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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself-Biologie" title="Do-it-yourself-Biologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Do-it-yourself-Biologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa_DIY" title="Biología DIY – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biología DIY" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologie_participative" title="Biologie participative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biologie participative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="DIY 생물학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DIY 생물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA" title="DIYバイオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DIYバイオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_DIY" title="Biologia DIY – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biologia DIY" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DIYbio" redirects here. For the organization, see <a href="/wiki/DIYbio_(organization)" title="DIYbio (organization)">DIYbio (organization)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about real-life citizen science and advocacy movement. For dystopian cyberpunk and science fiction subgenre, see <a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg/220px-Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg/330px-Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg/440px-Kit_biohacking_rennes-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Preparation of a biohacking kit for a biology workshop in <a href="/wiki/Popular_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Education">Popular Education</a> in a café in Rennes in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Do-it-yourself biology</b> (<b>DIY biology</b>, <b>DIY bio</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnological</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and <a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences" title="List of life sciences">life science</a> using the same methods as traditional research institutions. <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY</a> biology is primarily undertaken by individuals with limited research training from academia or corporations, who then mentor and oversee other DIY biologists with little or no formal training.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be done as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> endeavor for community learning and <a href="/wiki/Open-science" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-science">open-science</a> <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>, or for profit, to start a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>. </p><p>Other terms are also associated with the do-it-yourself biology community. The terms <b>biohacking</b> and <b>wetware hacking</b> emphasize the connection to <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hacker culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hacker_ethic" title="Hacker ethic">hacker ethic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hicks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hicks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term hacker is used in the original sense of finding new and clever ways to do things. The term biohacking is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Grinder_(biohacking_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinder (biohacking community)">grinder</a> body modification community, which is considered related but distinct from the do-it-yourself biology movement.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>biopunk</b> emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">techno-progressive</a>, political, and artistic elements of the movement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "biohacking" as well as the concept of do-it-yourself biology has been known as early as 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biohacking entered the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> programmer and <a href="/wiki/Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">maker</a> communities as early as 2005, through simple demonstrations of basic experiments. As DIYbio experiments became the focus of <a href="/wiki/SuperHappyDevHouse" title="SuperHappyDevHouse">SuperHappyDevHouse</a> hackers, the hobby gained additional momentum. </p><p>In 2005 Rob Carlson wrote in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>: "The era of garage biology is upon us. Want to participate? Take a moment to buy yourself a lab on <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then set up a garage lab the same year, working on a project he had previously worked at the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_Sciences_Institute" title="Molecular Sciences Institute">Molecular Sciences Institute</a> in Berkeley, California.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/DIYbio_(organization)" title="DIYbio (organization)">DIYbio organization</a> was founded by Jason Bobe and Mackenzie Cowell and its first meeting held.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Genspace" title="Genspace">Genspace</a> opened the first community biology lab,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten months later it was followed by <a href="/wiki/BioCurious" title="BioCurious">BioCurious</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Makerspace" title="Victoria Makerspace">Victoria Makerspace</a>. Many other labs and organizations followed, including but not limited to Counter Culture Labs in Oakland, CA, Baltimore Underground Science Space in Baltimore, MD, TheLab in Los Angeles, CA and Denver Biolabs in Denver, CO. </p><p>It has been estimated that in 2014 there have been 50 DIY biology labs around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-JemielniakPrzegalinska20202_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JemielniakPrzegalinska20202-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the first conference to focus specifically on biohacking was announced to take place in September in Oakland, CA.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DIYbio movement seeks to revise the notion that one must be an academic with an advanced degree to make any significant contribution to the biology community. It allows large numbers of small organizations and individuals to participate in research and development, with spreading knowledge a higher priority than turning profits.