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mw-editable page-Dissolvent rootpage-Dissolvent skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Dissolvent" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Dissolvent" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Dissolvent" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Dissolvent" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tipus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tipus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Tipus</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Segons_la_seva_polaritat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segons_la_seva_polaritat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Segons la seva polaritat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segons_la_seva_polaritat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissolvents_apolars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolvents_apolars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Dissolvents apolars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolvents_apolars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolvents_polars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolvents_polars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Dissolvents polars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolvents_polars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segons_la_interacció_amb_els_protons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segons_la_interacció_amb_els_protons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Segons la interacció amb els protons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segons_la_interacció_amb_els_protons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protònics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protònics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Protònics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protònics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_protònics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_protònics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>No protònics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_protònics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amfipròtics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amfipròtics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Amfipròtics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amfipròtics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propietats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propietats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Propietats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propietats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Propietats</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propietats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperatures_de_fusió_i_ebullició" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperatures_de_fusió_i_ebullició"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Temperatures de fusió i ebullició</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperatures_de_fusió_i_ebullició-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressió_de_vapor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressió_de_vapor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pressió de vapor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressió_de_vapor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relació_de_partició_o_constant_de_distribució" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relació_de_partició_o_constant_de_distribució"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relació de partició o constant de distribució</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relació_de_partició_o_constant_de_distribució-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constant_de_Henry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constant_de_Henry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Constant de Henry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constant_de_Henry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constants_crioscòpica_i_ebullioscòpica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constants_crioscòpica_i_ebullioscòpica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Constants crioscòpica i ebullioscòpica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constants_crioscòpica_i_ebullioscòpica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punt_d'inflamació,_punt_d'ignició_i_punt_d'autoignició" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punt_d'inflamació,_punt_d'ignició_i_punt_d'autoignició"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Punt d'inflamació, punt d'ignició i punt d'autoignició</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punt_d'inflamació,_punt_d'ignició_i_punt_d'autoignició-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paràmetre_de_solubilitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paràmetre_de_solubilitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Paràmetre de solubilitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paràmetre_de_solubilitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dissolvent</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 70 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oplosmiddel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="مذيب - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disolvente" title="Disolvente - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolvente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Растваральнік - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Растваральнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Разтворител - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разтворител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="দ্রাবক - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রাবক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otapalo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpou%C5%A1t%C4%9Bdlo" title="Rozpouštědlo - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozpouštědlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddydd" title="Toddydd - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toddydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opl%C3%B8sningsmiddel" title="Opløsningsmiddel - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opløsningsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sungsmittel" title="Lösungsmittel - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lösungsmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Διαλύτης - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαλύτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solvent" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvanto" title="Solvanto - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solvanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disolvente" title="Disolvente - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolvente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahusti" title="Lahusti - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahusti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disolbatzaile" title="Disolbatzaile - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disolbatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="حلال (شیمی) - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلال (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuotin" title="Liuotin - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liuotin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvant" title="Solvant - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solvant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaslag%C3%B3ir" title="Tuaslagóir - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuaslagóir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disolvente" title="Disolvente - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolvente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="ממס - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="विलायक - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलायक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otapalo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lvan" title="Sòlvan - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sòlvan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%C3%B3szer" title="Oldószer - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oldószer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Լուծիչ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուծիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarut" title="Pelarut - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelarut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolvuro" title="Dissolvuro - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dissolvuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leysiefni" title="Leysiefni - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leysiefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solvente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%AA%92" title="溶媒 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="溶媒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еріткіштер - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еріткіштер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EB%A7%A4" title="용매 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용매" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emela" title="Emela - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Emela" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirpiklis" title="Tirpiklis - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tirpiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%ABdin%C4%81t%C4%81js" title="Šķīdinātājs - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķīdinātājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ലായകം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലായകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95" title="द्रावक - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रावक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelarut" title="Pelarut - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelarut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="घोलक पदार्थ - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घोलक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplosmiddel" title="Oplosmiddel - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oplosmiddel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ysemiddel" title="Løysemiddel - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Løysemiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8semiddel" title="Løsemiddel - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løsemiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solvent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpuszczalnik" title="Rozpuszczalnik - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozpuszczalnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solvente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solvent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Растворитель - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Растворитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Розтворник - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розтворник" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciugghimentu" title="Sciugghimentu - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sciugghimentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otapalo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solvent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozp%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5adlo" title="Rozpúšťadlo - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozpúšťadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topilo" title="Topilo - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Topilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mille" title="Mille - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mille" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tret%C3%ABsi" title="Tretësi - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tretësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Растварач - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Растварач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sningsmedel" title="Lösningsmedel - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lösningsmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கரைப்பான் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரைப்பான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ตัวทำละลาย - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวทำละลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6z%C3%BCc%C3%BC_(kimya)" title="Çözücü (kimya) - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çözücü (kimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Розчинник - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розчинник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%91%D9%84" title="محلّل - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محلّل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erituvchilar" title="Erituvchilar - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erituvchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_m%C3%B4i" title="Dung môi - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung môi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82" title="溶剂 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="溶剂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%89%82" title="溶剂 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="溶剂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/220px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/330px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Na%2BH2O.svg/440px-Na%2BH2O.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Molècules d'aigua (dissolvent polar) solvatant un ió de sodi(+1).</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>dissolvent</b> o <b>solvent</b> és aquella substància que permet la dispersió d'una altra, el <a href="/wiki/Solut" title="Solut">solut</a>, en el seu si. Normalment, el dissolvent estableix l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_f%C3%ADsic" title="Estat físic">estat físic</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolució">dissolució</a>, per la qual cosa es diu que el dissolvent és el component d'una dissolució que està en el mateix estat físic que la dissolució. L'<a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">aigua</a> és descrita moltes vegades com el solvent universal, perquè dissol a més de la meitat dels compostos coneguts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipus">Tipus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Tipus"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Dipole_Water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dipole_Water.svg/220px-Dipole_Water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dipole_Water.svg/330px-Dipole_Water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Dipole_Water.svg/440px-Dipole_Water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dipol_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Dipol elèctric">Dipol</a> de l'aigua amb el <a href="/wiki/Moment_dipolar_qu%C3%ADmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment dipolar químic">moment dipolar</a> en verd.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segons_la_seva_polaritat">Segons la seva polaritat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Segons la seva polaritat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolvents_apolars">Dissolvents apolars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Dissolvents apolars"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En general són <a href="/wiki/Compost_org%C3%A0nic" title="Compost orgànic">composts orgànics</a> i en les molècules dels quals, la distribució del <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAvol_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Núvol electrònic">núvol electrònic</a> és simètrica, per tant, aquestes substàncies no presenten un pol positiu i un de negatiu en les seves molècules. No poden considerar-se dipols permanents. Això no implica que alguns dels seus enllaços siguin polars. Tot dependrà de la geometria de les seves molècules. Si els <a href="/wiki/Moment_dipolar_d%27enlla%C3%A7" title="Moment dipolar d'enllaç">moments dipolars</a> individuals dels seus enllaços estan compensats, la molècula serà, en conjunt, apolar. Alguns solvents d'aquest tipus són: <a href="/wiki/Dietil%C3%A8ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietilèter">dietilèter</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Cloroform" title="Cloroform">cloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">benzè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolu%C3%A8" title="Toluè">toluè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xilol" class="mw-redirect" title="Xilol">xilè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetona" title="Cetona">cetones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hex%C3%A0" title="Hexà">hexà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclohex%C3%A0" title="Ciclohexà">ciclohexà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraclorur_de_carboni" title="Tetraclorur de carboni">tetraclorur de carboni</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolvents_polars">Dissolvents polars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Dissolvents polars"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px;text-align:center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center" style="width: 100%;"> <caption><b>Propietats d'alguns dissolvents</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center"><small>Solvent</small> </th> <th