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id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Independence of Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_of_Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence of Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_Revolution_of_1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Liberal Revolution of 1820</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_Revolution_of_1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_or_Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_or_Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Independence or Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_or_Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Emperor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Emperor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Constitutional Emperor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Emperor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crises_within_and_without" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crises_within_and_without"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crises within and without</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crises_within_and_without-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crises within and without subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crises_within_and_without-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_dynastic_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_dynastic_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Portuguese dynastic affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_dynastic_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_widowhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_widowhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War and widowhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_widowhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Portugal_and_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Portugal_and_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Between Portugal and Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Between_Portugal_and_Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Between Portugal and Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Between_Portugal_and_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endless_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endless_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Endless crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endless_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Abdication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Portuguese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Titles and honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles and honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Titles and styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genealogy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Endnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedro I of Brazil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_van_Brasili%C3%AB" title="Pedro I van Brasilië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pedro I van Brasilië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_I_Brasil_C%C4%81sere" title="Petrus I Brasil Cāsere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Petrus I Brasil Cāsere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بيدرو الأول إمبراطور البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيدرو الأول إمبراطور البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Brasil_y_IV_de_Portugal" title="Pedro I de Brasil y IV de Portugal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pedro I de Brasil y IV de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Pedru_(Braziliya_imperatoru)" title="I Pedru (Braziliya imperatoru) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Pedru (Braziliya imperatoru)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84)" title="بیرینجی پدروی (برزیل) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی پدروی (برزیل)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="ব্রাজিলের প্রথম পেদ্রো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাজিলের প্রথম পেদ্রো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I" title="Педро I – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Педро I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Педру I (імператар Бразіліі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Педру I (імператар Бразіліі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Пэдру I (імпэратар Бразыліі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэдру I (імпэратар Бразыліі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I_(%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Педро I (Бразилия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Педро I (Бразилия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ia%C3%B1_Brazil" title="Pedro Iañ Brazil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pedro Iañ Brazil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_I_del_Brasil" title="Pere I del Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pere I del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_I._Brazilsk%C3%BD" title="Petr I. Brazilský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Petr I. Brazilský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I,_ymerawdwr_Brasil" title="Pedro I, ymerawdwr Brasil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pedro I, ymerawdwr Brasil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_1._af_Brasilien" title="Pedro 1. af Brasilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pedro 1. af Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I._(Brasilien)" title="Peter I. (Brasilien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peter I. (Brasilien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_(Brasiilia)" title="Pedro I (Brasiilia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pedro I (Brasiilia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πέτρος Α΄ της Βραζιλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρος Α΄ της Βραζιλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_de_Brasil_y_IV_de_Portugal" title="Pedro I de Brasil y IV de Portugal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro I de Brasil y IV de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_la_1-a_(Brazilo)" title="Petro la 1-a (Brazilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Petro la 1-a (Brazilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_IV.a_Portugalgoa" title="Petri IV.a Portugalgoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petri IV.a Portugalgoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84)" title="پدروی یکم (برزیل) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدروی یکم (برزیل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ier_(empereur_du_Br%C3%A9sil)" title="Pierre Ier (empereur du Brésil) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Ier (empereur du Brésil)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_do_Brasil" title="Pedro I do Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedro I do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_1%EC%84%B8_(%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88)" title="페드루 1세 (브라질) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페드루 1세 (브라질)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_I" title="Պեդրու I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեդրու I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I._Brazilski" title="Pedro I. Brazilski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pedro I. Brazilski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_la_1ma_di_Brazilia_e_la_4ma_di_Portugal" title="Pedro la 1ma di Brazilia e la 4ma di Portugal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pedro la 1ma di Brazilia e la 4ma di Portugal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_dari_Brasil" title="Pedro I dari Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedro I dari Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_1._Brasil%C3%ADukeisari" title="Pedro 1. Brasilíukeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pedro 1. Brasilíukeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_I_del_Brasile" title="Pietro I del Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietro I del Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="פדרו הראשון, קיסר ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרו הראשון, קיסר ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3_I_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="პედრუ I (ბრაზილია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პედრუ I (ბრაზილია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_I_(imperator_Brasiliae)" title="Petrus I (imperator Brasiliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus I (imperator Brasiliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedru_I_(Braz%C4%ABlija)" title="Pedru I (Brazīlija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pedru I (Brazīlija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I._vu_Brasilien" title="Pedro I. vu Brasilien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pedro I. vu Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._P%C3%A9ter_brazil_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="I. Péter brazil császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Péter brazil császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_an%27i_Brazila" title="Pedro I an'i Brazila – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pedro I an'i Brazila" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B,_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="पहिला पेद्रो, ब्राझील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिला पेद्रो, ब्राझील" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بيدرو الاول امبراطور البرازيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيدرو الاول امبراطور البرازيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_dari_Brazil" title="Pedro I dari Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pedro I dari Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_van_Brazili%C3%AB" title="Peter I van Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peter I van Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="ペドロ1世 (ブラジル皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペドロ1世 (ブラジル皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_av_Brasil" title="Pedro I av Brasil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pedro I av Brasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_av_Brasil" title="Pedro I av Brasil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pedro I av Brasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ire_I_de_Brasil_e_IV_de_Portugal" title="Pèire I de Brasil e IV de Portugal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèire I de Brasil e IV de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="د برازیل لومړی پدرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برازیل لومړی پدرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_I_(cesarz_Brazylii)" title="Piotr I (cesarz Brazylii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piotr I (cesarz Brazylii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_do_Brasil" title="Pedro I do Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedro I do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_al_Braziliei" title="Pedro I al Braziliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pedro I al Braziliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_I_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Педру I (император Бразилии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Педру I (император Бразилии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_o_Brazil" title="Pedro I o Brazil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pedro I o Brazil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pedro I of Brazil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I._Brazilski" title="Peter I. Brazilski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peter I. Brazilski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Педро I од Бразила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Педро I од Бразила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_od_Brazila" title="Pedro I od Brazila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pedro I od Brazila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I" title="Pedro I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pedro I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_av_Brasilien" title="Peter I av Brasilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peter I av Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_ng_Brasil" title="Pedro I ng Brasil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pedro I ng Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="பிரேசிலின் முதலாம் பெட்ரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரேசிலின் முதலாம் பெட்ரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="จักรพรรดิเปดรูที่ 1 แห่งบราซิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเปดรูที่ 1 แห่งบราซิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Pedro_(Brezilya_imparatoru)" title="I. Pedro (Brezilya imparatoru) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Pedro (Brezilya imparatoru)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Педру I (імператор Бразилії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Педру I (імператор Бразилії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Brasil" title="Pedro I của Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pedro I của Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="佩德羅一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="佩德羅一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_han_Brasil" title="Pedro I han Brasil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pedro I han Brasil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%89" title="佩德罗一世（巴西） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佩德罗一世（巴西）" 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class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_IV_of_Portugal&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro IV of Portugal">Pedro IV of Portugal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Brazil (1822–31) and King of Portugal (1826)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the emperor of Brazil who also reigned as Pedro IV of Portugal. For his ancestor, see <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I of Portugal</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dom Pedro I" redirects here. For the steam ship of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Wyreema" title="Wyreema"><i>Wyreema</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Pedro I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length painted portrait of Pedro, wearing a uniform with gold epaulettes and the Order of the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and a striped sash of office across his chest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/220px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/330px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/440px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3138" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1" title="Simplício Rodrigues de Sá">Simplício de Sá</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil#Empire_of_Brazil_(1822–1889)" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1822<br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Imperial Chapel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(as King of Brazil)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">John VI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1798-10-12</span>)</span>12 October 1798<br /><a href="/wiki/Queluz_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz Palace">Queluz Palace</a>, Queluz, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 1834<span style="display:none">(1834-09-24)</span> (aged 35)<br />Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Porto's Lapa Church (heart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a> (body; until 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a> (body; since 1972)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1817; died 1826)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1829)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II,_Queen_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria II, Queen of Portugal">Maria II, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janu%C3%A1ria,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca, Princess of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II,_Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil">Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria Amélia</a></li> <li>Illegitimate:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria,_Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Maria, Duchess of Goiás">Isabel Maria, Duchess of Goiás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel,_Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel, Countess of Iguaçu">Maria Isabel, Countess of Iguaçu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Braganza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Carlota Joaquina of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedro I's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/125px-Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/188px-Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/250px-Signature_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a></i> <b>Pedro I</b> (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">first ruler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, where he was known as "<b>the Liberator</b>". As King Dom <b>Pedro IV</b>, he <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs#House_of_Braganza_(1640–1910)" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">reigned briefly</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "<b>the Soldier King</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota Joaquina">Carlota Joaquina</a>, and thus a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>. When the country was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invaded</a> by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. </p><p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a> in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazil's independence</a> from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a>, a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast</a>. </p><p>A secessionist rebellion in the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> in early 1825, and the subsequent attempt by the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> to annex it, led the Empire into the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a>. In March 1826, Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a>. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south resulted in Brazil's loss of Cisplatina. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Dom <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel</a>, Pedro I's younger brother. The Emperor's concurrent and scandalous sexual affair with <a href="/wiki/Domitila_de_Castro,_Marchioness_of_Santos" title="Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos">Domitila de Castro</a> tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by the monarch or by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">abdicated</a> in favor of his son <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Dom Pedro II</a>, and sailed for Europe. </p><p>Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Faced at first with what seemed a national civil war, he soon became involved in a wider conflict that enveloped the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in a struggle between proponents of liberalism and those seeking a return to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>. Pedro I died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in September 1834, just a few months after he and the liberals had emerged victorious. He was hailed by both contemporaries and posterity as a key figure who helped spread the liberal ideals that allowed Brazil and Portugal to move from absolutist regimes to representative forms of government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting with a half-length portrait of a young child with wavy auburn hair, wearing a blue jacket, open-necked lace-trimmed shirt, and striped sash, and holding a small bouquet of flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg/220px-Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg/330px-Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg/440px-Dom_Pedro_I_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Pedro around age 2, c.1800, by <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Esteve" title="Agustín Esteve">Agustín Esteve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pedro was born at 08:00 on 12 October 1798 in the <a href="/wiki/Queluz_Royal_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz Royal Palace">Queluz Royal Palace</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named after St. <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Alcantara" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Alcantara">Peter of Alcantara</a>, and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon19753_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19753-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was referred to using the honorific "<a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a>) from birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999424_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999424-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his father, Prince Dom John (later King Dom <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a>), Pedro was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> (Portuguese: <i>Bragança</i>) and a grandson of King Dom <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III</a> and Queen Dona (Lady) <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a>, who were uncle and niece as well as husband and wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon19505,_9,_11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19505,_9,_11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_15,_9–10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_15,_9–10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Doña <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota Joaquina">Carlota Joaquina</a>, was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro's parents had an unhappy marriage. Carlota Joaquina was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spain's interests, even to the detriment of Portugal's. Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied Portuguese nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_14,_8,_10,_28_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_14,_8,_10,_28-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195012–13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195012–13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the second eldest son (though the fourth child), Pedro became his father's heir apparent and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Beira" title="Prince of Beira">Prince of Beira</a> upon the death of his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Francisco António, Prince of Beira">Francisco António</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19866_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19866-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Dom John had been acting as regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, after she was declared incurably insane in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19863_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19863-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1802, Pedro's parents were estranged; John lived in the <a href="/wiki/Mafra_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafra National Palace">Mafra National Palace</a> and Carlota Joaquina in <a href="/wiki/Ramalh%C3%A3o_Palace" title="Ramalhão Palace">Ramalhão Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their parents, whom they saw only during state occasions at Queluz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing the head and shoulders of a boy wearing a high collar and a coat adorned with medals and a striped sash of office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png/220px-Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png/330px-Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Dom_Pedro_I_1809c.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Pedro around age 11, c.1809, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bartolozzi" title="Francesco Bartolozzi">Francesco Bartolozzi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">the royal family escaped from Portugal</a> as an invading French army sent by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> approached Lisbon. Pedro and his family arrived in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, then capital of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a>, Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, in March 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the voyage, Pedro read <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> and conversed with the ship's crew, picking up <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigational</a> skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_139,_41_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_139,_41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, after a brief stay in the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">City Palace</a>, Pedro settled with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel</a> and their father in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of São Cristóvão">Palace of São Cristóvão</a> (Saint Christopher).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198629_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198629-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never on intimate terms with his father, Pedro loved him and resented the constant humiliation his father suffered at the hands of Carlota Joaquina due to her extramarital affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1125,_128_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1125,_128-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an adult, Pedro would openly call his mother, for whom he held only feelings of contempt, a "bitch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986189_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986189-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early experiences of betrayal, coldness and neglect had a great impact on the formation of Pedro's character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modicum of stability during his childhood was provided by his <i>aia</i> (governess), Maria Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos, whom he loved as a mother, and by his <i>aio</i> (supervisor) friar António de Arrábida, who became his mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195033_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195033-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622,_33_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622,_33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were in charge of Pedro's upbringing and attempted to furnish him with a suitable education. His instruction encompassed a broad array of subjects that included mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, logic, history and geography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned to speak and write not only in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could translate from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and understood <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995101_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta1995101-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even later on, as an emperor, Pedro would devote at least two hours of each day to study and reading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995101_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta1995101-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1121_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1121-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the breadth of Pedro's instruction, his education proved lacking. Historian <a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Tarqu%C3%ADnio_de_Sousa" title="Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa">Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa</a> said that Pedro "was without a shadow of doubt intelligent, quick-witted, [and] perspicacious."