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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_victimization_of_sexual_and_other_assault_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_victimization_of_sexual_and_other_assault_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Secondary victimization of sexual and other assault victims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secondary_victimization_of_sexual_and_other_assault_victims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secondary victimization of sexual and other assault victims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secondary_victimization_of_sexual_and_other_assault_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideal_victim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideal_victim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ideal victim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideal_victim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Global situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opposing views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_studies_on_victim_blaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_studies_on_victim_blaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific studies on victim blaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_studies_on_victim_blaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horseshoe_theory_and_nonpolarized_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseshoe_theory_and_nonpolarized_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Horseshoe theory and nonpolarized views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseshoe_theory_and_nonpolarized_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_planning_and_road_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning_and_road_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Urban planning and road safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning_and_road_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Victim blaming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوم الضحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوم الضحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurban%C4%B1_g%C3%BCnahland%C4%B1rmaq" title="Qurbanı günahlandırmaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qurbanı günahlandırmaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Абвінавачванне ахвяры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абвінавачванне ахвяры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpabilitzaci%C3%B3_de_la_v%C3%ADctima" title="Culpabilització de la víctima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Culpabilització de la víctima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obvi%C5%88ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_ob%C4%9Bti" title="Obviňování oběti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obviňování oběti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ter-Opfer-Umkehr" title="Täter-Opfer-Umkehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Täter-Opfer-Umkehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohvris%C3%BC%C3%BCdistamine" title="Ohvrisüüdistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ohvrisüüdistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ενοχοποίηση του θύματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενοχοποίηση του θύματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpabilizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_v%C3%ADctima" title="Culpabilización de la víctima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culpabilización de la víctima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulpigado_de_viktimoj" title="Kulpigado de viktimoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulpigado de viktimoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errua_biktimari_leporatu" title="Errua biktimari leporatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errua biktimari leporatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B4_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سرزنش قربانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرزنش قربانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victim blaming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Victim blaming" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%95%B4%EC%9E%90_%EB%B9%84%EB%82%9C" title="피해자 비난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피해자 비난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տուժողի պախարակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուժողի պախարակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyalahkan_korban" title="Menyalahkan korban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menyalahkan korban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpevolizzazione_della_vittima" title="Colpevolizzazione della vittima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colpevolizzazione della vittima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F" title="האשמת הקורבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האשמת הקורבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მსხვერპლის დადანაშაულება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსხვერპლის დადანაშაულება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slachtofferbeschuldiging" title="Slachtofferbeschuldiging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slachtofferbeschuldiging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AE%B3%E8%80%85%E9%9D%9E%E9%9B%A3" title="被害者非難 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被害者非難" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpabiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_v%C3%ADtima" title="Culpabilização da vítima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culpabilização da vítima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blamarea_victimei" title="Blamarea victimei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blamarea victimei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Обвинение жертвы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обвинение жертвы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Victim blaming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Окривљавање жртве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Окривљавање жртве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuldbel%C3%A4ggning_av_offer" title="Skuldbeläggning av offer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skuldbeläggning av offer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การโทษผู้เสียหาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโทษผู้เสียหาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurban%C4%B1_su%C3%A7lama" title="Kurbanı suçlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurbanı suçlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Звинувачення жертви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звинувачення жертви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF" title="وکٹم بلیمنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social phenomenon</div> <p> <b>Victim blaming</b> occurs when the victim of a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crimes">sex crimes</a>, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> than victims of <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gay_Panic_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Panic Defense">Gay Panic Defense</a> has also been used to justify <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">violence against LGBTQ people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coining_of_the_phrase">Coining of the phrase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Coining of the phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(psychologist)" title="William Ryan (psychologist)">William Ryan</a> coined the phrase "blaming the victim" in his 1971 book of that title.