align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química">Fórmula</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química">química</a></small> </th> <th align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27ebullici%C3%B3" title="Punt d'ebullició">Punt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27ebullici%C3%B3" title="Punt d'ebullició">d'ebullició</a> (°C)</small> </th> <th align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Permitivitat_relativa" title="Permitivitat relativa">Permitivitat<br />relativa</a></small> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/287bce0849b56661bbaebca9942dfe3a6cadc21c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.057ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}}"></span> </th> <th align="center"><small><a href="/wiki/Densitat" title="Densitat">Densitat</a><br />(g/ml) </small> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td colspan="5" align="center"><b>Dissolvents apolars</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hex%C3%A0" title="Hexà">Hexà</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">69 </td> <td align="center">2,0 </td> <td align="center">0,655 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">Benzè</a> </td> <td align="center">C₆H₆ </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td align="center">2,3 </td> <td align="center">0,879 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tolu%C3%A8" title="Toluè">Toluè</a> </td> <td align="center">C₆H₅-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">111 </td> <td align="center">2,4 </td> <td align="center">0,867 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dietil_%C3%A8ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietil èter">Dietilèter</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">35 </td> <td align="center">4,3 </td> <td align="center">0,713 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cloroform" title="Cloroform">Cloroform</a> </td> <td align="center">CHCl₃ </td> <td align="center">61 </td> <td align="center">4,8 </td> <td align="center">1,498 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Acetat_d%27etil" title="Acetat d'etil">Acetat d'etil</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-C(=O)-O-CH₂-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">77 </td> <td align="center">6,0 </td> <td align="center">0,894 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dicloromet%C3%A0" title="Diclorometà">Diclorometà</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₂Cl₂ </td> <td align="center">40 </td> <td align="center">9,1 </td> <td align="center">1,326 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td colspan="5" align="center"><b>Dissolvents polars apròtics</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Diox%C3%A0" title="Dioxà">1,4-Dioxà</a> </td> <td align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">/-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₂-O-\</span> </td> <td align="center">101 </td> <td align="center">2,3 </td> <td align="center">1,033 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Tetrahidrofuran" title="Tetrahidrofuran">Tetrahidrofuran</a> (THF) </td> <td align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">/-CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH₂-\</span> </td> <td align="center">66 </td> <td align="center">7,5 </td> <td align="center">0,886 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Acetona" title="Acetona">Acetona</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-C(=O)-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">56 </td> <td align="center">21 </td> <td align="center">0,786 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Acetonitril" title="Acetonitril">Acetonitril</a> (MeCN) </td> <td align="center">CH₃-C≡N </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td align="center">37 </td> <td align="center">0,786 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dimetilformamida" title="Dimetilformamida">Dimetilformamida</a> (DMF) </td> <td align="center">H-C(=O)N(CH₃)₂ </td> <td align="center">153 </td> <td align="center">38 </td> <td align="center">0,944 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCFF"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dimetilsulf%C3%B2xid" title="Dimetilsulfòxid">Dimetilsulfòxid</a> (DMSO) </td> <td align="center">CH₃-S(=O)-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">189 </td> <td align="center">47 </td> <td align="center">1,092 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td colspan="5" align="center"><b>Dissolvents polars pròtics</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_ac%C3%A8tic" title="Àcid acètic">Àcid acètic</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-C(=O)OH </td> <td align="center">118 </td> <td align="center">6,2 </td> <td align="center">1,049 g/ml </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Butanol" title="Butanol">Butan-1-ol</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH </td> <td align="center">118 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">0,810 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-CH(-OH)-CH₃ </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">0,785 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Propan-1-ol" title="Propan-1-ol">Propan-1-ol</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-OH </td> <td align="center">97 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">0,803 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">Etanol</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-CH₂-OH </td> <td align="center">79 </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="center">0,789 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">Metanol</a> </td> <td align="center">CH₃-OH </td> <td align="center">65 </td> <td align="center">33 </td> <td align="center">0,791 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_f%C3%B2rmic" title="Àcid fòrmic">Àcid fòrmic</a> </td> <td align="center">H-C(=O)OH </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="center">58 </td> <td align="center">1,21 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">Aigua</a> </td> <td align="center">H-O-H </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="center">80,1 </td> <td align="center">1,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Les propietats del dissolvent que determinen la seva capacitat per a dissoldre els <a href="/wiki/Compost_i%C3%B2nic" title="Compost iònic">composts iònics</a> són: la <a href="/wiki/Permitivitat" title="Permitivitat">constant dielèctrica</a> (de la qual depenen inversament les atraccions entre els ions del solut) i el <a href="/wiki/Moment_dipolar_qu%C3%ADmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment dipolar químic">moment dipolar</a> (que determina la magnitud de l’energia de solvatació, que estabilitza la solució). En aquest aspecte, l’aigua és un dissolvent òptim, que, a més, té la propietat d’unir-se a alguns soluts, iònics o no, per <a href="/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_per_pont_d%27hidrogen" title="Enllaç per pont d'hidrogen">enllaços per pont d’hidrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segons_la_interacció_amb_els_protons"><span id="Segons_la_interacci.C3.B3_amb_els_protons"></span>Segons la interacció amb els protons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Segons la interacció amb els protons"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els dissolvents poden classificar-se en: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protònics"><span id="Prot.C3.B2nics"></span>Protònics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Protònics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els dissolvents protònics són dissolvents capaços d'aportar cations hidrogen(+1) H<sup>+</sup> al medi, com són l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_ac%C3%A8tic" title="Àcid acètic">àcid acètic</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">aigua</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcohols</a> en general. Poden ser protogènics (donadors de protons, com l’àcid acètic glacial) i protofílics (acceptors de protons, com l’<a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">amoníac</a> líquid).