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<span>Dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Epigraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Celebrations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celebrations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dhanteras_and_Yama_Deepam_(Day_1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhanteras_and_Yama_Deepam_(Day_1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dhanteras and Yama Deepam (Day 1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhanteras_and_Yama_Deepam_(Day_1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naraka_Chaturdashi,_Kali_Chaudas,_Chhoti_Diwali,_Hanuman_Puja,_Roop_Chaudas,_Yama_Deepam_(Day_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naraka_Chaturdashi,_Kali_Chaudas,_Chhoti_Diwali,_Hanuman_Puja,_Roop_Chaudas,_Yama_Deepam_(Day_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Naraka Chaturdashi, Kali Chaudas, Chhoti Diwali, Hanuman Puja, Roop Chaudas, Yama Deepam (Day 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naraka_Chaturdashi,_Kali_Chaudas,_Chhoti_Diwali,_Hanuman_Puja,_Roop_Chaudas,_Yama_Deepam_(Day_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakshmi_Pujan,_Kali_Puja_(Day_3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakshmi_Pujan,_Kali_Puja_(Day_3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lakshmi Pujan, Kali Puja (Day 3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakshmi_Pujan,_Kali_Puja_(Day_3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annakut,_Balipratipada_(Padwa),_New_Year's_Day,_Govardhan_Puja_(Day_4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annakut,_Balipratipada_(Padwa),_New_Year's_Day,_Govardhan_Puja_(Day_4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Annakut, Balipratipada (Padwa), New Year's Day, Govardhan Puja (Day 4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annakut,_Balipratipada_(Padwa),_New_Year's_Day,_Govardhan_Puja_(Day_4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhai_Duj,_Bhau-Beej,_Vishwakarma_Puja_(Day_5)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhai_Duj,_Bhau-Beej,_Vishwakarma_Puja_(Day_5)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bhai Duj, Bhau-Beej, Vishwakarma Puja (Day 5)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhai_Duj,_Bhau-Beej,_Vishwakarma_Puja_(Day_5)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions_and_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions_and_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other traditions and significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_traditions_and_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other traditions and significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions_and_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guinness_World_Record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guinness_World_Record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Guinness World Record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guinness_World_Record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diwali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दीपावली – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दीपावली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ديوالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديوالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="দেৱালী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেৱালী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दीपावली – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दीपावली" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="দীপাবলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দীপাবলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दिपावली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दिपावली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дивали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дивали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADv%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Díválí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Díválí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दिवाली – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दिवाली" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Ντιβάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντιβάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divalo" title="Divalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Divalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دیوالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADbhe%C3%A1la%C3%AD" title="Díbheálaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díbheálaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80" title="દિવાળી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દિવાળી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%99%88%EB%A6%AC" title="디왈리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디왈리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Դիվալի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիվալի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दीपावली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दीपावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipawali" title="Dipawali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dipawali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABp%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Dīpāvalī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dīpāvalī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="דיוואלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיוואלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ದೀಪಾವಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೀಪಾವಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="დივალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დივალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دیوألی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دیوألی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дивали – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дивали" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C4%81%E1%B8%B7%C4%AB" title="Divāḷī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Divāḷī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyvalis" title="Dyvalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dyvalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADv%C3%A1li" title="Díváli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Díváli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दीपावली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दीपावली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ദീപാവലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദീപാവലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="दिवाळी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दिवाळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="ديوالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديوالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B3" title="ဒဳဝလဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဒဳဝလဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Deepavali" title="Hari Deepavali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Deepavali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯗꯤꯋꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯤꯋꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="ဒီပါဝလီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီပါဝလီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="दीपावली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दीपावली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ディーワーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディーワーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavali" title="Dipavali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dipavali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="ଦୀପାବଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦୀପାବଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਦਿਵਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਵਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دیوالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیوالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1)" title="دېوالي (هندي اختر) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دېوالي (هندي اختر)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABp%C4%81vali" title="Dīpāvali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dīpāvali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дивали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дивали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="दीपावलिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दीपावलिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱤᱯᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱤᱯᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%99%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ݙیوالی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ݙیوالی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92" title="දීපාවලි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දීපාවලි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ڏياري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏياري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADv%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Díválí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Díválí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دیوالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیوالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Дивали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дивали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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data-title="ทีปาวลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divali" title="Divali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Divali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Дівалі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дівалі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دیوالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Diwali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%81%AF%E8%8A%82" title="排灯节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="排灯节" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu festival of lights</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Deepawali" and "Dipawali" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Deepavali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deepavali (disambiguation)">Deepavali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: orange">Diwali</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/240px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/360px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg/480px-The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1522" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> decorations, made using coloured fine powder or sand, are popular during Diwali.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Deepavali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhists</a><sup id="cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Religious, cultural, seasonal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary"><i><a href="#Religious_significance">See below</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(light)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (light)">Diya</a> lighting</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i> (worship and prayer)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">havan</a></i> (fire offering)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">vrat</a></i> (fasting)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a></i> (charity)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mel%C4%81" title="Melā">melā</a></i> (fairs/shows)</li><li>home cleansing and decoration</li><li>fireworks</li><li>gifts</li><li>and partaking in a feast and <a href="/wiki/Sweets_from_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sweets from the Indian subcontinent">sweets</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Begins</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Ashwayuja 27 or Ashwayuja 28 (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar">amanta</a> tradition)</li><li>Kartika 12 or Kartika 13 (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#purnimanta" title="Hindu calendar">purnimanta</a> tradition)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ends</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Kartika 2 (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar">amanta</a> tradition)</li><li>Kartika 17 (<a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#purnimanta" title="Hindu calendar">purnimanta</a> tradition)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Ashvin Krishna Trayodashi, Ashvin Krishna Chaturdashi, Ashvin Amavasya, Kartik Shukla Pratipada, Kartik Shukla Dwitiya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">October<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>30 (<a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>/Yama Deepam/Kwah Puja/Kaag Tihar)</li> <li>31 (<a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a>/Kali Chaudas/Hanuman Puja/Chhoti Diwali/Khicha Puja/<a href="/wiki/Kukur_Tihar" title="Kukur Tihar">Kukur Tihar</a>)</li></ul> <p>November </p> <ul><li>01 (<a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>/Sharda Puja/Kedar Gauri Vrat/Sa Puja/Gai Tihar)</li> <li>02 (<a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a>/<a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a>/Goru Puja)</li> <li>03 (<a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">Gujarati New Year</a>/Kija Puja)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Diwali (Jainism)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohrai" title="Sohrai">Sohrai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandna" title="Bandna">Bandna</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:11px">Explanatory note</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:orange;font-size:14px">Hindu festival dates</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;font-size:11px"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#chandramasa" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>māsa</i></a> (lunar month), <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#paksha" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>pakṣa</i></a> (lunar fortnight) and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_basis_of_the_Hindu_calendar#tithi" title="Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"><i>tithi</i></a> (lunar day). </p><p>Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>amānta</i></a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#purnimanta" title="Hindu calendar"><i>pūrṇimānta</i></a>. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa. </p> A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Diwali</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also called <b>Deepavali</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Dīpāvalī</i>) or <b>Deepawali</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>Dīpāwalī</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu festival">Hindu festival</a> of lights, with variations celebrated in other <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It symbolises the spiritual victory of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i> over <i><a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">Adharma</a></i>, light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiligman31_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiligman31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-htoday_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htoday-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-melton252_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melton252-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali is celebrated during the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu lunisolar</a> months of <a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Ashvin</a> (according to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#amanta" title="Hindu calendar">amanta</a> tradition) and <a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartika (month)">Kartika</a>—between around mid-September and mid-November.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Diwali_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Diwali-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrations generally last five or six days.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diwali is connected to various religious events, deities and personalities, such as being the day <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> returned to his <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> after defeating the demon king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dhcd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhcd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also widely associated with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of prosperity, and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, the god of wisdom and the remover of obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other regional traditions connect the holiday to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yami" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami">Yami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvakarman">Vishvakarman</a>. </p><p>Primarily a <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> festival, variations of Diwali are also celebrated by adherents of other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> observe their <a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">own Diwali</a> which marks the final liberation of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-N._Upadhye,_Review_1982_pp._231–232_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N._Upadhye,_Review_1982_pp._231–232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a> to mark the release of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> prison.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhists</a>, unlike other <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, celebrate Diwali by worshipping Lakshmi, while the Hindus of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern India">Eastern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> generally celebrate Diwali by worshipping the <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">goddess Kali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MK72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prem_Saran_2012_175_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prem_Saran_2012_175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the festival, the celebrants illuminate their homes, temples and workspaces with <a href="/wiki/Diya_(light)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (light)"><i>diyas</i></a> (oil lamps), candles and lanterns.<sup id="cite_ref-melton252_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melton252-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus, in particular, have a ritual oil bath at dawn on each day of the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-YustJohnson2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YustJohnson2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali is also marked with fireworks as well as the decoration of floors with <i><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a></i> designs and other parts of the house with <a href="/wiki/Jhalar" title="Jhalar"><i>jhalars</i></a>. Food is a major focus with families partaking in feasts and sharing <a href="/wiki/Mithai_(confectionery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithai (confectionery)"><i>mithai</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jgl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is an annual homecoming and bonding period not only for families,<sup id="cite_ref-dhcd_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhcd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also for communities and associations, particularly those in urban areas, which will organise activities, events, and gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011300–301_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011300–301-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManju_N._Shah199541–44_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManju_N._Shah199541–44-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many towns organise community parades and fairs with parades or music and dance performances in parks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs will send Diwali greeting cards to family near and far during the festive season, occasionally with boxes of Indian confectionery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another aspect of the festival is remembering the ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diwali is also a major cultural event for the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry_Johnson200771–73_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry_Johnson200771–73-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly198840–55_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly198840–55-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main day of the festival of Diwali (the day of Lakshmi Puja) is an official holiday in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p><i>Diwali</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Diwali_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Diwali-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—also known as <b>Dewali</b>, <b>Divali</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybelle_T._Shattuck199951,_124_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybelle_T._Shattuck199951,_124-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Deepavali</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i>dīpāvalī</i>)—comes from the Sanskrit <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dīpāvali</i></span> meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">row or series of lights</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-jgl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011255_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011255-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is derived from the Sanskrit words <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">dīpa</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">lamp, light, lantern, candle, that which glows, shines, illuminates or knowledge</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">āvali</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a row, range, continuous line, series</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2></div> <p>The five-day celebration is observed every year sometime from the second half of October to the first half of November<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coinciding with a new moon (<a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya"><i>amāvasyā</i></a>) as per the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu lunisolar calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festivities begin two days before <i><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">amāvasyā</a></i>, on <a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>, and extend two days after, until the second (or 17th) day of the month of Kartik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (According to Indologist Constance Jones, this night ends the lunar month of Ashwin and starts the month of Kartik<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but see this note<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar#Amanta_and_Purnima_systems" title="Hindu calendar">Amanta and Purnima systems</a>.) The darkest night is the apex of the celebration. </p><p>The festival climax is on the third day and is called the main Diwali. It is an official holiday in a dozen countries, while the other festive days are regionally observed as either public or optional restricted holidays in India.<sup id="cite_ref-about_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal, it is also a multiday festival, although the days and rituals are named differently, with the climax being called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></i> festival by Hindus and <i><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a></i> festival by Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The five-day long festival originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and is likely a fusion of harvest festivals in ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in early <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a> texts, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>,</i> both of which were composed between the 7th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-l796_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l796-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>diyas</i> (lamps) are mentioned in <i>Skanda Kishore Purana</i> as symbolising parts of the sun, describing it as the cosmic giver of light and energy to all life and which seasonally transitions in the Hindu calendar month of Kartik.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002355_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002355-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> refers to Deepavali, in the 7th-century Sanskrit play <i><a href="/wiki/Nagananda" title="Nagananda">Nagananda</a></i>, as <i>Dīpapratipadotsava</i> (<i>dīpa</i> = light, <i>pratipadā</i> = first day, <i>utsava</i> = festival), where lamps were lit and newly engaged brides and grooms received gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-bnsharma_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnsharma-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yaksha_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yaksha-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)" title="Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)">Rajasekhara</a> referred to Deepavali as <i>Dipamalika</i> in his 9th-century <i>Kavyamimamsa</i>, wherein he mentions the tradition of homes being whitewashed and oil lamps decorated homes, streets, and markets in the night.<sup id="cite_ref-bnsharma_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnsharma-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg/220px-Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg/330px-Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg/440px-Radha_and_Krishna_watching_fireworks_in_the_night_sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2853" /></a><figcaption><i>Radha and Krishna celebrating Diwali</i> by Sitaram. <a href="/wiki/Kishangarh_State" title="Kishangarh State">Kishangarh</a>, late 18th-century. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum, New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diwali was also described by numerous travelers from outside India. In his 11th-century memoir on India, the Persian traveller and historian <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī">Al Biruni</a> wrote of Deepavali being celebrated by Hindus on the day of the New Moon in the month of Kartika.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetian merchant and traveller <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> visited India in the early 15th-century and wrote in his memoir, "on another of these festivals they fix up within their temples, and on the outside of the roofs, an innumerable number of oil lamps... which are kept burning day and night" and that the families would gather, "clothe themselves in new garments", sing, dance, and feast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham_Eraly2015315–316_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham_Eraly2015315–316-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th-century Portuguese traveler <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a> wrote of his visit to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, where <i>Dipavali</i> was celebrated in October with householders illuminating their homes, and their temples, with lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> that Diwali was celebrated for only 2 years in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic historians of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> era also mentioned Diwali and other Hindu festivals. A few, notably the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, welcomed and participated in the festivities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_M._Eaton1996159–160_with_footnotes_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_M._Eaton1996159–160_with_footnotes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Melville2012526_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Melville2012526-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others banned such festivals as Diwali and <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> did in 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiyokazu_Okita201428–29_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiyokazu_Okita201428–29-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publications from the time of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> also made mention of Diwali, such as the note on Hindu festivals published in 1799 by <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a>, a philologist known for his early observations on Sanskrit and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jone1799p263-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his paper on <i>The Lunar Year of the Hindus</i>, Jones, then based in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, noted four of the five days of Diwali in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> months of <i>Aswina-Cartica</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] as the following: <i>Bhutachaturdasi Yamaterpanam</i> (2nd day), <i>Lacshmipuja dipanwita</i> (the day of Diwali), <i>Dyuta pratipat Belipuja</i> (4th day), and <i>Bhratri dwitiya</i> (5th day). The <i>Lacshmipuja dipanwita</i>, remarked Jones, was a "great festival at night, in honour of Lakshmi, with illuminations on trees and houses".<sup id="cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jone1799p263-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1867_CE_chromolithograph,_Diwali,_feast_of_lamps,_by_William_Simpson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg/220px-1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg/330px-1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg/440px-1867_CE_chromolithograph%2C_Diwali%2C_feast_of_lamps%2C_by_William_Simpson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>William Simpson labelled his chromolithograph of 1867 as "Dewali, feast of lamps". It showed streets lit up at dusk, with a girl and her mother lighting a street corner lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Sanskrit inscriptions in stone and copper mentioning Diwali, occasionally alongside terms such as <i>Dipotsava</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dipawali_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipawali (Jainism)">Dipavali</a></i>, <i>Divali</i> and <i>Divalige</i>, have been discovered at numerous sites across India.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include a 10th-century Rashtrakuta empire copper plate inscription of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_III" title="Krishna III">Krishna III</a> (939–967 CE) that mentions <i>Dipotsava</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 12th-century mixed Sanskrit-Kannada Sinda inscription discovered in the Isvara temple of <a href="/wiki/Dharwad" title="Dharwad">Dharwad</a> in Karnataka where the inscription refers to the festival as a "sacred occasion".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Franz_Kielhorn" title="Lorenz Franz Kielhorn">Lorenz Franz Kielhorn</a>, a German Indologist known for translating many Indic inscriptions, this festival is mentioned as <i>Dipotsavam</i> in verses 6 and 7 of the Ranganatha temple Sanskrit inscription of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Venad_(Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (Kingdom)">Venad</a> Hindu king <a href="/wiki/Ravivarman_Kula%C5%9B%C4%93khara" title="Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara">Ravivarman Samgramadhira</a>. Part of the inscription, as translated by Kielhorn, reads: </p><blockquote><p>"the auspicious festival of lights which disperses the most profound darkness, which in former days was celebrated by the kings Ila, Kartavirya and Sagara, (...) as Sakra (Indra) is of the gods, the universal monarch who knows the duties by the three Vedas, afterwards celebrated here at Ranga for Vishnu, resplendent with Lakshmi resting on his radiant lap."