="Fujian">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_architecture" title="Hokkien architecture">Hokkien architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Tulou">Hokkien earthen buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehua_porcelain" title="Dehua porcelain">Dehua porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_ware" title="Jian ware">Jian ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoushan_stone_carvings" title="Shoushan stone carvings">Shoushan stone carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fujian" title="Music of Fujian">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koa-%C3%A1_books" title="Koa-á books">Koa-á books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Lychee_Mirror" title="Tale of the Lychee Mirror">Tale of the Lychee Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongfu_tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongfu tea ceremony">Gongfu tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_White_Crane" title="Fujian White Crane">Fujian White Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog Kung Fu">Dog Kung Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poh_Seng_Tai_Tay" title="Poh Seng Tai Tay">Poh Seng Tai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_maidens" title="Hui'an maidens">Hui'an maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle-back_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle-back tombs">Turtle-back tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka architecture">Hakka architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Putian people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_mee" title="Hokkien mee">Hokkien mee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak_kut_teh" title="Bak kut teh">Bak kut teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banmian" title="Banmian">Banmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_jumps_over_the_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha jumps over the wall">Buddha jumps over the wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolong_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oolong tea">Oolong tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanfang_Qixiang" title="Sanfang Qixiang">Sanfang Qixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Confucian_Temple" title="Fuzhou Confucian Temple">Fuzhou Confucian Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anping_Bridge" title="Anping Bridge">Anping Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujian Tulou">Fujian Tulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Putian)" title="Guanghua Temple (Putian)">Guanghua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshan_Temple_(Zhangzhou)" title="Nanshan Temple (Zhangzhou)">Nanshan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsu (goddess)">Matsu pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Temple_(Quanzhou)" title="Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)">Kaiyuan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Putuo_Temple" title="South Putuo Temple">South Putuo Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhushan_Power_Plant" title="Zhushan Power Plant">Zhushan Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juguang_Tower" title="Juguang Tower">Juguang Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fujian" title="Category:Fujian">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fujian" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fujian">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fortifications332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fortification" title="Category:Fortification">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_China263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> in Qufu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><img alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/120px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Building Complex in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments of <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshan" title="Fanjingshan">Fanjingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanglong_Scenic_and_Historic_Interest_Area" title="Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area">Huanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhaigou" title="Jiuzhaigou">Jiuzhaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>, <span class="wrap">including <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumi_Fushou_Temple" title="Xumi Fushou Temple">Xumi Fushou Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyao" title="Pingyao">Ancient City of Pingyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Central_Axis" title="Beijing Central Axis">Beijing Central Axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Koguryo sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Xinjiang Tianshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Qinghai Hoh Xil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Danxia" class="mw-redirect" title="China Danxia">China Danxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_Sites" title="Tusi Sites">Tusi Sites</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&oldid=1279089907">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fujian_tulou&oldid=1279089907</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>33 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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