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian Roderick J. Barman relates that he was by nature "too ebullient, too erratic, and too emotional". He remained impulsive and never learned to exercise self-control or to assess the consequences of his decisions and adapt his outlook to changes in situations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199917_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199917-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father never allowed anyone to discipline him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pedro's schedule dictated two hours of study each day, he sometimes circumvented the routine by dismissing his instructors in favor of activities that he found more interesting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored full-length portrait showing a young man with curly hair and long sideburns who is wearing an elaborate gold-embroidered blue military tunic with gold epaulets and medals, blue trousers, black boots, a striped sash of office and gold belt, with his left hand resting on a sheathed sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg/200px-Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg/300px-Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg/400px-Emperor_Pedro_I_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a> of Pedro around age 18, c.1816</figcaption></figure> <p>The prince found fulfillment in activities that required physical skills, rather than in the classroom. At his father's <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Estate" title="Santa Cruz Estate">Santa Cruz farm</a>, Pedro <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">trained unbroken horses</a>, and became a fine horseman and an excellent <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200658_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200658-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his brother Miguel enjoyed mounted hunts over unfamiliar ground, through forests, and even at night or in inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He displayed a talent for drawing and handicrafts, applying himself to wood carving and furniture making.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he had a taste for music, and under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Portugal" title="Marcos Portugal">Marcos Portugal</a> the prince became an able composer (later creating Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia" title="Hino da Independência">Independence Anthem</a>). He had a good singing voice, and was proficient with several musical instruments (including <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>), playing popular songs and dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198637_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198637-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro was a simple man, both in habits and in dealing with others. Except on solemn occasions when he donned court dress, his daily attire consisted of white cotton trousers, striped cotton jacket and a broad-brimmed straw hat, or a frock coat and a top hat in more formal situations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would frequently take time to engage in conversation with people on the street, noting their concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986177_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986177-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedro's character was marked by an energetic drive that bordered on hyperactivity. He was impetuous with a tendency to be domineering and short-tempered. Easily bored or distracted, he entertained himself with dalliances with women in addition to his hunting and equestrian activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988134_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988134-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His restless spirit compelled him to search for adventure, and, sometimes in disguise as a traveler, he frequented taverns in Rio de Janeiro's disreputable districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1252_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1252-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198651_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198651-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rarely drank alcohol, but was an incorrigible womanizer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200671_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200671-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_176_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_176-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earliest known lasting affair was with a French dancer called Noémi Thierry, who had a stillborn child by him. Pedro's father, who had ascended the throne as John VI, sent Thierry away to avoid jeopardizing the prince's betrothal to Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Leopoldina">Maria Leopoldina</a>, daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria (formerly <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_178–80_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_178–80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198653_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198653-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 May 1817, Pedro was <a href="/wiki/Married_by_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Married by proxy">married by proxy</a> to Maria Leopoldina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta197242_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta197242-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195044_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195044-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 5 November, she immediately fell in love with Pedro, who was far more charming and attractive than she had been led to expect. After "years under a tropical sun, his complexion was still light, his cheeks rosy." The 19-year-old prince was handsome and a little above average in height, with bright dark eyes and dark brown hair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "His good appearance", said historian <a href="/wiki/Neill_W._Macaulay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.">Neill Macaulay</a>, "owed much to his bearing, proud and erect even at an awkward age, and his grooming, which was impeccable. Habitually neat and clean, he had taken to the Brazilian custom of bathing often."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nuptial Mass, with the ratification of the vows previously taken by proxy, occurred the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_196_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_196-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven children resulted from this marriage: Maria (later Queen Dona <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Miguel,_Prince_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel, Prince of Beira">Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Paula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca</a> and Pedro (later Emperor Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195049_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195049-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_of_Brazil">Independence of Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence of Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_Revolution_of_1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liberal Revolution of 1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored sketch depicting a crowd of civilian and military figures standing and waving before the crowded balcony of a pedimented building with people looking on from its windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg/350px-Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg/525px-Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg/700px-Oath_of_obedience_by_Prince_Pedro_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Pedro, in his father's name, makes an oath of obedience to the Portuguese Constitution on 26 February 1821. He can be seen at the middle of the balcony raising his hat. Painting by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Taunay,_Baron_of_Taunay" title="Félix Taunay, Baron of Taunay">Félix Taunay, Baron of Taunay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 October 1820, news arrived that the military garrisons in Portugal had mutinied, leading to what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>. The military formed a provisional government, supplanting the regency appointed by John VI, and summoned the <i>Cortes</i>—the centuries-old Portuguese parliament, this time democratically elected with the aim of creating a national Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198864_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198864-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro was surprised when his father not only asked for his advice, but also decided to send him to Portugal to rule as regent on his behalf and to placate the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198868_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198868-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prince was never educated to rule and had previously been allowed no participation in state affairs. The role that was his by birthright was instead filled by his elder sister Dona <a href="/wiki/Teresa,_Princess_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa, Princess of Beira">Maria Teresa</a>: John VI had relied on her for advice, and it was she who had been given membership in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Council of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198647–48_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198647–48-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedro was regarded with suspicion by his father and by the king's close advisers, all of whom clung to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. By contrast, the prince was a well-known, staunch supporter of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and of constitutional representative monarchy. He had read the works of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Filangieri" title="Gaetano Filangieri">Gaetano Filangieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even his wife Maria Leopoldina remarked, "My husband, God help us, loves the new ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1123_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1123-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John VI postponed Pedro's departure for as long as possible, fearing that once he was in Portugal, he would be acclaimed king by the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198868_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198868-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 February 1821, Portuguese troops stationed in Rio de Janeiro mutinied. Neither John VI nor his government made any move against the mutinous units. Pedro decided to act on his own and rode to meet the rebels. He negotiated with them and convinced his father to accept their demands, which included naming a new cabinet and making an oath of obedience to the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1822" title="Portuguese Constitution of 1822">Portuguese Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 April, the parish electors of Rio de Janeiro met at the Merchants' Exchange to elect their representatives to the <i>Cortes</i>. A small group of agitators seized the meeting and formed a revolutionary government. Again, John VI and his ministers remained passive, and the monarch was about to accept the revolutionaries' demands when Pedro took the initiative and sent army troops to re-establish order.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the <i>Cortes</i>, John VI and his family departed for Portugal on 26 April, leaving behind Pedro and Maria Leopoldina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198872_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198872-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days before he embarked, the King warned his son: "Pedro, if Brazil breaks away, let it rather do so for you, who will respect me, than for one of those adventurers."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_or_Death">Independence or Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence or Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted head and shoulders portrait showing a young man with curly hair and mustachios who is wearing a formal black coat, high collar and cravat with a city scene in the distant background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png/220px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png/330px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png/440px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1822.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Pedro at age 23 with the town of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in the background, August 1822 by <a href="/wiki/Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1" title="Simplício Rodrigues de Sá">Simplício Rodrigues de Sá</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the outset of his regency, Pedro promulgated decrees that guaranteed personal and property rights. He also reduced government expenditure and taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1232–233_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1232–233-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the revolutionaries arrested in the Merchants' Exchange incident were set free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198696_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198696-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 June 1821, army troops under Portuguese lieutenant general <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Avilez,_1st_Count_of_Avilez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Avilez, 1st Count of Avilez">Jorge Avilez</a> (later Count of Avilez) mutinied, demanding that Pedro should take an oath to uphold the Portuguese Constitution after it was enacted. The prince rode out alone to intervene with the mutineers. He calmly and resourcefully negotiated, winning the respect of the troops and succeeding in reducing the impact of their more unacceptable demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198874_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198874-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutiny was a thinly veiled military coup d'état that sought to turn Pedro into a mere figurehead and transfer power to Avilez.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prince accepted the unsatisfactory outcome, but he also warned that it was the last time he would yield under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1242_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1242-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continuing crisis reached a point of no return when the <i>Cortes</i> dissolved the central government in Rio de Janeiro and ordered Pedro's return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198881_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198881-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was perceived by Brazilians as an attempt to subordinate their country again to Portugal—Brazil had not been a colony since 1815 and had the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">status of a kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264–265_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264–265-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198882_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198882-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 January 1822, Pedro was presented with a petition containing 8,000 signatures that begged him not to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198883_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198883-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986107_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986107-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replied, "Since it is for the good of all and the general happiness of the Nation, I am willing. Tell the people that I am staying."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200698_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200698-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avilez again mutinied and tried to force Pedro's return to Portugal. This time the prince fought back, rallying the Brazilian troops (which had not joined the Portuguese in previous mutinies),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198878_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198878-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> militia units and armed civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198884_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198884-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986109–110_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986109–110-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outnumbered, Avilez surrendered and was expelled from Brazil along with his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986116_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986116-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195085_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195085-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the next few months, Pedro attempted to maintain a semblance of unity with Portugal, but the final rupture was impending. Aided by an able minister, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">José Bonifácio de Andrada</a>, he searched for support outside Rio de Janeiro. The prince traveled to <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> in April and on to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> in August. He was welcomed warmly in both Brazilian provinces, and the visits reinforced his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198890–91,_96_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198890–91,_96-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986119,_122–123_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986119,_122–123-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While returning from São Paulo, he received news sent on 7 September that the <i>Cortes</i> would not accept <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> in Brazil and would punish all who disobeyed its orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986124_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986124-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Never one to eschew the most dramatic action on the immediate impulse", said Barman about the prince, he "required no more time for decision than the reading of the letters demanded."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198896_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198896-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro mounted his bay mare<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in front of his entourage and his Guard of Honor, said: "Friends, the Portuguese <i>Cortes</i> wished to enslave and persecute us. As of today our bonds are ended. By my blood, by my honor, by my God, I swear to bring about the independence of Brazil. Brazilians, let our watchword from this day forth be 'Independence or Death!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Emperor">Constitutional Emperor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length pencil or silverpoint sketch showing a young man with curly hair and long sideburns facing left who is wearing an elaborate embroidered military tunic with heavy gold epaulets, sash and medals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png/220px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png/330px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png/440px-Pedro_I_Imperador_1823_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Profile view of Pedro I at age 25 by <a href="/wiki/Debret" class="mw-redirect" title="Debret">Debret</a>, 1823</figcaption></figure> <p>The prince was acclaimed Emperor Dom Pedro I on his 24th birthday, which coincided with the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> on 12 October. He was <a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_the_Americas#Brazil" title="Coronations in the Americas">crowned</a> on 1 December in what is today known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro">Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro</a>. His ascendancy did not immediately extend throughout Brazil's territories. He had to force the submission of several provinces in the <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">southern</a> regions, and the last Portuguese holdout units only surrendered in early 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Pedro I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation came to a head when Pedro I, on the grounds of inappropriate conduct, dismissed Bonifácio. Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even exile his political enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For months Bonifácio's enemies had worked to win over the Emperor. While Pedro I was still Prince Regent, they had given him the title "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" on 13 May 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198892_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198892-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also inducted him into Freemasonry on 2 August and later made him grand master on 7 October, replacing Bonifácio in that position.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis between the monarch and his former minister was felt immediately within the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)">Constituent and Legislative General Assembly</a>, which had been elected for the purpose of drafting a Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986120_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986120-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery, alleging the existence of a major Portuguese conspiracy against Brazilian interests—insinuating that Pedro I, who had been born in Portugal, was implicated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986153–154_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986153–154-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988116_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988116-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor became outraged by the invective directed at the loyalty of citizens who were of Portuguese birth and the hints that he was himself conflicted in his allegiance to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988117_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988117-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 November 1823, Pedro I ordered the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">dissolution of the Constituent Assembly</a> and called for new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the following day, he placed a newly established native <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Council of State</a> in charge of composing a constitutional draft. Copies of the draft were sent to all town councils, and the vast majority voted in favor of its instant adoption as the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of the Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the highly centralized State created by the Constitution, rebellious elements in <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> attempted to secede from Brazil and unite in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro I unsuccessfully sought to avoid bloodshed by offering to placate the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988121_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988121-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angry, he said: "What did the insults from Pernambuco require? Surely a punishment, and such a punishment that it will serve as an example for the future."