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2007111,_149,_213_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2007111,_149,_213-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowns199824_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowns199824-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Ryan described victim blaming as an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> used to justify <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social injustice">social injustice</a> against <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black people</a> <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryan wrote the book to refute <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>'s 1965 work <i>The Negro Family: The Case for National Action</i> (usually simply referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Moynihan_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Moynihan Report">Moynihan Report</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moynihan had concluded that three centuries of oppression of black people, and in particular with what he calls the uniquely cruel structure of <a href="/wiki/American_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="American slavery">American slavery</a> as opposed to its Latin American counterparts, had created a long series of chaotic disruptions within the black family structure which, at the time of the report, manifested itself in high rates of unwed births, absent fathers, and <a href="/wiki/Single_mother_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Single mother household">single mother households</a> in black families. Moynihan then correlated these familial outcomes, which he considered undesirable, to the relatively poorer rates of employment, educational achievement, and financial success found among the black population. The black family structure is also being affected by media through the children.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Black family is usually portrayed as gang affiliated, single-parent or very violent. Aggression and violent behavior in children has been linked to television programming.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moynihan advocated the implementation of government programs designed to strengthen the black <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ryan objected that Moynihan then located the <a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">proximate cause</a> of the plight of black Americans in the prevalence of a family structure in which the father was often sporadically, if at all, present, and the mother was often dependent on government aid to feed, clothe, and provide medical care for her children. Ryan's critique cast the Moynihan theories as attempts to divert responsibility for poverty from <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">social structural</a> factors to the behaviors and cultural patterns of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Ryan popularized the phrase, other scholars had identified the phenomenon of victim blaming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2002141_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2002141-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> defined what would be later called "blaming the victim," as "one of the most sinister features of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> character".<sup id="cite_ref-Adorno1947_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adorno1947-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter Adorno and three other professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> formulated their influential and highly debated <i><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></i> (F for fascist), published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Authoritarian_Personality" title="The Authoritarian Personality">The Authoritarian Personality</a></i> (1950), which included among the fascist traits of the scale the "contempt for everything discriminated against or weak."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical expression of victim blaming is the "asking for it" idiom, e.g. "she was asking for it" said of a victim of violence or sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">just-world fallacy</a> is proposed as one explanation for why people blame victims: rejecting the uncomfortable idea that bad things happen to people randomly and undeservedly results in a false belief that victims must have done something to deserve what happened to them. This also implies that people can avoid being victims by behaving correctly. Though an ancient idea, it became the subject of modern <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> in the 1960s beginning with <a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Lerner" title="Melvin J. Lerner">Melvin J. Lerner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-An_Overview_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_Overview-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_victimization_of_sexual_and_other_assault_victims">Secondary victimization of sexual and other assault victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secondary victimization of sexual and other assault victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg/220px-Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg/330px-Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg/440px-Marcha_das_Vadias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Hundreds gathered at the Alberta Legislature grounds in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> to protest against victim blaming</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary victimization">Secondary victimization</a> is the re-<a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatization</a> of a victim through the responses of individuals and institutions. Types of secondary victimization include victim blaming, disbelieving the victim's story, minimizing the severity of the attack, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">inappropriate</a> post-assault treatment by medical personnel or other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary victimization is especially common in cases of <a href="/wiki/Drug_facilitated_sexual_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug facilitated sexual