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, there are various DIY ways to live healthy and many of them also focuses on different simple ways to biohack mind,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> body, metabolism<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="dobiohacking.com is a random WordPress blog and likely not a reliable source (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motivations for DIY biology include (but aren't limited to) lowered costs, entertainment, medicine, biohacking, life extension, and education. Recent work combining <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> of microcontrollers like the <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> and <a href="/wiki/RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> 3-D printers, very low-cost <a href="/wiki/Scientific_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific instruments">scientific instruments</a> have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_laboratory_space">Community laboratory space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Community laboratory space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many organizations maintain a laboratory akin to a wet-lab <a href="/wiki/Makerspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Makerspace">makerspace</a>, providing equipment and supplies for members. Many organizations also run classes and provide training. For a fee (usually between $50 and $100), members can join some spaces and do experiments on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source_equipment">Open source equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Open source equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DIY biology movement attempts to make available the tools and resources necessary for anyone, including non-professionals, to conduct biological engineering. One of the first pieces of <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> laboratory equipment developed was the Dremelfuge by Irish biohacker Cathal Garvey, which uses a 3D printed tube holder attached to a <a href="/wiki/Dremel" title="Dremel">Dremel</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotary_tool" title="Rotary tool">rotary tool</a> to spin tubes at high speeds, replacing often expensive centrifuges.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other devices like <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cycler" title="Thermal cycler">PCR machines</a> have been recreated extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, more complex devices have been created such as the OpenDrop digital microfluidics platform<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the DIY NanoDrop<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both developed by GaudiLabs. Opentrons makes open-source software, affordable lab robots, and got its start as a DIY biology collaboration at Genspace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incuvers makes telemetric chambers for cellular research that are affordable and allow for complete customizability of their environments. <a href="/wiki/OpenCell" title="OpenCell">OpenCell</a>, a London based biotech lab provider hosts regular biohackathons to help encourage more opensource development.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most advocacy in biohacking is about the safety, accessibility and future legality of experimentation. Todd Kuiken of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson Center">Woodrow Wilson Center</a> proposes that through safety and self-governance, DIY biologists won't be in need of regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Zayner" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Zayner">Josiah Zayner</a> has proposed that safety is inherent in biohacking and that accessibility should be the foremost concern as there is large underrepresentation of social and ethnic minorities in biohacking.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_topics">Research topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many biohacking projects revolve around the modification of life and molecular and genetic engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennifer_Hicks_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_Hicks-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_engineering">Genetic engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic Engineers are a subculture of biohackers as one of the most accessible forms of biohacking is through engineering microorganisms or plants. Experiments can range from using plasmids to fluorescent bacteria, controlling gene expression using light in bacteria,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even using <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a> to engineer the genome of bacteria or yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DIY_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY medicine">DIY medicine</a></div> <p>Restricted access to medical care and medicine has pushed biohackers to start experimenting in medically related fields. The <a href="/wiki/Open_Insulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Insulin">Open Insulin</a> project aims to make the recombinant protein <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> more accessible by creating an open source protocol for expression and purification.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other experiments that have involved medical treatments include a whole body <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> transplant<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the creation of open source artificial <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreases</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for diabetics, such as <a href="/wiki/OpenAPS" title="OpenAPS">OpenAPS</a>, Loop<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and AndroidAPS.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implants">Implants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Implants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grinders are a subculture of biohackers that focus on implanting technology<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or introducing chemicals<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the body to enhance or change their bodies' functionality. </p><p>Some biohackers can now sense which direction they face using a magnetic implant that vibrates against the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, controversial and self-described "<a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> artist" <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Kac" title="Eduardo Kac">Eduardo Kac</a> appropriated standard laboratory work by biotechnology and genetics researchers in order to both utilize and critique such scientific techniques. In the only putative work of transgenic art by Kac, the artist claimed to have collaborated with a French laboratory (belonging to the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) to procure a green-fluorescent rabbit: a rabbit implanted with a <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> from a type of jellyfish [<i>Aequorea victoria</i>] in order for the rabbit to fluoresce green under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. The claimed work came to be known as the "GFP bunny", and which Kac called <i><a href="/wiki/Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Alba</a></i>. This claim by Kac has been disputed by the scientists at the lab who noted that they had performed exactly the same experiment (i.e., the insertion of the jellyfish GFP protein-coding gene) on numerous other animals (cats, dogs, etc.) previously and did not create <i>Alba</i> (known to the researchers only as "Rabbit Number 5256") under the direction of Kac. The laboratory consequently kept possession of the transgenic rabbit which it had created and funded and the "transgenic art" was never exhibited at the Digital Avignon festival [2000] as intended. Kac—claiming that his rabbit was the first GFP bunny created in the name of Art—used this dispute to popularize the issue as one of disguised censorship by launching a "Free Alba" campaign. A doctored photo of the artist holding a day-glow-green tinted rabbit appears on his website.