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels were never able to secure control over their provinces, and were easily suppressed. By late 1824, the rebellion was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen rebels were tried and executed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988278_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988278-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while all others were pardoned by the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994435_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994435-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crises_within_and_without">Crises within and without</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crises within and without"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_dynastic_affair">Portuguese dynastic affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portuguese dynastic affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I,_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted half-length portrait showing a young man with curly hair and mustachios who is wearing an elaborate embroidered military tunic with gold epaulets and medals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg/220px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg/330px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg/440px-Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco_-_Dom_Pedro_I%2C_Imperador_do_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I at age 27 during his trip to <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> province, March 1826, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Joaquim Franco Velasco (page does not exist)">Antônio Joaquim Franco Velasco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Franco_Velasco" class="extiw" title="pt:Antônio Joaquim Franco Velasco">pt</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <p>After long negotiations, Portugal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">signed a treaty</a> with Brazil on 29 August 1825 in which it recognized Brazilian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for the recognition of independence, the treaty provisions were at Brazil's expense, including a demand for reparations to be paid to Portugal, with no other requirements of Portugal. Compensation was to be paid to all Portuguese citizens residing in Brazil for the losses they had experienced, such as properties which had been confiscated. John VI was also given the right to style himself emperor of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More humiliating was that the treaty implied that independence had been granted as a beneficent act of John VI, rather than having been compelled by the Brazilians through force of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988140_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988140-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2195_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2195-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even worse, Great Britain was rewarded for its role in advancing the negotiations by the signing of a separate treaty in which its favorable commercial rights were renewed and by the signing of a convention in which Brazil agreed to abolish slave trade with Africa within four years. Both accords were severely harmful to Brazilian economic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988141_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988141-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986186_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986186-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months later, the Emperor received word that his father had died on 10 March 1826, and that he had succeeded his father on the Portuguese throne as King Dom Pedro IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aware that a reunion of Brazil and Portugal would be unacceptable to the people of both nations, he hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal on 2 May in favor of his eldest daughter, who became Queen Dona Maria II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183526_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183526-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abdication was conditional: Portugal was required to accept the Constitution which he had drafted and Maria II was to marry his brother Miguel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the abdication, Pedro I continued to act as an absentee king of Portugal and interceded in its diplomatic matters, as well as in internal affairs, such as making appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found it difficult, at the very least, to keep his position as Brazilian emperor separate from his obligations to protect his daughter's interests in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miguel feigned compliance with Pedro I's plans. As soon as he was declared regent in early 1828, and backed by Carlota Joaquina, he abrogated the Constitution and, supported by those Portuguese in favor of absolutism, was acclaimed King Dom Miguel I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As painful as was his beloved brother's betrayal, Pedro I also endured the defection of his surviving sisters, <a href="/wiki/Teresa,_Princess_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa, Princess of Beira">Maria Teresa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal">Maria Francisca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal">Isabel Maria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_da_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria da Assunção of Portugal">Maria da Assunção</a>, to Miguel I's faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only his youngest sister, <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Ana_de_Jesus_Maria_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal">Ana de Jesus</a>, remained faithful to him, and she later traveled to Rio de Janeiro to be close to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986255,_295_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986255,_295-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumed by hatred and beginning to believe rumors that Miguel I had murdered their father, Pedro I turned his focus on Portugal and tried in vain to garner international support for Maria II's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986239_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986239-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147–148_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147–148-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_widowhood">War and widowhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War and widowhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd of people and mounted horsemen fill a large public square before the steps of a twin-spired baroque church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg/350px-Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg/525px-Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg/700px-Celebration_for_the_return_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Celebration in São Francisco de Paula square, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> city, for the return of Pedro I from <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, 4 April 1826 by <a href="/wiki/Debret" class="mw-redirect" title="Debret">Debret</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Backed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Three_Orientals" title="Thirty-Three Orientals">small band</a> declared Brazil's southernmost province of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> to be independent in April 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988125_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988125-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brazilian government at first perceived the secession attempt as a minor uprising. It took months before a greater threat posed by the involvement of the United Provinces, which expected to annex Cisplatina, caused serious concern. In retaliation, the Empire declared war in December, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor traveled to <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> province (located in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>) in February 1826, taking along his wife and daughter Maria. The Emperor was warmly welcomed by the inhabitants of Bahia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2206_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2206-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trip was planned to generate support for the war-effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986190_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986190-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial entourage included <a href="/wiki/Domitila_de_Castro,_Marchioness_of_Santos" title="Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos">Domitila de Castro</a> (then-Viscountess and later Marchioness of Santos), who had been Pedro I's <a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">mistress</a> since their first meeting in 1822. Although he had never been faithful to Maria Leopoldina, he had previously been careful to conceal his sexual escapades with other women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986168,_190_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986168,_190-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his infatuation for his new lover "had become both blatant and limitless", while his wife endured slights and became the object of gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988146_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988146-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro I was increasingly rude and mean toward Maria Leopoldina, left her short of funds, prohibited her from leaving the palace and forced her to endure Domitila's presence as her <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006192,_231,_236_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006192,_231,_236-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199916_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199916-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, his lover took advantage by advancing her interests, as well as those of her family and friends. Those seeking favors or to promote projects increasingly sought her help, bypassing the normal, legal channels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988136_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988136-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 November 1826, Pedro I sailed from Rio de Janeiro to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9,_Santa_Catarina" title="São José, Santa Catarina">São José</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>. From there he rode to <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, where the main army was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986201–202_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986201–202-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his arrival on 7 December, the Emperor found the military conditions to be much worse than previous reports had led him to expect. He "reacted with his customary energy: he passed a flurry of orders, fired reputed grafters and incompetents, fraternized with the troops, and generally shook up military and civilian administration."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986202_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986202-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was already on his way back to Rio de Janeiro when he was told that Maria Leopoldina had died following a miscarriage.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfounded rumors soon spread that purported that she had died after being physically assaulted by Pedro I.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the war continued on with no conclusion in sight. Pedro I relinquished Cisplatina in August 1828, and the province became the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986211_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986211-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Under a red canopy in a baroque church, a man in uniform places a ring on the finger of a woman in an elaborate white dress, attended by 4 small children, bishops and other onlookers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg/330px-Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg/495px-Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg/660px-Second_marriage_of_S.M.I._D._Pedro_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12166" data-file-height="7398" /></a><figcaption>Marriage of Pedro I to <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a>. Next to him, in <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">order of precedence</a>, are his children with Maria Leopoldina: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Paula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Debret" class="mw-redirect" title="Debret">Debret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his wife's death, Pedro I realized how miserably he had treated her, and his relationship with Domitila began to crumble. Maria Leopoldina, unlike his mistress, was popular, honest and loved him without expecting anything in return. The Emperor greatly missed her, and even his obsession with Domitila failed to overcome his sense of loss and regret.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199924_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199924-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day Domitila found him weeping on the floor and embracing a portrait of his deceased wife, whose sad-looking ghost Pedro I claimed to have seen.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the Emperor left the bed he shared with Domitila and shouted: "Get off of me! I know I live an unworthy life of a sovereign. The thought of the Empress does not leave me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta199588_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta199588-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928195_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928195-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not forget his children, orphaned of their mother, and was observed on more than one occasion holding his son, the young Pedro, in his arms and saying: "Poor boy, you are the most unhappy prince in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006250_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006250-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the insistence of Pedro I, Domitila departed from Rio de Janeiro on 27 June 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006262_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006262-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had resolved to marry again and to become a better person. He even tried to persuade his father-in-law of his sincerity, by claiming in a letter "that all my wickedness is over, that I shall not again fall into those errors into which I have fallen, which I regret and have asked God for forgiveness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis I was less than convinced. The Austrian emperor, deeply offended by the conduct his daughter endured, withdrew his support for Brazilian concerns and frustrated Pedro I's Portuguese interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Pedro I's bad reputation in Europe, owing to his past behavior, princesses from several nations declined his proposals of marriage one after another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pride thus wounded, he allowed his mistress to return, which she did on 29 April 1829 after having been away nearly a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2320_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2320-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, once he learned that a betrothal had finally been arranged, the Emperor ended his relationship to Domitila. She returned to her native province of São Paulo on 27 August, where she remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2326_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2326-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days earlier, on 2 August, the Emperor had been married by proxy to <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta199594_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta199594-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_38_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_38-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was stunned by her beauty after meeting her in person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006285_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006285-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_315_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_315-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vows previously made by proxy were ratified in a Nuptial Mass on 17 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986235_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986235-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928274_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928274-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amélie was kind and loving to his children and provided a much needed sense of normality to both his family and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Domitila's banishment from court, the vow the Emperor made to alter his behavior proved to be sincere. He had no more affairs and remained faithful to his spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to mitigate and move beyond other past misdeeds, he made peace with José Bonifácio, his former minister and mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986236_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986236-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006283_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006283-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_Portugal_and_Brazil">Between Portugal and Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Between Portugal and Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endless_crises">Endless crises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Endless crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraved half-length portrait showing a young man with curly hair who is wearing an elaborate brocade military tunic with epaulets, a striped sash of office and medals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg/220px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg/330px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg/440px-Emperor_Dom_Pedro_I_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I at age 32, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the days of the Constituent Assembly in 1823, and with renewed vigor in 1826 with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a> (the Brazilian parliament), there had been an ideological struggle over the balance of powers wielded by the emperor and legislature in governance. On one side were those who shared Pedro I's views, politicians who believed that the monarch should be free to choose ministers, national policies and the direction of government. In opposition were those, then known as the Liberal Party, who believed that cabinets should have the power to set the government's course and should consist of deputies drawn from the majority party who were accountable to the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, both the party that supported Pedro I's government and the Liberal Party advocated <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a>, and thus <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of Pedro I's failures as a ruler, he respected the Constitution: he did not tamper with elections or countenance vote rigging, refuse to <a href="/wiki/Countersign_(legal)" title="Countersign (legal)">sign</a> acts ratified by the government, or impose any restrictions on freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x,_193,_195,_219,_229,_221_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x,_193,_195,_219,_229,_221-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994445_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994445-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although within his prerogative, he did not <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve</a> the Chamber of Deputies and call for new elections when it disagreed with his aims or postpone seating the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994476_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal newspapers and pamphlets seized on Pedro I's Portuguese birth in support of both valid accusations (e.g., that much of his energy was directed toward affairs concerning Portugal)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986229_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986229-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and false charges (e.g., that he was involved in plots to suppress the Constitution and to reunite Brazil and Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986244_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986244-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the Liberals, the Emperor's Portuguese-born friends who were part of the Imperial court, including <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gomes_da_Silva" title="Francisco Gomes da Silva">Francisco Gomes da Silva</a> who was nicknamed "the Buffoon", were part of these conspiracies and formed a "<a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow government (conspiracy)">secret cabinet</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986243_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986243-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1950155–158_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1950155–158-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these figures exhibited interest in such issues, and whatever interests they may have shared, there was no palace cabal plotting to abrogate the Constitution or to bring Brazil back under Portugal's control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986174_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986174-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source of criticism by the Liberals involved Pedro I's abolitionist views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986216–217,_246_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986216–217,_246-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor had indeed conceived a gradual process for eliminating slavery. However, the constitutional power to enact legislation was in the hands of the Assembly, which was dominated by slave-owning landholders who could thus thwart any attempt at abolition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986215_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986215-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006129,_131_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006129,_131-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor opted to try persuasion by moral example, setting up his estate at Santa Cruz as a model by granting land to his freed slaves there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986214_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986214-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006131_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006131-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro I also professed other advanced ideas. When he declared his intention to remain in Brazil on 9 January 1822 and the populace sought to accord him the honor of unhitching the horses and pulling his carriage themselves, the then-Prince Regent refused. His reply was a simultaneous denunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, of nobility's supposedly superior blood and of racism: "It grieves me to see my fellow humans giving a man tributes appropriate for the divinity, I know that my blood is the same color as that of the Negroes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986108_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986108-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006128–129_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006128–129-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication">Abdication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abdication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting showing a crowded room in which a uniformed man hands a sheaf of papers to another uniformed man while in the background a weeping woman sits in an armchair holding a young boy before whom a woman kneels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/300px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/450px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/600px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I delivers his abdication letter on 7 April 1831, painting by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Figueiredo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurélio de Figueiredo (page does not exist)">Aurélio de Figueiredo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Figueiredo" class="extiw" title="pt:Aurélio de Figueiredo">pt</a>]</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Emperor's efforts to appease the Liberal Party resulted in very important changes. He supported an 1827 law that established <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial responsibility">ministerial responsibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986195_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986195-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 1831, he named a cabinet formed by politicians drawn from the opposition, allowing a greater role for the parliament in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, he offered positions in Europe to Francisco Gomes and another Portuguese-born friend to extinguish rumors of a "secret cabinet".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_344_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_344-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To his dismay, his palliative measures did not stop the continuous attacks from the Liberal side upon his government and his foreign birth. Frustrated by their intransigence, he became unwilling to deal with his deteriorating political situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Portuguese exiles campaigned to convince him to give up on Brazil and instead devote his energies to the fight for his daughter's claim to Portugal's crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roderick J. Barman, "[in] an emergency the Emperor's abilities shone forth—he became cool in nerve, resourceful and steadfast in action. Life as a constitutional monarch, full of tedium, caution, and conciliation, ran against the essence of his character."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988138_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988138-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the historian remarked, he "found in his daughter's case everything that appealed most to his character. By going to Portugal he could champion the oppressed, display his chivalry and self-denial, uphold constitutional rule, and enjoy the freedom of action he craved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of abdicating and returning to Portugal took root in his mind, and, beginning in early 1829, he talked about it frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opportunity soon appeared to act upon the notion. Radicals within the Liberal Party rallied street gangs to harass the Portuguese community in Rio de Janeiro. On 11 March 1831, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Bottle_Fight" title="Night of the Bottle Fight">Night of the Bottle Fight</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Noite das Garrafadas</i>), the Portuguese retaliated and turmoil gripped the streets of the national capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986246–247_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986246–247-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988158_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988158-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 April, Pedro I fired the Liberal cabinet, which had only been in power since 19 March, for its incompetence in restoring order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986250_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986250-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large crowd, incited by the radicals, gathered in Rio de Janeiro downtown on the afternoon of 6 April and demanded the immediate restoration of the fallen cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor's reply was: "I will do everything for the people and nothing [compelled] by the people."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime after nightfall, army troops, including his guard, deserted him and joined the protests. Only then did he realize how isolated and detached from Brazilian affairs he had become, and to everyone's surprise, he abdicated at approximately 03:00 on 7 April.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon delivering the abdication document to a messenger, he said: "Here you have my act of abdication, I'm returning to Europe and leaving a country that I loved very much, and still love."