assault">drug-facilitated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">acquaintance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">military sexual trauma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> victims may experience stigmatization based on <a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">rape myths</a>. A female rape victim is especially <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatized</a> in patrilineal cultures with strong customs and taboos regarding sex and sexuality. For example, a society may view a female rape victim (especially one who was previously a <a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virgin</a>) as "damaged". Victims in these cultures may suffer isolation, physical and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">slut-shaming</a>, public humiliation rituals, be disowned by friends and family, be prohibited from marrying, be divorced if already married, or even be <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">killed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in many developed countries, including some sectors of United States society, <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> remains culturally ingrained.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence of male victims of sexual assault concludes that male rape victim blaming is usually done so because of <a href="/wiki/Social_constructs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructs">social constructs</a> of masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some effects of these kind of rape cases include a loss of masculinity, confusion about their sexual orientation, and a sense of failure in behaving as men should.<sup id="cite_ref-DaviesAusten2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesAusten2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims of an unwanted sexual encounter usually develop psychological problems such as depression or sexual violence specific <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">rape trauma syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DaviesAusten2011_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaviesAusten2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of an allegation against female victims of sexual assault is that they were wearing <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocative</a> clothing and thus actively trying to seduce a sexual partner. Such accusations against victims stem from the assumption that sexually revealing clothing conveys <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> for sexual actions, irrespective of willful verbal <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>. Research has yet to prove that attire is a significant causal factor in determining who is assaulted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beiner_2007_125–152_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beiner_2007_125–152-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victim blaming is also exemplified when a victim of sexual assault is found at fault for <i>performing actions which reduce their ability to resist or refuse consent</i>, such as consuming alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Don't_blame_women's_drinking_for_rape_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Don't_blame_women's_drinking_for_rape-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victim advocacy groups and medical professionals are educating young adults on the definition of consent, and the importance of refraining from victim blaming. Most institutions have adopted the concept of <a href="/wiki/Consent#Affirmative_consent" title="Consent">affirmative consent</a> and that refraining from sexual activity while under the influence is the safest choice.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In efforts to discredit alleged sexual assault victims in court, a defense attorney may <i>delve into an accuser's personal history</i>, a common practice that also has the purposeful effect of making the victim so uncomfortable they choose not to proceed. This attack on character, especially one pointing out promiscuity, makes the argument that women who lead "high risk" lifestyles (promiscuity, drug use) are not real victims of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_2010_397–434_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_2010_397–434-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on the acceptance of rape myths has shown that sexism is a significant factor in the blaming of female rape victims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideal_victim">Ideal victim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideal victim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></div> <p>An ideal victim is one who is afforded the status of victimhood due to unavoidable circumstances that put the individual at a disadvantage. One can apply this theory to any crime including and especially sexual assault. Nils Christie, a Norwegian criminology professor, has been theorizing about the concept of the ideal victim since the 1980s. In his research he gives two examples, one of an old woman who is attacked on her way home from visiting her family and the other of a man who is attacked at a bar by someone he knew. He describes the old woman as an ideal victim because she could not avoid being in the location that she was, she did not know her attacker, and she could not fight off her attacker. The man, however, could have avoided being at a bar, knew his attacker, and should have been able to fight off his attacker, being younger and a man.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie_1986_17–30_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie_1986_17–30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When applying the ideal victim theory to sexual assault victims, often judicial proceedings define an ideal victim as one who resists their attacker and exercises caution in risky situations, despite law reforms to extinguish these fallacious requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When victims are not ideal they are at risk for being blamed for their attack because they are not considered real victims of rape. </p><p>A victim who is not considered an ideal, or real victim, is one who leads a "high risk" lifestyle, partaking in drugs or alcohol, or is perceived as promiscuous. A victim who intimately knows their attacker is also not considered an ideal victim. An example of a sexual assault victim who is not ideal is a prostitute because they lead a high risk lifestyle. The perception is that these behaviors discount the credibility of a sexual assault victim's claim or that the behaviors and associations create the mistaken assumption of consent. Some of or all of the blame of the assault is then placed on these victims, and so they are not worthy of having their case presented in court. These perceptions persist in court rulings despite a shift in laws favoring affirmative consent – meaning that the participants in a sexual activity give a verbal affirmation rather than one participant who neither answers negatively nor positively. In other words, affirmative consent is yes means yes, no means no and no verbal answer also means no.