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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preventive and restorative efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventive_and_restorative_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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title="Restavek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Restavek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Restavek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reste-avec" title="Reste-avec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reste-avec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Restavek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Restavek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restav%C3%A8k" title="Restavèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Restavèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Restavek" 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for a host household as a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic servant">domestic servant</a> because the parents lack the resources required to support the child.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> <i>rester avec</i>, "to stay with". Parents unable to care for children may send them to live with wealthier (or less poor) families, often their own relatives or friends. Often the children are from rural areas, and relatives who host restaveks live in more urban settings. The expectation is that the children will be given food and housing (and sometimes an education) in exchange for doing housework. However, many restaveks live in poverty, may not receive proper education, and are at grave risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. </p><p>The restavek system is tolerated in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian culture">Haitian culture</a>, but not considered to be preferable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The practice meets formal international definitions of <a href="/wiki/Modern_day_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern day slavery">modern day slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Child trafficking">child trafficking</a>, and is believed to affect an estimated 300,000 Haitian children.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of CDW (Child Domestic Workers) in Haiti, defined as 1) living away from parents' home; 2) not following normal progression in education; and 3) working more than other children, is more than 400,000. 25% of Haitian children age 5–17 live away from their biological parents.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100115-F-4177H-177_(4279940154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg/300px-100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg/450px-100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg/600px-100115-F-4177H-177_%284279940154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Houses in Haiti's capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> shortly after the 2010 earthquake</figcaption></figure> <p>The restavek tradition dates back centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">January 2010 earthquake</a>, thousands of individuals in Haiti were displaced from their homes and families. According to anecdotal evidence, many of these individuals were children who had nowhere to turn but to become part of the Haitian restavèk population. Along with displacement due to natural disasters, children are solicited as restavèks by recruiters looking to find domestic servants for families.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many street children are former domestic servants who were dismissed by or ran away from the families they worked for. These children have not fully escaped the restavèk life. Instead, they become part of a different level that results in their exploitation in begging rings and prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many parents send their children to be restaveks, expecting them to have a better life than possible in poor rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ILAB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILAB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor rural parents who cannot provide their children with clean water, food, and education send them away, usually to cities, to find these opportunities as restaveks.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restaveks are unpaid and have no power or recourse within the host family.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike slaves in the traditional sense, restaveks can run away or return to their families, and are typically released from servitude when they become adults; however, the restavek system is commonly understood to be a form of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often host families dismiss their restaveks before they turn 15, since by law that is the age when they are supposed to be paid; many are then turned out to live on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, paid middlemen act as recruiters to place children with host families, and it is becoming more common to place children with strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children often have no way to get back in touch with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2009 study by the Pan American Development Foundation found that "leading indicators of restavèk treatment include work expectations equivalent to adult servants and long hours that surpass the cultural norm for children's work at home."<sup id="cite_ref-PADF_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contradicting 2002 survey found that restaveks were allowed to sleep as long as or longer than the household children, received fewer beatings, 60 percent or more attended school, and many had their own bed or mat.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some restaveks do receive proper nutrition and education, but they are in the minority.<sup id="cite_ref-news24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Pan American Development Foundation, </p> <blockquote><p>Education is also an important indicator in detecting child domesticity. Children in domesticity may or may not attend school, but when they do attend, it is generally an inferior school compared to other children ... and their rates of non-enrollment are higher than non-restavèk children in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-PADF_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The estimates for numbers of restaveks in Haiti range from 100,000 to 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Balsari10_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balsari10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 door-to-door survey found the number of restaveks under age 17 in Haiti to be 173,000, and 59 percent of them were girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As poverty and political turmoil increase, the reported number of restaveks continues to rise dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Development_Foundation" title="Pan American Development Foundation">Pan American Development Foundation</a> published the findings of an extensive door-to-door <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">survey</a> conducted in several cities in Haiti, focused on restaveks. The findings documented thousands of restaveks living in Haiti. The report also found that 11% of households who have restaveks working for them send their own children to work as restaveks for someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that the widespread damage and displacement caused by the 2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">earthquake</a> has caused many more children to become restaveks. Children who were orphaned by the quake could potentially be turned over to work as restaveks by distant relatives who cannot care for them.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_factors">Contributing factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contributing factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two major factors that perpetuate the restavek system are widespread poverty and a societal acceptance of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents who cannot provide for their children continue to send them to be restaveks. Haiti, a nation of 10 million people,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most poverty-stricken in the western hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guerda Lexima-Constant, a child rights advocate with the Haitian Limyè Lavi Foundation, says: </p> <blockquote><p>I have yet to meet anyone who wanted to send their kid to be a restavek. Parents are forced to because of a lot of national and international givens. The [economic] means they used to have, they don't anymore. The invasion of foreign rice, eggs, and other things on the market by big business, destroying the peasant economy... there's been a whole chain of events that makes some people have to send their child away.