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="No_protònics"><span id="No_prot.C3.B2nics"></span>No protònics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: No protònics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els dissolvents no protònics o inerts, són aquells que no alliberen <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3_(%C3%A0tom)" title="Ió (àtom)">ions</a> al medi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per exemple <a href="/wiki/Dietil%C3%A8ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietilèter">dietilèter</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Cloroform" title="Cloroform">cloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">benzè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolu%C3%A8" title="Toluè">toluè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xilol" class="mw-redirect" title="Xilol">xilè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetona" title="Cetona">cetones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hex%C3%A0" title="Hexà">hexà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciclohex%C3%A0" title="Ciclohexà">ciclohexà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraclorur_de_carboni" title="Tetraclorur de carboni">tetraclorur de carboni</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amfipròtics"><span id="Amfipr.C3.B2tics"></span>Amfipròtics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Amfipròtics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Hi ha també molts dissolvents amfipròtics (que poden donar i acceptar protons, com l’aigua i els alcohols). Aquests darrers sofreixen la reacció d’<a href="/wiki/Autoprot%C3%B2lisi" title="Autoprotòlisi">autroprotòlisi</a>, de transferència d’un protó d’una molècula a una altra del dissolvent, i donen dos ions: el protó solvatat i l’anió residual; aquesta reacció limita l’extensió del camp en el qual poden tenir lloc <a href="/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3_%C3%A0cid-base" title="Reacció àcid-base">reaccions d’àcid-base</a> en cada dissolvent, puix que determina un efecte anivellador de la força dels àcids o de les bases dissolvents que serien més forts que el protó solvatat o l’anió residual, respectivament, i permet de diferenciar només les forces dels que són més febles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els equilibris d'autoprotòlisi dels dissolvents més importants són:</p><center> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid1}}+{\text{base2}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{base1}}+{\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">a</mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">`</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cid1</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>base2</mtext> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>base1</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">a</mi> <mo mathvariant="sans-serif">`</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cid2</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid1}}+{\text{base2}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{base1}}+{\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c5141c449afbfd003672308699287e8d89addd2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:31.02ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid1}}+{\text{base2}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{base1}}+{\mathsf {\grave {a}}}{\text{cid2}}}"></span> </p> </center><p><a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">Aigua</a>:</p><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\rightleftharpoons HO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mi>H</mi> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\rightleftharpoons HO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a12e3ada1c3f1c12ddae87c678adf8919b582091" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.43ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}O+H_{2}O\rightleftharpoons HO^{-}+H_{3}O^{+}}"></span></center><p><a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">Etanol</a>:</p><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle CH_{3}OH+CH_{3}OH\rightleftharpoons CH_{3}O^{-}+CH_{3}OH_{2}^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle CH_{3}OH+CH_{3}OH\rightleftharpoons CH_{3}O^{-}+CH_{3}OH_{2}^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d70faf2dec27f86fb1ecca68beb54fe2559edf0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:44.648ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle CH_{3}OH+CH_{3}OH\rightleftharpoons CH_{3}O^{-}+CH_{3}OH_{2}^{+}}"></span></center><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_ac%C3%A8tic" title="Àcid acètic">Àcid acètic</a>:</p><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HCOOH+HCOOH\rightleftharpoons HCOO^{-}+HCOOH_{2}^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <msup> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HCOOH+HCOOH\rightleftharpoons HCOO^{-}+HCOOH_{2}^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/903542d7fda4cc443ddac7fa204130e71743c590" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:48.053ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HCOOH+HCOOH\rightleftharpoons HCOO^{-}+HCOOH_{2}^{+}}"></span></center><p><a href="/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac">Amoníac</a>:</p><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle NH_{3}+NH_{3}\rightleftharpoons NH_{2}^{-}+NH_{4}^{+}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false">⇌</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle NH_{3}+NH_{3}\rightleftharpoons NH_{2}^{-}+NH_{4}^{+}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d89e8ebfb12e1e125addb5dd62cf379daef2720" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.749ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle NH_{3}+NH_{3}\rightleftharpoons NH_{2}^{-}+NH_{4}^{+}}"></span></center><p>El grau d'autoprotòlisi és generalment petit. Per exemple a temperatura ambient les concentracions dels ions <a href="/wiki/Hidroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidroni">oxoni</a>, H₃O<sup>+</sup>, i <a href="/wiki/Hidroxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidroxil">hidroxil</a>, OH<sup>–</sup>, produïts en l'autoprotòlisi de l'aigua són només de 10<sup>–7</sup> mol/L, aproximadament. Tanmateix, aquests equilibris són molt importants per entendre el comportament de les dissolucions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propietats">Propietats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Propietats"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperatures_de_fusió_i_ebullició"><span id="Temperatures_de_fusi.C3.B3_i_ebullici.C3.B3"></span>Temperatures de fusió i ebullició</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Temperatures de fusió i ebullició"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les temperatures de fusió i ebullició (<a href="/wiki/Punt_de_fusi%C3%B3" title="Punt de fusió">punts de fusió</a> i <a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27ebullici%C3%B3" title="Punt d'ebullició">ebullició</a> si la pressió és 1 atm) són els límits de l'interval de temperatures en el qual el dissolvent és líquid. Conèixer aquests valors per a un determinat dissolvent és crucial per evitar treballar a temperatures en les quals és sòlid o vapor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressió_de_vapor"><span id="Pressi.C3.B3_de_vapor"></span>Pressió de vapor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Pressió de vapor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg/220px-Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg/330px-Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg/440px-Vapour_pressure_2-hexanol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Variació de la pressió de vapor amb la temperatura per l'<a href="/wiki/Hexan-1-ol" title="Hexan-1-ol">hexan-2-ol</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Una propietat dels dissolvents és la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_de_vapor" title="Pressió de vapor">pressió de vapor</a> o tensió de vapor,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3" title="Pressió">pressió</a> exercida per un <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> en <a href="/wiki/Equilibri_termodin%C3%A0mic" title="Equilibri termodinàmic">equilibri termodinàmic</a> amb les seves <a href="/wiki/Fase_(mat%C3%A8ria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fase (matèria)">fases</a> <a href="/wiki/Condensaci%C3%B3" title="Condensació">condensades</a> (sòlida o líquida) a una <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> concreta i en un <a href="/wiki/Sistema_tancat" title="Sistema tancat">sistema tancat</a>. Dona una indicació de la taxa d'<a href="/wiki/Evaporaci%C3%B3" title="Evaporació">evaporació</a> d'un líquid, i explica la tendència de les partícules a escapar-ne. Un dissolvent amb una alta pressió de vapor a temperatures normals se sol qualificar de <a href="/wiki/Volatilitat" title="Volatilitat">volàtil</a>. La pressió de vapor de qualsevol substància augmenta de manera no lineal amb la temperatura segons la <a href="/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3_de_Clausius-Clapeyron" class="mw-redirect" title="Relació de Clausius-Clapeyron">relació de Clausius-Clapeyron</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equaci%C3%B3_d%27Antoine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equació d'Antoine (encara no existeix)">equació d'Antoine</a> és una expressió matemàtica que relaciona la pressió de vapor i la temperatura d'un líquid pur:<sup id="cite_ref-frostburg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frostburg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinnot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca47b0c69d95539d284859b4b3988b93af5debdf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.865ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}}"></span> </p><p>On: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d3feecbb02375cdbaf6618e567da31ad8a7d56c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.104ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log