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_2010_397–434_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_2010_397–434-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to an ideal victim, there must be an ideal perpetrator for a crime to be considered ideal. The ideal attacker does not know their victim and is a completely non-sympathetic figure- one who is considered sub-human, an individual lacking morals. An attacker that knows their victim is not considered an ideal attacker, nor is someone who seems morally ordinary.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie_1986_17–30_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie_1986_17–30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of intimate partner violence are not considered ideal because the victim knows their attacker. Husbands and wives are not ideal victims or perpetrators because they are intimately familiar with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_2010_397–434_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall_2010_397–434-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_situation">Global situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different cultures across the globe have formulated different degrees of victim blaming for different scenarios such as rape, hate crimes, and domestic abuse. Victim blaming is common around the world, especially in cultures where it is socially acceptable and advised to treat certain groups of people as lesser. For example, in Somalia victims of sexual abuse consistently endure social <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracization</a> and harassment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One specific example is the kidnapping and rape of 14-year old Fatima: when the police arrived, both Fatima and her rapist were arrested. While they did not detain the offender for long, the officers held Fatima captive for a month and a prison guard continually raped her during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2016, the organisations <a href="/wiki/International_Alert" title="International Alert">International Alert</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> published a study revealing that girls and women released from captivity by <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>'s insurgency group <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> often face rejection by their communities and families. Their children born of sexual violence faced even more discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acid attacks on South Asian women, when people throw acid on women in an attempt to punish them for their perceived wrongdoings, are another example of victim-blaming. For instance, in New Delhi in 2005, a group of men threw acid on a 16-year-old girl because they believed she provoked the advances of a man.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese culture, victim blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault and her virtue is inevitably called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious norms can be part of victim blaming.<sup id="cite_ref-a604_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a604-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western culture victim blaming has been largely recognized as a problematic way to view a situation, however this does not exempt Westerners from being guilty of the action. A recent example of Western victim blaming would be a civil trial held in 2013 where the Los Angeles School District blamed a 14-year-old girl for the sexual abuse she endured from her middle school teacher. The District's lawyer argued that the minor was responsible for the prevention of the abuse, putting the entire fault on the victim and exempting the perpetrator of any responsibility. Despite his efforts to convince the court that the victim must be blamed, the ruling stated that no minor student that has been sexually assaulted by his or her teacher is responsible for the prevention of that sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_views">Opposing views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposing views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a>, a social and personality psychologist, argued that blaming the victim is not necessarily always fallacious. He argued that showing the victim's possible role in an altercation may be contrary to typical explanations of violence and cruelty, which incorporate the trope of the innocent victim. According to Baumeister, in the classic telling of "the myth of pure evil," the innocent, well-meaning victims are going about their business when they are suddenly assaulted by wicked, malicious evildoers. Baumeister describes the situation as a possible distortion by both the perpetrator and the victim; the perpetrator may minimize the offense while the victim maximizes it, and so accounts of the incident should not be immediately taken as objective truths. </p><p>In context, Baumeister refers to the common behavior of the aggressor seeing themselves as more of the "victim" than the abused, justifying a horrific act by way of their "moral complexity". This usually stems from an "excessive sensitivity" to insults, which he finds as a consistent pattern in abusive husbands. Essentially, the abuse the perpetrator administers is generally excessive, in comparison to the act/acts that they claim as to have provoked them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_studies_on_victim_blaming">Scientific studies on victim blaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific studies on victim blaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 review by Lennon et al. found that women who wear immodest or sexual clothing self-objectify themselves, which causes anxiety, unhappiness, body-dissatisfaction, and body shame.<sup id="cite_ref-Lennon2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lennon2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that "[o]bservers link wearing sexy dress to violence including sexual coercion, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and unwelcome groping, touching, and grabbing."