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the <a href="/wiki/Critical_Art_Ensemble" title="Critical Art Ensemble">Critical Art Ensemble</a> have written books and staged multimedia performance interventions around this issue, including <i>The Flesh Machine</i> (focusing on <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">surveillance of the body</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal eugenics">liberal eugenics</a>) and <i>Cult of the New Eve</i> (In order to analyze how, in their words, "Science is the institution of authority regarding the production of knowledge, and tends to replace this particular social function of conventional Christianity in the west").<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heather_Dewey-Hagborg" title="Heather Dewey-Hagborg">Heather Dewey-Hagborg</a> is an information artist and biohacker who uses genomic DNA left behind by people as a starting point for creating lifelike, computer-generated, 3-D portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_concerns">Criticism and concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism and concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biohacking experiences many of the same criticisms as <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> already receive, plus other concerns relating to the distributed and non-institutional nature of the work, involving potential hazards with lack of oversight by professionals or governments. Concerns about biohackers creating pathogens in unmonitored garage laboratories led the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) to begin sending its representatives to DIYbio conferences in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrest and prosecution of some members for their work with harmless <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">artivist</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kurtz" title="Steve Kurtz">Steve Kurtz</a>, has been denounced as <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> by critics who argue the U.S. government has used <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">post-9/11 anti-terrorism powers</a> to intimidate artists and others who use their art to criticize society.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Existing regulations are not specific to this field, so that the possibility of pathogenic organisms being created and released unintentionally or intentionally by biohackers has become a matter of concern, for example, in the spirit of the re-creation of the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Flu_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu virus">flu virus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Institute_of_Pathology" title="Armed Forces Institute of Pathology">Armed Forces Institute of Pathology</a> researchers in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US the <a href="/wiki/FBI_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_Directorate" title="FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate">FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate</a> has worked with the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>'s National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity to convene a series of meetings to discuss biosecurity, which have included discussions of amateur biologists and ways to manage the risks to society it poses.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8.16">: 8.16 </span></sup> At the National Institutes of Health, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leads efforts to educate the public on "<a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual use</a> research of concern", for example with websites like "Science Safety Security".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/DIYbio" class="mw-redirect" title="DIYbio">DIYbio</a> organized conferences to attempt to create codes of ethics for biohackers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 ETC Group report warns that the danger of this development is not just bioterror, but "bio-error".<sup id="cite_ref-ETC_Group_2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETC_Group_2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While detractors argue that do-it-yourself biologists need some sort of supervision, enthusiasts argue that uniform supervision is impossible and the best way to prevent accidents or malevolence is to encourage a culture of transparency, where, in essence, do-it-yourself biologists would be peer reviewed by other biohackers.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DIYbio" class="mw-redirect" title="DIYbio">DIYbio</a> argues that fear of potential hazards should be met with increased research and education rather than closing the door on the profound positive impacts that distributed biological technology will have on human health, the environment, and the standard of living around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of precedent regarding such a business model, the DIYbio founders see this as an opportunity to be innovators in regulatory and safety policy.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_and_organizations">Groups and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Groups and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Underground_Science_Space" title="Baltimore Underground Science Space">Baltimore Underground Science Space</a> (BUGSS), in Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioCurious" title="BioCurious">Biocurious</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Open_Source_Science_Laboratory" title="Boston Open Source Science Laboratory">Boston Open Science Laboratory</a> (BOSLab), in Cambridge, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_Commons" title="Omni Commons">Counter Culture Labs</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Thieves_Vinegar_Collective" title="Four Thieves Vinegar Collective">Four Thieves Vinegar Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genspace" title="Genspace">Genspace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Open_Insulin_Project" title="Open Insulin Project">Open Insulin Project</a>, an international collaboration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Makerspace" title="Victoria Makerspace">Victoria Makerspace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIYbio_(organization)" title="DIYbio (organization)">DIYbio</a>, an online network</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biohacking_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biohacking Village (page does not exist)">Biohacking Village</a>, a village within <a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a>, the cybersecurity conference</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_hacking" title="Body hacking">Body hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_(biohacking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinder (biohacking)">Grinder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do-it-yourself_biology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 29em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Definition docs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Definition" title="The Open Definition">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_and_the_public" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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