<sup id="cite_ref-kielhorn1896_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kielhorn1896-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jain inscriptions, such as the 10th-century Saundatti inscription about a donation of oil to Jinendra worship for the Diwali rituals, speak of <i>Dipotsava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early 13th-century Sanskrit stone inscription, written in the Devanagari script, has been found in the north end of a mosque pillar in <a href="/wiki/Jalore" title="Jalore">Jalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> evidently built using materials from a demolished Jain temple. The inscription states that Ramachandracharya built and dedicated a drama performance hall, with a golden cupola, on Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-Hultzsch1268_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hultzsch1268-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Goddess_Lakshmi,_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/170px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/255px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg/340px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Goddess_Lakshmi%2C_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Diwali is commonly celebrated in the honour of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of wealth.</figcaption></figure> <p>The religious significance of Diwali varies regionally within India. One tradition links the festival to legends in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, where Diwali is the day Rama, Sita, <a href="/wiki/Lakshman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman">Lakshmana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> after a period of 14 years in exile after Rama's army of good defeated demon king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>'s army of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the epic, Rama's decisions were always in line with <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (</i>duty<i>)</i> and the Diwali festival serves as a reminder for followers of Hinduism to maintain their dharma in day to day life.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per another popular tradition, in the <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, killed the demon <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, who was the evil king of <a href="/wiki/Pragjyotishapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotishapura">Pragjyotishapura</a>, near present-day Assam, and released 16000 girls held captive by Narakasura. Diwali was celebrated as a signifier of triumph of good over evil after Krishna's Victory over Narakasura. The day before Diwali is remembered as Naraka Chaturdashi, the day on which Narakasura was killed by Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg/220px-Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg/330px-Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg/440px-Diwali_Lakshmi_Poojan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A picture of Lakshmi and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> worship during Diwali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg/220px-Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg/330px-Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg/440px-Diwali_Ganesh_Laxmi_Puja_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>Diwali Ganesh Laxmi Puja</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Hindus associate the festival with Goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and wife of Vishnu. According to Pintchman, the start of the 5-day Diwali festival is stated in some popular contemporary sources as the day goddess Lakshmi was born from <a href="/wiki/Samudra_manthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudra manthan">Samudra Manthana</a>, the churning of the cosmic ocean of milk by the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> (gods) and the <a href="/wiki/Asuras" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuras">Asuras</a> (demons) – a Vedic legend that is also found in several <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i>, while the night of Diwali is when Lakshmi chose and wed Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Lakshmi, who is representative of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, the elephant-headed son of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> tradition, is remembered as one who symbolises ethical beginnings and the remover of obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindus of eastern India associate the festival with the Goddess Kali, who symbolises the victory of good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus from the Braj region in northern India, parts of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, as well as southern Tamil and Telugu communities view Diwali as the day the god Krishna overcame and destroyed the evil demon king Narakasura, in yet another symbolic victory of knowledge and good over ignorance and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavanya_Vemsani2016190–191_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavanya_Vemsani2016190–191-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade and merchant families and others also offer prayers to <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, who embodies music, literature and learning and <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>, who symbolises book-keeping, treasury and wealth management.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western states such as Gujarat, and certain northern Hindu communities of India, the festival of Diwali signifies the start of a new year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mythical tales shared on Diwali vary widely depending on region and even within Hindu tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-vasudha31_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vasudha31-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet all share a common focus on righteousness, self-inquiry and the importance of knowledge,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, according to Lindsey Harlan, an Indologist and scholar of Religious Studies, is the path to overcoming the "darkness of ignorance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telling of these myths are reminiscent of the Hindu belief that good ultimately triumphs over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3></div> <p>Originally a Hindu festival, Diwali has transcended religious lines.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali is celebrated by Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Newar Buddhists,<sup id="cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although for each faith it marks different historical events and stories, but nonetheless the festival represents the same symbolic victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Heiligman31_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heiligman31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-htoday_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-htoday-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Diwali (Jainism)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg/260px-Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg/390px-Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg/520px-Mahavira_Nirvan_Kalyanak_Diwali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Lord Mahavir</a> in meditation before attaining nirvana, the day is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a> as <i>Dipalikaya</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In Jain religion, Diwali is celebrated in observance of "Mahavira Nirvana Divas", the physical death and final nirvana of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, the 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a> of current time cycle. Nirvana is considered to be the state of a soul when it escapes from the cycle of birth and death, while experiencing its true nature of boundless bliss and infinite knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobi_1895_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobi_1895-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jain Diwali celebrated in many parts of India has similar practices to the Hindu Diwali, such as the lighting of lamps. However, the focus of the Jain Diwali remains the dedication to Mahavira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Jain tradition, this practice of lighting lamps first began on the day of Mahavira's nirvana in 527 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when 18 kings who had gathered for Mahavira's final teachings issued a proclamation that lamps be lit in remembrance of the "great light, Mahavira".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011255_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011255-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200942_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200942-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This traditional belief of the origin of Diwali, and its significance to Jains, is reflected in their historic artworks such as paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer197813_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer197813-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru,_Guru_Gobind_Singh,_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg/220px-A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg/330px-A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg/440px-A_hukamnama_from_the_tenth_Sikh_guru%2C_Guru_Gobind_Singh%2C_requesting_all_of_the_Sikh_congregation_to_convene_in_his_presence_on_the_occasion_of_Diwali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hukamnama" title="Hukamnama">hukamnama</a> from the tenth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, requesting all of the Sikh congregation to convene in his presence on the occasion of Diwali</figcaption></figure> <p>Sikhs celebrate Bandi Chhor Divas in remembrance of the release of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a> prison by the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and the day he arrived at the Golden Temple in Amritsar.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to J.S. Grewal, a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh history, Diwali in the Sikh tradition is older than the sixth Guru Hargobind legend. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a>, the third Guru of the Sikhs, built a well in Goindwal with eighty-four steps and invited Sikhs to bathe in its <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred waters</a> on Baisakhi and Diwali as a form of community bonding. Over time, these spring and autumn festivals became the most important of Sikh festivals and holy sites such as Amritsar became focal points for annual pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._S._Grewal199850–51,_60,_73–78,_93_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._S._Grewal199850–51,_60,_73–78,_93-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival of Diwali, according to Ray Colledge, highlights three events in Sikh history: the founding of the city of Amritsar in 1577, the release of Guru Hargobind from the Mughal prison, and the day of Bhai Mani Singh's martyrdom in 1738 as a result of his failure to pay a fine for trying to celebrate Diwali and thereafter refusing to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay_Colledge2017276–278_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay_Colledge2017276–278-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014431–433_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014431–433-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4></div> <p>Diwali is not a festival for most Buddhists, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a> people of Nepal who revere various deities in <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhism and celebrate Diwali by offering prayers to Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prem_Saran_2012_175_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prem_Saran_2012_175-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newar Buddhists in Nepalese valleys also celebrate the Diwali festival over five days, in much the same way, and on the same days, as the Nepalese Hindu Diwali-Tihar festival.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some observers, this traditional celebration by Newar Buddhists in Nepal, through the worship of Lakshmi and Vishnu during Diwali, is not <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> but rather a reflection of the freedom within <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist tradition to worship any deity for their worldly betterment.<sup id="cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations">Celebrations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Diwali celebrations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:300px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diwali_Festival.jpg/150px-Diwali_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diwali_Festival.jpg/225px-Diwali_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Diwali_Festival.jpg/300px-Diwali_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Hindu girls lighting <a href="/wiki/Diya_(light)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (light)">diyas</a> in Bangladesh</div></td><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glowing_Swayambhu_(3005358416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/131px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/196px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg/262px-Glowing_Swayambhu_%283005358416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1178" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Decorations in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a> (Diwali in Nepal)</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg/150px-Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg/225px-Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg/300px-Diyas_Diwali_Decor_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Diwali lamps arranged in the pattern of <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></i></div></td><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/150px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/225px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg/300px-Fireworks_Diwali_Chennai_India_November_2013_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5367" data-file-height="3578" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Deepavali night fireworks over <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg/133px-Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg/200px-Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/70/Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg/267px-Diwali_Pujan_at_Haridwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Indoor Diwali decorations in front of an altar in <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></div></td><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/150px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/225px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg/300px-United_States_Diwali_Dance_San_Antonio_2011_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Dance event for Diwali in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, USA</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divalinagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg/66px-Divalinagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg/99px-Divalinagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Divalinagar.jpg/133px-Divalinagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Divali_Nagar" title="Divali Nagar">Divali Nagar</a> celebration in Trinidad and Tobago</div></td><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg/134px-Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg/200px-Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg/267px-Diwali_Festival._Jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3879" data-file-height="2909" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Diyas lit for Diwali at <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a>, Punjab</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg/150px-Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg/225px-Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg/300px-Diwali_offerings_to_god_in_Tamil_Nadu_JEG2437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Diwali sweets and snacks</div></td><td style="width:150px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:150px;height:100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DiwaliKarnal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DiwaliKarnal.JPG/150px-DiwaliKarnal.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DiwaliKarnal.JPG/225px-DiwaliKarnal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DiwaliKarnal.JPG/300px-DiwaliKarnal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6785" data-file-height="2876" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Decorative lights for Diwali on a house in Haryana</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="infobox-caption">Diwali festivities include a celebration of sights, sounds, arts and flavours. The festivities vary between different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-fs_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fs-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dhcd_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhcd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the lead-up to Diwali, celebrants prepare by cleaning, renovating, and decorating their homes and workplaces with <i>diyas</i> (oil lamps) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangolis</a></i> (colourful art circle patterns).<sup id="cite_ref-Raat_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raat-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Diwali, people wear their finest clothes, illuminate the interior and exterior of their homes with saaki (earthen lamp), <i>diyas</i> and <i>rangoli</i>, perform worship ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of prosperity and wealth,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> light fireworks, and partake in family feasts, where <i>mithai</i> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian sweets">sweets</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gifts</a> are shared. </p><p>The height of Diwali is celebrated on the third day coinciding with the darkest night of Ashvin or Kartika. </p><p>The common celebratory practices are known as the festival of light, however there are minor differences from state to state in India. Diwali is usually celebrated twenty days after the <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a> festival, with <a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a>, or the regional equivalent, marking the first day of the festival when celebrants prepare by cleaning their homes and making decorations on the floor, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangolis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regions of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> start Diwali festivities the day before Dhanteras with <a href="/wiki/Govatsa_Dwadashi" title="Govatsa Dwadashi">Govatsa Dwadashi</a>. The second day is <a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a>. The third day is the day of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a> and the darkest <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)" title="Kārtika (month)">traditional month</a>. In some parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the day after <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a> is marked with the <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a> (Padwa). Some <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> communities mark the last day as <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a> or the regional equivalent, which is dedicated to the bond between sister and brother,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other Hindu and Sikh craftsmen communities mark this day as <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishvakarma Puja</a> and observe it by performing maintenance in their work spaces and offering <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haar2009_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar2009-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/220px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/330px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/440px-Diwali_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Diwali celebrations include <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> (prayers) to Lakshmi and Ganesha. Lakshmi is of the Vaishnavism tradition, while Ganesha of the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%2C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Chandua lanterns on display for Diwali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rituals and preparations for Diwali begin days or weeks in advance, typically after the festival of Dusshera that precedes Diwali by about 20 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival formally begins two days before the night of Diwali, and ends two days thereafter. Each day has the following rituals and significance:<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali has become more popular in other countries. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> lawmakers have passed legislation to make holidays in school. But debates over the holiday push back. In the future Diwali will be a holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhanteras_and_Yama_Deepam_(Day_1)"><span id="Dhanteras_and_Yama_Deepam_.28Day_1.29"></span>Dhanteras and Yama Deepam (Day 1)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/220px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/330px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG/440px-DiwaliOilLampCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Dhanteras starts off the Diwali celebrations with the lighting of <i><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a> or Panati</i> lamp rows, house cleaning and floor <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">rangoli</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Dhanteras</i>, also known as <i>Dhanatrayodashi,</i> is derived from <i>Dhan</i> meaning wealth and <i>teras</i> meaning thirteenth, marks the thirteenth day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik and the beginning of Diwali in most parts of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day, many Hindus clean their homes and business premises. They install <i>diyas</i>, small earthen oil-filled lamps that they light up for the next five days, near Lakshmi and Ganesha iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and children decorate doorways within homes and offices with <i>rangolis</i>, colourful designs made from rice flour, flower petals, coloured rice or coloured sand,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the boys and men decorate the roofs and walls of family homes, markets, and temples and string up lights and lanterns. The day also marks a major shopping day for buying new utensils, home equipment, gold jewellery, firecrackers, and other items.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of Dhanteras, families offer prayers (<i>puja</i>) to Lakshmi and Ganesha, and lay offerings of puffed rice, candy toys, rice cakes and <i>batashas</i> (hollow sugar cakes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Tracy Pintchman, Dhanteras is a symbol of annual renewal, cleansing and an auspicious beginning for the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Dhan</i> for this day also alludes to the <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic">Ayurvedic</a> icon <a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a>, the god of health and healing, who is believed to have emerged from the "churning of cosmic ocean" on the same day as Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities, particularly those active in Ayurvedic and health-related professions, pray or perform <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">havan</a> rituals to Dhanvantari on Dhanteras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Yama Deepam (also known as Yama Dipadana or Jam ke Diya), Hindus light a <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diya</a>, ideally made of wheat flour and filled with sesame oil, that faces south in the back of their homes. This is believed to please <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, the god of death, and to ward off untimely death.<sup id="cite_ref-drikpanchang1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drikpanchang1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindus observe Yama Deepam on the second night before the main day of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-swahainternational1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swahainternational1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astroved1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astroved1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naraka_Chaturdashi,_Kali_Chaudas,_Chhoti_Diwali,_Hanuman_Puja,_Roop_Chaudas,_Yama_Deepam_(Day_2)"><span id="Naraka_Chaturdashi.2C_Kali_Chaudas.2C_Chhoti_Diwali.2C_Hanuman_Puja.2C_Roop_Chaudas.2C_Yama_Deepam_.28Day_2.29"></span>Naraka Chaturdashi, Kali Chaudas, Chhoti Diwali, Hanuman Puja, Roop Chaudas, Yama Deepam (Day 2)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/237px-Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/356px-Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg/474px-Diwali_Food_and_Celebrations_in_Sri_Lanka_Culture_and_Sights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_diet,_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg/147px-Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg/221px-Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg/294px-Hindu_diet%2C_meal_setting_at_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Choti Diwali is the major shopping day for festive <i>mithai</i> (sweets)</div></div></div></div> <p><i>Naraka Chaturdashi</i>, also known as Chhoti Diwali, is the second day of festivities coinciding with the fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "chhoti" means little, while "Naraka" means hell and "Chaturdashi" means "fourteenth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day and its rituals are interpreted as ways to liberate any soul from suffering in "Naraka", or hell, as well as a reminder of spiritual auspiciousness. For some Hindus, it is a day to pray for the peace to the manes, or defiled souls of one's ancestors and light their way for their journeys in the cyclic afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61,_63_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61,_63-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mythological interpretation of this festive day is the destruction of the asura (demon) <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a> by Krishna, a victory that frees 16,000 imprisoned princesses kidnapped by Narakasura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also celebrated as Roop Chaudas in some North Indian households, where women bathe before sunrise, while lighting a <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diya (lamp)</a> in the bath area, they believe it helps enhance their beauty – it is a fun ritual that young girls enjoy as part of festivities. <i>Ubtan</i> is applied by the women which is made up of special gram flour mixed with herbs for cleansing and beautifying themselves. </p><p>Naraka Chaturdashi is also a major day for purchasing festive foods, particularly sweets. A variety of sweets are prepared using flour, semolina, rice, chickpea flour, dry fruit pieces powders or paste, milk solids (<i>mawa</i> or <i>khoya</i>) and clarified butter (<i>ghee</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Goldstein, these are then shaped into various forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">laddus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barfi" title="Barfi">barfis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwa">halwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachori" title="Kachori">kachoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrikhand" title="Shrikhand">shrikhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">sandesh</a>, rolled and stuffed delicacies, such as karanji, <a href="/wiki/Shankarpali" title="Shankarpali">shankarpali</a>, maladu, susiyam, pottukadalai. Sometimes these are wrapped with edible silver foil (<a href="/wiki/Vark" title="Vark">vark</a>). Confectioners and shops create Diwali-themed decorative displays, selling these in large quantities, which are stocked for home celebrations to welcome guests and as gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families also prepare homemade delicacies for Lakshmi Pujan, regarded as the main day of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chhoti Diwali is also a day for visiting friends, business associates and relatives, and exchanging gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second day of Diwali, Hanuman Puja is performed in some parts of India especially in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. It coincides with the day of Kali Chaudas. It is believed that spirits roam around on the night of Kali Chaudas, and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, who is the deity of strength, power, and protection, is worshipped to seek protection from the spirits. Diwali is also celebrated to mark the return of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> after defeating the demon-king Ravana<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and completing his fourteen years of exile. The devotion and dedication of Hanuman pleased Rama so much that he blessed Hanuman to be worshipped before him. Thus, people worship Hanuman the day before Diwali's main day.<sup id="cite_ref-drikpanchang.com_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drikpanchang.com-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This day is commonly celebrated as Diwali in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> Hindus and South Indian Hindus receive an oil massage from the elders in the family on the day and then take a ritual bath, all before sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many visit their favourite Hindu temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillary_Rodrigues201629_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillary_Rodrigues201629-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Hindus observe Yama Deepam (also known as Yama Dipadana or Jam ke Diya) on the second day of Diwali, instead of the first day. A diya that is filled with sesame oil is lit at back of their homes facing in the southern direction. This is believed to please <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, the god of death, and to ward off untimely death.