<sup id="cite_ref-Lennon2017_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lennon2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only two studies under their review directly investigated dress and real experience of sexual assault; neither study found a connection. Lennon et al. noted that few researchers had studied the influence of actual sexual behavior on potential relationships between sexual violence and dress. One exception was a 2007 study of <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">flashing</a> at college homecoming events, in which Annette Lynch found that "a dress style which might be considered not provocative becomes provocative when the behavior of the woman wearing it becomes suggestive (i.e., when she flashes)" and women who attended homecoming matches were often groped and coerced into exposing themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Lennon2017_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lennon2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horseshoe_theory_and_nonpolarized_views">Horseshoe theory and nonpolarized views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horseshoe theory and nonpolarized views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">Just-world fallacy</a></div> <p>Some scholars make the argument that some of the attitudes that are described as victim blaming and the victimologies that are said to counteract them are both extreme and similar to each other, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">horseshoe theory</a>. For instance, they argue that the claim that "women wearing provocative clothing cause rape" is as demeaning to men as it is to women as depicting men as incapable of controlling their sexual desire is misandrist and denies men full agency, while also arguing that the generalization that women do not lie about rape (or any generalization about women not doing some things because of their gender) is misogynist by its implicit assumption that women act by simple default action modes which is incompatible with full agency. These scholars argue that it is important to impartially assess the evidence in each criminal trial individually and that any generalization based on statistics would change the situation from one where the control of evidence makes false reporting difficult to one where lack of individual control of the alleged crime makes it easier to file false reports and that statistics collected in the former situation would not be possible to apply to the latter situation. While the scholars make a distinction between actual victim blaming and <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule by law">rule by law</a> that they consider to be falsely lumped with victim blaming in radical feminist rhetorics, they also advocate more protection from ad hominem questions to alleged victims about past life history and that the questions should focus on what is relevant for the specific alleged crime. They also cite examples that they consider to be cases of the horseshoe theory applied to the question of victim blaming. This includes cases in which psychologists who have testified on behalf of the prosecution in trials in which breast size have been used as a measure of female age when classifying pornographic cartoons as child pornography and been praised by feminists for it, and later the same psychologists have used the same psychological arguments when testifying on behalf of the defense in statutory rape cases and getting the defendant acquitted by claiming that the victim's breasts looked like those of an adult woman (considered by these scholars to be victim blaming based on appearance) and been praised by men's rights groups for it. It also includes the possibility that biopsychiatric models that consider sexual criminality hereditary and that are advocated by some feminists may blame victims of incest abuse for being genetically related to their abusers and thereby dissuading them from reporting abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other analysts of victim blaming discourse who neither support most of the phenomena that are described as victim blaming nor most of the measures that are marketed as countermeasures against such point at the existence of other ways of discovering and punishing crimes with victims besides the victim reporting the crime. Not only are there police patrols and possible eyewitnesses, but these analysts also argue that neighbors can overhear and report crimes that take place within the house such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>. For that reason along with the possibility of many witnesses turning up over time if the crime is ongoing long term as domestic abuse is generally said to be which would make some of the witnesses likely to be considered believable, analysts of this camp of thought argue that the main problem that prevent crimes from being successfully prosecuted is <a href="/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">offender profiling</a> that disbelieve the capacity and/or probability of many criminals to commit the crime, rather than disbelief or blaming of victim reports. These analysts cite international comparisons that show that the percentage of male on female cases in the statistics of successfully prosecuted domestic violence is not higher in countries that apply gender feminist theories about patriarchal structures than in countries that apply supposedly antifeminist evolutionary psychology profiling of sex differences in aggressiveness, impulse control and empathy, arguing that the criminal justice system prioritizing cases in which they believe the suspect most likely to be guilty makes evolutionary psychology at least as responsible as gender feminism for leaving domestic violence cases with female offenders undiscovered no matter if the victim is male or female. The analysts argue that many problems that are often attributed to victim blaming are instead due to offender profiling, and suggest randomized investigations instead of psychological profiling of suspected offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A myth holds that Jews went passively "<a href="/wiki/Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter" title="Like sheep to the slaughter">like sheep to the slaughter</a>" during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, which is considered by many writers, including <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fackenheim" title="Emil Fackenheim">Emil Fackenheim</a>, to be a form of victim blaming.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> caused by non-Jewish Europeans' attempts to shift <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">blame for the Holocaust</a> onto the Jews, often summed up by the claim that "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the issue of victim blaming has gained notoriety and become widely recognized in the media, particularly in the context of feminism, as women have often been blamed for behaving in ways that are claimed to encourage harassment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Leigh_Leigh" title="Murder of Leigh Leigh">Leigh Leigh</a>, born Leigh Rennea Mears, was a 14-year-old girl from <a href="/wiki/Fern_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Fern Bay">Fern Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, who was murdered on 3 November 1989. While attending a 16-year-old boy's birthday party at <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Beach" title="Stockton Beach">Stockton Beach</a>, Leigh was assaulted by a group of boys after she returned distressed from a sexual encounter on the beach that a reviewing judge later called non-consensual. After being kicked and spat on by the group, Leigh left the party. Her <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">naked</a> body was found in the sand dunes nearby the following morning, with severe genital damage and a crushed skull. Leigh's murder received considerable attention in the media. Initially focusing on her sexual assault and murder, media attention later concentrated more on the lack of parental supervision and the drugs and alcohol at the party, and on Leigh's sexuality. The media coverage of the murder has been cited as an example of victim blaming.