P}"></span> és el <a href="/wiki/Logaritme" title="Logaritme">logaritme</a> de base 10 de la pressió de vapor del dissolvent,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> és la temperatura absoluta del dissolvent en kèlvins,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A,B,C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A,B,C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ce2acf22b93dfbd22373336bd9c22dbd98a49d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.341ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A,B,C}"></span> són els coeficients d'Antoine específics del dissolvent i que es determinen experimentalment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinnot_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinnot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Per exemple, els coeficients d'Antoine per a l'aigua entre 273 K i 303 K són, per a la pressió en <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unitat)" title="Bar (unitat)">bars</a>, <i>A</i> = 5,40221; <i>B</i> = 1838,675 i <i>C</i> = –31,737. De manera que la pressió de vapor de l'aigua a 298 K (25 °C) és:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}=5,40221-{\frac {1838,675}{-31,737+298}}=-1,503}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>B</mi> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>40221</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1838</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>675</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>31</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>737</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>503</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}=5,40221-{\frac {1838,675}{-31,737+298}}=-1,503}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e26319b96550284020c558242c0fbbd74703aea6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:60.222ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \log P=A-{\frac {B}{C+T}}=5,40221-{\frac {1838,675}{-31,737+298}}=-1,503}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=10^{-1,503}=0,0314\;{\text{bar}}=31,4\,{\text{hPa}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>503</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0314</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>bar</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>31</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>hPa</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=10^{-1,503}=0,0314\;{\text{bar}}=31,4\,{\text{hPa}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e5cda4b3892c3b72ef3c744a1b4fefcc000796" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.426ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=10^{-1,503}=0,0314\;{\text{bar}}=31,4\,{\text{hPa}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relació_de_partició_o_constant_de_distribució"><span id="Relaci.C3.B3_de_partici.C3.B3_o_constant_de_distribuci.C3.B3"></span>Relació de partició o constant de distribució</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Relació de partició o constant de distribució"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg/220px-Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg/330px-Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg/440px-Separation_of_two_different_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Separació de <a href="/wiki/Pigment_biol%C3%B2gic" title="Pigment biològic">pigments</a> vegetals mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Extracci%C3%B3_l%C3%ADquid-l%C3%ADquid" title="Extracció líquid-líquid">extracció líquid-líquid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_partici%C3%B3" title="Coeficient de partició">relació de partició</a> o constant de distribució <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\rm {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\rm {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd2e979ba99576997cd4f5bd632dcc43ebbde684" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.461ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\rm {D}}}"></span> és el quocient entre les <a href="/wiki/Concentraci%C3%B3" title="Concentració">concentracions</a> d'un determinat component presents en dos dissolvents en equilibri.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es refereix a dos solvents immiscibles, com l'oli i l'aigua, el <a href="/wiki/Gasoil" title="Gasoil">gasoil</a> i l'aigua o el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricloromet%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triclorometà (encara no existeix)">triclorometà</a> i l'aigua. Els diferents soluts presents es distribueixen entre les dues fases d'acord amb les seves <a href="/wiki/Solubilitat" title="Solubilitat">solubilitats</a>. Indica l'eficàcia de l'<a href="/wiki/Extracci%C3%B3_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Extracció (química)">extracció</a> (una tècnica molt emprada per a separar <a href="/wiki/Compost_org%C3%A0nic" title="Compost orgànic">compostos orgànics</a> que es troben en solució o en suspensió aquosa.), que depèn del seu valor i de la quantitat de dissolvent emprat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per a un solut <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> amb concentracions en un dissolvent orgànic i en aigua en equilibri, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [A]_{org}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [A]_{org}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3c1c58da70765b841a77f101e08154a9637a3b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.597ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [A]_{org}}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [A]_{aq}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [A]_{aq}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1035d000b32eef52e70ae30304512189446d897" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.895ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [A]_{aq}}"></span> respectivament, es calcula amb la relació:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (K_{\rm {D}})_{_{A}}={\frac {[A]_{org}}{[A]_{aq}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (K_{\rm {D}})_{_{A}}={\frac {[A]_{org}}{[A]_{aq}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/153f46e4e4238ca9972a15d465c2c4f7ba92b43c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:16.199ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (K_{\rm {D}})_{_{A}}={\frac {[A]_{org}}{[A]_{aq}}}}"></span> </p><p>La constant de distribució octanol-aigua és un dels més usats per conèixer com d'<a href="/wiki/Hidrof%C3%B2bia" title="Hidrofòbia">hidrofòbic</a> o <a href="/wiki/Hidrof%C3%ADlia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Hidrofília (química)">hidròfil</a> és un compost; ja que l'<a href="/wiki/Octan-1-ol" title="Octan-1-ol">octan-1-ol</a> és una substància bastant <a href="/wiki/Apolar#Mol.C3.A8cules_apolars" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolar">apolar</a> i, per tant, solubilitza millor els <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADpids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lípids">lípids</a> i les altres substàncies apolars, mentre que l'aigua és una substància <a href="/wiki/Polaritat_qu%C3%ADmica#Mol.C3.A8cules_polars" title="Polaritat química">polar</a> i com a resultat dissol més bé substàncies amb càrrega com ara <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B3_(%C3%A0tom)" title="Ió (àtom)">ions</a> i substàncies polars.