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986252_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986252-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3114_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3114-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Europe">Return to Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Return to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Civil_War">Portuguese Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portuguese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithographic half-length portrait depicting a middle-aged man with a full beard and wearing a military tunic with epaulets, sash and large medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg/220px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg/330px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg/440px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Pedro, Duke of Braganza, at age 35, 1833. After their invasion of Portugal, he and his soldiers swore not to shave their beards until <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a> was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006323_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006323-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At dawn on the morning of 7 April, Pedro, his wife, and others, including his daughter Maria II and his sister Ana de Jesus, were taken on board the British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(1807)" title="HMS Warspite (1807)">HMS <i>Warspite</i></a>. The vessel remained at anchor off Rio de Janeiro, and, on 13 April, the former emperor transferred to and departed for Europe aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Volage_(1825)" title="HMS Volage (1825)">HMS <i>Volage</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986254–257_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986254–257-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3117,_119,_142–143_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3117,_119,_142–143-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg-Octeville</a>, France, on 10 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3149,_151_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3149,_151-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next few months, he shuttled between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed, but received no actual support from either government to restore his daughter's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257–260,_262_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257–260,_262-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding himself in an awkward situation because he held no official status in either the Brazilian Imperial House or in the Portuguese Royal House, Pedro assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a> on 15 June, a position that once had been his as heir-apparent to Portugal's crown. Although the title should have belonged to Maria II's heir-apparent, which he certainly was not, his claim was met with general recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December, his only daughter by Amélie, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Maria Amélia</a>, was born in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986267_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986267-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did not forget his children left in Brazil. He wrote poignant letters to each of them, conveying how greatly he missed them and repeatedly asking them to seriously attend to their educations. Shortly before his abdication, Pedro had told his son and successor: "I intend that my brother Miguel and I will be the last badly educated of the Braganza family".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988281_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988281-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197536_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197536-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Napier_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)">Charles Napier</a>, a naval commander who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s, remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995117_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta1995117-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972203_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972203-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His letters to Pedro II were often couched in language beyond the boy's reading level, and historians have assumed such passages were chiefly intended as advice that the young monarch might eventually consult upon reaching adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Paris, the Duke of Braganza met and befriended <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis of Lafayette</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> who became one of his staunchest supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006306_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006306-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With limited funds, Pedro organized a small army composed of Portuguese liberals, like <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Alexandre Herculano</a>, foreign mercenaries and volunteers such as Lafayette's grandson, Adrien Jules de Lasteyrie.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 January 1832, Pedro bade farewell to his family, Lafayette and around two hundred well-wishers. He knelt before Maria II and said: "My lady, here is a Portuguese general who will uphold your rights and restore your crown." In tears, his daughter embraced him.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro and his army sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, the only Portuguese territory that had remained loyal to his daughter. After a few months of final preparations they embarked for mainland Portugal, entering the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> unopposed on 9 July. His brother's troops moved to encircle the city, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Porto" title="Siege of Porto">beginning a siege</a> that lasted for more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lithograph depicting a curtained bed on which lies a bearded man with closed eyes and a crucifix lying on his chest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg/250px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg/375px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg/500px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_dead_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Pedro on his deathbed, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1833, while besieged in Porto, Pedro received news from Brazil of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Paula</a>'s impending death.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months later, in September, he met with <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Ribeiro_de_Andrada" title="Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada">Antônio Carlos de Andrada</a>, a brother of Bonifácio who had come from Brazil. As a representative of the Restorationist Party, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Pedro realized that the Restorationists wanted to use him as a tool to facilitate their own rise to power, and frustrated Antônio Carlos by making several demands, to ascertain whether the Brazilian people, and not merely a faction, truly wanted him back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The people's will would have to be conveyed through their local representatives and his appointment approved by the General Assembly. Only then, and "upon the presentation of a petition to him in Portugal by an official delegation of the Brazilian parliament" would he consider accepting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986293_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986293-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3287_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3287-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, the Duke of Braganza mounted cannons, dug trenches, tended the wounded, ate among the rank and file and fought under heavy fire as men next to him were shot or blown to pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cause was nearly lost until he took the risky step of dividing his forces and sending a portion to launch an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious attack">amphibious attack</a> on southern Portugal. The <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> region fell to the expedition, which then marched north straight for Lisbon, which capitulated on 24 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986290_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986290-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro proceeded to subdue the remainder of the country, but just when the conflict looked to be winding down to a conclusion, his Spanish uncle Don <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Count_of_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Carlos, Count of Molina">Carlos</a>, who was attempting to seize the crown of his niece Doña <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a>, intervened. In this wider conflict that engulfed the entire <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>, the Duke of Braganza allied with liberal Spanish armies loyal to Isabella II and defeated both Miguel I and Carlos. A <a href="/wiki/Concession_of_Evoramonte" title="Concession of Evoramonte">peace accord was reached</a> on 26 May 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295,_297–298_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295,_297–298-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3291,_293–294_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3291,_293–294-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for bouts of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> that manifested in <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> every few years, Pedro had always enjoyed robust health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200672–73_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200672–73-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war, however, undermined his constitution and by 1834 he was dying of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986302_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986302-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was confined to his bed in Queluz Royal Palace from 10 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986304_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986304-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3302_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3302-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro dictated an open letter to the Brazilians, in which he begged that a gradual abolition of slavery be adopted. He warned them: "Slavery is an evil, and an attack against the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful to those who suffer in captivity than to the Nation whose laws allow slavery. It is a cancer that devours its morality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972198–199_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972198–199-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long and painful illness, Pedro died at 14:30 on 24 September 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he had requested, <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_I_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro I heart">his heart</a> was placed in Porto's Lapa Church and his body was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news of his death arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 20 November, but his children were informed only after 2 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999433_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999433-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonifácio, who had been removed from his position as their guardian, wrote to Pedro II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986299_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986299-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197581-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a white stone steps leading up to a large, altar-like monument in white marble with bronze sculptural decorations that include bronze braziers at the corners, a bronze frieze in high relief at the base and bronze figures surrounding a chariot on a high, white marble plinth in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG/220px-Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG/330px-Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG/440px-Monumento_%C3%A0_Independencia_II.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a> where Pedro I and his two wives are buried</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a white stone column with a man wearing a laurel wreath and military dress and who holds forth a scrolled sheaf of paper on the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg/220px-Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg/330px-Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg/440px-Quiet_Streets_of_Lisbon_-_49672549178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Pedro_IV" title="Column of Pedro IV">Column of Pedro IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rossio_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossio Square">Rossio Square</a>, Lisbon, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a bronze statue with a man on horseback wearing a bicorn hat and military dress and who holds forth a scrolled sheaf of paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg/220px-Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg/330px-Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg/440px-Sto._Ildefonso_-_Praca_da_Liberdade_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Pedro_IV_(Porto)" title="Monument to Pedro IV (Porto)">Equestrian statue of Pedro IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liberdade_Square_(Porto)" title="Liberdade Square (Porto)">Liberdade Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon the death of Pedro I, the then-powerful Restorationist Party vanished overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988178_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988178-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fair assessment of the former monarch became possible once the threat of his return to power was removed. <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_da_Veiga" title="Evaristo da Veiga">Evaristo da Veiga</a>, one of his worst critics as well as a leader in the Liberal Party, left a statement which, according to historian Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa, became the prevailing view thereafter:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the former emperor of Brazil was not a prince of ordinary measure ... and Providence has made him a powerful instrument of liberation, both in Brazil and in Portugal. If we [Brazilians] exist as a body in a free Nation, if our land was not ripped apart into small enemy republics, where only anarchy and military spirit predominated, we owe much to the resolution he took in remaining among us, in making the first shout for our Independence." He continued: "Portugal, if it was freed from the darkest and demeaning tyranny ... if it enjoys the benefits brought by representative government to learned peoples, it owes it to D[om]. Pedro de Alcântara, whose fatigues, sufferings and sacrifices for the Portuguese cause has earned him in high degree the tribute of national gratitude."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972204_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972204-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309,_312_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309,_312-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Armitage, who lived in Brazil during the latter half of <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Pedro I's reign</a>, remarked that "even the errors of the Monarch have been attended with great benefit through their influence on the affairs of the mother country. Had he governed with more wisdom it would have been well for the land of his adoption, yet, perhaps, unfortunate for humanity." Armitage added that like "the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">late Emperor of the French</a>, he was also a child of destiny, or rather, an instrument in the hands of an all-seeing and beneficent Providence for the furtherance of great and inscrutable ends. In the old as in the new world he was henceforth fated to become the instrument of further revolutions, and ere the close of his brilliant but ephemeral career in the land of his fathers, to atone amply for the errors and follies of his former life, by his chivalrous and heroic devotion in the cause of civil and religious freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage_1836,_Vol_2139–140_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage_1836,_Vol_2139–140-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, on the 150th anniversary of Brazilian independence, Pedro I's remains (though not his heart) were brought to Brazil—as he had requested in his will—accompanied by much fanfare and with honors due to a head of state. His remains were reinterred in the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Independence_of_Brazil" title="Monument to the Independence of Brazil">Monument to the Independence of Brazil</a>, along with those of Maria Leopoldina and Amélie, in the city of São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975900_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975900-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, <a href="/wiki/Neill_W._Macaulay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.">Neill Macaulay</a> said that "[c]riticism of Dom Pedro was freely expressed and often vehement; it prompted him to abdicate two thrones. His tolerance of public criticism and his willingness to relinquish power set Dom Pedro apart from his absolutist predecessors and from the rulers of today's coercive states, whose lifetime tenure is as secure as that of the kings of old." Macaulay affirmed that "[s]uccessful liberal leaders like Dom Pedro may be honored with an occasional stone or bronze monument, but their portraits, four stories high, do not shape public buildings; their pictures are not borne in parades of hundreds of thousands of uniformed marchers; no '-isms' attach to their names."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of Brazil's 200-year independence celebrations in 2022, the embalmed heart of Pedro I received military honors upon arrival in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> and was put on public display at the <a href="/wiki/Itamaraty_Palace" title="Itamaraty Palace">foreign ministry</a>. It was then returned to Portugal after <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Brazil)" title="Independence Day (Brazil)">Brazil's independence day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_honors">Titles and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titles and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Titles and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere over the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg/55px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg/83px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg/110px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Emperor_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="His Imperial Majesty">His Imperial Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Imperial Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #07A983;"><span style="font-size:80%">Royal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pedro IV, King of Portugal</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_(1640-1910).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281640-1910%29.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Most_Faithful_Majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="His Most Faithful Majesty">His Most Faithful Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Most Faithful Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>12 October 1798 – 11 June 1801: <i>His Highness</i> The <i>Most Serene</i> Infante Dom Pedro, Grand Prior of Crato<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>11 June 1801 – 20 March 1816: <i>His Royal Highness</i> The Prince of Beira<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 March 1816 – 9 January 1817: <i>His Royal Highness</i> The Prince of Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9 January 1817 – 10 March 1826: <i>His Royal Highness</i> The Prince Royal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Portugal)</li> <li>12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831: <i>His Imperial Majesty</i> The Emperor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Brazil</li> <li>10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826: <i>His Most Faithful Majesty</i> The King<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Portugal</li> <li>15 June 1831 – 24 September 1834: <i>His Imperial Majesty</i> The Duke of Braganza<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As Brazilian emperor his full style and title were: "His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues186371_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186371-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Portuguese king his full style and title were: "His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalácio_de_Queluz198624_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalácio_de_Queluz198624-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobility">Nobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As heir-apparent to the Portuguese crown:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXIV_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXIV-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Barcelos" title="Duke of Barcelos">Duke of Barcelos</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Duke of Guimarães">Duke of Guimarães</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Marquis of Vila Viçosa">Marquis of Vila Viçosa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Our%C3%A9m" title="Count of Ourém">Count of Ourém</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelos" title="Count of Barcelos">Count of Barcelos</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Neiva" title="Count of Neiva">Count of Faria and Neiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Arraiolos" title="Count of Arraiolos">Count of Arraiolos</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Guimarães">Count of Guimarães</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cursive signed Imperador followed by a script P and 5 dots arranged as a cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/440px-Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/660px-Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/880px-Signature_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Pedro I's signature in official documents</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cursive monogram or cipher P with flourishes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/440px-Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png/660px-Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Signed_initials_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>His signed initials in official documents</figcaption></figure> <p>Emperor Pedro I was <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the following Brazilian Orders:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199911_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199911-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Brazil)" title="Order of Christ (Brazil)">Order of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Order of Aviz">Order of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Order of Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Order of the Rose</a></li></ul> <p>As King Pedro IV, he was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz">Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Saint James of the Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa">Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa</a></li></ul> <p>After having abdicated the Portuguese crown: </p> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit</a> on 20 September 1834<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI–XXXVII_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI–XXXVII-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Knight of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis" title="Order of Saint Louis">Order of Saint Louis</a></li> <li>Knight of the French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li>Knight of the French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Order of Saint Stephen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestry of Emperor Pedro I:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman19998_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman19998-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Pedro I of Brazil</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III of Portugal</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal and Brazil</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal and Brazil</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Victoria of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Carlota Joaquina of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 20%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100px;">Portrait </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em;">Lifespan </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a> (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826; married by proxy on 13 May 1817) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Maria_II,_1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_(PNQ,_inv._3936)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing the head and shoulders of a young woman wearing a lacey blue dress with auburn hair pulled back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-Retrato_de_D._Maria_II%2C_1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1_%28PNQ%2C_inv._3936%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span> </td> <td>4 April 1819 – <br /> 15 November 1853 </td> <td>Queen of Portugal from 1826 to 1828, and 1834 to 1853. Maria II's first husband, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Beauharnais,_2nd_Duke_of_Leuchtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg">Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg</a>, died a few months after the marriage. Her second husband was Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became King Dom <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II</a> after the birth of their first child. She had eleven children from this marriage. Maria II was heir-presumptive to her brother Pedro II as <a href="/wiki/Princess_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Imperial">Princess Imperial</a> until her exclusion from the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Miguel, Prince of Beira </th> <td> </td> <td>26 April 1820 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Beira" title="Prince of Beira">Prince of Beira</a> from birth to his death. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>6 March 1821 – <br /> 4 February 1822 </td> <td>Prince of Beira from birth to his death. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Princess Januária of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._859_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a middle-aged woman wearing a dark dress with thin white collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_D._Janu%C3%A1ria_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._859_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="2658" /></a></span> </td> <td>11 March 1822 – <br /> 13 March 1901 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Count_of_Aquila" title="Prince Louis, Count of Aquila">Prince Louis, Count of Aquila</a>, son of Don <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis I of the Two Sicilies">Francis I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">King of the Two Sicilies</a>. She had four children from this marriage. Officially recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a> of Portugal on 4 June 1822,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was later considered excluded from the Portuguese line of succession after Brazil became independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._838_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Retrato_de_D._Paula_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._838_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="2317" /></a></span> </td> <td>17 February 1823 – <br /> 16 January 1833 </td> <td>She died age 9, probably of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199942_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199942-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in Brazil after its independence, Paula was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Princess Francisca of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a,_c._1830,_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1,_atribu%C3%ADdo_(MNAA,_inv._835_Pint)_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II,_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_(2021-06-18).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Faded sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a lady wearing a veil over her hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/100px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/150px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Retrato_de_D._Francisca_de_Bragan%C3%A7a%2C_c._1830%2C_Simpl%C3%ADcio_Rodrigues_de_S%C3%A1%2C_atribu%C3%ADdo_%28MNAA%2C_inv._835_Pint%29_-_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_D._Maria_II%2C_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Ajuda_%282021-06-18%29.png/200px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="2600" /></a></span> </td> <td>2 August 1824 – <br /> 27 March 1898 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Joinville" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Prince of Joinville">François, Prince of Joinville</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">King of the French</a>. She had three children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Francisca was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a bearded, light-haired man wearing a formal black coat, white shirt and dark cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/100px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/150px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png/199px-Pedro_II_1826_frame_removed.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="756" /></a></span> </td> <td>2 December 1825 – <br /> 5 December 1891 </td> <td>Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until 1889. He was married to <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies</a>, daughter of Don Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies. He had four children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Pedro II was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession and did not become King Dom Pedro V of Portugal upon his father's abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197581-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Amélie of Leuchtenberg</a> (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873; married by proxy on 2 August 1829) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted head and shoulders portrait of a young woman wearing an ermine stole thrown over one shoulder, a double strand of large pearls around her neck, pearl drop earrings, and a pink camellia arranged in the hair over her right ear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg/100px-Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg/150px-Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg/200px-Maria_Amelia_1849b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="392" /></a></span> </td> <td>1 December 1831 – <br /> 4 February 1853 </td> <td>She lived her entire life in Europe and never visited Brazil. Maria Amélia was betrothed to Archduke Maximilian, later Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a>, but died before her marriage. Born years after her father abdicated the Portuguese crown, Maria Amélia was never in the line of succession to the Portuguese throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183531–32,_35–36_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183531–32,_35–36-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Domitila_de_Castro,_Marchioness_of_Santos" title="Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos">Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos</a> (27 December 1797 – 3 November 1867) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Isabel Maria de Alcântara, Duchess of Goiás">Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white copy of a painted portrait showing the head and shoulders of a woman with dark, curled hair, large eyes and wearing a circlet of flowers and veil on her head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg/100px-Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg/150px-Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg/200px-Duchess_of_Goi%C3%A1s_1843b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="376" /></a></span> </td> <td>23 May 1824 – <br />3 November 1898 </td> <td>She was the only child of Pedro I born out of wedlock who was officially <a href="/wiki/Legitimized" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimized">legitimized</a> by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 May 1826, Isabel Maria was given the title of "Duchess of Goiás", the <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first person to hold the rank of duke in the Empire of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968204_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968204-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These honors did not confer on her the status of Brazilian princess or place her in the line of succession. In his <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, Pedro I gave her a share of his <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928447-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later lost her Brazilian title and honors upon her 17 April 1843 marriage to a foreigner, Ernst Fischler von Treuberg, Count of Treuberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues_1975,_Vol_422_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues_1975,_Vol_422-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1276_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1276-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro </th> <td> </td> <td>7 December 1825 – <br /> 27 December 1825 </td> <td>Pedro I seems to have considered giving him the title of "Duke of São Paulo", which was never realized due to the child's early death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968206_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968206-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Maria Isabel de Alcântara Brasileira </th> <td> </td> <td>13 August 1827 – <br /> 25 October 1828 </td> <td>Pedro I considered giving her the title of "Duchess of Ceará", the style of Highness and the right to use the honorific "Dona" (Lady).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968205_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968205-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was never put into effect due to her early death. Nonetheless, it is quite common to see many sources calling her "Duchess of Ceará", even though "there is no record of the registry of her title in official books, which is also not mentioned in papers related to her funeral".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968205_246-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968205-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u" title="Maria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu">Maria Isabel de Alcântara Brasileira</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photograph showing the head and shoulders of a woman with dark hair wearing a dress with a large, white collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg/100px-Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg/150px-Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Countess_of_Igua%C3%A7u_1852b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="198" /></a></span> </td> <td>28 February 1830 – <br /> 13 September 1896 </td> <td>Countess of Iguaçu through marriage in 1848 to Pedro Caldeira Brant, son of <a href="/wiki/Felisberto_Caldeira_Brant,_Marquis_of_Barbacena" title="Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena">Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968206_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968206-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie. However, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will, but gave her no share of his estate, except for a request that his widow aid in her education and upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928447-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="4">By Benedita de Castro, Baroness of Sorocaba (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rodrigo Delfim Pereira </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Faded sepia photograph showing the head and shoulders of a man with dark, wavy hair, mustache and wearing a dark coat, white shirt with wingtip collar and dark cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg/100px-Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg/150px-Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg/200px-Rodrigo_Delfim_Pereira_1876b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="392" /></a></span> </td> <td>4 November 1823 – <br /> 31 January 1891 </td> <td>In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928447-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodrigo Delfim Pereira became a Brazilian diplomat and lived most of his life in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999148_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999148-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" colspan="4">By Henriette Josephine Clemence Saisset </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro </th> <td> </td> <td>28 August 1829 – <br /> 1902 </td> <td>In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him as his son and gave him a share of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928447-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was married to Maria Palomares, with whom he had four children, among them <a href="/wiki/Ernest_de_Saisset" title="Ernest de Saisset">Ernest de Saisset</a>, a Californian painter and founder of the <a href="/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum" title="De Saisset Museum">De Saisset Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saisset_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saisset-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993385_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993385-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked in several business ventures in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he served as a consular agent for France for more than three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2015369,_432_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2015369,_432-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Independ%C3%AAncia" title="Hino da Independência">Hino da Independência</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Carta" title="Hino da Carta">Hino da Carta</a>, both composed by Pedro I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_aquamarine" title="Dom Pedro aquamarine">Dom Pedro aquamarine</a>, named after the Emperor and his son Pedro II, is the world's largest cut <a href="/wiki/Aquamarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarines">aquamarine</a> gem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Pedro_I" title="Equestrian statue of Pedro I">Equestrian statue of Pedro I</a>, erected in Rio de Janeiro in Pedro's honor in 1862.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro I became known as "the Liberator" in Brazil for his role in the country's independence (<a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 252). He also became known as "the Liberator" in Portugal, as well as "the Soldier King". Both epithets resulted from his part in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">the war against his brother</a>, Dom <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSaraiva2001">Saraiva 2001</a>, p. 378).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the two eyewitness accounts of 7 September 1822 that mention Prince Dom Pedro's mount, that of Father Belquior Pinheiro de Oliveira on 7 September 1826 and that of Manuel Marcondes de Oliveira e Melo (later Baron of Pindamonhangaba) on 14 April 1862, both say that it was a <i>besta baia</i> (bay beast) (<a href="#CITEREFCosta_1972,_Vol_295">Costa 1972, Vol 295</a>, pp. 74, 80). In a work published in 1853 and based on an interview with another eyewitness, Colonel Antônio Leite Pereira da Gama Lobo, historian Paulo Antônio do Vale said that it was a "<i>zaino</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Bay_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay horse">bay horse</a>) (<a href="#CITEREFCosta_1972,_Vol_295">Costa 1972, Vol 295</a>, pp. 75, 80). The words used, "bay beast" and "bay horse", are at first glance, both similar and confusingly vague. In Portuguese, as in English, a beast is any non-human animal especially a large four-footed mammal. However, formerly in Brazil beast also meant "<a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a>" (a female horse) as may be seen in dictionaries published in 1946 (<a href="#CITEREFFreira1946">Freira 1946</a>, p. 1022) and 1968 (<a href="#CITEREFCarvalho1968">Carvalho 1968</a>, p. 158), although this usage has since been discontinued except in Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">northern</a> regions (<a href="#CITEREFHouaissVillar2009">Houaiss & Villar 2009</a>, p. 281). The use of <i>besta</i> to refer to a mare is still in use in Portugal (<a href="#CITEREFDicionários_Editora1997">Dicionários Editora 1997</a>, p. 205). Thus, the description of a "bay horse" with non-defined sex and "bay beast (mare)" do in fact coincide. Two of Pedro's biographers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Pedro Calmon</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 97) and <a href="/wiki/Neill_W._Macaulay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.">Neill Macaulay</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 125) have identified his horse as a bay mare. Pedro, who was an outstanding horseman and making an average of 108 kilometers per day, was able to ride this animal from the city of São Paulo back to the capital of Rio de Janeiro in just five days, leaving his guard and his entourage far behind (<a href="#CITEREFCosta_1972,_Vol_295">Costa 1972, Vol 295</a>, p. 131). Francisco Gomes da Silva, "the Buffoon", the second person to arrive, lagged behind the Prince by some eight hours (<a href="#CITEREFCosta_1972,_Vol_295">Costa 1972, Vol 295</a>, p. 133).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro I gave up more than just the crowns of Portugal and Brazil. Less known is that he was also offered the crown of Greece in April 1822 (while he was still prince regent) by the Greek government which was embroiled in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">fight for national independence</a>. Pedro I declined, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Bavaria</a> became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">King of Greece</a> (<a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 172–173). Pedro I also declined offers of the Spanish crown made in 1826 and 1829 by liberals who rebelled against the absolutist rule of his uncle, Don <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a>. The liberals in Portugal and Spain agreed in 1830 to make Pedro I the "Emperor of Iberia". He seems to have declined this offer also, since nothing came of it (<a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 195–197). Brazilian historian Sérgio Corrêa da Costa and Portuguese historian Antônio Sardinha have argued, however, with little supporting evidence, that one of the inducements which prompted Pedro I to abdicate the Brazilian crown was to dethrone his brother and his uncle and rule the entire <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> as its emperor (<a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 197, 199).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumors circulated at the time purporting that Pedro I had kicked Maria Leopoldina in the womb during a heated discussion. The quarrel was witnessed by Domitila de Castro and Wenzel Philipp Leopold, Baron von Mareschal. Then serving Maria Leopoldina's father as the Austrian minister in Brazil and thus inclined to reflect her interests, Mareschal was the sole eyewitness who left an account of what actually happened. According to him, the couple had a bitter argument in which they exchanged insults, but there is no mention of physical violence (<a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, pp. 162–163; <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, pp. 14–15; <a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 86). Historians Alberto Rangel (<a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, p. 163), Pedro Calmon (<a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 137; <a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 14), Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa (<a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 242), Sérgio Corrêa da Costa (<a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 86) and Roderick J. Barman (<a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 17) have rejected the possibility that Pedro I physically harmed his wife and all affirmed that the altercation was limited to harsh language. A later exhumation confirmed that Maria Leopoldina had died of natural causes.(<a href="#CITEREFTavares2013">Tavares 2013</a>) As late as 1831, however, aspersions on Pedro's conduct at the time of his wife's death were still being whispered, serving as a lasting reminder of what people actually believed, regardless of the unfounded nature of the allegations (<a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 242). Barman was categorical when he noted that Maria Leopoldina's death stripped Pedro I of "any remaining aura of sanctity, either at home or abroad" (<a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 147).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A notable passage in a missive to Pedro II gives an insight into the Duke of Braganza's political philosophy: "The era in which princes were respected solely because they are simply princes has ended; in the century in which we live, in which the peoples are quite well informed of their rights, it is necessary that princes should be and also should know that they are men and not divinities, that for them knowledge and good sense are indispensable so that they are the more quickly loved than respected. The respect of a free people for their ruler ought to be born of the conviction which they hold that their ruler is capable of making them achieve that level of happiness they aspire to; and if such is not the case, unhappy ruler, unhappy people"<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro made two requests to José Bonifácio, his children's guardian: "the first is to keep for me a bit of her beautiful hair; the second is to place her in the convent of <i>Nossa Senhora da Ajuda</i> [Our Lady of Good Aid] and in the same spot where her good mother, my Leopoldina for whom even today I still shed tears of longing, is located ... I ask you as a father, as a pitiful desolate father, to do me a favor and go in person to deposit next to the body of her mother this fruit of her womb and on this occasion pray for one and other" (<a href="#CITEREFSantos2011">Santos 2011</a>, p. 29).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 14,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 10–11,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 6,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 36.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranco1838">Branco 1838</a>, p. XXXVI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19753-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon19753_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999424-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999424_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon19505,_9,_11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon19505,_9,_11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 5, 9, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_15,_9–10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_15,_9–10_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 5, 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_14,_8,_10,_28-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_14,_8,_10,_28_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 4, 8, 10, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195012–13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195012–13_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19866-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19866_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19863-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19863_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_19_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay19867_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_112_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1972">Costa 1972</a>, pp. 12–13,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 43,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 34, 47.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_139,_41-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_139,_41_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 39, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198629-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198629_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1125,_128-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1125,_128_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 125, 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986189-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986189_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195033-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195033_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622,_33-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198622,_33_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 22, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198632_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 116,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 99–101,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 70.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta1995101-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995101_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995101_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1121-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1121_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199917-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199917_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198646_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200658-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200658_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198636_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198637-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198637_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 175, 255</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 185</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 121</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986177-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986177_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988134-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988134_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1252-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1252_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198651-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198651_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200671-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200671_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_176-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_176_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_178–80-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_178–80_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198653-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198653_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta197242-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta197242_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta1972">Costa 1972</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195044-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195044_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_196-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_196_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195049-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195049_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198864-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198864_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198868-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198868_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198868_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198647–48-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198647–48_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 121–122,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 101,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 70.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1123-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1123_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198693_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 70,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 158–164,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 59–62,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 395.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 72,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 203–217,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 66–67,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 396.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198872-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198872_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 72,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 227,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 86,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1972">Costa 1972</a>, p. 69.