<sup id="cite_ref-drikpanchang1_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drikpanchang1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swahainternational1_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swahainternational1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astroved1_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astroved1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakshmi_Pujan,_Kali_Puja_(Day_3)"><span id="Lakshmi_Pujan.2C_Kali_Puja_.28Day_3.29"></span>Lakshmi Pujan, Kali Puja (Day 3)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></div> <p>The third day is the height of the festival,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coincides with the last day of the dark fortnight of Ashwin or Kartik. This is the day when Hindu, Jain and Sikh temples and homes are aglow with lights, thereby making it the "festival of lights". The word Deepawali comes from the Sanskrit word deep, which means an Indian lantern/lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mead2008_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead2008-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg/170px-Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg/255px-Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg/340px-Kit_Kat_Firecracker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>A sparkling firecracker, commonly known as 'Kit Kat' in India</figcaption></figure> <p>The youngest members in the family visit their elders, such as grandparents and other senior members of the community, on this day. Small business owners give gifts or special bonus payments to their employees between Dhanteras and Lakshmi Pujan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shops either do not open or close early on this day allowing employees to enjoy family time. Shopkeepers and small operations perform <i>puja</i> rituals in their office premises. Unlike some other festivals, the Hindus typically do not fast during the five-day long Diwali including Lakshmi Pujan, rather they feast and share the bounties of the season at their workplaces, community centres, temples, and homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Woman_lighting_the_candles_for_the_Festival_of_Lights_in_India_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Woman lighting candles for Diwali. People light candles and clay lamps in their houses and at temples during Diwali night</figcaption></figure> <p>As the evening approaches, celebrants will wear new clothes or their best outfits, teenage girls and women, in particular, wear saris and jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At dusk, family members gather for the Lakshmi Pujan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although prayers will also be offered to other deities, such as Ganesha, Saraswati, Rama, Lakshmana, Sita, Hanuman, or Kubera.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lamps from the puja ceremony are then used to light more earthenware lamps, which are placed in rows along the parapets of temples and houses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200697–98_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200697–98-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some <i>diyas</i> are set adrift on rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459,_69_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459,_69-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <i>puja</i>, people go outside and celebrate by lighting up <i>patakhe</i> (fireworks) together, and then share a family feast and <i><a href="/wiki/Mithai_(confectionery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithai (confectionery)">mithai</a></i> (sweets, desserts).<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>puja</i> and rituals in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> community focus on Kali, the goddess of war, instead of Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstantina_Rhodes20101–2_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstantina_Rhodes20101–2-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rachel Fell McDermott, a scholar of South Asian, particular Bengali, studies, in Bengal during Navaratri (Dussehra elsewhere in India) the <i><a href="/wiki/Durga_puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Durga puja">Durga puja</a></i> is the main focus, although in the eastern and north eastern states the two are synonymous, but on Diwali the focus is on the puja dedicated to Kali. These two festivals likely developed in tandem over their recent histories, states McDermott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textual evidence suggests that Bengali Hindus worshipped Lakshmi before the colonial era, and that the Kali puja is a more recent phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Bengali celebrations mirror those found elsewhere, with teenage boys playing with fireworks and the sharing of festive food with family, but with the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakti</a> goddess Kali as the focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004253–255_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004253–255-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI,_festival_of_lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg/220px-Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg/330px-Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg/440px-Sparkles_phuljhari_fireworks_on_DIWALI%2C_festival_of_lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>A child playing with <a href="/wiki/Sparkler" title="Sparkler">sparklers</a> during Diwali</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of Diwali, rituals across much of India are dedicated to Lakshmi to welcome her into their cleaned homes and bring prosperity and happiness for the coming year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the cleaning, or painting, of the home is in part for goddess Lakshmi, it also signifies the ritual "reenactment of the cleansing, purifying action of the monsoon rains" that would have concluded in most of the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaishnava families recite Hindu legends of the victory of good over evil and the return of hope after despair on the Diwali night, where the main characters may include Rama, Krishna, Vamana or one of the avatars of Vishnu, the divine husband of Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–97_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–97-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At dusk, lamps placed earlier in the inside and outside of the home are lit up to welcome Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family members light up firecrackers, which some interpret as a way to ward off all evil spirits and the inauspicious, as well as add to the festive mood.<sup id="cite_ref-Firecracker2_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firecracker2-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firecracker3_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firecracker3-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pintchman, who quotes Raghavan, this ritual may also be linked to the tradition in some communities of paying respect to ancestors. Earlier in the season's fortnight, some welcome the souls of their ancestors to join the family for the festivities with the <i>Mahalaya</i>. The Diwali night's lights and firecrackers, in this interpretation, represent a celebratory and symbolic farewell to the departed ancestral souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The celebrations and rituals of the Jains and the Sikhs are similar to those of the Hindus where social and community bonds are renewed. Major temples and homes are decorated with lights, festive foods shared with all, friends and relatives remembered and visited with gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annakut,_Balipratipada_(Padwa),_New_Year's_Day,_Govardhan_Puja_(Day_4)"><span id="Annakut.2C_Balipratipada_.28Padwa.29.2C_New_Year.27s_Day.2C_Govardhan_Puja_.28Day_4.29"></span>Annakut, Balipratipada (Padwa), New Year's Day, Govardhan Puja (Day 4)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a></div> <p>The day after Diwali is the first day of the bright fortnight of Kartik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is regionally called Annakut (heap of grain), Padwa, Goverdhan puja, Bali Pratipada, Bali Padyami, Kartik Shukla Pratipada and other names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one tradition, the day is associated with the story of Bali's defeat at the hands of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-NarayananKurup1976_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NarayananKurup1976-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another interpretation, it is thought to reference the legend of Parvati and her husband Shiva playing a game of <i>dyuta</i> (dice) on a board of twelve squares and thirty pieces, Parvati wins. Shiva surrenders his shirt and adornments to her, rendering him naked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Handelman and Shulman, as quoted by Pintchman, this legend is a Hindu metaphor for the cosmic process for creation and dissolution of the world through the masculine destructive power, as represented by Shiva, and the feminine procreative power, represented by Parvati, where twelve reflects the number of months in the cyclic year, while thirty are the number of days in its lunisolar month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annakut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Annakut.jpg/256px-Annakut.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Annakut.jpg/384px-Annakut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Annakut.jpg/512px-Annakut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg/128px-Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg/192px-Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg/256px-Lord_Krishna_and_Goverdhan_parwat_in_his_left_hand%27s_finger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Annakut community meals (left), Krishna holding <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Hill" title="Govardhan Hill">Govardhan Hill</a> ritually made from cow dung, rice and flowers (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>This day ritually celebrates the bond between the wife and husband,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some Hindu communities, husbands will celebrate this with gifts to their wives. In other regions, parents invite a newly married daughter, or son, together with their spouses to a festive meal and give them gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some rural communities of the north, west and central regions, the fourth day is celebrated as Govardhan puja, honouring the legend of the Hindu god Krishna saving the cowherd and farming communities from incessant rains and floods triggered by Indra's anger,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he accomplished by lifting the Govardhan mountain. This legend is remembered through the ritual of building small mountain-like miniatures from cow dung.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kinsley, the ritual use of cow dung, a common fertiliser, is an agricultural motif and a celebration of its significance to annual crop cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200564–65_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200564–65-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodrick1987_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodrick1987-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agricultural symbolism is also observed on this day by many Hindus as Annakut, literally "mountain of food". Communities prepare over one hundred dishes from a variety of ingredients, which is then dedicated to Krishna before being shared among the community. Hindu temples on this day prepare and present "mountains of sweets" to the faithful who have gathered for <i>darshan</i> (visit).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gujarat, Annakut is the first day of the new year and celebrated through the purchase of essentials, or <i>sabras</i> (literally, "good things in life"), such as salt, offering prayers to Krishna and visiting temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gujarat <a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">New Year</a> is celebrated after the day of Diwali. In the early morning people take showers, do prayer at home, visit temples for worship and children in the evening visit neighbour's houses to say happy new year, shake hands, get mukhvas for dessert, and chocolate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhai_Duj,_Bhau-Beej,_Vishwakarma_Puja_(Day_5)"><span id="Bhai_Duj.2C_Bhau-Beej.2C_Vishwakarma_Puja_.28Day_5.29"></span>Bhai Duj, Bhau-Beej, Vishwakarma Puja (Day 5)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma Puja">Vishwakarma Puja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diwali_(Bhaiya_Dweej_).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG/220px-Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG/330px-Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG/440px-Diwali_%28Bhaiya_Dweej_%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A sister ritually feeding her brother on Bhai Duj-Diwali</figcaption></figure> <p>The last day of the festival, the second day of the bright fortnight of Kartik, is called <i>Bhai Duj</i> (literally "brother's day"<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>Bhau Beej</i>, <i>Bhai Tilak</i> or <i>Bhai Phonta</i>. It celebrates the sister-brother bond, similar in spirit to <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> but it is the brother that travels to meet the sister and her family. This festive day is interpreted by some to symbolise Yama's sister <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yamuna</a> welcoming Yama with a <i>tilaka</i>, while others interpret it as the arrival of Krishna at his sister <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>'s place after defeating Narakasura. Subhadra welcomes him with a <i>tilaka</i> on his forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day celebrates the sibling bond between brother and sister.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day the womenfolk of the family gather, perform a puja with prayers for the well being of their brothers, then return to a ritual of feeding their brothers with their hands and receiving gifts. According to Pintchman, in some Hindu traditions the women recite tales where sisters protect their brothers from enemies that seek to cause him either bodily or spiritual harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historic times, this was a day in autumn when brothers would travel to meet their sisters, or invite their sister's family to their village to celebrate their sister-brother bond with the bounty of seasonal harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-tp_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tp-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artisan Hindu and Sikh community celebrates the fourth day as the Vishwakarma puja day.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishwakarma is the presiding Hindu deity for those in architecture, building, manufacturing, textile work and crafts trades.<sup id="cite_ref-haar2009_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar2009-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The looms, tools of trade, machines and workplaces are cleaned and prayers offered to these livelihood means.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_traditions_and_significance">Other traditions and significance</h2></div> <p>During the season of Diwali, numerous rural townships and villages host <i><a href="/wiki/Mela_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mela Festival">melas</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kadowala1998_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadowala1998-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or fairs, where local producers and artisans trade produce and goods. A variety of entertainments are usually available for inhabitants of the local community to enjoy. The women, in particular, adorn themselves in colourful attire and <a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">decorate</a> their hands with <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a>. Such events are also mentioned in Sikh historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern day, <i>Diwali mela</i> are held at college, or university, campuses or as community events by members of the Indian diaspora. At such events a variety of music, dance and arts performances, food, crafts, and cultural celebrations are featured.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <p>Diwali marks a major shopping period in India,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is comparable to the Christmas period in terms of consumer purchases and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is traditionally a time when households purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold, jewelry,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other large purchases particularly as the festival is dedicated to Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity, and such purchases are considered auspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rao, Diwali is one of the major festivals where rural Indians spend a significant portion of their annual income, and is a means for them to renew their relationships and social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao200171–95_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao200171–95-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Indian_Markets_hits_record_close_in_Diwali_trade" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Indian Markets hits record close in Diwali trade"> Indian Markets hits record close in Diwali trade</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <p>Other goods that are bought in substantial quantities during Diwali include confectionery and fireworks. In 2013, about <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>25 billion</span> (US$300 million) of fireworks were sold to merchants for the Diwali season, an equivalent retail value of about <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>50 billion</span> (US$600 million) according to <i>The Times of India</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ASSOCHAM" title="ASSOCHAM">ASSOCHAM</a>, a trade organisation in India, forecasted that online shopping alone to be over <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>300 billion</span> (US$3.6 billion) over the 2017 Diwali season.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About two-thirds of Indian households, according to the ASSOCHAM forecast, would spend between <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5,000</span> (US$60) and <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>10,000</span> (US$120) to celebrate Diwali in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stock markets like NSE and BSE in India are typically closed during Diwali, with the exception of a Diwali Muhurat trading session for an hour in the evening to coincide with the beginning of the new year.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the INDF ETF was launched to mark the start of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <p>Diwali has increasingly attracted cultural exchanges, becoming occasions for politicians and religious leaders worldwide to meet Hindu or Indian origin citizens, diplomatic staff or neighbours. Many participate in other socio-political events as a symbol of support for diversity and inclusiveness. The Catholic dicastery <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue">Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue</a>, founded as Secretariat for non-Christians by Pope Paul VI, began sending official greetings and the Pope's message to the Hindus on Diwali in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many governments encourage or sponsor Diwali-related festivities in their territories. For example, the Singaporean government, in association with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Endowments_Board" title="Hindu Endowments Board">Hindu Endowments Board</a> of Singapore, organises many cultural events during Diwali every year.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National and civic leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">the former Prince Charles</a> have attended Diwali celebrations at prominent Hindu temples in the UK, such as the <a href="/wiki/Neasden_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Neasden Temple">Swaminarayan Temple in Neasden</a>, using the occasion to highlight contributions of the Hindu community to British society.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, cities across the UK show support of the celebrations through Diwali lights, decorations, and cultural festivities such as dance performances, food stalls and workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2009, Diwali has been celebrated every year at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, the residence of the British Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diwali was first celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2003 and its religious and historical significance was officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> became the first president to personally attend Diwali at the White House in 2009. On the eve of his first visit to India as President of the United States, Obama released an official statement sharing his best wishes with "those celebrating Diwali".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year during Diwali, Indian forces approach their <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a> counterparts at the border bearing gifts of traditional Indian confectionery, a gesture that is returned in kind by the Pakistani soldiers who give Pakistani sweets to the Indian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Firecrackers_in_India" title="Firecrackers in India">Firecrackers in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireworks safety">Fireworks safety</a></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Firecracker" title="Firecracker">firecrackers</a> on Diwali increases the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> in the air. After firing, the fine dust particles get settled on the surrounding surfaces which are packed with chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and pollutants like <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">oxides of sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These invisible yet harmful particles affect the environment and in turn, put people's health at stake.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smoke created by firecrackers lit up on Diwali causes smog which sometimes takes days to clear.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Diwali, the levels of suspended particulate matter increase. When people are exposed to these pollutant particles, they may suffer from eye, nose, and throat-related problems. To produce colors when crackers are burst, <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> and poisonous elements are used.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2023 celebration, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> briefly took the top spot in the world for <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality index</a> of 680 on one night.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of fireworks during Diwali can also lead to burn injuries. One particular firework called <i>anar</i> (fountain) has been found to be responsible for 65% of such injuries, with adults being the typical victims. Most of the injuries sustained are Group I type burns (minor) requiring only outpatient care. Experts urge precaution around candles and fires and ask for children to be kept a safe distance from flames and to enjoy the festivity of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guinness_World_Record">Guinness World Record</h2></div> <p>In 2023, a Diwali celebration in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, Uttar Pradesh, India, broke the Guinness World Record for the largest display of oil lamps with 2,223,676 displayed on the eve of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-r576_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r576-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandna" title="Bandna">Bandna</a> – Agrarian festival that coincides with Diwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a> – Sikh festival that coincides with Diwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Little_Candles" title="Day of the Little Candles">Day of the Little Candles</a> – the Colombian Catholic festival of candles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Diwali (Jainism)</a> – Diwali's significance in Jainism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> – the British festival of bonfires and fireworks held on the fifth of November. In towns with a large <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">British Asian</a> community, Diwali and Guy Fawkes festivities are often combined.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> – the Jewish festival of lights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a> – Diwali is most commonly known as Kali Puja in West Bengal or in Bengali dominated areas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a> – the festival of lights observed by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and elsewhere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehyam" title="Lehyam">Lehyam</a>, often prepared on the occasion of Deepavali to aid the digestion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a> – the Chinese festival of lanterns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loy_Krathong" title="Loy Krathong">Loy Krathong</a> – the Thai festival of lights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day" title="Saint Lucy's Day">Saint Lucy's Day</a> – the Christian festival of lights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a> – Newar version of Diwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a> – Nepali version of Diwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> – the German festival of bonfires</li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Related to <b><a href="/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)" title="Diwali (Jainism)">Jain Diwali</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Sohrai" title="Sohrai">Sohrai</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Bandna" title="Bandna">Bandna</a></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">except <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The holiday is known as <i>dipawoli</i> in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>: <span lang="as">দীপাৱলী</span>, <i>dīpabolī</i> or <i>dipali</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">দীপাবলি/দীপালি</span>, <i>dīvāḷi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: <span lang="gu">દિવાળી</span>, <i>divālī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">दिवाली</span>, <i>dīpavaḷi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ದೀಪಾವಳಿ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>: <span lang="knn">दिवाळी</span>, <i>dīpāvalī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>: <span lang="mai">दीपावली</span>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: <span lang="ml">ദീപാവലി</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr">दिवाळी</span>, <i>dīpābali</i> in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଦୀପାବଳି</span>, <i>dīvālī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਦੀਵਾਲੀ</span>, <i>diyārī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: <span lang="sd" dir="rtl">दियारी</span>, <i>tīpāvaḷi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">தீபாவளி</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">దీపావళి</span>, <a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)">Swanti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">स्वन्ति</span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">tihar</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">तिहार</span> and Thudar Parba in <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>: <span lang="tcy">ತುಡರ್ ಪರ್ಬ</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical records appear inconsistent about the name of the lunar month in which Diwali is observed. One of the earliest reports on this variation was by Wilson in 1847. He explained that though the actual Hindu festival day is the same, it is identified differently in regional calendars because there are two traditions in the Hindu calendar. One tradition starts a new month from the new moon, while the other starts it from the full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Audrey Truschke, the Sunni Muslim emperor Aurangzeb did limit "public observation" of many religious holidays such as Hindu Diwali and Holi, but also of Shia observance of Muharram and the Persian holiday of Nauruz. According to Truschke, Aurangzeb did so because he found the festivals "distasteful" and also from "concerns with public safety" lurking in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stephen Blake, a part of the reason that led Aurangzeb to ban Diwali was the practice of gambling and drunken celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truschke states that Aurangzeb did not ban private practices altogether and instead "rescinded taxes previously levied on Hindu festivals" by his Mughal predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Richards disagrees and states Aurangzeb, in his zeal to revive Islam and introduce strict <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> in his empire, issued a series of edicts against Hindu festivals and shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1995p175_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1995p175-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richards, it was Akbar who abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindu festivals and pilgrims, and it was Aurangzeb who reinstated the Mughal era discriminatory taxes on festivals and increased other religion-based taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1995p175_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1995p175-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Muslims joined the Hindu community in celebrating Diwali in the Mughal era. Illustrative Islamic records, states Stephen Blake, include those of 16th-century Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi who wrote, "during Diwali.... the ignorant ones amongst Muslims, particularly women, perform the ceremonies... they celebrate it like their own Id and send presents to their daughters and sisters,.... they attach much importance and weight to this season [of Diwali]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams Jones stated that the <i>Bhutachaturdasi Yamaterpanam</i> is dedicated to Yama and ancestral spirits, the <i>Lacshmipuja dipanwita</i> to goddess Lakshmi with invocations to Kubera, the <i>Dyuta pratipat Belipuja</i> to Shiva-Parvati and Bali legends, and the <i>Bhratri dwitiya</i> to Yama-Yamuna legend and the Hindus celebrate the brother-sister relationship on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jone1799p263-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jones also noted that on the Diwali day, the Hindus had a mock cremation ceremony with "torches and flaming brands" called <i>Ulcadanam</i>, where they said goodbye to their colleagues who had died in war or in a foreign country and had never returned home. The ceremony lit the path of the missing to the mansion of Yama.<sup id="cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jone1799p263-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some inscriptions mention the festival of lights in Prakrit terms such as <i>tipa-malai</i>, <i>sara-vilakku</i> and others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sanskrit inscription is in the Grantha script. It is well preserved on the north wall of the second <i>prakara</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganatha temple</a>, Srirangam island, Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-kielhorn1896_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kielhorn1896-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Diwali-related inscription is the 4th inscription and it includes the year Vikrama Era 1268 (c. 1211 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Hultzsch1268_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hultzsch1268-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars contest the 527 BCE date and consider Mahavira's biographical details as uncertain. Some suggest he lived in the 5th-century BCE contemporaneously with the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter200735–36_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200735–36-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200222_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200222-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sikhs historically referred to this festival as Diwali. It was in early 20th-century, states Harjot Oberoi, a scholar of Sikh history, when the Khalsa Tract Society triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_Movement" title="Singh Sabha Movement">Singh Sabha Movement</a> sought to establish a Sikh identity distinct from the Hindus and the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994346–349_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994346–349-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They launched a sustained campaign to discourage Sikhs from participating in Holi and Diwali, renaming the festivals, publishing the seasonal greeting cards in the Gurmukhi language and relinking their religious significance to Sikh historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of these efforts have had a lasting impact for the Sikh community, the lighting, feasting together, social bonding, sharing and other ritual grammar of Sikh celebrations during the Diwali season are similar to those of the Hindus and Jains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindus of eastern and northeastern states of India associate the festival with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, or her fierce avatar <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to McDermott, this region also celebrated the Lakshmi puja historically, while the Kali puja tradition started during the British Raj and was particularly prominent from the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to McDermott, while the Durga Puja is the largest Bengali festival and it can be traced to the 16th-century or earlier, the start of Kali puja tradition on Diwali is traceable to no earlier than about the mid-18th-century during the reign of Raja Krishnacandra Ray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDermott further writes that the older historic documents of the Bengal confirm that the Bengali Hindus have long celebrated the night of Diwali with illuminations, firecrackers, foods, new account books, Lakshmi (not Kali), inviting their friends (including Europeans during the colonial era) and gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kali <i>sarbajanin</i> tradition on Diwali, with tantric elements in some locations, grew slowly into a popular Bengali tradition after the mid-1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a Government of Himachal Pradesh and India publication, the Vishvakarma puja is observed on the fourth day of Diwali in the Himalayan state.