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constant_de_Henry">Constant de Henry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Constant de Henry"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right;margin-left:10px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:10px;text-align:center"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Constants de Henry (gasos en aigua a 298,15 K) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Equació </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\text{v}}^{pc}={\frac {p}{c_{\text{aq}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>v</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aq</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\text{v}}^{pc}={\frac {p}{c_{\text{aq}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca4e0f817e8afb23c4530fba87a6004a5a844616" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.738ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\text{v}}^{pc}={\frac {p}{c_{\text{aq}}}}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cp}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{p}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aq</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cp}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{p}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0de1f0eb298caccf47b7b65fafe36ecffa33952" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.738ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cp}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{p}}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{px}={\frac {p}{x}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{px}={\frac {p}{x}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02ffe67e32d82b705daaef6f912d8b0234a22ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.367ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{px}={\frac {p}{x}}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cc}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{c_{\text{gas}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aq</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>gas</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cc}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{c_{\text{gas}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f13b0cba50d199cd12ee3655e2f5c27266b0381" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:11.225ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{cc}={\frac {c_{\text{aq}}}{c_{\text{gas}}}}}"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>unitat </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}{\text{mol}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>atm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}{\text{mol}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab9321eb340aa8459257f8c915c35ca4c01a47da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.971ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}{\text{mol}}}}"></span> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{mol}}{{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>mol</mtext> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>atm</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{mol}}{{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1a09754fcea2635ce01a13b11bf6889279a67ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.971ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{mol}}{{\text{L}}\cdot {\text{atm}}}}}"></span><span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{atm}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>atm</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{atm}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/abdca9d00a91fa74fda95f84da0530c09f35d12b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.003ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{atm}}}"></span> <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>4</sup> </th> <th>1 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">O₂</a> </td> <td align="center">770 </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">4,3 </td> <td align="center">0,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H₂</a> </td> <td align="center">1 300 </td> <td align="center">7,8 </td> <td align="center">7,1 </td> <td align="center">0,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Diòxid de carboni">CO₂</a> </td> <td align="center">29 </td> <td align="center">340 </td> <td align="center">0,16 </td> <td align="center">0,83 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N₂</a> </td> <td align="center">1 600 </td> <td align="center">6,1 </td> <td align="center">9,1 </td> <td align="center">0,015 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli">He</a> </td> <td align="center">2 700 </td> <td align="center">3,7 </td> <td align="center">15 </td> <td align="center">0,009 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ne%C3%B3" title="Neó">Ne</a> </td> <td align="center">2 200 </td> <td align="center">4,5 </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">0,011 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Arg%C3%B3" title="Argó">Ar</a> </td> <td align="center">710 </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td align="center">4,0 </td> <td align="center">0,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%B2xid_de_carboni" title="Monòxid de carboni">CO</a> </td> <td align="center">1 100 </td> <td align="center">9,5 </td> <td align="center">5,8 </td> <td align="center">0,023 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Llei_de_Henry" title="Llei de Henry">llei de Henry</a> relaciona la <a href="/wiki/Solubilitat" title="Solubilitat">solubilitat</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> en un dissolvent amb la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_parcial" title="Pressió parcial">pressió parcial</a> del gas. A una <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> constant, la quantitat de <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> que es dissol en un cert tipus i volum de dissolvent és directament proporcional a la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_parcial" title="Pressió parcial">pressió parcial</a> d'aquest gas en equilibri amb el líquid. Matemàticament, </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}\cdot p\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}\cdot p\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46631471a64dbb6ee3250052cfadd902bd9e3e6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.215ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}\cdot p\,}"></span> </p><p>On: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Concentraci%C3%B3_molar" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentració molar">concentració en quantitat</a> del gas en mol/l (també es pot emprar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span>, la <a href="/wiki/Fracci%C3%B3_molar" title="Fracció molar">fracció molar</a>, sense unitats);</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_parcial" title="Pressió parcial">pressió parcial</a> del gas sobre el dissolvent, habitualment en <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_(unitat)" title="Atmosfera (unitat)">atmosferes</a>; i</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42b790b12dfa6ed689fecf4a5818c33a490f8cde" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.875ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\rm {v}}^{cp}}"></span> és la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant_de_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constant de Henry (encara no existeix)">constant de Henry</a>, una constant d'equilibri que depèn de la naturalesa del gas, de la temperatura i del dissolvent. Les unitats depenen de les de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constants_crioscòpica_i_ebullioscòpica"><span id="Constants_criosc.C3.B2pica_i_ebulliosc.C3.B2pica"></span>Constants crioscòpica i ebullioscòpica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Constants crioscòpica i ebullioscòpica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Constant_criosc%C3%B2pica" title="Constant crioscòpica">constant crioscòpica</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12ce471791c1904f7401133fb39c86f5a088f205" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.852ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{f}}"></span>) és un valor característic per a cada dissolvent, i representa la disminució de temperatura <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a81ed9fbdd3816c282d02800c195abf083cc5d17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.43ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{f}}"></span> que experimenta el <a href="/wiki/Punt_de_fusi%C3%B3" title="Punt de fusió">punt de fusió</a> d'una dissolució de qualsevol solut de concentració <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> = 1 <a href="/wiki/Molalitat" title="Molalitat">molal</a> (mol/kg) respecte del punt de fusió del dissolvent pur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dbb8cb970fa8b6a14c3edcbd6951437428003b50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{f}}"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Descens_criosc%C3%B2pic" title="Descens crioscòpic">descens crioscòpic</a>). S'empra en <a href="/wiki/Criosc%C3%B2pia" title="Crioscòpia">crioscòpia</a>. La constant crioscòpica es pot relacionar amb el descens crioscòpic (llei de Raoult) i amb l'<a href="/wiki/Calor_de_fusi%C3%B3" title="Calor de fusió">entalpia molar de fusió</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{fus}H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{fus}H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/873dcc663dd026b81aca90a37d40e7fbdccf4b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.847ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{fus}H}"></span>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{f}={\frac {\Delta T_{f}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{f}={\frac {RT_{f}^{2}M}{\Delta _{fus}H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msubsup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{f}={\frac {\Delta T_{f}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{f}={\frac {RT_{f}^{2}M}{\Delta _{fus}H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74fe8f1f7d275a4fbc3613138f5bebd055a5bedf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.95ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{f}={\frac {\Delta T_{f}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{f}={\frac {RT_{f}^{2}M}{\Delta _{fus}H}}}"></span> </p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:10px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:10px;text-align:center"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Dissolvent </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12ce471791c1904f7401133fb39c86f5a088f205" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.852ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{f}}"></span> (K kg mol<sup>–1</sup>) </th> <th><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69d2e3ccd9bce33b1ae1562c2e7e831eb8f55bf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.653ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"></span> (K kg mol<sup>–1</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina">Anilina</a> </td> <td>5,23 </td> <td>3,82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">Benzè</a> </td> <td>5,07 </td> <td>2,64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciclohex%C3%A0" title="Ciclohexà">Ciclohexà</a> </td> <td>20,8 </td> <td>2,92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciclohexanol" title="Ciclohexanol">Ciclohexanol</a> </td> <td>42,2 </td> <td>3,50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etilenglicol" title="Etilenglicol">Etilenglicol</a> </td> <td>3,11 </td> <td>2,26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">Aigua</a> </td> <td>1,86 </td> <td>0,513 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular">massa molecular</a> del dissolvent i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Constant_dels_gasos" title="Constant dels gasos">constant dels gasos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Constant_criosc%C3%B2pica" title="Constant crioscòpica">constant ebullioscòpica</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69d2e3ccd9bce33b1ae1562c2e7e831eb8f55bf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.653ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"></span>) és un valor característic per a cada dissolvent, i representa la variació de temperatura <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b6bd92a90995cf20752ef8d929c2bcf1978933c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.231ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T_{b}}"></span> que experimenta el <a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27ebullici%C3%B3" title="Punt d'ebullició">punt d'ebullició</a> d'una dissolució de qualsevol solut de concentració <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> = 1 molal respecte del punt d'ebullició del dissolvent pur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74c8b2d230dda9ccb7e55c237c918a935037c9d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.295ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{b}}"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Augment_ebulliosc%C3%B2pic" title="Augment ebullioscòpic">augment ebullioscòpic</a>). Es fa servir en <a href="/wiki/Ebulliosc%C3%B2pia" title="Ebullioscòpia">ebullioscòpia</a>. La constant ebullioscòpica es pot relacionar amb l'augment ebullioscòpic (llei de Raoult) i amb l'<a href="/wiki/Calor_de_vaporitzaci%C3%B3" title="Calor de vaporització">entalpia molar de vaporització</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{vap}H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{vap}H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8bbc56420a90b6ea115c4af82425a3cefc7d573" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.726ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{vap}H}"></span>: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{b}={\frac {\Delta T_{b}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{b}={\frac {RT_{b}^{2}M}{\Delta _{vap}H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msubsup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{b}={\frac {\Delta T_{b}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{b}={\frac {RT_{b}^{2}M}{\Delta _{vap}H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da4413c202601027f54f711e0785efd8123db542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:31.354ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{b}={\frac {\Delta T_{b}}{b}}\quad \quad \quad E_{b}={\frac {RT_{b}^{2}M}{\Delta _{vap}H}}}"></span>on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Massa_molecular" title="Massa molecular">massa molecular</a> del dissolvent i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Constant_dels_gasos" title="Constant dels gasos">constant dels gasos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punt_d'inflamació,_punt_d'ignició_i_punt_d'autoignició"><span id="Punt_d.27inflamaci.C3.B3.2C_punt_d.27ignici.C3.B3_i_punt_d.27autoignici.C3.B3"></span>Punt d'inflamació, punt d'ignició i punt d'autoignició</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la secció: Punt d'inflamació, punt d'ignició i punt d'autoignició"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molts dissolvents són combustibles i, per raons de seguretat, s'ha de conèixer alguns valors de temperatures a partir dels quals es pot iniciar una combustió. </p> <div style="float:right;margin-left:10px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:10px;text-align:center"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Dissolvent </th> <th>Punt <p>d'inflamació (°C) </p> </th> <th>Punt <p>d'autoignició (°C) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetona" title="Acetona">Acetona</a> </td> <td>-18 </td> <td>538 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anilina" title="Anilina">Anilina</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>768 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benz%C3%A8" title="Benzè">Benzè</a> </td> <td>-11 </td> <td>563 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciclohexanona" title="Ciclohexanona">Ciclohexanona</a> </td> <td>43 </td> <td>420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietil%C3%A8ter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietilèter">Dietilèter</a> </td> <td>-45 </td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">Etanol</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>423 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etilenglicol" title="Etilenglicol">Etilenglicol</a> </td> <td>111 </td> <td>413 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">Metanol</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>464 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrahidrofuran" title="Tetrahidrofuran">Tetrahidrofuran</a> </td> <td>-17 </td> <td>321 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolu%C3%A8" title="Toluè">Toluè</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>510 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Punt_d%27inflamaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt d'inflamació">punt d'inflamació</a> és la temperatura mínima, a una pressió determinada, en què una substància <a href="/wiki/Combustible" title="Combustible">combustible</a> desprèn una concentració de vapor suficient perquè, en contacte amb un <a href="/wiki/Comburent" title="Comburent">comburent</a> i mitjançant una font d'ignició, se'n produeixi la <a href="/wiki/Inflamaci%C3%B3" title="Inflamació">inflamació</a>. El comburent sol ser l'aire i l'aportació de l'<a href="/wiki/Energia_d%27activaci%C3%B3" title="Energia d'activació">energia d'activació</a> sol provenir d'una flama. El punt d'inflamació és un indicador de la perillositat d'un combustible. Com més baixa sigui la temperatura d'inflamació, més fàcilment desprendrà vapor un combustible.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/Punt_de_foc" title="Punt de foc">punt d'gnició</a> és la temperatura mínima, a una pressió determinada, en què una substància combustible desprèn una concentració de vapor suficient perquè, en entrar en contacte amb un comburent i mitjançant una font d'ignició, se'n produeixi la inflamació i es mantingui en eliminar la font d'ignició.