<sup id="cite_ref-carrington_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carrington-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" title="The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">Sydney Daily Telegraph</a>, a conservative tabloid opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>, interviewed anti-LGBT+ school bullies who claimed their gay student victims 'were asking for it' with their <a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">camp behaviour</a>, insinuating that they were <a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">bringing upon themselves</a> mistreatment at the hands of students and staff at their schools.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Queer_Trepidations_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queer_Trepidations-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Telegraph devoted its entire front page to the <a href="/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Teachers_and_Students_Association#Tsakalos_v._DoE" title="Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association">Christopher Tsakalos lawsuit</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> headline "Walk Like a Man". Reporters from the Daily Telegraph also pursued the Tsakalos story in an article titled "Gay boy asked for it — students" (Trute & Angelo, 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-Queer_Trepidations_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queer_Trepidations-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Australian Senator <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning" title="Fraser Anning">Fraser Anning</a> was sharply criticised for his comments about the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> in New Zealand, in which 51 Muslim worshippers were killed. He claimed that immigration of "Muslim fanatics" led to the attacks, and that "while Muslims may have been victims today, usually they are the perpetrators".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anning also stated that the massacre "highlights...the growing fear within our community...of the increasing Muslim presence". The comments received international attention and were overwhelmingly criticised as being insensitive and racist, and sympathetic to the views of the perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Common Law</a> jurisdictions such as the UK, Canada, and several Australian states, the defense of provocation is only available against a charge of murder and only acts to reduce the conviction to manslaughter. Until recently criminal courts have regarded sexual infidelity such as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> as sufficiently grave provocation as to provide a warrant, indeed a 'moral warrant', for reducing murder to manslaughter. While the warrant has spilled over into diminished responsibility defences, wounding, grievous bodily harm and attempted murder cases, it is provocation cases that have provided the precedents enshrining a defendant's impassioned homicidal sexual infidelity tale as excusatory. Periodically, judges and law reformers attempt to rein in provocation defences, most recently in England and Wales where provocation has been replaced by a loss of control defence that, most controversially, specifically excludes sexual infidelity as a trigger for loss of control.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Cologne">mayor of Cologne</a> <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a> came under heavy criticism, as her response appeared to blame the victims. She called for women to follow a "<a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a>," including staying at an "arm's length" from strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the evening of 5 January, <i>#einearmlänge</i> ("an arm's length") became one of Germany's top-trending hashtags on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DW2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reker called a crisis meeting with the police in response to the incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DW_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reker called it "completely improper" to link the perpetrators to refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coverage of the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ashley_Ann_Olsen" title="Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen">Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen</a>, an American murdered in Italy during a sexual encounter with a Senegalese immigrant, focused on the victim blaming in cross-cultural encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-GrisafiGoodVictim_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrisafiGoodVictim-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NadeauvictimBlamed_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NadeauvictimBlamed-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a case that attracted worldwide coverage, when <a href="/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Delhi gang rape">a woman was raped and killed in Delhi</a> in December 2012, some Indian government officials and political leaders blamed the victim for various things, mostly based on conjecture. Many of the people involved later apologized.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017, the hashtag #AintNoCinderella trended on social media India, in response to a high-profile instance of victim-blaming. After Varnika Kundu was stalked and harassed by two men on her way home late at night, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> Vice President Ramveer Bhatti addressed the incident with a claim that Kundu was somehow at fault for being out late by herself. Social media users took to Twitter and Instagram to challenge the claim that women should not be out late at night, and if they are, they are somehow "asking for it". Hundreds of women shared photos of themselves staying out past midnight, dressing boldly, and behaving in (harmless) ways that tend to be condemned in old-fashioned, anti-feminist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women in Jordan have been victim-blamed for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> for not wearing a <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a604_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a604-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Madera_Tribune" title="Madera Tribune">Madera Tribune</a> ran the front-page headline <i>"Mother Blames her Daughter Equally with Man for Murder"</i> in describing the stabbing death of 19-year-old Leona Vlught in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victim's mother's "resentment against the boy who killed her" was said to be softened upon learning that her daughter drank alcohol and "went on a <a href="/wiki/Flapper#Petting_parties" title="Flapper">petting party</a> when she was supposed to be spending the night with girl friends".