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Vishwakarma puja day is alternatively observed in other Hindu communities in accordance with the Hindu solar calendar, and this falls in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011908–909_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011908–909-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Arthur_Macauliffe" title="Max Arthur Macauliffe">Max Macauliffe</a>, who lived in northwest Punjab area during the colonial era and is known for his work on Sikh literature and history, wrote about Diwali <i>melas</i> to which people visited to buy horses, seek pleasure, pray in nearby Amritsar temples for the prosperity of their children and their souls, and some on "errands, more or less worthy or unworthy character".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 2017 estimate states 50,000 tons (100 million pounds) of fireworks are exploded annually in India over the Diwali festival.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a comparison, Americans explode 134,000 tons (268 million pounds) of fireworks for 4 July celebrations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was founded as Secretariat for non-Christians by Pope Paul VI. It began sending official greetings and message to Muslims in 1967 on <i>Id al-Fitr</i>. About 30 years later, in the mid-1990s the Catholic authorities began sending two additional annual official greetings and message, one to the Hindus on Diwali and the other to the Buddhists on Buddha's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diwali was not a public holiday in Pakistan from 1947 to 2016. Diwali along with Holi for Hindus, and Easter for Christians, was adopted as public holiday resolution by Pakistan's parliament in 2016, giving the local governments and public institutions the right to declare Holi as a holiday and grant leave for its minority communities, for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali celebrations have been relatively rare in contemporary Pakistan, but observed across religious lines, including by Muslims in cities such as Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2014" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Charles M (2014). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Charles+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diwaliBuddhist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diwaliBuddhist_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_T._Lewis2000" class="citation book cs1">Todd T. Lewis (7 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118"><i>Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9243-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-9243-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030235/https://books.google.com/books?id=whZ5kAPSwl8C&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Buddhist+Texts+from+Nepal%3A+Narratives+and+Rituals+of+Newar+Buddhism&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2000-09-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9243-7&rft.au=Todd+T.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhZ5kAPSwl8C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatimes.com/amp/events/diwali-2024-date-when-is-diwali-5-days-long-diwali-holidays-620859.html#When_is_Diwali_in_2024?">"Diwali 2024 Date: When is Diwali? All About the 5 Days Festival of Lights"</a>. 16 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diwali+2024+Date%3A+When+is+Diwali%3F+All+About+the+5+Days+Festival+of+Lights&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Famp%2Fevents%2Fdiwali-2024-date-when-is-diwali-5-days-long-diwali-holidays-620859.html%23When_is_Diwali_in_2024%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2008" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Jean (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5"><i>How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?</i></a>. Evans Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7"><bdi>978-0-237-53412-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111150755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=deepavali%20hinduism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+and+why+Do+Hindus+Celebrate+Divali%3F&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=978-0-237-53412-7&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJyZKOtHWg4C%26dq%3Ddeepavali%2Bhinduism%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiligman31-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heiligman31_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heiligman31_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudha_NarayananDeborah_Heiligman2008" class="citation book cs1">Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31"><i>Celebrate Diwali</i></a>. National Geographic Society. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6"><bdi>978-1-4263-0291-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>All the stories associated with Deepavali, however, speak of the joy connected with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrate+Diwali&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6&rft.au=Vasudha+Narayanan&rft.au=Deborah+Heiligman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdTJJEQsDHoC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-htoday-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-htoday_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-htoday_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTina_K_Ramnarine2013" class="citation book cs1">Tina K Ramnarine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTiPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Musical Performance in the Diaspora</i></a>. Routledge. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96956-3"><bdi>978-1-317-96956-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102013829/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTiPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Light, in the form of candles and lamps, is a crucial part of Diwali, representing the triumph of light over darkness, goodness over evil and hope for the future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Performance+in+the+Diaspora&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96956-3&rft.au=Tina+K+Ramnarine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTiPAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Mead, <i>How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7">978-0-237-53412-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melton252-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-melton252_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melton252_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstance_Jones2011">Constance Jones 2011</a>, pp. 252–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Diwali-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Diwali_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Diwali_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Oxford Dictionary of English</i> (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861263-6">978-0-19-861263-6</a> – p. 540 "<b>Diwali</b> /dɪwɑːli/ (also <b>Diwali</b>) <b>noun</b> a Hindu festival with lights...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarra_Goldstein2015222–223_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarra_Goldstein2015">Darra Goldstein 2015</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali">Diwali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501153023/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali">Archived</a> 1 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/diwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223/">"Diwali 2020 Date in India: When is Diwali in 2020?"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 11 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116074618/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/diwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Diwali+2020+Date+in+India%3A+When+is+Diwali+in+2020%3F&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Flifestyle%2Flife-style%2Fdiwali-2020-date-in-india-when-is-diwali-in-2020-7013223%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaltimes18.com/when-is-diwali/">"Diwali 2024: When is Diwali in 2024? All you need to know its Significations - Global Times 18"</a>. 23 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diwali+2024%3A+When+is+Diwali+in+2024%3F+All+you+need+to+know+its+Significations+-+Global+Times+18&rft.date=2024-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaltimes18.com%2Fwhen-is-diwali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). <i>Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStent2013" class="citation book cs1">Stent, David (22 October 2013). <i>Religious Studies: Made Simple</i>. Elsevier. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8320-6"><bdi>978-1-4831-8320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Studies%3A+Made+Simple&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-8320-6&rft.aulast=Stent&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhcd-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhcd_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhcd_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhcd_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Heiligman, <i>Celebrate Diwali</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5923-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5923-7">978-0-7922-5923-7</a>, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suzanne_Barchers_2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suzanne_Barchers_2013_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Barchers (2013). <i>The Big Book of Holidays and Cultural Celebrations</i>, Shell Education, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4258-1048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4258-1048-1">978-1-4258-1048-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2006_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, S.P.; Gupta, Seema (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79"><i>Fairs and Festivals of India</i></a>. Pustak Mahal. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0951-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-0951-5"><bdi>978-81-223-0951-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200725/https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&q=diwali+mahavira+527&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairs+and+Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-223-0951-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPPr9HdmnHcC%26q%3Ddiwali%2Bmahavira%2B527%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N._Upadhye,_Review_1982_pp._231–232-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N._Upadhye,_Review_1982_pp._231–232_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhye1982" class="citation journal cs1">Upadhye, A.N. (January–March 1982). Cohen, Richard J. (ed.). "Mahavira and His Teachings". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>102</b> (1): 231–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601199">10.2307/601199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601199">601199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Mahavira+and+His+Teachings&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=231-232&rft.date=1982-01%2F1982-03&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F601199&rft.aulast=Upadhye&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_Teece2005" class="citation book cs1">Geoff Teece (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. Smart Apple Media. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0"><bdi>978-1-58340-469-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102024403/https://books.google.com/books?id=kJO1WIABhPQC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Smart+Apple+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-469-0&rft.au=Geoff+Teece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJO1WIABhPQC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MK72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MK72_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott and Kripal p.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prem_Saran_2012_175-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prem_Saran_2012_175_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prem_Saran_2012_175_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrem_Saran2012" class="citation book cs1">Prem Saran (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175"><i>Yoga, Bhoga and Ardhanariswara: Individuality, Wellbeing and Gender in Tantra</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51648-1"><bdi>978-1-136-51648-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102021020/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-DfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Bhoga+and+Ardhanariswara%3A+Individuality%2C+Wellbeing+and+Gender+in+Tantra&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51648-1&rft.au=Prem+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-DfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YustJohnson2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YustJohnson2006_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren-Marie_YustAostre_N._JohnsonSandy_Eisenberg_Sasso2006" class="citation book cs1">Karen-Marie Yust; Aostre N. Johnson; Sandy Eisenberg Sasso (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dWh0l-iXHUC&pg=PA223"><i>Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4463-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-4463-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dWh0l-iXHUC&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nurturing+Child+and+Adolescent+Spirituality%3A+Perspectives+from+the+World%27s+Religious+Traditions&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4463-5&rft.au=Karen-Marie+Yust&rft.au=Aostre+N.+Johnson&rft.au=Sandy+Eisenberg+Sasso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dWh0l-iXHUC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 200–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011300–301-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011300–301_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011">Christopher H. Johnson, Simon Teuscher & David Warren Sabean 2011</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManju_N._Shah199541–44-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManju_N._Shah199541–44_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManju_N._Shah1995">Manju N. Shah 1995</a>, pp. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Fieldhouse2017150–151_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul_Fieldhouse2017">Paul Fieldhouse 2017</a>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_P._MinesSarah_E._Lamb2010" class="citation book cs1">Diane P. Mines; Sarah E. Lamb (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iczwAAAAQBAJ"><i>Everyday Life in South Asia, Second Edition</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01357-6"><bdi>978-0-253-01357-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702103809/https://books.google.com/books?id=iczwAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+South+Asia%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01357-6&rft.au=Diane+P.+Mines&rft.au=Sarah+E.+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiczwAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130421024513/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/08/23/india-journal-tis-the-season-to-be-shopping/">India Journal: ‘Tis the Season to be Shopping</a> Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry_Johnson200771–73-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry_Johnson200771–73_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry_Johnson2007">Henry Johnson 2007</a>, pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly198840–55-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly198840–55_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly1988">Kelly 1988</a>, pp. 40–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Events/2016-FIJI-PUBLIC-HOLIDAYS.aspx">Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916055429/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Events/2016-FIJI-PUBLIC-HOLIDAYS.aspx">Archived</a> 16 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Fiji</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicholidays.gy/">Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163247/https://publicholidays.gy/">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Guyana</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrdf.com.my/wps/portal/PSMB/MainEN/Resources/Public-Holiday">Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305093432/http://www.hrdf.com.my/wps/portal/PSMB/MainEN/Resources/Public-Holiday">Archived</a> 5 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Malaysia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evisa.moip.gov.mm/public_holiday.aspx">Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817060609/https://evisa.moip.gov.mm/public_holiday.aspx">Archived</a> 17 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Myanmar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mos.com.np/holidaylist.php">Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163545/http://www.mos.com.np/holidaylist.php">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Nepal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms">Pakistan parliament adopts resolution for Holi, Diwali, Easter holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306175436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-parliament-adopts-resolution-for-Holi-Diwali-Easter-holidays/articleshow/51423609.cms">Archived</a> 6 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Times of India (16 March 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2016/0405-singapore-public-holidays-2017">Public Gazetted Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215719/http://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/2016/0405-singapore-public-holidays-2017">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Singapore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/jdDBDoIwDAbgp-FKC8tUvHFARUwMGBV2MWjmwCAjY4KPL3ozKNpbm-9P_hQYxMDKtMlFqnNZpsVzZ6NDENpIfYfgOkQH7ci3PKQBmY9JB5I3EM1nHfCotQh2BBH_y-OXcX_mN7yEPbBBtqQ90K_5AgM9lsBEIY-vnyRueSQTAUzxM1dcmTfVnTOtq3pqoIFt25pCSlFw8ySvBn6KZLLWEL9LqK7b-O5faNGs3AdjOzzp/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/gortt/wcm/connect/gortt+web+content/ttconnect/non-national/role/anationalabroad/generalinformation/official+public+holidays">Official Public Holidays</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303062241/https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/jdDBDoIwDAbgp-FKC8tUvHFARUwMGBV2MWjmwCAjY4KPL3ozKNpbm-9P_hQYxMDKtMlFqnNZpsVzZ6NDENpIfYfgOkQH7ci3PKQBmY9JB5I3EM1nHfCotQh2BBH_y-OXcX_mN7yEPbBBtqQ90K_5AgM9lsBEIY-vnyRueSQTAUzxM1dcmTfVnTOtq3pqoIFt25pCSlFw8ySvBn6KZLLWEL9LqK7b-O5faNGs3AdjOzzp/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fgortt+web+content%2Fttconnect%2Fnon-national%2Frole%2Fanationalabroad%2Fgeneralinformation%2Fofficial+public+holidays">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Government of Trinidad & Tobago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/full-list-of-usa-states-that-recognise-diwali-as-a-state-holiday/articleshow/114586236.cms">"Full list of USA states that recognise Diwali as a state holiday"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 25 October 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Full+list+of+USA+states+that+recognise+Diwali+as+a+state+holiday&rft.date=2024-10-25&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Ffull-list-of-usa-states-that-recognise-diwali-as-a-state-holiday%2Farticleshow%2F114586236.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECybelle_T._Shattuck199951,_124-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybelle_T._Shattuck199951,_124_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCybelle_T._Shattuck1999">Cybelle T. Shattuck 1999</a>, pp. 51, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011255-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011255_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011">Jessica Frazier & Gavin Flood 2011</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, दीप, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=481">p. 481</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817230340/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=481">Archived</a> 17 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams (2008 updated, Harvard University), Sanskrit English dictionary, आवलि, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0155-Avarjaka.jpg">p. 155</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327103005/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanjpg%2Fmw0155-Avarjaka.jpg">Archived</a> 27 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011252–253_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstance_Jones2011">Constance Jones 2011</a>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–62_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.H._Wilson1847" class="citation journal cs1">H.H. Wilson (1847). "Religious festivals of the Hindus". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>9</b>: 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Religious+festivals+of+the+Hindus&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1847&rft.au=H.H.+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-about_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php">"Indian Government Holiday Calendar"</a>. National Portal of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225122630/https://www.india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Government+Holiday+Calendar&rft.pub=National+Portal+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.gov.in%2Fcalendar%2Fcalendar.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Isaac_LevyKedar_Raj_Rajopadhyaya1990" class="citation book cs1">Robert Isaac Levy; Kedar Raj Rajopadhyaya (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC"><i>Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 411–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06911-4"><bdi>978-0-520-06911-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112124529/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngacsMPGJPcC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesocosm%3A+Hinduism+and+the+Organization+of+a+Traditional+Newar+City+in+Nepal&rft.pages=411-417&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06911-4&rft.au=Robert+Isaac+Levy&rft.au=Kedar+Raj+Rajopadhyaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngacsMPGJPcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shrestha, Bal Gopal (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_03.pdf">"The Svanti Festival: Victory over Death and the Renewal of the Ritual Cycle in Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contributions to Nepalese Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 206–221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213034438/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Nepalese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Svanti+Festival%3A+Victory+over+Death+and+the+Renewal+of+the+Ritual+Cycle+in+Nepal&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-221&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Bal+Gopal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fcontributions%2Fpdf%2FCNAS_33_02_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l796-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l796_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger2010" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC"><i>The Hindus: An Alternative History</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959334-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959334-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindus%3A+An+Alternative+History&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959334-7&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNsXZkdHvXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClothey1978" class="citation book cs1">Clothey, F.W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC&pg=PA224"><i>The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God</i></a>. Religion and society. Mouton. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7632-1"><bdi>978-90-279-7632-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Murukan%CC%B2%3A+The+History+and+Meaning+of+a+South+Indian+God&rft.series=Religion+and+society&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7632-1&rft.aulast=Clothey&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AevljBmCRQC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 59–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002355-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002355_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bnsharma-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bnsharma_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnsharma_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">BN Sharma, <i>Festivals of India</i>, South Asia Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0283-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0283-4">978-0-8364-0283-4</a>, pp. 9–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yaksha-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yaksha_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradpande1987" class="citation book cs1">Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). <i>History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1</i>. Abhinav Publications. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-221-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-221-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Theatre%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-221-5&rft.aulast=Varadpande&rft.aufirst=Manohar+Laxman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.N. Nandi (2009), in <i>A Social History of Early India</i> (Editor: B. Chattopadhyaya), Volume 2, Part 5, Pearson Education, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1958-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1958-9">978-81-317-1958-9</a>, pp. 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham_Eraly2015315–316-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham_Eraly2015315–316_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2015">Abraham Eraly 2015</a>, pp. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_Sewell200685–86_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_Sewell2006">Robert Sewell 2006</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/diwali-festival-2020-special-gift/">"Diwali Festival 2020 India:Date,Story,Celebration,Diwali Special Gift"</a>. <i>S A NEWS</i>. 12 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114053744/https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/diwali-festival-2020-special-gift/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S+A+NEWS&rft.atitle=Diwali+Festival+2020+India%3ADate%2CStory%2CCelebration%2CDiwali+Special+Gift&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.jagatgururampalji.org%2Fdiwali-festival-2020-special-gift%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_M._Eaton1996159–160_with_footnotes-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_M._Eaton1996159–160_with_footnotes_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996">Richard M. Eaton 1996</a>, pp. 159–160 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Melville2012526-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Melville2012526_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles_Melville2012">Charles Melville 2012</a>, p. 526: "He [Mahmud b. Amir Vali] gives a very detailed account of the celebration of the ten days of Moharram, which he witnessed in Lahore in 1965, as well as Hindu festivals such as Diwali (...)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiyokazu_Okita201428–29-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiyokazu_Okita201428–29_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiyokazu_Okita2014">Kiyokazu Okita 2014</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Blake201387–89_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen_Blake2013">Stephen Blake 2013</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudrey_Truschke201774–75_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAudrey_Truschke2017">Audrey Truschke 2017</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1995p175-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1995p175_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards1995p175_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1995" class="citation book cs1">John F. Richards (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC"><i>The Mughal Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40, 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=38-40%2C+175-176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56603-2&rft.au=John+F.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jone1799p263-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jone1799p263_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_William_Jones1799" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a> (1799). "The Lunar Year of the Hindus". <i>Asiatic Researches</i>. <b>3</b>: 263–267, context: 257–293, note the mention of Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers, immersion ceremony on Durga puja.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatic+Researches&rft.atitle=The+Lunar+Year+of+the+Hindus&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=263-267%2C+context%3A+257-293%2C+note+the+mention+of+Brahmaputra+and+Ganges+rivers%2C+immersion+ceremony+on+Durga+puja&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Sir+William+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_William_KayeWilliam_Simpson1867" class="citation book cs1">John William Kaye; William Simpson (1867). <i>India ancient and modern: a series of illustrations of the Country and people of India and adjacent territories. Executed in chromolithography from drawings by William Simpson</i>. London Day and Son. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162249047">162249047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+ancient+and+modern%3A+a+series+of+illustrations+of+the+Country+and+people+of+India+and+adjacent+territories.+Executed+in+chromolithography+from+drawings+by+William+Simpson&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=London+Day+and+Son&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162249047&rft.au=John+William+Kaye&rft.au=William+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1966" class="citation book cs1">Dineschandra Sircar (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC"><i>Indian Epigraphical Glossary</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0562-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0562-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200729/https://books.google.com/books?id=pySCGvdyYLIC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphical+Glossary&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0562-0&rft.au=Dineschandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpySCGvdyYLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Hultzsch1899" class="citation book cs1">E. Hultzsch (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcIUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archæological Survey of India, Volume V</i></a>. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120608/https://books.google.com/books?id=TcIUAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+and+Record+of+the+Arch%C3%A6ological+Survey+of+India%2C+Volume+V&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing%2C+India&rft.date=1899&rft.au=E.+Hultzsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcIUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Dineschandra Sircar (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC"><i>Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5"><bdi>978-81-208-2790-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132825/https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Religious+Life+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2790-5&rft.au=Dineschandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh1y1eMgGBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.S._Panchamukhi1933" class="citation book cs1">R.S. Panchamukhi (1933). Hirananda Sastri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69982"><i>Epigraphia Indica, Volume XX</i></a>. Archaeological Society of India. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69982/page/n151">117</a>, 121, see Lines 44–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica%2C+Volume+XX&rft.pages=117%2C+121%2C+see+Lines+44-52&rft.pub=Archaeological+Society+of+India&rft.date=1933&rft.au=R.S.+Panchamukhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.69982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kielhorn1896-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kielhorn1896_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kielhorn1896_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Kielhorn1896" class="citation book cs1">F. Kielhorn (1896). E. Hultzsch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Indica, Volume IV</i></a>. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 148–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=vqZCAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pages=148-151&rft.pub=Archaeological+Society+of+India&rft.date=1896&rft.au=F.+Kielhorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqZCAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamendra_Nath_Nandi1973" class="citation book cs1">Ramendra Nath Nandi (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7HRgstuWe6EC"><i>Religious Institutions and Cults in the Deccan, c. A.D. 600–A.D. 1000</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0564-9"><bdi>978-0-8426-0564-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120609/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HRgstuWe6EC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Institutions+and+Cults+in+the+Deccan%2C+c.+A.D.+600%E2%80%93A.D.+1000&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0564-9&rft.au=Ramendra+Nath+Nandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7HRgstuWe6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhusudan_A._DhakyMichael_W._Meister1996" class="citation book cs1">Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael W. Meister (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture, Volume 1, Part 3</i></a>. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 255–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86526-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86526-00-2"><bdi>978-81-86526-00-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120610/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+temple+architecture%2C+Volume+1%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=255-257&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-86526-00-2&rft.au=Madhusudan+A.+Dhaky&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXIYAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hultzsch1268-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hultzsch1268_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hultzsch1268_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Hultzsch1980" class="citation book cs1">E. Hultzsch (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaXI/Epigraphia%20Indica%20XI#page/n71"><i>Epigraphia Indica, Volume XI</i></a>. Archaeological Society of India. pp. 52–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica%2C+Volume+XI&rft.pages=52-55&rft.pub=Archaeological+Society+of+India&rft.date=1980&rft.au=E.+Hultzsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FEpigraphiaIndicaXI%2FEpigraphia%2520Indica%2520XI%23page%2Fn71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManohar_Laxman_Varadpande1983" class="citation book cs1">Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SISkCN6L0nUC&pg=PA23"><i>Religion and Theatre</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02794-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02794-7"><bdi>978-0-391-02794-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=SISkCN6L0nUC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>The most important reference is to the setting up of the golden cupola in the newly built central hall for dramatic performances on the occasion of Dipotsava Dana in v.s. 1268. The inscription written in Sanskrit clearly points out a tradition, in the Jain Viharas of performing plays on festive occasions before the idol of Mahavira.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Theatre&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02794-7&rft.au=Manohar+Laxman+Varadpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSISkCN6L0nUC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200691_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2022" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Mason (2022). <i>Diwali and Its Origins</i>. OUACHITA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diwali+and+Its+Origins&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=OUACHITA+BAPTIST+UNIVERSITY&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diwalicelebrations.net/diwali-legends/krisna-narakasur.html">"Krishna Killed Narakasur – The Narakasur Legend of Diwali – Diwali Legend"</a>. <i>diwalicelebrations.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227121743/http://www.diwalicelebrations.net/diwali-legends/krisna-narakasur.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diwalicelebrations.net&rft.atitle=Krishna+Killed+Narakasur+%E2%80%93+The+Narakasur+Legend+of+Diwali+%E2%80%93+Diwali+Legend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwalicelebrations.net%2Fdiwali-legends%2Fkrisna-narakasur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karen_Pechilis_2007_pp_273-275_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechilis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pechilis, Karen (2007). "Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 273–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911807000460">10.1017/S0021911807000460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Guests+at+God%27s+Wedding%3A+Celebrating+Kartik+among+the+Women+of+Benares&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=273-275&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911807000460&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012">Laura Amazzone 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buck, C. (2008). <i>Hindu Festivals</i>, Festivals in Indian Society (2 Vols. Set), Vol 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-113-7">978-81-8324-113-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2006" class="citation journal cs1">Holm, Jean (2006). "Growing Up in Hinduism". <i>British Journal of Religious Education</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 116–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0141620840060303">10.1080/0141620840060303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Religious+Education&rft.atitle=Growing+Up+in+Hinduism&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=116-120&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0141620840060303&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael_D._Coogan2003152–153_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003">Michael D. Coogan 2003</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavanya_Vemsani2016190–191-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavanya_Vemsani2016190–191_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016">Lavanya Vemsani 2016</a>, pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vasudha31-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vasudha31_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudha_NarayananDeborah_Heiligman2008" class="citation book cs1">Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC"><i>Celebrate Diwali</i></a>. National Geographic. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6"><bdi>978-1-4263-0291-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102030400/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrate+Diwali&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6&rft.au=Vasudha+Narayanan&rft.au=Deborah+Heiligman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdTJJEQsDHoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?wfc_cid=39">Hindu Festivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011182204/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?wfc_cid=39">Archived</a> 11 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hinduism Today (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Plum-Ucci (2007). <i>Celebrate Diwali</i>, Enslow Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-2778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-2778-7">978-0-7660-2778-7</a>, pp. 39–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank_Salamone2004112,_Article_on_Divali_by_Lindsey_Harlan_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank_Salamone2004">Frank Salamone 2004</a>, p. 112, Article on Divali by Lindsey Harlan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridget_Brereton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Brereton" title="Bridget Brereton">Bridget Brereton</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNrUU360mzsC&pg=PA113"><i>An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago</i></a>. Heinemann. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98474-8"><bdi>978-0-435-98474-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=uNrUU360mzsC&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-435-98474-8&rft.au=Bridget+Brereton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNrUU360mzsC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry (1 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17411910701276526">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Happy Diwali!' Performance, Multicultural Soundscapes and Intervention in Aotearoa/New Zealand"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology Forum</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17411910701276526">10.1080/17411910701276526</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-1912">1741-1912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191322269">191322269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111152309/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17411910701276526">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology+Forum&rft.atitle=%27Happy+Diwali%21%27+Performance%2C+Multicultural+Soundscapes+and+Intervention+in+Aotearoa%2FNew+Zealand&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191322269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1741-1912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17411910701276526&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F17411910701276526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Diwali_broadsheet-color.pdf">Diwali – Celebrating the triumph of goodness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041444/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/pdf_downloads/pagers/Hindu-Festival_Diwali_broadsheet-color.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hinduism Today (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7">978-0-237-53412-7</a>, pp. 8–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobi_1895-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobi_1895_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobiEd._F._Max_Müller1895" class="citation book cs1">Jacobi, Hermann; Ed. F. Max Müller (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm"><i>Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Jain Sutras Part II, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 45</i></a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704214930/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttaradhyayana+Sutra%2C+Jain+Sutras+Part+II%2C+Sacred+Books+of+the+East%2C+Vol.+45&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Ed.+F.+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe45%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200926,_42_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009">Jeffery D. Long 2009</a>, pp. 26, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200735–36-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter200735–36_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2007">Potter 2007</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200222-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200222_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011255-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011255_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011">J Gordon Melton 2011</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200942-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffery_D._Long200942_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009">Jeffery D. Long 2009</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer197813-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer197813_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer1978">Jyotindra Jain & Eberhard Fischer 1978</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H.S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA62"><i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102024429/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.au=H.S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._S._Grewal199850–51,_60,_73–78,_93-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._S._Grewal199850–51,_60,_73–78,_93_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998">J. S. Grewal 1998</a>, pp. 50–51, 60, 73–78, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay_Colledge2017276–278-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay_Colledge2017276–278_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay_Colledge2017">Ray Colledge 2017</a>, pp. 276–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014431–433-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014431–433_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014">Pashaura Singh & Louis E. Fenech 2014</a>, pp. 431–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994346–349-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994346–349_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994">Harjot Oberoi 1994</a>, pp. 346–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994347–349_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994">Harjot Oberoi 1994</a>, pp. 347–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Burbank2002" class="citation book cs1">Jon Burbank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EaWLU6Blh_sC&pg=PA111"><i>Nepal</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1476-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1476-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102013443/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaWLU6Blh_sC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1476-6&rft.au=Jon+Burbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEaWLU6Blh_sC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fs-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fs_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Salamone (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals and Festivals</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88091-6">978-0-415-88091-6</a>, Routledge, pp. 112–113, 174, 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raat-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raat_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramodkumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Pramodkumar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109"><i>Meri Khoj Ek Bharat Ki</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1240-9"><bdi>978-1-4357-1240-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120623/https://books.google.com/books?id=6A9EZRQIT9kC&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. The goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> likes cleanliness, and it is believed that she will visit the cleanest house first. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meri+Khoj+Ek+Bharat+Ki&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-1240-9&rft.au=Pramodkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6A9EZRQIT9kC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011183–188_124-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2011">McDermott 2011</a>, pp. 183–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Bellenir (1997). <i>Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopedic Handbook</i>, 2nd Edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0258-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0258-2">978-0-7808-0258-2</a>, Omnigraphics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajat_GuptaNishant_SinghIshita_Kirar" class="citation book cs1">Rajat Gupta; Nishant Singh; Ishita Kirar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Hospitality & Tourism Management</i></a>. Vikas. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-259-8244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-259-8244-4"><bdi>978-93-259-8244-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120612/https://books.google.com/books?id=DatDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hospitality+%26+Tourism+Management&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.isbn=978-93-259-8244-4&rft.au=Rajat+Gupta&rft.au=Nishant+Singh&rft.au=Ishita+Kirar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDatDDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haar2009-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haar2009_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haar2009_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristen_HaarSewa_Singh_Kalsi2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC"><i>Sikhism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0647-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0647-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123615/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2&rft.au=Kristen+Haar&rft.au=Sewa+Singh+Kalsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOI1nB_zTyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShobhna_Gupta2002" class="citation book cs1">Shobhna Gupta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTEC&pg=PA84"><i>Festivals of India</i></a>. Har-Anand. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0869-7"><bdi>978-81-241-0869-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120607/https://books.google.com/books?id=g4TtrdejbTEC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Har-Anand&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0869-7&rft.au=Shobhna+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4TtrdejbTEC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200692–93_130-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley198833–34_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1988">David Kinsley 1988</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClosson2023" class="citation news cs1">Closson, Troy (26 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/nyregion/diwali-school-holiday-nyc.html">"Diwali Is Set to Become a School Holiday in New York City"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804020242/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/26/nyregion/diwali-school-holiday-nyc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Diwali+Is+Set+to+Become+a+School+Holiday+in+New+York+City&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft.aulast=Closson&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F26%2Fnyregion%2Fdiwali-school-holiday-nyc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200559–60_133-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diwali-Hindu-festival">"Diwali | Definition & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 14 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501153023/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/166786/Diwali">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Diwali+%7C+Definition+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDiwali-Hindu-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drikpanchang1-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drikpanchang1_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drikpanchang1_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLP" class="citation web cs1">LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/yama-deepam/yama-deepam-date-time.html">"2020 Yama Deepam date and timings for New Delhi, NCT, India"</a>. <i>Drikpanchang</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223185715/http://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/yama-deepam/yama-deepam-date-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drikpanchang&rft.atitle=2020+Yama+Deepam+date+and+timings+for+New+Delhi%2C+NCT%2C+India&rft.aulast=LLP&rft.aufirst=Adarsh+Mobile+Applications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drikpanchang.com%2Fdiwali%2Fyama-deepam%2Fyama-deepam-date-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swahainternational1-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swahainternational1_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swahainternational1_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swahainternational.org/the-yam-deep-or-jam-ke-deeya/">"The 'Yam-deep' or 'Jam ke Deeya' – SWAHA International"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120618/http://www.swahainternational.org/the-yam-deep-or-jam-ke-deeya/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Yam-deep%27+or+%27Jam+ke+Deeya%27+%E2%80%93+SWAHA+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swahainternational.org%2Fthe-yam-deep-or-jam-ke-deeya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astroved1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astroved1_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astroved1_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astroved.com/blogs/significance-yama-deepam-diwali-eve">"Significance of Yama Deepam on Diwali Eve"</a>. AstroVed.com. 29 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419040402/https://www.astroved.com/blogs/significance-yama-deepam-diwali-eve">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Significance+of+Yama+Deepam+on+Diwali+Eve&rft.pub=AstroVed.com&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astroved.com%2Fblogs%2Fsignificance-yama-deepam-diwali-eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/choti-diwali-2020-date-kali-chaudas-significance-when-and-how-to-celebrate/articleshow/79203502.cms">"Choti Diwali 2020 date: Kali Chaudas significance, when and how to celebrate"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114134308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/choti-diwali-2020-date-kali-chaudas-significance-when-and-how-to-celebrate/articleshow/79203502.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Choti+Diwali+2020+date%3A+Kali+Chaudas+significance%2C+when+and+how+to+celebrate&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fastrology%2Frituals-puja%2Fchoti-diwali-2020-date-kali-chaudas-significance-when-and-how-to-celebrate%2Farticleshow%2F79203502.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61,_63-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200560–61,_63_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 60–61, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ravana">"Ravana | King of Lanka, Demon King, Ten-Headed | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 24 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602165102/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ravana">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ravana+%7C+King+of+Lanka%2C+Demon+King%2C+Ten-Headed+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRavana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drikpanchang.com-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drikpanchang.com_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/hanuman-puja/hanuman-puja-date-time.html?year=2020">"2020 Hanuman Puja date and time during Diwali for New Delhi, NCT, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103035611/https://www.drikpanchang.com/diwali/hanuman-puja/hanuman-puja-date-time.html?year=2020">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Hanuman+Puja+date+and+time+during+Diwali+for+New+Delhi%2C+NCT%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drikpanchang.com%2Fdiwali%2Fhanuman-puja%2Fhanuman-puja-date-time.html%3Fyear%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200693–94_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillary_Rodrigues201629-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillary_Rodrigues201629_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2016">Hillary Rodrigues 2016</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen_Jacobs201026_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen_Jacobs2010">Stephen Jacobs 2010</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mead2008-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mead2008_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Mead2008" class="citation book cs1">Jean Mead (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&pg=PA4"><i>How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?</i></a>. Evans Brothers. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-53412-7"><bdi>978-0-237-53412-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120611/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+and+why+Do+Hindus+Celebrate+Divali%3F&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=2008-02&rft.isbn=978-0-237-53412-7&rft.au=Jean+Mead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJyZKOtHWg4C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_Jones2011254_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstance_Jones2011">Constance Jones 2011</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–95_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200697–98-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200697–98_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bowker, ed., Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions (Oxford UP, 2000), See Festivals</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459,_69-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459,_69_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2014">Klaus K. Klostermaier 2014</a>, pp. 59, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstantina_Rhodes20101–2-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstantina_Rhodes20101–2_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantina_Rhodes2010">Constantina Rhodes 2010</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004253–255-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004253–255_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 253–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200561–63_155-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 61–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–97-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOm_Lata_Bahadur200694–97_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006">Om Lata Bahadur 2006</a>, pp. 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firecracker2-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firecracker2_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrillo2007" class="citation book cs1">Petrillo, Valerie (28 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GErOyV7FBNUC&pg=PA175"><i>Asian American History</i></a>. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-634-3"><bdi>978-1-55652-634-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110120612/https://books.google.com/books?id=GErOyV7FBNUC&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>There are firecrackers everywhere to scare off evil spirits and contribute to the festive atmosphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+American+History&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-634-3&rft.aulast=Petrillo&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGErOyV7FBNUC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firecracker3-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Firecracker3_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRoccoDundasIan_Zimmerman1996" class="citation book cs1">DeRocco, David; Dundas, Joan; Ian Zimmerman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRyb8XqB7dEC&pg=SA9-PA1"><i>The International Holiday & Festival Primer</i></a>. Full Blast Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895451-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895451-24-5"><bdi>978-1-895451-24-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153321/https://books.google.com/books?id=TRyb8XqB7dEC&pg=SA9-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>But as well as delighting the spectators, the fireworks are believed to chase away evil spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Holiday+%26+Festival+Primer&rft.pub=Full+Blast+Productions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-895451-24-5&rft.aulast=DeRocco&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Dundas%2C+Joan&rft.au=Ian+Zimmerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRyb8XqB7dEC%26pg%3DSA9-PA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200563–64_160-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NarayananKurup1976-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NarayananKurup1976_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.G.S._NarayananK.K.N._Kurup1976" class="citation book cs1">M.G.S. Narayanan; K.K.N. Kurup (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvELAAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Studies in Kerala</i></a>. Department of History, University of Calicut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103135407/http://books.google.com/books?id=mvELAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+in+Kerala&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+University+of+Calicut&rft.date=1976&rft.au=M.G.S.+Narayanan&rft.au=K.K.N.+Kurup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvELAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Heiligman, <i>Celebrate Diwali</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4263-0291-6">978-1-4263-0291-6</a>, National Geographic, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_D._Crump2014112–113_163-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliam_D._Crump2014">William D. Crump 2014</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200564–65-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200564–65_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodrick1987-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodrick1987_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLodrick1987">Lodrick 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Haberman2006" class="citation book cs1">David L. Haberman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA129"><i>River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24789-5"><bdi>978-0-520-24789-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153322/https://books.google.com/books?id=63uDsPPr48gC&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+of+Love+in+an+Age+of+Pollution%3A+The+Yamuna+River+of+Northern+India&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24789-5&rft.au=David+L.+Haberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63uDsPPr48gC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman200566–69_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005">Tracy Pintchman 2005</a>, pp. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/bhai-bij">"Bhai Bij in India in 2020"</a>. <i>Office Holidays</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116022133/https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/bhai-bij">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+Holidays&rft.atitle=Bhai+Bij+in+India+in+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officeholidays.com%2Fholidays%2Fbhai-bij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India_&_Himachal_Pradesh1982" class="citation book cs1">Government of India & Himachal Pradesh (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EqykjrjNPYC"><i>Census of India, 1981: Himachal Pradesh</i></a>. Controller of Publications. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153324/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EqykjrjNPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1981%3A+Himachal+Pradesh&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Controller+of+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Government+of+India+%26+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EqykjrjNPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011908–909-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ_Gordon_Melton2011908–909_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011">J Gordon Melton 2011</a>, pp. 908–909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanGeorge2017" class="citation journal cs1">Narayan, Kirin; George, Kenneth M. (2017). "Tools and world-making in the worship of Vishwakarma". <i>South Asian History and Culture</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 478–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1371506">10.1080/19472498.2017.1371506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149325687">149325687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Tools+and+world-making+in+the+worship+of+Vishwakarma&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=478-492&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1371506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149325687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=Kirin&rft.au=George%2C+Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadowala1998-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kadowala1998_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadowala1998" class="citation book cs1">Kadowala, Dilip (1998). <i>Diwali</i>. London: Evans Brothers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-51801-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-51801-1"><bdi>978-0-237-51801-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diwali&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-237-51801-1&rft.aulast=Kadowala&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarjot_Oberoi1994188–190_with_footnote_96_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994">Harjot Oberoi 1994</a>, pp. 188–190 with footnote 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priya Krishna (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/dining/diwali-mela-dallas-food.html">If You Missed Diwali in India, Dallas Is the Place to Be</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005814/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/31/dining/diwali-mela-dallas-food.html">Archived</a> 20 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 31 October 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/15570042.Manchester_Dashehra_and_Diwali_Mela_plans_announced/">Manchester Dashehra and Diwali Mela plans announced</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005747/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/15570042.Manchester_Dashehra_and_Diwali_Mela_plans_announced/">Archived</a> 20 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asian Image (2 October 2017), United Kingdom</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlaus_K._Klostermaier201459_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2014">Klaus K. Klostermaier 2014</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/festive-season-to-boost-india-gold-buying/145">Festive season to boost India gold buying</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207104526/http://www.bullionstreet.com/news/festive-season-to-boost-india-gold-buying/145">Archived</a> 7 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bullion Street (15 October 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.org/jewellery/markets/india/">Gold, Key markets: India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207084755/http://www.gold.org/jewellery/markets/india/">Archived</a> 7 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Gold Council (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/937525dc-e33f-11df-97db-00144feabdc0.html">India's banks face pre-Diwali cash crunch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121010/https://www.ft.com/content/937525dc-e33f-11df-97db-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> 10 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> James Lamont, <i>The Financial Times</i> (29 October 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/festive-season-consumer-spending-slowing-economy-inflation-retailers/1/321275.html">Diwali lights up consumer spending, festive spirit beats inflation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110043954/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/festive-season-consumer-spending-slowing-economy-inflation-retailers/1/321275.html">Archived</a> 10 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> M.G. Arun, India Today (1 November 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao200171–95-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao200171–95_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao2001">Rao 2001</a>, pp. 71–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028060716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-24/india/43361997_1_firecrackers-tamil-nadu-fireworks-diwali">Firecrackers to cost a bomb this Diwali</a> <i>The Times of India</i> (24 October 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/17/558067395/fear-of-toxic-smog-leads-india-to-limit-diwali-fireworks">Fear Of Toxic Smog Leads India To Limit Diwali Fireworks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113355/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/17/558067395/fear-of-toxic-smog-leads-india-to-limit-diwali-fireworks">Archived</a> 22 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NPR (17 October 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2018/06/29/july-4th-fireworks-billion-dollar-burn-injuries/">Firework Facts: Americans Incinerate $1 Billion in July Fourth Fireworks Every Year</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113406/http://fortune.com/2018/06/29/july-4th-fireworks-billion-dollar-burn-injuries/">Archived</a> 22 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fortune (29 June 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/online-sales-may-surpass-rs-30000-crore-in-festive-month-assocham/articleshow/61035441.cms">Oneline sales may surpass Rs 30000 crores in festive months</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828055348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/online-sales-may-surpass-rs-30000-crore-in-festive-month-assocham/articleshow/61035441.cms">Archived</a> 28 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Times of India (11 October 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=6536">Average family to spend Rs. 10,000 on this Diwali: ASSOCHAM survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005805/http://www.assocham.org/newsdetail.php?id=6536">Archived</a> 20 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ASSOCHAM (17 October 2017); Tarandip Kaur (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarandipkaur/2017/10/18/festival-of-lights-all-you-need-to-know-about-diwali/">"Festival of Lights: All You Need to Know About Diwali"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819214317/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarandipkaur/2017/10/18/festival-of-lights-all-you-need-to-know-about-diwali/">Archived</a> 19 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Forbes</i> (18 October 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-explainer-what-is-diwali-muhurat-trading-and-why-it-is-best-time-to-invest-in-stocks-2918360">"DNA Explainer: What is Diwali Muhurat Trading and why it is best time to invest in stocks"</a>. <i>DNA India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092714/https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dna-explainer-what-is-diwali-muhurat-trading-and-why-it-is-best-time-to-invest-in-stocks-2918360">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=DNA+Explainer%3A+What+is+Diwali+Muhurat+Trading+and+why+it+is+best+time+to+invest+in+stocks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fbusiness%2Freport-dna-explainer-what-is-diwali-muhurat-trading-and-why-it-is-best-time-to-invest-in-stocks-2918360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201112005141/en/NextFins-Celebrates-Diwali-With-the-Launch-of-INDF">"NextFins Celebrates Diwali With the Launch of INDF"</a>. <i>businesswire.com</i>. 12 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112204731/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201112005141/en/NextFins-Celebrates-Diwali-With-the-Launch-of-INDF">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=businesswire.com&rft.atitle=NextFins+Celebrates+Diwali+With+the+Launch+of+INDF&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20201112005141%2Fen%2FNextFins-Celebrates-Diwali-With-the-Launch-of-INDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbato201793–97_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbato2017">Barbato 2017</a>, pp. 93–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Little India, Singapore (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littleindia.com.sg/Diwali_in_Singapore.aspx">Deepavali in Singapore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010347/http://www.littleindia.com.sg/Diwali_in_Singapore.aspx">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2007" class="citation news cs1">PTI (10 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Prince-Charles-Camilla-celebrate-Diwali-in-UK/articleshow/2532035.cms">"Prince Charles, Camilla celebrate Diwali in UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104183044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/uk/27962079_1_royal-couple-diwali-celebrations-temple">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Prince+Charles%2C+Camilla+celebrate+Diwali+in+UK&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fuk%2FPrince-Charles-Camilla-celebrate-Diwali-in-UK%2Farticleshow%2F2532035.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114112622/http://www.mandir.org/news%26events/2007/11/trhvisit/index.htm">"Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Celebrate Diwali at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London"</a>. <i>mandir.org</i>. BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandir.org/news&events/2007/11/trhvisit/index.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mandir.org&rft.atitle=Their+Royal+Highnesses+The+Prince+of+Wales+and+The+Duchess+of+Cornwall+Celebrate+Diwali+at+BAPS+Shri+Swaminarayan+Mandir%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandir.org%2Fnews%26events%2F2007%2F11%2Ftrhvisit%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.gov.uk/media-centre/mayors-press-release/Diwali-2023">"Mayor announces the capital's Diwali in the Square celebrations | London City Hall"</a>. <i>www.london.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.london.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Mayor+announces+the+capital%27s+Diwali+in+the+Square+celebrations+%7C+London+City+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Fmedia-centre%2Fmayors-press-release%2FDiwali-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2009" class="citation news cs1">PTI (17 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Brown-celebrates-Diwali-at-10-Downing-Street-in-a-historic-first/articleshow/5134278.cms">"Brown celebrates Diwali at 10, Downing Street, in a 'historic' first"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104183112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-17/uk/28096259_1_diwali-downing-street-joginder-sangar">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Fest celebrates triumph of light over dark". <i>The Albuquerque Journal</i>. p. 10. <q>According to a resolution passed recently by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, the festival is celebrated by almost 2 million in the United States and many millions more around the world. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Largest+display+of+oil+lamps+illuminate+Indian+city+to+celebrate+Diwali&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft.aulast=Addow&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2Fcommercial%2F2023%2F11%2Flargest-display-of-oil-lamps-illuminate-indian-city-to-celebrate-diwali-761303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Laura Amazzone (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24914-1&rft.au=Om+Lata+Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbato2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barbato, Melanie (2017). "Diplomatic Language in the Deepavali Messages of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue". <i>The Review of Faith & International Affairs</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 93–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15570274.2017.1392707">10.1080/15570274.2017.1392707</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148694739">148694739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Faith+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+Language+in+the+Deepavali+Messages+of+the+Pontifical+Council+for+Interreligious+Dialogue&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=93-104&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15570274.2017.1392707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148694739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barbato&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Blake2013" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Blake (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7ogAwAAQBAJ"><i>Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62032-1"><bdi>978-1-139-62032-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126093824/https://books.google.com/books?id=p7ogAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+Early+Modern+Islam%3A+Calendar%2C+Ceremony%2C+and+Chronology+in+the+Safavid%2C+Mughal+and+Ottoman+Empires&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62032-1&rft.au=Stephen+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7ogAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Colledge2017" class="citation book cs1">Ray Colledge (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDpdDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mastering World Religions</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-14329-0"><bdi>978-1-349-14329-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121027/https://books.google.com/books?id=yDpdDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastering+World+Religions&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-349-14329-0&rft.au=Ray+Colledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDpdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael D. Coogan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC"><i>The Illustrated Guide to World Religions</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521997-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521997-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217012004/https://books.google.com/books?id=BshpqnbLOvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521997-5&rft.au=Michael+D.+Coogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBshpqnbLOvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Crump2014" class="citation book cs1">William D. Crump (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9545-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-9545-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121013/https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Year%27s+Holidays+Worldwide&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0&rft.au=William+D.+Crump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDTfCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a> (Second ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26605-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122135027/https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26605-5&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106124647/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2015" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Eraly (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-658-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428085038/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-658-8&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyEoAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Fieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Paul Fieldhouse (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ"><i>Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507142534/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.au=Paul+Fieldhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Frazier; Gavin Flood (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC"><i>The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819154639/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Companion+to+Hindu+Studies&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.au=Jessica+Frazier&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNv_a5cMEwngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarra_Goldstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Darra Goldstein (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931339-6"><bdi>978-0-19-931339-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225164552/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931339-6&rft.au=Darra+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbi6BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504204555/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Jacobs2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Jacobs (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5732hIV03kC"><i>Hinduism Today: An Introduction</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-3065-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-3065-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121002/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5732hIV03kC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+Today%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-3065-6&rft.au=Stephen+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5732hIV03kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer1978" class="citation book cs1">Jyotindra Jain; Eberhard Fischer (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC"><i>Jaina Iconography</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05259-8"><bdi>978-90-04-05259-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426074648/https://books.google.com/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Iconography&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05259-8&rft.au=Jyotindra+Jain&rft.au=Eberhard+Fischer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFZ7vQ2jwlEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_H._JohnsonSimon_TeuscherDavid_Warren_Sabean2011" class="citation book cs1">Christopher H. Johnson; Simon Teuscher; David Warren Sabean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Snz3E3p_HaUC"><i>Transregional and Transnational Families in Europe and Beyond: Experiences Since the Middle Ages</i></a>. Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-183-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-183-5"><bdi>978-0-85745-183-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121028/https://books.google.com/books?id=Snz3E3p_HaUC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transregional+and+Transnational+Families+in+Europe+and+Beyond%3A+Experiences+Since+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-183-5&rft.au=Christopher+H.+Johnson&rft.au=Simon+Teuscher&rft.au=David+Warren+Sabean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnz3E3p_HaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Johnson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Henry Johnson (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Happy Diwali!' Performance, Multicultural Soundscapes and Intervention in Aotearoa/New Zealand". <i>Ethnomusicology Forum</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17411910701276526">10.1080/17411910701276526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184577">20184577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191322269">191322269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology+Forum&rft.atitle=%27Happy+Diwali%21%27+Performance%2C+Multicultural+Soundscapes+and+Intervention+in+Aotearoa%2FNew+Zealand&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191322269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20184577%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17411910701276526&rft.au=Henry+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, John D. (1988). "From Holi to Diwali in Fiji: An Essay on Ritual and History". <i>Man</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 40–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2803032">10.2307/2803032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803032">2803032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=From+Holi+to+Diwali+in+Fiji%3A+An+Essay+on+Ritual+and+History&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-55&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2803032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2803032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3"><bdi>978-0-520-90883-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401015448/https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90883-3&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzldwMHeS6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2014" class="citation book cs1">Klaus K. Klostermaier (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UQBwAAQBAJ"><i>A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Oneworld Publications, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-672-2"><bdi>978-1-78074-672-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174254/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1UQBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-672-2&rft.au=Klaus+K.+Klostermaier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1UQBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation cs2">James G. Lochtefeld (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M, Volume 1</i></a></span>, Rosen Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A%E2%80%93M%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2011" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2011). <i>Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52787-3"><bdi>978-0-231-52787-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelry%2C+Rivalry%2C+and+Longing+for+the+Goddesses+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52787-3&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodrick1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lodrick, Deryck O. (1987). "Gopashtami and Govardhan Puja: Two Krishna Festivals of India". <i>Journal of Cultural Geography</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873638709478510">10.1080/08873638709478510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Geography&rft.atitle=Gopashtami+and+Govardhan+Puja%3A+Two+Krishna+Festivals+of+India&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-116&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08873638709478510&rft.aulast=Lodrick&rft.aufirst=Deryck+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ"><i>Jainism: An Introduction</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-625-5"><bdi>978-1-84511-625-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423084645/https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-625-5&rft.au=Jeffery+D.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmRlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">June McDaniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHs8DwAAQBAJ"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516790-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516790-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200722/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHs8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516790-0&rft.au=June+McDaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHs8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_Jones2011" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones (2011). J Gordon Melton (ed.). <i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays+Festivals+Solemn+Observances+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-205-0&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J Gordon Melton (2011). <i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-205-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays+Festivals+Solemn+Observances+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-205-0&rft.au=J+Gordon+Melton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Melville2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles Melville (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFPvAwAAQBAJ"><i>Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-657-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-657-4"><bdi>978-0-85773-657-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926132311/https://books.google.com/books?id=aFPvAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Historiography%3A+History+of+Persian+Literature+A&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-657-4&rft.au=Charles+Melville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFPvAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Soumen Mukherjee (2018). Andrew J. Hund; James A. Wren (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAldDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Himalayas: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3939-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3939-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-3939-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200727/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAldDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Himalayas%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3939-9&rft.au=Soumen+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAldDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61593-6"><bdi>978-0-226-61593-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819031846/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61593-6&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiyokazu_Okita2014" class="citation book cs1">Kiyokazu Okita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ"><i>Hindu Theology in Early Modern South Asia: The Rise of Devotionalism and the Politics of Genealogy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870926-8"><bdi>978-0-19-870926-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121011/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9X1AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Theology+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%3A+The+Rise+of+Devotionalism+and+the+Politics+of+Genealogy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870926-8&rft.au=Kiyokazu+Okita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9X1AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005" class="citation book cs1">Tracy Pintchman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC"><i>Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8256-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-8256-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226115243/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guests+at+God%27s+Wedding%3A+Celebrating+Kartik+among+the+Women+of+Benares&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8&rft.au=Tracy+Pintchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-9Hq-DOXnEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Potter" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl H. Potter">Potter, Karl H.</a> (2007), Dalsukh Malvania and Jayendra Soni (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WHHJ6O7b-IC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies</i></a>, vol. X: Jain Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3169-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3169-8"><bdi>978-81-208-3169-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412065216/https://books.google.com/books?id=5WHHJ6O7b-IC">archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3169-8&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WHHJ6O7b-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, V. (2001). "Celebrations as Social Investments: Festival Expenditures, Unit Price Variation and Social Status in Rural India". <i>Journal of Development Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 71–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713601102">10.1080/713601102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59148993">59148993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=Celebrations+as+Social+Investments%3A+Festival+Expenditures%2C+Unit+Price+Variation+and+Social+Status+in+Rural+India&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-97&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713601102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59148993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantina_Rhodes2010" class="citation book cs1">Constantina Rhodes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RC0Mr3E1tqAC"><i>Invoking Lakshmi: The Goddess of Wealth in Song and Ceremony</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3322-6"><bdi>978-1-4384-3322-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121029/https://books.google.com/books?id=RC0Mr3E1tqAC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invoking+Lakshmi%3A+The+Goddess+of+Wealth+in+Song+and+Ceremony&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3322-6&rft.au=Constantina+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRC0Mr3E1tqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2016" class="citation book cs1">Hillary Rodrigues (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t86ykgEACAAJ"><i>Introducing Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-54966-0"><bdi>978-0-415-54966-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121029/https://books.google.com/books?id=t86ykgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-54966-0&rft.au=Hillary+Rodrigues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt86ykgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Salamone2004" class="citation book cs1">Frank Salamone (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala"><i>Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals and Festivals</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88091-6"><bdi>978-0-415-88091-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Rites%2C+Rituals+and+Festivals&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88091-6&rft.au=Frank+Salamone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre00sala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManju_N._Shah1995" class="citation journal cs1">Manju N. Shah (1995). "Celebrating Diwali in America". <i>Journal of South Asian Literature</i>. <b>30</b> (1/2): 41–44. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40873556">40873556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+Literature&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Diwali+in+America&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40873556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Manju+N.+Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybelle_T._Shattuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Cybelle T. Shattuck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2ARAQAAIAAJ"><i>Hinduism</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-266255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-266255-0"><bdi>978-0-13-266255-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126200724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2ARAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-13-266255-0&rft.au=Cybelle+T.+Shattuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2ARAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Sewell2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Sewell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDOZ6A4HRz0C"><i>A Forgotten Empire: (Vijayanagar) a Contribution to the History of India</i></a>. Echo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716521372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716521372"><bdi>978-0716521372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121003/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDOZ6A4HRz0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Empire%3A+%28Vijayanagar%29+a+Contribution+to+the+History+of+India&rft.pub=Echo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0716521372&rft.au=Robert+Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDOZ6A4HRz0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014" class="citation book cs1">Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504190932/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Pashaura+Singh&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Truschke2017" class="citation book cs1">Audrey Truschke (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5&rft.au=Audrey+Truschke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUUkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016" class="citation book cs1">Lavanya Vemsani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ"><i>Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61069-211-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083031/https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-211-3&rft.au=Lavanya+Vemsani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fw2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiwali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Diwali" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Diwali">Diwali</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right 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title="q:Diwali">Diwali</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-ancient-origins-of-indias-biggest-holiday">The Ancient Origins of Diwali, India's Biggest Holiday</a>, Becky Little (2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910153209/http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/festivals/deepawali.php">Deepawali</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/winter-air-pollution-around-diwali-and-asthma-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/104929975.cms?from=mdr">Winter air pollution around Diwali and Asthma</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_festivals" title="Template talk:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Hinduism_Festivals_in_the_Hindu_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/20px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/40px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Festivals in the Hindu calendar</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival"><span style="color:black">Harvest festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusn%C3%A2" title="Pusnâ">Pusnâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days"><span style="color:black">New year's days</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balipratipada" title="Balipratipada">Balipratipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_Parba" title="Bisu Parba">Bisu Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Chaitra Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_Sital" title="Jur Sital">Jur Sital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navreh" title="Navreh">Navreh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Other festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaubeej" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaubeej">Bhaubeej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datta_Jayanti" title="Datta Jayanti">Datta Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanteras" title="Dhanteras">Dhanteras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_(festival)" title="Gaura (festival)">Gaura Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Habba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowri Habba">Gowri Habba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karva_Chauth" title="Karva Chauth">Karva Chauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Kashmiri Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Vrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi Vrata">Mahalakshmi Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaham" title="Mahamaham">Mahamaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargat_Diwas" title="Pargat Diwas">Pargat Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Vrata" title="Savitri Vrata">Savitri Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_Vivaha" title="Tulasi Vivaha">Tulasi Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalaka_Ekadashi" title="Amalaka Ekadashi">Amalaka Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">Amavasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Chaturdashi" title="Ananta Chaturdashi">Ananta Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashadhi_Ekadashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashadhi Ekadashi">Ashadhi Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamada_Ekadashi" title="Kamada Ekadashi">Kamada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narali_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Narali Purnima">Narali Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjala_Ekadashi" title="Nirjala Ekadashi">Nirjala Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Pausha Putrada Ekadashi">Pausha Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabodhini_Ekadashi" title="Prabodhini Ekadashi">Prabodhini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankashti_Chaturthi" title="Sankashti Chaturthi">Sankashti Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Sharad Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayani_Ekadashi" title="Shayani Ekadashi">Shayani Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Putrada_Ekadashi" title="Shravana Putrada Ekadashi">Shravana Putrada Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha_Ekadashi" title="Vaikuntha Ekadashi">Vaikuntha Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuthini_Ekadashi" title="Varuthini Ekadashi">Varuthini Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Purnima" title="Vat Purnima">Vat Purnima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"><span style="color:black">Balinese festivals</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFA500;width:1%;background:#FFC569">Holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaturmasya" title="Chaturmasya">Chaturmasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarayana" title="Uttarayana">Uttarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinayana" title="Dakshinayana">Dakshinayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFA500"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals"><span style="color:black">Hindu festivals</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Festivals_in_the_Sindhi_calendar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhi_festivals" title="Template:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhi_festivals" title="Template talk:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi_festivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi festivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Festivals_in_the_Sindhi_calendar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi festivals">Festivals in the Sindhi calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Major festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Loi" title="Lal Loi">Lal Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti"> Makar Sankrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami"> Basant Panchmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri"> Shivratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li>Dhudiyo</li> <li>Ram Navami</li> <li>Akhan Teej</li> <li>Chaliho Starts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> Guru Purnima</li> <li>Gogio - Nag Panchmi</li> <li>Chaliho Ends</li> <li>Rakhadi</li> <li>Teejadi</li> <li>Thadadi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> Janmashtami</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li>Shradh Starts</li> <li>Mahalaxmi [Sagido Chhodinin]</li> <li>Shradh Ends</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri"> Navratra Starts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratra Ends</a></li> <li>Dashero</li> <li>Dhan Teras</li> <li>Diyari - Laxmi Pooja</li> <li>Gop Ashtami</li> <li>Guru Nanak Jayanti</li> <li>Geeta Jayanti</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diyarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">Sindhi New Year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand"> Chetri Chand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Literary Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Literature_Festival" title="Sindh Literature Festival">Sindh Literature Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Literature_Festival,_Pakistan" title="Hyderabad Literature Festival, Pakistan">Hyderabad Literary Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Sindhi Muslims Holidays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi festivals">List of Sindhi festivals</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_culture" title="Category:Sindhi culture">Sindhi Culture</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_festivals" title="Category:Sindhi festivals">Sindhi festivals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_festivals" title="Category:Hindu festivals">Sindhi Hindu festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_holidays_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_holidays_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public holidays in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Afghanistan" title="Public holidays in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Armenia" title="Public holidays in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Azerbaijan" title="Public holidays in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bahrain" title="Public holidays in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bhutan" title="Public holidays in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brunei" title="Public holidays in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia" title="Public holidays in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Japan" title="Public holidays in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jordan" title="Public holidays in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kazakhstan" title="Public holidays in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Korea" title="Public holidays in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Korea" title="Public holidays in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kuwait" title="Public holidays in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Public holidays in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Laos" title="Public holidays in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Maldives" title="Public holidays in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mongolia" title="Public holidays in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Oman" title="Public holidays in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Qatar" title="Public holidays in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Singapore" title="Public holidays in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tajikistan" title="Public holidays in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkey" title="Public holidays in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkmenistan" title="Public holidays in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Public holidays in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Uzbekistan" title="Public holidays in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam" title="Public holidays in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yemen" title="Public holidays in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Abkhazia" title="Public holidays in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Ossetia" title="Public holidays in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Christmas_Island" title="Public holidays in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Public holidays in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Macau" title="Public holidays in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Public_holidays_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_India" title="Template:Public holidays in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_India" title="Template talk:Public holidays in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Public_holidays_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dussehra (Vijayadashami)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid-ul Zuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Prophet Mohammad's Birthday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State holidays<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(differ by states)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhogi" title="Bhogi">Bhogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapchar_Kut" title="Chapchar Kut">Chapchar Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)#Kaanum_Pongal" title="Pongal (festival)">Kanum Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Kati Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Magh Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)#Surya_Pongal" title="Pongal (festival)">Surya Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)#Mattu_Pongal" title="Pongal (festival)">Uzhavar Thirunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Thiruvonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangala" title="Wangala">Wangala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New year's days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheiraoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheiraoba">Cheiraoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauroz">Nauroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pateti">Parsi New Year Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajibu_Nongma_Panba" title="Sajibu Nongma Panba">Sajibu Nongma Panba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarhul" title="Sarhul">Sarhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikram Samvant">Vikram Samvant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">State days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Statehood_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunachal Pradesh Statehood Day">Arunachal Pradesh Statehood Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukaphaa" title="Sukaphaa">Asom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Day" title="Bihar Day">Bihar Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Rajyotsava" title="Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava">Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Liberation_Day" title="Goa Liberation Day">Goa Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat Day">Gujarat Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryana Day">Haryana Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">Himachal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_Day_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)">Jammu and Kashmir Accession day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Rajyothsava" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada Rajyothsava">Kannada Rajyothsava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Day" title="Maharashtra Day">Maharashtra Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">Mizoram State Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">Nagaland State Inauguration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Day" title="Odisha Day">Odisha Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">Puducherry De Jure Transfer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_days" title="List of Indian state days">Puducherry Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_State_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkim State Day">Sikkim State Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Formation_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Telangana Formation Day">Telangana Formation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and anniversary days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkar_Jayanti" title="Ambedkar Jayanti">Ambedkar Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Babu Jag Jivan Ram's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Jayanti" title="Bhanu Jayanti">Bhanu Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Jayanti" title="Shiv Jayanti">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ghasidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Ghasidas">Guru Ghasidas Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ravidass_Jayanti" title="Guru Ravidass Jayanti">Guru Ravidass Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Heroes' Martyrdom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Janmotsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Jayanti" title="Kabir Jayanti">Kabir Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadasa_Jayanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakadasa Jayanthi">Kanakadasa Jayanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Jayanti" title="Nazrul Jayanti">Kazi Nazrul Islam Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrasen" title="Agrasen">Maharaja Agrasen Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Maharaja Hari Singh Ji's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Jayanti" title="Pratap Jayanti">Maharana Pratap Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Netaji">Netaji's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Togan_Sangma" title="Pa Togan Sangma">Pa Togan Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdev_Pir" title="Ramdev Pir">Ramdev Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Shaheed Udham Singh Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Shaheedi Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Guru_Jayanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Guru Jayanthi">Sree Narayana Guru Jayanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Guru_Samadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi">Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvalluvar Day">Thiruvalluvar Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">U Soso Tham Death Anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Kiang_Nangbah" title="U Kiang Nangbah">U Kiang Nangbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Tirot_Sing" class="mw-redirect" title="U Tirot Sing">U Tirot Sing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Tritiya" title="Akshaya Tritiya">Akshaya Tritiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_Puja" title="Ayudha Puja">Ayudha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathukamma" title="Bathukamma">Bathukamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonalu" title="Bonalu">Bonalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egas Bagwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dol Jatra">Dol Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garia_puja" title="Garia puja">Garia Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Ghatasthapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Hartalika Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Haryali Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holika_Dahan" title="Holika Dahan">Holika Dahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhulan_Purnima" title="Jhulan Purnima">Jhulan Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartika_Purnima" title="Kartika Purnima">Kartika Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_puja" title="Ker puja">Ker Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchi_puja" title="Kharchi puja">Kharchi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtami" title="Ashtami">Maha Ashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_navami" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha navami">Maha Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptami" title="Saptami">Maha Saptami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalaya">Mahalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Maharshi Parasuram Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima#Valmiki_Jayanti" title="Sharad Purnima">Maharishi Valmiki Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Panchami" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Panchami">Nag Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri#Chaitra_Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Parba" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Parba">Raja Parba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Navami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Navami">Ram Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Jatra">Rath Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Saptami" title="Ratha Saptami">Ratha Saptami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Rahasa Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashami" title="Dashami">Teja Dashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwakarma_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwakarma day">Vishwakarma day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupka_Teshi" title="Drupka Teshi">Drupka Teshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhabab_Duchen" title="Lhabab Duchen">Lhabab Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyed" title="Kagyed">Pang-Lhabsol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim festivals">Muslim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chehlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chehlum">Chehlum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumu%27atul-Wida" title="Jumu'atul-Wida">Jumat-ul-Vida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Mohm Hajarat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Shab-I-Qadr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian festivals">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Goa" title="Culture of Goa">Feast of St. Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="History of Christianity in Mizoram">Missionary Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind Ji's birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Parkash Utsav Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjun_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjun Dev">Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji's Martyrdom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Teg_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Teg Bahadur">Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji's Martyrdom Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Jain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of India">Indigeneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behdienkhlam" title="Behdienkhlam">Behdienkhlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Indigenous Faith Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaan-Ngai" title="Gaan-Ngai">Gaan-Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imoinu_Iratpa" title="Imoinu Iratpa">Imoinu Iratpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrajatra">Indrajatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lui_Ngai_Ni" title="Lui Ngai Ni">Lui Ngai Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me-Dam-Me-Phi" title="Me-Dam-Me-Phi">Me-Dam-Me-Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningol_Chakouba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningol Chakouba">Ningol Chakouba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuakhai" title="Nuakhai">Nuakhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaosang" title="Yaosang">Yaosang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_Hmeichhe_Insuihkhawm_Pawl" title="Mizo Hmeichhe Insuihkhawm Pawl">MHIP day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Peace_Accord" title="Mizoram Peace Accord">Remna Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Panchayati_Raj_Day" title="National Panchayati Raj Day">Panchayatiraj Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War#Legacy" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Patriot's day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seng_Khasi_Movement" title="Seng Khasi Movement">Seng Kut Snem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Mizo_Association" title="Young Mizo Association">YMA Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Wesak Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">Merdeka Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Agong's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/125px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/188px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg/250px-Flag_map_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State holidays<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(differ by states)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Kedah">Sultan of Kedah's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_Day" title="Federal Territory Day">Federal Territory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Sultan of Terengganu's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">First Day of Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">Day of Nuzul Al-Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaamatan" title="Kaamatan">Tadau Kaamatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawai_Dayak" title="Gawai Dayak">Gawai Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang#History" title="George Town, Penang">Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Penang State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja of Perlis">Raja of Perlis's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Day" title="Sarawak Day">Sarawak Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Iskandar of Johor">Hol Day of Sultan Iskandar of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sabah">Sabah State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malacca">Malacca State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Sarawak State Governor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Sultan of Pahang's Birthday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deepavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Sultan of Kelantan's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultan of Selangor's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Template:Public holidays in Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Public holidays in Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Independence Day (Myanmar)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Union Day (Myanmar)">Union Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Day" title="Peasants' Day">Peasants' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Full Moon Day of Tabaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Armed Forces Day (Myanmar)">Armed Forces Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Full Moon Day of Kason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Martyrs' Day (Myanmar)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Full Moon Day of Kason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadingyut" title="Thadingyut">Full Moon Day of Thadingyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazaungmon" title="Tazaungmon">Full Moon Day of Tazaungmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Myanmar)" title="National Day (Myanmar)">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/16px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/24px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24x20px&#124;_&#124;alt=Nepal&#124;link=Nepal_Public_holidays_in_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_Holidays" title="Template:Nepal Holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_Holidays" title="Template talk:Nepal Holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_Holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal Holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24x20px&#124;_&#124;alt=Nepal&#124;link=Nepal_Public_holidays_in_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays in Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahid_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahid Diwas (page does not exist)">Shahid Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja (Vasant Panchami)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prajatantra_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajatantra Diwas (page does not exist)">Prajatantra Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nari_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nari Diwas (page does not exist)">Nari Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Fagu Purnima (Holi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghode_Jatra" title="Ghode Jatra">Ghode Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nawami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Nawami">Ram Nawami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majdur_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majdur Diwas (page does not exist)">Majdur Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganatantra_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganatantra Diwas (page does not exist)">Ganatantra Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janai_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Janai Purnima">Janai Purnima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaijatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaijatra">Gaijatra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaura_Parwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaura Parwa (page does not exist)">Gaura Parwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqri_Id" class="mw-redirect" title="Baqri Id">Baqri Id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Panchami" title="Rishi Panchami">Rishi Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Jatra" title="Indra Jatra">Indra Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambidhaan_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambidhaan Diwas (page does not exist)">Sambidhaan Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghatasthapana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghatasthapana (page does not exist)">Ghatasthapana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulpati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulpati (page does not exist)">Fulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Asthami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Asthami (page does not exist)">Maha Asthami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Navami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Navami (page does not exist)">Maha Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijaya_Dashami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijaya Dashami">Bijaya Dashami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekadashi" title="Ekadashi">Ekadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwadashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duwadashi (page does not exist)">Duwadashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojagrat_Purnima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojagrat Purnima (page does not exist)">Kojagrat Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laxmi_Puja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laxmi Puja (page does not exist)">Laxmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mha_Puja" title="Mha Puja">Mha Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govardhan_Puja" title="Govardhan Puja">Govardhan Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhaitika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhaitika (page does not exist)">Bhaitika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhath_Parwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhath Parwa (page does not exist)">Chhath Parwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_Punhi" title="Yomari Punhi">Yomari Punhi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyapu_Diwas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyapu Diwas (page does not exist)">Jyapu Diwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/13px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/26px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Singapore&#124;link=Singapore_Public_holidays_in_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Singapore&#124;link=Singapore_Public_holidays_in_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Singapore" title="Public holidays in Singapore">Public holidays in Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays (fixed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day (1 January)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day (1 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_(Singapore)" title="National Day (Singapore)">National Day (9 August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day (25 December)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg/125px-Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg/188px-Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg/250px-Flag_map_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National holidays (moveable)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> (2 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Hari Raya Puasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Hari Raya Haji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deepavali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Removed holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_of_Prophet_Mohamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday of Prophet Mohamed">Birthday of Prophet Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Second day of Hari Raya Puasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Public holidays in Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Shivratri">Maha Shivratri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madin_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madin Poya Day (page does not exist)">Madin Poya Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Apr–Jun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sinhala and Tamil New Year Day eve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_New_Year" title="Sinhalese New Year">Sinhalese New Year</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil New Year">Tamil New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bak_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bak Poya Day (page does not exist)">Bak Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak Poya Day</a></li> <li>Day following Vesak Poya Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Id-Ul-Fitr (Ramazan Festival Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poson" title="Poson">Poson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Jul–Sep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esala_Poya_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Esala Poya Day">Esala Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Id-Ul-Alha (Hadji Festival Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikini_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikini Poya Day (page does not exist)">Nikini Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binara_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binara Poya Day (page does not exist)">Binara Poya Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: lavender;">Oct–Dec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vap_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vap Poya Day (page does not exist)">Vap Poya Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deepavali Festival Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Milad-Un-Nabi (Holy Prophet’s Birthday)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ill_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ill Poya Day (page does not exist)">Ill Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unduvap_Poya_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unduvap Poya Day (page does not exist)">Unduvap Poya Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Trinidad_and_Tobago&#124;link=Trinidad_and_Tobago_Public_holidays_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago">Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist/Shouter_Liberation_Day" title="Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day">Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrival_Day" title="Indian Arrival Day">Indian Arrival Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/125px-Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/188px-Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/250px-Flag-map_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows%27_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="All Hallows' Eve">All Hallows' Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hosay" title="Hosay">Hosay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashahara">Dashahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany (Three Kings' Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti</a> (Hindu New Year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Phagwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha-Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratha-Yatra">Ratha-Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public holidays in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holidays,_observances,_and_celebrations_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Birthday of Eugenio María de Hostos</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Heroes Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Eve of Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of Epiphany / Feast of Theophany</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day" title="Fred Korematsu Day">Fred Korematsu Day</a> (AZ, CA, FL, HI, VA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Human_Rights_Day" title="Idaho Human Rights Day">Idaho Human Rights Day</a> (ID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> (federal quadrennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti / Pongal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Memorial_Day" title="Stephen Foster Memorial Day">Stephen Foster Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a> (LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Three Kings' Day</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religion_Day" title="World Religion Day">World Religion Day</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January–February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday" title="Super Bowl Sunday">Super Bowl Sunday</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February<br /><a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Month" title="American Heart Month">American Heart Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marín</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Charles Darwin Day / Darwin Day</a> (CA, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)" title="Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)">Day of Remembrance</a> (CA, OR, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Day" title="Georgia Day">Georgia Day</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Lincoln's Birthday</a> (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NY, WV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Girls_and_Women_in_Sports_Day" title="National Girls and Women in Sports Day">National Girls and Women in Sports Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Day" title="National Freedom Day">National Freedom Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana_Day" title="Parinirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Our Lord to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Reformer_Day" title="Promised Reformer Day">Promised Reformer Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (CA, MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saviours%27_Day" title="Saviours' Day">Saviours' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a> (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu B’shvat</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February–March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayy%C3%A1m-i-H%C3%A1" title="Ayyám-i-Há">Intercalary Days</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivaratri</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March<br /><a href="/wiki/Irish-American_Heritage_Month" title="Irish-American Heritage Month">Irish-American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Colon_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Colon Cancer Awareness Month">Colon Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month" title="Women's History Month">Women's History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a> (week)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski_Day" title="Casimir Pulaski Day">Casimir Pulaski Day</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez_Day" title="Cesar Chavez Day">Cesar Chavez Day</a> (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#Puerto_Rico" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico</a> (PR, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Day" title="Harriet Tubman Day">Harriet Tubman Day</a> (NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj#Modern_Muslim_observance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Lailat al-Mi'raj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a> (Charlottesville, VA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras</a> (AL (in two counties), LA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Day" title="Maryland Day">Maryland Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_Day" title="Medal of Honor Day">Medal of Honor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poison_Prevention_Week" title="National Poison Prevention Week">National Poison Prevention Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ostara</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Day" title="Pi Day">Pi Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Day" title="Prince Kūhiō Day">Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Messiah_Day" title="Promised Messiah Day">Promised Messiah Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph's Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward%27s_Day" title="Seward's Day">Seward's Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Independence_Day" title="Texas Independence Day">Texas Independence Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting#Vermont" title="Town meeting">Town Meeting Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Day" title="Transfer Day">Transfer Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Trans Day of Visibility</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March–April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (religious)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> (PR, VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (PR, religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Saturday" title="Lazarus Saturday">Lazarus Saturday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesha_Sankranti" title="Mesha Sankranti">Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday / Bright Monday</a> (VI, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Ramnavami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_American_Heritage_Month" title="National Arab American Heritage Month">Arab American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">Birthday of José de Diego</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a> (AL, MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_the_Holocaust" title="Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust">Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Thomas Jefferson's Birthday</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag B’Omer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Last Friday of Great Lent</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a> (FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> (MA, ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Day" title="San Jacinto Day">San Jacinto Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom Ha'atzmaut</a> (cultural, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May<br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage_Month" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month">Asian American and<br />Pacific Islander Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_Heritage_Month" title="Jewish American Heritage Month">Jewish American Heritage Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Appreciation_Month" title="National Military Appreciation Month">Military Appreciation Month</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension of Our Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_Day" title="Caliphate Day">Caliphate Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Holy_Days" title="Baháʼí Holy Days">Declaration of the Bab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk_Day" title="Harvey Milk Day">Harvey Milk Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> / <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> (CA, unofficial, proposed state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_(United_States)" title="Law Day (United States)">Law Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Day" title="Loyalty Day">Loyalty Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_Day" title="Malcolm X Day">Malcolm X Day</a> (CA, IL, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Spouse_Day" title="Military Spouse Day">Military Spouse Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Prayer" title="National Day of Prayer">National Day of Prayer</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Reason" title="National Day of Reason">National Day of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Transportation_Day" title="National Defense Transportation Day">National Defense Transportation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Maritime_Day" title="United States National Maritime Day">National Maritime Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June<br /><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> (federal, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a> (36)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker Hill Day">Bunker Hill Day</a> (Suffolk County, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Day">Carolina Day</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young_Day" title="Don Young Day">Don Young Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Fast of the Holy Apostles</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> (36, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller_Day" title="Helen Keller Day">Helen Keller Day</a> (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_America_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor America Days">Honor America Days</a> (3 weeks)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Davis Day">Jefferson Davis Day</a> (AL, FL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha Day">Kamehameha Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Litha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a> (Philadelphia, PA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Week" title="Senior Week">Senior Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist#Celebration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">Saint John's Day</a> (PR, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Day" title="West Virginia Day">West Virginia Day</a> (WV)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> (federal)</li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Rivera" title="Luis Muñoz Rivera">Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celso_Barbosa" title="José Celso Barbosa">Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands</a> (VI, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordad_Sal" title="Khordad Sal">Khordad Sal</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Execution of the Báb">Martyrdom of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a> (UT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Constitution_Day" title="Puerto Rico Constitution Day">Puerto Rico Constitution Day</a> (PR)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July–August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_vacation" title="Summer vacation">Summer vacation</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Illinois</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennington_Battle_Day" title="Bennington Battle Day">Bennington Battle Day</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_versus_Assumption" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid-e-Ghadeer</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God#Dormition_fast" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary#Feasts" title="Assumption of Mary">Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Statehood Day (Hawaii)">Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day</a> (HI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Krishna Janmashtami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a> (TX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Naga Panchami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Day" title="National Aviation Day">National Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration of the Lord</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(United_States)" title="Victory Day (United States)">Victory Day</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a> (36)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Prostate_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month">Prostate Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Cancer_Awareness_Month" title="National Childhood Cancer Awareness Month">Childhood Cancer Awareness Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Day" title="Brazilian Day">Brazilian Day</a> (NY, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Admission_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="California Admission Day">California Admission Day</a> (CA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Garner_Federal_Lands_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day">Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_Day_(Maryland)" title="Defenders Day (Maryland)">Defenders Day</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Elevation of the Holy Cross">Elevation of the Holy Cross</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_San_Gennaro" title="Feast of San Gennaro">Feast of San Gennaro</a> (NY, cultural, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Star Mother's Day">Gold Star Mother's Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin_Ngawang_Kunga" title="Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga">His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">Mabon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Payroll_Week" title="National Payroll Week">National Payroll Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day</a> (proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September–October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month" title="National Hispanic Heritage Month">Hispanic Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Chehlum Imam Hussain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri_Paksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitri Paksha">Pitri Paksha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijaya Dashami</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement</a> (TX, NY, religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Breast_Cancer_Awareness_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="National Breast Cancer Awareness Month">Breast Cancer Awareness Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">Disability Employment Awareness Month</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Heritage_and_Culture_Month" title="Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month">Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American_History_Month" title="Filipino American History Month">Filipino American History Month</a><br /><a href="/wiki/LGBT_History_Month" title="LGBT History Month">LGBT History Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Day" title="Alaska Day">Alaska Day</a> (AK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Health_Day" title="Child Health Day">Child Health Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">General Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson_Day" title="Leif Erikson Day">Leif Erikson Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Day" title="Missouri Day">Missouri Day</a> (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomonestotse" title="Nanomonestotse">Nanomonestotse</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="National School Lunch Week">National School Lunch Week</a> (week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Day" title="Native American Day">Native American Day in South Dakota</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Day" title="Nevada Day">Nevada Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Day" title="Spirit Day">Spirit Day</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetest_Day" title="Sweetest Day">Sweetest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_Friendship_Day" title="Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day">Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day</a> (PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Cane_Safety_Day" title="White Cane Safety Day">White Cane Safety Day</a> (36)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October–November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Holy_Birthdays" title="Twin Holy Birthdays">Birth of the Báb</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Birth of Baháʼu'lláh">Birth of Baháʼu'lláh</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a> (VI)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diwali</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid al-Nabi</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November<br /> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Indian_Heritage_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Indian Heritage Month">Native American Indian Heritage Month</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a> (federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> (federal)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Beginning of the Nativity Fast</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day in Alabama</a> (Perry County, AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hamilton_Jackson" title="D. Hamilton Jackson">D. Hamilton Jackson Day</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Day after Thanksgiving</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Covenant_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Day of the Covenant (Baháʼí)">Day of the Covenant</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Puerto Rico">Discovery of Puerto Rico Day</a> (PR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a> (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> (NV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Gurpurab" title="Guru Nanak Gurpurab">Guru Nanak Gurpurab</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)">Lā Kūʻokoʻa</a> (HI, unofficial, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a> (MD, WA, cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Trans Day of Remembrance</a> (cultural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a> (cultural)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (religious, federal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">Advent Sunday</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Day" title="Alabama Day">Alabama Day</a> (AL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalica" title="Chalica">Chalica</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Day after Christmas</a> (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivus" title="Festivus">Festivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HumanLight" title="HumanLight">HumanLight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Day" title="Indiana Day">Indiana Day</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a> (cultural, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Burhanuddin" title="Mohammed Burhanuddin">Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Old Year's Night</a> (VI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Aviation_Day" title="Pan American Aviation Day">Pan American Aviation Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami" title="Sivaya Subramuniyaswami">Pancha Ganapati</a> (religious, week)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_Day" title="Rosa Parks Day">Rosa Parks Day</a> (OH, OR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Day" title="Wright Brothers Day">Wright Brothers Day</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_No-Diso" title="Zartosht No-Diso">Zartosht No-Diso</a> (religious)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varies (year round)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> (NY, religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Yawm al-Arafa</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> (religious, four times a year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (religious, month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> (religious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Yawm Aashura</a> (religious)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;"><div>Legend: <p>(federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">racial/ethnic group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a>, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = <a href="/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 36 of the United States Code">Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies</a><br /> </p> See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_holidays" title="Lists of holidays">Lists of holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_holiday" title="Hallmark holiday">Hallmark holidays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Public holidays in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/15px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/23px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/30px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/21px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10244#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10244#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/895678/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5105778-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038571">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17071956x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17071956x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_L._Haberman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeRoccoDundasIan_Zimmerman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiane_P._MinesSarah_E._Lamb2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Hultzsch1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Hultzsch1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Kielhorn1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldhouse2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Salamone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoff_Teece2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_India_\u0026amp;_Himachal_Pradesh1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.H._Wilson1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.S._Singha2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Johnson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobiEd._F._Max_Müller1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_Mead2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_FrazierGavin_Flood2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_William_KayeWilliam_Simpson1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_Burbank2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJyotindra_JainEberhard_Fischer1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadowala1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren-Marie_YustAostre_N._JohnsonSandy_Eisenberg_Sasso2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiyokazu_Okita2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_K._Klostermaier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristen_HaarSewa_Singh_Kalsi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLLP\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavanya_Vemsani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodrick1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.G.S._NarayananK.K.N._Kurup1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhusudan_A._DhakyMichael_W._Meister1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManju_N._Shah1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManohar_Laxman_Varadpande1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_D._Coogan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohanVarghese1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanGeorge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOm_Lata_Bahadur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPashaura_SinghLouis_E._Fenech2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Fieldhouse2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPechilis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrillo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPramodkumar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrem_Saran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.S._Panchamukhi1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajat_GuptaNishant_SinghIshita_Kirar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamendra_Nath_Nandi1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay_Colledge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Isaac_LevyKedar_Raj_Rajopadhyaya1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Sewell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaGupta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShobhna_Gupta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrestha2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_William_Jones1799\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSridharan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStent2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Blake2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Jacobs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTina_K_Ramnarine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd_T._Lewis2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhye1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradpande1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasudha_NarayananDeborah_Heiligman2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_D._Crump2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 3,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hindu festival date info\"] = 1,\n [\"HinduFestivals\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Image array\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian days\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox holiday\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 17,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nepal Holidays\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Public holidays in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Public holidays in Myanmar\"] = 1,\n [\"Public holidays in Singapore\"] = 1,\n [\"Public holidays in Sri Lanka\"] = 1,\n [\"Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 119,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sindhi festivals\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"US Holidays\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 26,\n [\"Wikinews\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","18.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","9.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.0"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.7"],["setfenv","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFrameTitle","40","2.7"],["[others]","380","25.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jvw68","timestamp":"20241124053139","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Diwali","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diwali","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10244","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10244","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-21T14:16:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T04:23:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg","headline":"Hindu, Jain, Sikh, Buddhist and South Asian festival of lights"}</script> </body> </html>