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punt_d%27autoignici%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punt d'autoignició (encara no existeix)">punt d'autoignició</a> o punt d'autoinflamació és la temperatura mínima, a una pressió determinada, a la qual una substància combustible, en presència d'aire, pot produir la seva combustió espontània en absència d'una energia d'activació externa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paràmetre_de_solubilitat"><span id="Par.C3.A0metre_de_solubilitat"></span>Paràmetre de solubilitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la secció: Paràmetre de solubilitat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El paràmetre de solubilitat <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"></span> proporciona una estimació quantitativa del grau d'interacció entre materials, reflecteix l'energia cohesiva d'un material. Materials amb valors de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"></span> similars tendeixen a ser miscibles. És, per tant, àmpliament utilitzat en ciència i en aplicacions pràctiques en cercar un dissolvent adequat. Hi ha diverses aproximacions per a l'estimació del <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"></span>, que han donat lloc a la definició de diferents paràmetres de solubilitat, entre els quals destaca el paràmetre de solubilitat d'Hildebrand, proposat pel químic estatunidenc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Henry_Hildebrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand (encara no existeix)">Joel Henry Hildebrand</a> (1881-1883):<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta ^{2}={\frac {\Delta H_{v}-R\,T}{V_{m}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta ^{2}={\frac {\Delta H_{v}-R\,T}{V_{m}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88096edb7280f7b6655cb7c3bdbb26d98c5b0af9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.567ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta ^{2}={\frac {\Delta H_{v}-R\,T}{V_{m}}}}"></span>on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/40836783b20c374654ab03ddd6b01586ad9b4fb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{m}}"></span> és el <a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" class="mw-redirect" title="Volum molar">volum molar</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> la temperatura absoluta i <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Constant_dels_gasos" title="Constant dels gasos">constant dels gasos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">1,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/dissolvent">dissolvent</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSkoog1995"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Skoog</span>, D.A; West, D.M. i Holler, F.J. <i>Química analítica</i>. 6ª.  McGraw-Hill, 1995, p. 31. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/003097285X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/003097285X">ISBN 003097285X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%ADmica+anal%C3%ADtica&rft.aulast=Skoog&rft.aufirst=D.A&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=6%C2%AA&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.pages=31&rft.isbn=003097285X"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSmallwood1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Smallwood</span>, Ian McN. <i>Handbook of organic solvent properties</i>.  Nova York: Halsted Pr. (Wiley), 1996. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-340-64578-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-340-64578-9">ISBN 978-0-340-64578-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+organic+solvent+properties&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=Ian+McN&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Halsted+Pr.+%28Wiley%29&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=978-0-340-64578-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termcat.cat/ca/cercaterm/pressi%C3%B3+de+vapor?type=basic&thematic_area=&language=">Dissolvent</a>». <i>Cercaterm</i>.  <a href="/wiki/TERMCAT" title="TERMCAT">TERMCAT</a>, Centre de Terminologia.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frostburg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-frostburg_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/antoine-vapor-pressure.shtml">What is the Antoine Equation?</a> (Chemistry Department, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frostburg_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frostburg State University (encara no existeix)">Frostburg State University</a>, Maryland)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinnot-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinnot_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinnot_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">R.K.Sinnot. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=DJaxUL3numgC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331&dq=antoine+equation+constants&source=bl&ots=2c0cqzbR0t&sig=YPuvrW2kWnWP2s4QvY9TTpxGgNM&hl=ca&sa=X&ei=widrUcu9Cce0qgHq24CgCA&ved=0CGcQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=antoine%20equation%20constants&f=false">Chemical Engineering Design</a></i> (en anglès). 4a ed..  Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005, p. 331. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7506-6538-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7506-6538-6">ISBN 0-7506-6538-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJaxUL3numgC%26pg%3DPA331%26lpg%3DPA331%26dq%3Dantoine%2Bequation%2Bconstants%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D2c0cqzbR0t%26sig%3DYPuvrW2kWnWP2s4QvY9TTpxGgNM%26hl%3Dca%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DwidrUcu9Cce0qgHq24CgCA%26ved%3D0CGcQ6AEwBzgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dantoine%2520equation%2520constants%26f%3Dfalse+Chemical+Engineering+Design%5D&rft.au=R.K.Sinnot&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=4a+ed.&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.pages=331&rft.isbn=0-7506-6538-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7732185&Mask=4&Type=ANTOINE&Plot=on">Water</a>» (en anglès).  NIST Office of Data and Informatics. [Consulta: 7 novembre 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termcat.cat/ca/cercaterm/Dissolvent?type=basic&thematic_area=&language=">Dissolvent</a>». <i>Cercaterm</i>.  <a href="/wiki/TERMCAT" title="TERMCAT">TERMCAT</a>, Centre de Terminologia.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1">9,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/dissolvent">Partició</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Chemistry (IUPAC)</span>, The International Union of Pure and Applied. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04440">IUPAC - partition ratio (P04440)</a>». <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.p04440">10.1351/goldbook.p04440</a>. [Consulta: 10 novembre 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSanderAcreeVisscherSchwartz2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sander</span>, Rolf; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Acree</span>, William E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Visscher</span>, Alex De; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schwartz</span>, Stephen E.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wallington</span>, Timothy J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2020-0302/html">Henry’s law constants (IUPAC Recommendations 2021)</a>» (en anglès). <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>, 94, 1, 01-01-2022, pàg. 71–85. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2020-0302">10.1515/pac-2020-0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHaynes2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Haynes</span>, William M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.es/CRC-Handbook-Chemistry-Physics-95th/dp/1482208679"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Edition</i></a>, 2014-06-26. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4822-0867-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4822-0867-2">ISBN 978-1-4822-0867-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics%2C+95th+Edition&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-0867-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.es%2FCRC-Handbook-Chemistry-Physics-95th%2Fdp%2F1482208679"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1">13,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2">13,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA; TERMCAT, CENTRE DE TERMINOLOGIA; ENCICLOPÈDIA CATALANA. <i>Diccionari de química</i> [en línia]. Barcelona: TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia, cop. 2016-2023. (Diccionaris en Línia) (Ciència i Tecnologia) <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.termcat.cat/ca/diccionaris-en-linia/212">http://www.termcat.cat/ca/diccionaris-en-linia/212</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHaynes2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Haynes</span>, William M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.es/CRC-Handbook-Chemistry-Physics-95th/dp/1482208679"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Edition</i></a>, 2014-06-26. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4822-0867-2" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4822-0867-2">ISBN 978-1-4822-0867-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics%2C+95th+Edition&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-0867-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.es%2FCRC-Handbook-Chemistry-Physics-95th%2Fdp%2F1482208679"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolvent&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_de_D%C3%BChring" title="Diagrama de Dühring">Diagrama de Dühring</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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