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1232–233-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1232–233_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198696-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay198696_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198874-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198874_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006114_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 74,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, pp. 113–114,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 75–76.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1242-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1242_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198881-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198881_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264–265-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_1264–265_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, pp. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198882-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198882_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198883-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198883_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986107-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986107_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 84,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 107,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 82.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200698-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200698_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198878-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198878_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198884-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198884_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986109–110-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986109–110_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986116-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986116_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon195085-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon195085_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198890–91,_96-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198890–91,_96_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 90–91, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986119,_122–123-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986119,_122–123_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 119, 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986124-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986124_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198896-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198896_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 96,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 31,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 125.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994420–422_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, pp. 420–422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988104–106_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 104–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_1">Sousa 1972, Vol 1</a>, p. 307, <a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 139, <a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 148,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 101,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 71.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman198892-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman198892_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 121, 129–130,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 100, 272,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 93.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986120-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986120_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986153–154-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986153–154_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988116-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988116_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988117-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988117_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 118,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 157,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 429.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 162,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 174,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, pp. 166, 168,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 430,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 123.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986165_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988122_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988121-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988121_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986166_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988278-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988278_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994435-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994435_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 128,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 193,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 184.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 140–141,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, pp. 195–197,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 184–185.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988140-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988140_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2195-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2195_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988141-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988141_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986186-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986186_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988142_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183526-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183526_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVII_108-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranco1838">Branco 1838</a>, p. XXXVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988148_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986226_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986255,_295-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986255,_295_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 255, 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986239-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986239_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147–148-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147–148_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988125-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988125_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988128_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2206-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2206_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986190-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986190_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986168,_190-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986168,_190_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 168, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988146-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988146_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006192,_231,_236-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006192,_231,_236_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, pp. 192, 231, 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199916-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199916_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988136-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988136_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986201–202-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986201–202_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986202-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986202_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, pp. 178–179,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 202,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1972">Costa 1972</a>, pp. 123–124.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986211-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986211_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988151_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199924-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199924_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, p. 193,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 250,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 88,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 260.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta199588-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta199588_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928195-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928195_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006250-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006250_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006262-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006262_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006252_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988147_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2320-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2320_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2326-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2326_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta199594-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta199594_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_38-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_38_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006285-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006285_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_315-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_315_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986235-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986235_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928274-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928274_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988156_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 10, 16–17,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 231, 241,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 94.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986236-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986236_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006283-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006283_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 114, 131, 134, 137–139, 143–146, 150,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, pp. 34–35, 39,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 195, 234.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 229,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNeedell2006">Needell 2006</a>, p. 42,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, pp. 136–138.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x,_193,_195,_219,_229,_221-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x,_193,_195,_219,_229,_221_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. x, 193, 195, 219, 229, 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994445-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994445_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1994476-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1994476_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1994">Viana 1994</a>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986229-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986229_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986244-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986244_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986243-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986243_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1950155–158-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1950155–158_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 155–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986174-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986174_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986216–217,_246-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986216–217,_246_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 216–217, 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986215-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986215_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006129,_131-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006129,_131_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, pp. 129, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986214-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986214_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006131-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006131_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986108-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986108_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006128–129-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006128–129_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986195-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986195_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988159_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_344-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_344_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988157_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988138-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988138_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFViana1966">Viana 1966</a>, p. 24,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 154,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 127.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986246–247-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986246–247_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988158-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988158_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986250-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986250_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 108,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 159,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 251.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 159,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 251,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 110.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 159,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 192–193,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 252.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986252-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986252_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3114-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3114_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006323-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006323_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986254–257-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986254–257_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 254–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3117,_119,_142–143-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3117,_119,_142–143_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 117, 119, 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3149,_151-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3149,_151_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 149, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257–260,_262-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986257–260,_262_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 257–260, 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3158_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986259_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986267-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986267_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988281-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988281_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197536-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197536_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta1995117-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta1995117_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972203-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972203_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorge1972">Jorge 1972</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 40,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 214,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 318.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa2006306-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa2006306_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 268–269,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 201, 204,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 222, 224.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, p. 320,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, p. 207,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 222.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1972">Costa 1972</a>, pp. 174–179,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 269–271, 274,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 221–223.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986293-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986293_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3287-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3287_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1950">Calmon 1950</a>, pp. 222–223,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, pp. 311–317,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 276, 280, 282, 292,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 241–244, 247</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986290-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986290_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295,_297–298-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986295,_297–298_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, pp. 295, 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3291,_293–294-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3291,_293–294_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 291, 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustosa200672–73-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustosa200672–73_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLustosa2006">Lustosa 2006</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986302-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986302_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986304-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986304_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3302-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3302_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972198–199-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972198–199_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorge1972">Jorge 1972</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFCosta1995">Costa 1995</a>, p. 312,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 305,</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 309.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986305_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309_215-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309_215-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999433-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999433_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986299-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986299_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon197581-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon197581_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1988178-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1988178_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1988">Barman 1988</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorge1972204-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorge1972204_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorge1972">Jorge 1972</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309,_312-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_3309,_312_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3">Sousa 1972, Vol 3</a>, pp. 309, 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage_1836,_Vol_2139–140-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage_1836,_Vol_2139–140_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmitage_1836,_Vol_2">Armitage 1836, Vol 2</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon1975900-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalmon1975900_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalmon1975">Calmon 1975</a>, p. 900.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1986x_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1986">Macaulay 1986</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuschschlüter2022" class="citation news cs1">Buschschlüter, Vanessa (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928">"Pedro I: Emperor's embalmed heart arrives in Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822094422/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62561928">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+an+Embalmed+Heart+Will+Mark+Brazil%27s+200-Year+Independence+Celebration&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Mansoor&rft.aufirst=Sanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6208111%2Fwhy-an-embalmed-heart-will-mark-brazils-200-year-independence-celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues186371-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues186371_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues1863">Rodrigues 1863</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalácio_de_Queluz198624-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalácio_de_Queluz198624_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalácio_de_Queluz1986">Palácio de Queluz 1986</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXIV-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXIV_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranco1838">Branco 1838</a>, p. XXIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199911-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199911_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI–XXXVII-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranco1838XXXVI–XXXVII_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranco1838">Branco 1838</a>, pp. XXXVI–XXXVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman19998-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman19998_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999438_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183533–34_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199942-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman199942_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183517–18_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183518–19,_34_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 18–19, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorato183531–32,_35–36-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorato183531–32,_35–36_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorato1835">Morato 1835</a>, pp. 31–32, 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESousa_1972,_Vol_2229_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2">Sousa 1972, Vol 2</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968204-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968204_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1968">Viana 1968</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERangel1928447-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangel1928447_242-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangel1928">Rangel 1928</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodrigues_1975,_Vol_422-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodrigues_1975,_Vol_422_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodrigues_1975,_Vol_4">Rodrigues 1975, Vol 4</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1276-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELira_1977,_Vol_1276_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1">Lira 1977, Vol 1</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968206-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968206_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968206_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1968">Viana 1968</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViana1968205-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968205_246-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViana1968205_246-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViana1968">Viana 1968</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999148-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarman1999148_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarman1999">Barman 1999</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saisset-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saisset_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061140/https://www.mariposaresearch.net/santaclararesearch/SCBIOS/pdesaisset.html"><i>Pen Pictures From The Garden of the World or Santa Clara County, California, 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mariposaresearch.net/santaclararesearch/SCBIOS/pdesaisset.html">the original</a> on 29 December 2007 – via The Valley of Heart's Delight, Santa Clara Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pen+Pictures+From+The+Garden+of+the+World+or+Santa+Clara+County%2C+California%2C+Illustrated.&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL.&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariposaresearch.net%2Fsantaclararesearch%2FSCBIOS%2Fpdesaisset.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993385-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesouchet1993385_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBesouchet1993">Besouchet 1993</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezzutti2015369,_432-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezzutti2015369,_432_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezzutti2015">Rezzutti 2015</a>, pp. 369, 432.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage_1836,_Vol_2" class="citation book cs1">Armitage, John (1836). <i>The History of Brazil, from the period of the arrival of the Braganza family in 1808, to the abdication of Don Pedro The First in 1831</i>. 