<sup id="cite_ref-MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MotherBlamesDaughterEqually1938-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perpetrator Rodney Greig was later convicted of the crime and executed in the <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="San Quentin State Prison">San Quentin</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/2010_gang_rapes_in_Cleveland,_Texas" title="2010 gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas">In a 2010 case</a>, an 11-year-old female rape victim who suffered repeated <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rapes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Texas" title="Cleveland, Texas">Cleveland, Texas</a>, was accused by a defense attorney of being a seductress who lured men to their doom.<sup id="cite_ref-slate1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Like <a href="/wiki/The_Spider_and_the_Fly_(poem)" title="The Spider and the Fly (poem)">the spider and the fly</a>. Wasn't she saying, 'Come into my parlor', said the spider to the fly?", he asked a witness.<sup id="cite_ref-slate1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> ran an article uncritically reporting on the way many in the community blamed the victim, for which the newspaper later apologized.<sup id="cite_ref-slate1_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_planning_and_road_safety">Urban planning and road safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Urban planning and road safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane,_Haringey,_London_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg/220px-A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg/330px-A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg/440px-A_pavement_on_Philip_Lane%2C_Haringey%2C_London_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian "protection" fences, an example of victim-blaming. Far from protecting pedestrians, they only hinder <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">pedestrian permeability</a> and encourage cars to maintain high speeds.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Cars</a> not only are responsible for the majority of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic accident">accidents</a> but also cause more severe ones. However, urban design often continues to favor car circulation, impeding <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">pedestrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">cyclist mobility</a> and placing blame on the victims for those accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-ciudadesquecaminan_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciudadesquecaminan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biciclub_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biciclub-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEXTSTL_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEXTSTL-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the majority of traffic accident victims are <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclist">cyclists</a>, measures to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">calm traffic</a> and protect and facilitate the mobility of the most vulnerable should be implemented to avoid shifting responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-ciudadesquecaminan_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciudadesquecaminan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biciclub_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biciclub-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battered_woman_syndrome" title="Battered woman syndrome">Battered woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blame" title="Blame">Blame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributory_negligence" title="Contributory negligence">Contributory negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">DARVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">Demonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Divine retribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_justice" title="Frontier justice">Frontier justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_trip" title="Guilt trip">Guilt trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybristophilia" title="Hybristophilia">Hybristophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigating_factor" title="Mitigating factor">Mitigating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_guilt" title="Presumption of guilt">Presumption of guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">Provocation (legal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_mentality" title="Victim mentality">Victim mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Victim playing">Victim playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volenti_non_fit_injuria" title="Volenti non fit injuria">Volenti non fit injuria</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crcvc.ca/docs/victim_blaming.pdf">"Victim Blaming"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Resource+Centre+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft.atitle=Victim+Blaming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrcvc.ca%2Fdocs%2Fvictim_blaming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieneckKrahé2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bieneck, Steffen; Krahé, Barbara (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/files/40290/phr365_online.pdf">"Blaming the Victim and Exonerating the Perpetrator in Cases of Rape and Robbery: Is There a Double Standard?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 1785–1797. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260510372945">10.1177/0886260510372945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20587449">20587449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206561769">206561769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+Victim+and+Exonerating+the+Perpetrator+in+Cases+of+Rape+and+Robbery%3A+Is+There+a+Double+Standard%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1785-1797&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206561769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20587449&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260510372945&rft.aulast=Bieneck&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft.au=Krah%C3%A9%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishup.uni-potsdam.de%2Ffiles%2F40290%2Fphr365_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden, Alexandra (CRSJ Intern). (Summer 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/member-features/gay-trans-panic-defense/">'The Gay/Trans Panic Defense: What It is, and How to End It'</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Blair_WoodsBrad_SearsChristy_Mallory2016" class="citation web cs1">Jordan Blair Woods; Brad Sears; Christy Mallory (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130155743/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/model-legislation/">"Gay and Trans Panic Defense"</a>. The Williams Institute - UCLA School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/model-legislation/">the