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The practice of restavek is widely accepted in Haitian culture, although the upper classes have increasingly begun to look down on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connotation of the word restavek is understood to be negative, implying servility.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ijdh14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijdh14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual factors that increase a child's likelihood of becoming a restavek include lack of access to clean water, lack of educational opportunities, access to family in a city, and illness or loss of one or both parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti has too few orphanages for its abundance of orphans, putting the children at high risk of becoming restaveks.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preventive_and_restorative_efforts">Preventive and restorative efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preventive and restorative efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efforts exist to address the root cause of child servitude. Improving the economy, especially through government support for the rural population, would undermine parents' incentive to give children up, as would an improved health care and education system.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents would not be as easily pressured by recruiters to hand their children over to become restaveks if they were provided with aid such as food, clothing, and clean water.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, over 500 Haitian leaders gathered in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, Haiti to discuss the restavek condition and how to make positive changes to improve this complex problem.<sup id="cite_ref-cadet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders from all facets of society attended the full-day session and conference organizers from The Jean Cadet Restavec Foundation and Fondation Maurice Sixto hope that this dialog is the start of a large grass-roots movement. They hope, at a minimum, to stop the abuse of restavek children.<sup id="cite_ref-cadet_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Restavec Freedom Foundation hosted 13 additional conferences titled "Compassion and Courage" (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">Kompasyon ak Kouraj</i>) across Haiti. These conferences were hosted from the spring 2012 through the spring of 2013, and asked community leaders and pastors to take a stand on the issue of restavek. Over 3,000 leaders participated in these conferences and have agreed to take the lead in their respective communities to bring an end to the restavek practice.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organizations in Haiti, such as Restavek Freedom Alliance, BEM Inc. are also actively working in south-western Haiti with restavek children.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations such as the Center for Action and Development (CAD) and L'Escale in Port-au-Prince exist to house, feed, and give medical and psychological care to escaped restaveks while working to return them to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrams10_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jean-Robert Cadet vividly recounted his life as a restavek. According to him, a term for children staying with host families who do not abuse them is <i>timoun ki rete kay moun</i> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Kreyol</a> for "child who stays in a person's house").</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i>: "Chattel" (episode 19.8, original airdate January 7, 2009) depicts the discovery, investigation, and disposition of a ring of white Americans who adopt Haitian children and employ them as restaveks.</li></ul> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philanthropist_(TV_series)" title="The Philanthropist (TV series)">The Philanthropist</a></i> episode "Haiti", a girl restavek is a main part of the story.</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Legal" title="Boston Legal">Boston Legal</a></i>: In the episode "Fat Burner" (season 3, episode 15), attorney <a href="/wiki/List_of_Boston_Legal_characters" title="List of Boston Legal characters">Clarence Bell</a> represents a girl restavek charged with homicide. After being impregnated by her master, she stabbed the man to death after he had informed her that he intended to sell her baby.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_(American_TV_series)" title="Heroes (American TV series)">Heroes</a></i>: In the episode "The Eclipse" (Season 3, Episode 11), <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Petrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Petrelli">Nathan Petrelli</a> meets a girl restavek while being held captive by Baron Samedi, Rene's (The Haitian) brother. The restavek and her sister are freed by Peter Petrelli.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights in Haiti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/modern-day-child-slavery-haiti-must-end-say-sds">"Modern-day child slavery in Haiti must end, say S&Ds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern-day+child+slavery+in+Haiti+must+end%2C+say+S%26Ds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistsanddemocrats.eu%2Fnewsroom%2Fmodern-day-child-slavery-haiti-must-end-say-sds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy14_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, C. L. (2014). 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A.; Miller-de la Cuesta, B. 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Holly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Urban-Child-Labor-PAP-Haiti-2012.pdf">"Urban Child Labor in Port-au-Prince, Haiti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.haiti-now.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.haiti-now.org&rft.atitle=Urban+Child+Labor+in+Port-au-Prince%2C+Haiti&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiti-now.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2FUrban-Child-Labor-PAP-Haiti-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILAB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILAB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/Advancing1/html/haiti.htm">http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/Advancing1/html/haiti.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801153301/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/Advancing1/html/haiti.htm">Archived</a> August 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrams10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrams10_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Jennifer S. 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September 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=112th+Session+of+the+United+Nations+Human+Rights+Committee%2C+October+8+%26+9%2C+2014&rft.atitle=The+Plight+of+Restav%C3%A8k+%28Child+Domestic+Servants%29&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdh.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2FHRC_Restavek-Sept-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cadet-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cadet_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cadet_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710144106/http://restavek.donordrive.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=cms.page&id=1037">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://restavek.donordrive.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=cms.page&id=1037">the original</a> on 2011-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frestavek.donordrive.com%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dcms.page%26id%3D1037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.restavekfreedom.org">"Restavek Freedom Foundation"</a>. <i>restavekfreedom.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=restavekfreedom.org&rft.atitle=Restavek+Freedom+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.restavekfreedom.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfahaiti.org">"Restavec Freedom Alliance, BEM Inc"</a>. <i>rfahaiti.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfahaiti.org&rft.atitle=Restavec+Freedom+Alliance%2C+BEM+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfahaiti.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestavek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 7 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.boston-legal.org/script/BL03x15.pdf">http://www.boston-legal.org/script/BL03x15.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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