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Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1437-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-1437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+The+Forging+of+a+Nation%2C+1798%E2%80%931852&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1437-2&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman1999" class="citation book cs1">Barman, Roderick J. (1999). <i>Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Emperor%3A+Pedro+II+and+the+Making+of+Brazil%2C+1825%E2%80%931891&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3510-0&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Roderick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesouchet1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besouchet, Lídia (1993). <i>Pedro II e o Século XIX</i> (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-209-0494-7"><bdi>978-85-209-0494-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedro+II+e+o+S%C3%A9culo+XIX&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Nova+Fronteira&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-85-209-0494-7&rft.aulast=Besouchet&rft.aufirst=L%C3%ADdia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranco1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Branco, João Carlos Feo Cardoso de Castello (1838). <i>Resenha das familias titulares do reino de Portugal: Acompanhada das notícias biográphicas de alguns indivíduos da mesmas famílias</i> (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resenha+das+familias+titulares+do+reino+de+Portugal%3A+Acompanhada+das+not%C3%ADcias+biogr%C3%A1phicas+de+alguns+indiv%C3%ADduos+da+mesmas+fam%C3%ADlias&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Branco&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+Carlos+Feo+Cardoso+de+Castello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Calmon, Pedro</a> (1950). <i>O Rei Cavaleiro</i> (in Portuguese) (6 ed.). São Paulo: Edição Saraiva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Rei+Cavaleiro&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Saraiva&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmon1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calmon, Pedro (1975). <i>História de D. Pedro II</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+D.+Pedro+II&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Calmon&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho1968" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, J. Mesquita de (1968). <i>Dicionário prático da língua nacional ilustrado</i>. Vol. 1 (12 ed.). São Paulo: Egéria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+pr%C3%A1tico+da+l%C3%ADngua+nacional+ilustrado&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Eg%C3%A9ria&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=J.+Mesquita+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta_1972,_Vol_295" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costa, Horácio Rodrigues da (1972). "Os Testemunhos do Grito do Ipiranga". <i>Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro</i> (in Portuguese). <b>295</b>. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+do+Instituto+Hist%C3%B3rico+e+Geogr%C3%A1fico+Brasileiro&rft.atitle=Os+Testemunhos+do+Grito+do+Ipiranga&rft.volume=295&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Hor%C3%A1cio+Rodrigues+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta1972" class="citation book cs1">Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da (1972) [1950]. <i>Every Inch a King: A Biography of Dom Pedro I First Emperor of Brazil</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Putnam" title="Samuel Putnam">Samuel Putnam</a>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-2974-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-2974-5"><bdi>978-0-7091-2974-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Inch+a+King%3A+A+Biography+of+Dom+Pedro+I+First+Emperor+of+Brazil&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7091-2974-5&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9rgio+Corr%C3%AAa+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta1995" class="citation book cs1">Costa, Sérgio Corrêa da (1995). <i>As quatro coroas de D. Pedro I</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-219-0129-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-219-0129-7"><bdi>978-85-219-0129-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+quatro+coroas+de+D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Paz+e+Terra&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-85-219-0129-7&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9rgio+Corr%C3%AAa+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicionários_Editora1997" class="citation book cs1">Dicionários Editora (1997). <i>Dicionário de Sinônimos</i> (2 ed.). 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Rio de Janeiro: A Noite.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grande+e+nov%C3%ADssimo+dicion%C3%A1rio+da+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=A+Noite&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Freira&rft.aufirst=Laudelino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouaissVillar2009" class="citation book cs1">Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2009). <i>Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa</i>. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7302-963-5"><bdi>978-85-7302-963-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Houaiss+da+l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Objetiva&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-85-7302-963-5&rft.aulast=Houaiss&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B4nio&rft.au=Villar%2C+Mauro+de+Salles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorge, Fernando (1972). <i>Os 150 anos da nossa independendência</i> (in Portuguese). 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São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0807-7"><bdi>978-85-359-0807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+I%3A+um+her%C3%B3i+sem+nenhum+car%C3%A1ter&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-85-359-0807-7&rft.aulast=Lustosa&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neill_W._Macaulay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.">Macaulay, Neill</a> (1986). <i>Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0681-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-0681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dom+Pedro%3A+The+Struggle+for+Liberty+in+Brazil+and+Portugal%2C+1798%E2%80%931834&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0681-8&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLima1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lima, Manuel de Oliveira (1997). <i>O movimento da Independência</i> (in Portuguese) (6th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+movimento+da+Independ%C3%AAncia&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Topbooks&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lima&rft.aufirst=Manuel+de+Oliveira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLira_1977,_Vol_1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lira, Heitor (1977). <i>História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. 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Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de Laemmert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+pol%C3%ADtica+do+Imp%C3%A9rio+do+Brasil&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Typographia+Universal+de+Laemmert&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues_1975,_Vol_4" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodrigues, José Honório (1975). <i>Independência: revolução e contra-revolução</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 4. 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Pedro I</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+vida+de+D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Oct%C3%A1vio+Tarqu%C3%ADnio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_2" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de (1972). <i>A vida de D. Pedro I</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+vida+de+D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Oct%C3%A1vio+Tarqu%C3%ADnio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa_1972,_Vol_3" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de (1972). <i>A vida de D. Pedro I</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+vida+de+D.+Pedro+I&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=Jos%C3%A9+Ol%C3%ADmpio&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Oct%C3%A1vio+Tarqu%C3%ADnio+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavares2013" class="citation web cs1">Tavares, Ingrid (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.uol.com.br/ciencia/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2013/04/03/infeccao-causou-o-aborto-e-a-morte-da-primeira-mulher-de-dom-pedro-1.htm">"Infecção, e não briga, causou aborto e morte de mulher de Dom Pedro 1º"</a> [Infection, and not a fight, caused the abortion and death of the wife of Dom Pedro the First]. <i><a href="/wiki/Universo_Online" title="Universo Online">UOL</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UOL&rft.atitle=Infec%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+e+n%C3%A3o+briga%2C+causou+aborto+e+morte+de+mulher+de+Dom+Pedro+1%C2%BA&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Tavares&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Fciencia%2Fultimas-noticias%2Fredacao%2F2013%2F04%2F03%2Finfeccao-causou-o-aborto-e-a-morte-da-primeira-mulher-de-dom-pedro-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViana1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viana, Hélio (1966). <i>D. Pedro I e D. Pedro II. Acréscimos às suas biografias</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Pedro+I+e+D.+Pedro+II.+Acr%C3%A9scimos+%C3%A0s+suas+biografias&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Viana&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViana1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viana, Hélio (1968). <i>Vultos do Império</i> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vultos+do+Imp%C3%A9rio&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+Editora+Nacional&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Viana&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViana1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viana, Hélio (1994). <i>História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república</i> (in Portuguese) (15th ed.). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-06-01999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-06-01999-3"><bdi>978-85-06-01999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+Brasil%3A+per%C3%ADodo+colonial%2C+monarquia+e+rep%C3%BAblica&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Melhoramentos&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-85-06-01999-3&rft.aulast=Viana&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+I+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_I_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedro_I_of_Brazil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Pedro I of Brazil </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 12 October 1798</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 24 September 1834</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> </b><br />12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> </b><br />10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="History of the Empire of Brazil">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">First Reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Second Reign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nobility" title="Brazilian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Empire of Brazil">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms consisting of a shield with a green field with a golden armillary sphere superimposed on the red and white Cross of the Order of Christ, surrounded by a blue band with 20 silver stars; the bearers are two arms of a wreath, with a coffee branch on the left and a flowering tobacco branch on the right; and above the shield is an arched golden and jeweled crown." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/120px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/180px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/240px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Politics of the Empire of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political instances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brazil" title="Prime Minister of Brazil">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Brazil)" title="General Assembly (Brazil)">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">Moderating Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_parliamentarism" title="Reverse parliamentarism">Reverse parliamentarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Brazilian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherland Volunteers">Fatherland Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generals_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="List of generals of the Empire of Brazil">List of generals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Navy" title="Imperial Brazilian Navy">Imperial Brazilian Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Brazil)" title="Naval School (Brazil)">Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Brazilian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Brazilian Navy">List of ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Military ranks of the Empire of Brazil">Military Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Independence War</a> (1822–1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> (1835–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (1851–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Gama" title="Luís Gama">Luís Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_do_Nascimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco José do Nascimento">Francisco José do Nascimento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_Brazil" title="Abolitionism in Brazil">Abolitionism in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netto_Question" title="Netto Question">Netto Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco_Law" title="Rio Branco Law">Rio Branco Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazilian_imperial_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Template:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Template talk:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazilian imperial family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazilian_imperial_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forefathers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King-Emperor John VI</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Queen-Empress Carlota</a></i>*</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1870-1889).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazilian Imperial coat of arms"><img alt="Imperial coat of arms of Brazil, used between 1870 and 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/110px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/165px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg/220px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281870-1889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian Imperial coat of arms</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emperor Pedro I</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Empress Leopoldina</a></i>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_of_Leuchtenberg" title="Amélie of Leuchtenberg">Empress Amélie</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Emperor Pedro II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies">Empress Teresa Cristina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária, Princess Imperial and Countess of Aquila</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Princess Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca, Princess of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Princess Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Afonso, Prince Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Count_of_Eu" title="Gaston, Count of Eu">Prince Gaston of Orléans, Count of Eu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil" title="Princess Leopoldina of Brazil">Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Pedro, Prince Imperial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará">Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lu%C3%ADs_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza_(1878%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza (1878–1920)">Prince Luís</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_di_Grazia_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Princess Maria di Grazia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Princess Maria Pia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ant%C3%B4nio_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza">Prince Antônio Gastão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Pedro Augusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Augusto Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince José Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Luís Gastão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Consorts are in <i>italics</i> - * member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Portuguese royal family</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a> (1139–1383)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal" title="Beatrice of Portugal"><i>Beatrice I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/120px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/180px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/240px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> (1385–1580)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Prior_of_Crato" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony, Prior of Crato"><i>Anthony I</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">House of Habsburg</a> (1581–1640)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> (1640–1910)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peter IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">with</span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Peter V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Brazil" title="Template:Monarchs of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian monarchs">Monarchs of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Kingdom of Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a><b>*</b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg/50px-Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg/75px-Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg/100px-Full_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_Portugal_Brazil_and_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="673" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_(1822-1870).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg/50px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg/75px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg/100px-CoA_Empire_of_Brazil_%281822-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>*</b>Also titular Emperor of Brazil.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Braganza" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Braganza" title="Template:House of Braganza"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Braganza" title="Template talk:House of Braganza"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Braganza" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Braganza"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Braganza" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Members_of_the_Ducal_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Ducal House</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Generations_indicate_descent_from_Afonso,_Duke_of_Braganza,_founder_of_the_House_of_Braganza,_until_João_II,_Duke_of_Braganza,_the_first_Braganza_monarch_of_Portugal;_italics_indicate_a_head_of_the_House">Generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso, Duke of Braganza">Afonso, Duke of Braganza</a>, founder of the House of Braganza, until <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">João II, Duke of Braganza</a>, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; <i>italics</i> indicate a head of the House</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Braganza,_1st_Marquis_of_Valen%C3%A7a" title="Afonso of Braganza, 1st Marquis of Valença">Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Barcelos" title="Isabel of Barcelos">Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernando_I,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Fernando I, Duke of Braganza">Fernando I</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernando_II,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Fernando II, Duke of Braganza">Ferdinand II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_of_Braganza,_Marquis_of_Montemor-o-Novo" title="João of Braganza, Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo">João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo</a></li> <li>Afonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo</li> <li>Álvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval</li> <li>António</li> <li>Isabel</li> <li>Beatriz, Marquise of Vila Real</li> <li>Guiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo</li> <li>Catarina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Roderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira</li> <li>Jorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves</li> <li>Beatriz, Duchess of Coimbra</li> <li>Joana, Countess of Vimioso</li> <li>Maria, Countess of Portalegre</li> <li>Filipe</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaime,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Jaime, Duke of Braganza">Jaime I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinis_of_Braganza,_Count_of_Lemos" title="Dinis of Braganza, Count of Lemos">Dinis, Count of Lemos</a></li> <li>Margarida</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fernando, 7th Count of Lemos</li> <li>Afonso</li> <li>Isabel</li> <li>Maria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Braganza,_Duchess_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães">Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_I,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza">Teodósio I</a></i></li> <li>Joana, Marquise of Elche</li> <li>Jaime</li> <li>Eugénia, Marquise of Ferreira</li> <li>Maria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantino_of_Braganza" title="Constantino of Braganza">Constantino, Viceroy of India</a></li> <li>Fulgêncio</li> <li>Teotónio, Archbishop of Évora</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="João I, Duke of Braganza">John I</a></i></li> <li>Jaime</li> <li>Isabel, Duchess of Caminha</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Maria</li> <li>Serefina</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza">Teodósio II</a></i></li> <li>Duarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla</li> <li>Alexandre, Archbishop of Évora</li> <li>Querubina</li> <li>Angélica</li> <li>Maria</li> <li>Isabel</li> <li>Filipe</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John II</a></i></li> <li>Duarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde</li> <li>Catarina</li> <li>Alexandre</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasao-Brigantina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/160px-Brasao-Brigantina.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/240px-Brasao-Brigantina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/320px-Brasao-Brigantina.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Members_of_the_Royal_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Royal House</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Generations_indicate_descent_from_John_IV,_King_of_Portugal,_formerly_John_II,_Duke_of_Braganza,_the_first_Braganza_monarch_of_Portugal,_until_Manuel_II,_King_of_Portugal,_the_last_monarch_of_Portugal,_excluding_the_Miguelist_line;_italics_indicate_a_head_of_the_House">Generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV, King of Portugal</a>, formerly John II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II, King of Portugal</a>, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; <i>italics</i> indicate a head of the House</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Teodósio, Prince of Brazil">Teodósio, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li>Ana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joana,_Princess_of_Beira" title="Joana, Princess of Beira">Joana, Princess of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catarina, Queen Consort of the England</a></li> <li>Manuel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II</a></i></li> <li>Maria</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Lu%C3%ADsa,_Princess_of_Beira" title="Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira">Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="João, Prince of Brazil">João, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja">Francisco, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Portugal" title="Infante António of Portugal">António</a></li> <li>Francisca Xaviera</li> <li>Teresa Maria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Manuel,_Count_of_Our%C3%A9m" title="Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém">Manuel, Count of Ourém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Francisca_Josefa_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Francisca Josefa of Portugal">Francisca Josefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa,_Duchess_of_Cadaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval">Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Bragança">Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_of_Braganza,_Archbishop_of_Braga" class="mw-redirect" title="José of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga">José, Archbishop of Braga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Braganza,_Child_of_Palhav%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="António of Braganza, Child of Palhavã">António</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_of_Braganza,_Archbishop_of_Braga" title="Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga">Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_of_Braganza,_High_Inquisitor_of_Portugal" title="José of Braganza, High Inquisitor of Portugal">José, High Inquisitor of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rita_of_Braganza" title="Maria Rita of Braganza">Maria Rita of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Pedro, Prince of Brazil">Pedro, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Portugal" title="Infante Carlos of Portugal">Carlos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Peter III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alexandre_of_Portugal" title="Infante Alexandre of Portugal">Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Bemposta" title="João da Bemposta">João da Bemposta</a></li> <li>Joana Francisca, Marquise of Cascais</li> <li>Pedro Henrique, 1st Duke of Lafões</li> <li>João Carlos, 2nd Duke of Lafões</li> <li>Francisca</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_Francisca_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Ana Francisca of Portugal">Mariana Francisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Doroteia_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Doroteia of Portugal">Maria Doroteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Benedita_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Benedita of Portugal">Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil</a></li> <li>José João, Duke of Miranda do Corvo</li> <li>Carlota</li> <li>Ana Maria, 3rd Duchess of Lafões</li> <li>Maria Domingas, Duchess of Cadaval</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="José, Prince of Brazil">José, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li>João Carlos</li> <li>João Francisco</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Ana_Vit%C3%B3ria_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Ana Vitória of Portugal">Maria Ana Vitória</a></li> <li>Maria Clementina</li> <li>Maria Isabel</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa,_Princess_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira">Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Francisco António, Prince of Beira">Francisco António, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel of Portugal">Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Francisca_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal">Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal">Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_da_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria da Assunção of Portugal">Maria da Assunção</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Ana_de_Jesus_Maria_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Ana de Jesus Maria of Portugal">Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel,_Prince_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel, Prince of Beira">Miguel, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Pedro V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a></i></li> <li>Maria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">João, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Anna_of_Portugal_(1843%E2%80%931884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Anna of Portugal (1843–1884)">Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Ant%C3%B3nia_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Antónia of Portugal">Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Augusto, Duke of Coimbra</a></li> <li>Leopoldo</li> <li>Maria da Glória</li> <li>Eugénio</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Afonso, Duke of Porto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal</a></li> <li>Maria Ana</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Members_of_the_Imperial_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Imperial house</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Generations_indicate_descent_from_Pedro_I,_Emperor_of_Brazil,_also_Pedro_IV,_King_of_Portugal,_founder_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil,_until_Pedro_II,_Emperor_of_Brazil,_the_last_monarch_of_Brazil;_italics_indicates_a_head_of_the_House">Generations indicate descent from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil</a>, also Pedro IV, King of Portugal, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">monarch of Brazil</a>; <i>italics</i> indicates a head of the House</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II, Queen of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária, Countess of Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Paula_of_Brazil" title="Princess Paula of Brazil">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca, Princess of Joinville</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Am%C3%A9lia_of_Brazil" title="Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil">Maria Amélia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil" title="Princess Leopoldina of Brazil">Leopoldina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil">Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Pedro Augusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Augusto Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">José Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Luís Gastão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lu%C3%ADs_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza_(1878-1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Luís of Orléans-Braganza (1878-1920)">Luís Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará">Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ant%C3%B4nio_Gast%C3%A3o_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="Prince Antônio Gastão of Orléans-Braganza">Antônio Gastão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Members_of_the_Miguelist_House" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the Miguelist House</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Generations_indicate_descent_from_Miguel_I,_King_of_Portugal,_founder_of_the_Miguelist_House,_until_Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza,_the_current_head_of_the_House_of_Braganza;_italics_indicates_a_head_of_the_House">Generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I, King of Portugal</a>, founder of the Miguelist House, until <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza</a>, the current head of the House of Braganza; <i>italics</i> indicates a head of the House</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal">Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel, Duke of Braganza">Miguel, Duke of Braganza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Theresa_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal">Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Josepha_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria Josepha of Portugal">Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Aldegundes,_Duchess_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães">Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Marie_Anne_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal">Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_Antonia_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal">Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu">Miguel, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis_Joseph_of_Braganza" title="Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza">Francisco José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Theresa_of_Braganza" title="Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza">Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza" title="Princess Isabel Maria of Braganza">Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li>Maria Benedita</li> <li>Mafalda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Anna_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Anna of Braganza">Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis</a></li> <li>Maria Antónia</li> <li>Filipa</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Nuno_de_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Duarte Nuno de Bragança">Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Adelaide_de_Bragan%C3%A7a" title="Maria Adelaide de Bragança">Maria Adelaide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio_de_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Duarte Pio de Bragança">Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza</a></i></li> <li>Miguel, Duke of Viseu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso de Bragança">Afonso, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li>Maria Francisca</li> <li>Dinis, Duke of Porto</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Titles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">Titles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Regnal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves#Monarchs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Royal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Portugal">Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil" title="Prince of Brazil">Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Royal of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Beira" title="Prince of Beira">Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Prince Imperial of Brazil">Prince Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Prince of Grão-Pará">Prince of Grão-Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil_(Brazil)" title="Prince of Brazil (Brazil)">Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_of_Portugal" title="Infante of Portugal">Infante of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Noble</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Duke of Guimarães">Duke of Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Barcelos" title="Duke of Barcelos">Duke of Barcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Porto" title="Duke of Porto">Duke of Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beja" title="Duke of Beja">Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Viseu" title="Duke of Viseu">Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Duke of Coimbra">Duke of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Marquis of Vila Viçosa">Marquis of Vila Viçosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Braganza,_1st_Marquis_of_Valen%C3%A7a" title="Afonso of Braganza, 1st Marquis of Valença">Marquis of Valença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_of_Braganza,_Marquis_of_Montemor-o-Novo" title="João of Braganza, Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo">Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Guimarães">Count of Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelos" title="Count of Barcelos">Count of Barcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Arraiolos" title="Count of Arraiolos">Count of Arraiolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Our%C3%A9m" title="Count of Ourém">Count of Ourém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Neiva" title="Count of Neiva">Count of Neiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Faro" title="Count of Faro">Count of Faro</a></li> <li>Count of Faria</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Patrimony" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Patrimony</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajuda National Palace">Ajuda Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Palace" title="Belém Palace">Belém Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7aco_Palace" title="Buçaco Palace">Buçaco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Carrancas" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the Carrancas">Carrancas Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Castle of Vila Viçosa">Castle of Vila Viçosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafra_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafra National Palace">Mafra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Necessidades" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Necessidades">Necessidades Palace</a></li> <li>Palace of the Counts of Barcelos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dukes_of_Braganza" title="Palace of the Dukes of Braganza">Palace of the Dukes of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pena National Palace">Pena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queluz_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz National Palace">Queluz Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramalh%C3%A3o_Palace" title="Ramalhão Palace">Ramalhão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1" title="Palácio do Grão-Pará">Grão-Pará Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Petrópolis Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Boa_Vista" title="Quinta da Boa Vista">Quinta da Boa Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Rio de Janeiro Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">São Cristóvão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Estate" title="Santa Cruz Estate">Santa Cruz Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Cadet_houses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cadet houses</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Agnatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valen%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Valença">House of Valença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Laf%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lafões">House of Lafões</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cadaval" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Cadaval">House of Cadaval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Non-agnatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Braganza" title="House of Bourbon-Braganza">House of Bourbon-Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans-Braganza" title="House of Orléans-Braganza">House of Orléans-Braganza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:160px;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Topics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Braganza" title="Duchy of Braganza">Duchy of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukedom of Braganza">Dukedom of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Braganza" title="List of dukes of Braganza">List of dukes of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Braganza" title="Duchess of Braganza">Duchess of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" title="Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Brazil" title="Template:Princes of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Princes of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Brazil" title="Prince of Brazil">Princes of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Teodósio, Prince of Brazil">Teodósio</a> <i>(1645–1653)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso</a> <i>(1653–1656)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="João, Prince of Brazil">João</a> <i>(1688)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">João</a> <i>(1689–1706)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Pedro, Prince of Brazil">Pedro</a> <i>(1712–1714)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">José</a> <i>(1714–1750)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria</a> <i>(1760–1777)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="José, Prince of Brazil">José</a> <i>(1777–1788)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">João</a> <i>(1788–1816)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro</a> <i>(1816–1817)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regents_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Template:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regents_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regents of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regents_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_regents" title="List of Brazilian regents">Regents of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom</a><br />(1815–1821)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John of Branganza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro of Braganza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro I</a><br />(1822–1831)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency period</a><br />(1831–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Provisional Triumviral Regency (1831)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lima_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Lima e Silva">Francisco de Lima e Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Pereira_de_Campos_Vergueiro" title="Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro">Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Carneiro_de_Campos,_Marquis_of_Caravelas" title="José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas">José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Permanent Triumviral Regency (1831–1835)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lima_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Lima e Silva">Francisco de Lima e Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_da_Costa_Carvalho,_Marquis_of_Monte_Alegre" title="José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre">José da Costa Carvalho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Br%C3%A1ulio_Muniz" title="João Bráulio Muniz">João Bráulio Muniz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sole regencies (1835–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ant%C3%B4nio_Feij%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Antônio Feijó">Diogo Antônio Feijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Lima,_Marquis_of_Olinda" title="Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda">Pedro de Araújo Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro II</a><br />(1841–1889)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Braganza" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Braganza" title="Template:Dukes of Braganza"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Braganza" title="Template talk:Dukes of 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Braganza">Fernando II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Jaime, Duke of Braganza">Jaime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_I,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Teodósio I, Duke of Braganza">Teodósio I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="João I, Duke of Braganza">João I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza">Teodósio II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">João II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasao-Brigantina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowned coat of arms of the house of Braganza supported by 2 dragons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/90px-Brasao-Brigantina.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/135px-Brasao-Brigantina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Brasao-Brigantina.png/180px-Brasao-Brigantina.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza#Dukedom_in_the_Braganza_monarchy" title="Duke of Braganza">Heir to the Throne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Teodósio, Prince of Brazil">Teodósio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Lu%C3%ADsa,_Princess_of_Beira" title="Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira">Isabel Luísa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="João, Prince of Brazil">João</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">João</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal" title="Barbara of Portugal">Maria Bárbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Pedro, Prince of Brazil">Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria Francisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="José, Prince of Brazil">José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">João</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro de Alcântara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria da Glória</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza#Dukes_in_the_post-monarchy_era" title="Duke of Braganza">Claimant to the Throne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel, Duke of Braganza">Miguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Nuno,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Nuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_infantes" title="Template:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_infantes" title="Template talk:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_infantes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese infantes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante_of_Portugal" title="Infante of Portugal">Infantes of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> through <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> through <a href="/wiki/Catarina_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Braganza" title="Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza">Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Urgell" title="Peter I, Count of Urgell">Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Ferdinand, Count of Flanders">Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal" title="Afonso III of Portugal">Afonso III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando,_Lord_of_Serpa" title="Fernando, Lord of Serpa">Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Dinis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Portugal,_Lord_of_Portalegre" title="Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre">Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_of_Portugal,_Lord_of_Leiria" title="Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Leiria">Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Pedro I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Fernando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John, Duke of Valencia de Campos">Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis,_Lord_of_Cifuentes" title="Denis, Lord of Cifuentes">Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">Duarte I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="John, Constable of Portugal">Infante João, Constable of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_the_Holy_Prince" title="Ferdinand the Holy Prince">Infante Fernando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu">Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="Peter, Constable of Portugal">Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Coimbra,_Prince_of_Antioch" title="John of Coimbra, Prince of Antioch">Infante João, Prince of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Portugal" title="James of Portugal">Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo,_Constable_of_Portugal" title="Diogo, Constable of Portugal">Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1451)" title="John, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1451)">João, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">João II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="João, Duke of Viseu">Infante João, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Diogo, Duke of Viseu">Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">João III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_of_Portugal,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja">Infante Luís, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Guarda" title="Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda">Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Afonso_of_Portugal" title="Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal">Cardinal-Infante Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henrique I (The Cardinal-King)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte,_Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es_(1515%E2%80%931540)" title="Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)">Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1526)" title="Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1526)">Afonso, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal_(1531%E2%80%931537)" title="Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1531–1537)">Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Philip, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Filipe, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte,_Duke_of_Guimar%C3%A3es_(1541%E2%80%931576)" title="Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1541–1576)">Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">Sebastião I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Filipe II</a>§</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal">Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Filipe III</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Infante Carlos</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Cardinal-Infante Fernando</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Infante Alonso</a>§</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Teodósio, Prince of Brazil">Teodósio, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Pedro II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="João, Prince of Brazil">João, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">João V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja">Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Ant%C3%B3nio_of_Portugal" title="Infante António of Portugal">Infante António</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Manuel,_Count_of_Our%C3%A9m" title="Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém">Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="Pedro, Prince of Brazil">Pedro, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">José I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Portugal" title="Infante Carlos of Portugal">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Portugal" title="Peter III of Portugal">Pedro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alexandre_of_Portugal" title="Infante Alexandre of Portugal">Infante Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil" title="José, Prince of Brazil">José, Prince of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">João VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Francisco António, Prince of Beira">Francisco António, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro_Carlos_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal">Infante Pedro Carlos</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos,_Prince_of_Beira" title="João Carlos, Prince of Beira">João Carlos, Prince of Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>‡</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Prince Miguel, Duke of Braganza">Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Sebastião of Spain and Portugal">Infante Sebastião</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Pedro V</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João, Duke of Beja</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Miguel,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu">Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu</a></i>ƒ◙</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Francis_Joseph_of_Braganza" title="Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza">Infante Francisco José</a></i>ƒ◙</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Nuno,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza">Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ◙</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe, Prince Royal</a>¶</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a>¶</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_of_Beira" title="Afonso, Prince of Beira">Afonso, Prince of Beira</a></i>ƒ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>§ <i>also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span># <i>also an infante of Spain</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>‡ <i>also an imperial prince of Brazil</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>¶ <i>also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>◙ <i>also a prince of Braganza</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>¤ <i>title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic</i>,<span class="nowrap">  </span>ƒ <i>claimant infante</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121387484">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000468436177">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71432325">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2494/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktvFYQFdrQDcfmcd3JDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118983318">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50008778">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173735c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12173735c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49784564">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2018982673&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1023927">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266448105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510078706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14027485">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17908416?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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