original</a> on 30 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Trans+Panic+Defense&rft.pub=The+Williams+Institute+-+UCLA+School+of+Law&rft.date=2016-09&rft.au=Jordan+Blair+Woods&rft.au=Brad+Sears&rft.au=Christy+Mallory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwilliamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu%2Fresearch%2Fmodel-legislation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1971" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, William (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blamingvictim00ryan_0"><i>Blaming the Victim</i></a></span>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394417264" title="Special:BookSources/9780394417264"><bdi>9780394417264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaming+the+Victim&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780394417264&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblamingvictim00ryan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2007111,_149,_213-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2007111,_149,_213_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCole2007">Cole 2007</a>, pp. 111, 149, 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowns199824-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowns199824_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowns1998">Downs 1998</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987219_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987">Katsiaficas, Kirkpatrick & Emery 1987</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent2003">Kent 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318203932/http://www.blackpast.org/primary/moynihan-report-1965">"(1965) The Moynihan Report: The Negro Family, the Case for National Action • BlackPast"</a>. 21 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/moynihan-report-1965/">the original</a> on 18 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%281965%29+The+Moynihan+Report%3A+The+Negro+Family%2C+the+Case+for+National+Action+%E2%80%A2+BlackPast&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Fmoynihan-report-1965%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyneRobinsonNelson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Coyne, Sarah M.; Robinson, Simon L.; Nelson, David A. (19 May 2010). "Does Reality Backbite? Physical, Verbal, and Relational Aggression in Reality Television Programs". <i>Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 282–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08838151003737931">10.1080/08838151003737931</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144608099">144608099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting+%26+Electronic+Media&rft.atitle=Does+Reality+Backbite%3F+Physical%2C+Verbal%2C+and+Relational+Aggression+in+Reality+Television+Programs&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-298&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08838151003737931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144608099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Simon+L.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuesmann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Huesmann, L. Rowell (December 2007). "The Impact of Electronic Media Violence: Scientific Theory and Research". <i>Journal of Adolescent Health</i>. <b>41</b> (6): S6–S13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2007.09.005">10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F83439">2027.42/83439</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+Health&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Electronic+Media+Violence%3A+Scientific+Theory+and+Research&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=S6-S13&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F83439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jadohealth.2007.09.005&rft.aulast=Huesmann&rft.aufirst=L.+Rowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2015" class="citation web cs1">Geary, Daniel (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/the-moynihan-report-an-annotated-edition/404632/">"The Moynihan Report"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Moynihan+Report&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2015%2F09%2Fthe-moynihan-report-an-annotated-edition%2F404632%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/pos334/archive/ryan.htm">Illinois state U. archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904104748/http://lilt.ilstu.edu/gmklass/pos334/archive/ryan.htm">Archived</a> 4 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1976" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, William (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blamingvictim1976ryan"><i>Blaming the Victim</i></a></span>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72226-9"><bdi>978-0-394-72226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaming+the+Victim&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-394-72226-9&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblamingvictim1976ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2002141-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2002141_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2002">Robinson 2002</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adorno1947-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adorno1947_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1947" class="citation journal cs1">Adorno, T. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Red mist' homicide: sexual infidelity and the English law of murder (glossing Titus Andronicus)". <i>Legal Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 407–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-121X.2012.00254.x">10.1111/j.1748-121X.2012.00254.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F50057">10072/50057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142871847">142871847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Red+mist%27+homicide%3A+sexual+infidelity+and+the+English+law+of+murder+%28glossing+Titus+Andronicus%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-430&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F50057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142871847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-121X.2012.00254.x&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Independent_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mayor-of-cologne-says-women-should-have-code-of-conduct-to-prevent-future-assault-a6798186.html">"Mayor of Cologne says women should have code of conduct to prevent future assault"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mayor-of-cologne-says-women-should-have-code-of-conduct-to-prevent-future-assault-a6798186.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mayor+of+Cologne+says+women+should+have+code+of+conduct+to+prevent+future+assault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmayor-of-cologne-says-women-should-have-code-of-conduct-to-prevent-future-assault-a6798186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DW2_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/twitter-storm-as-cologne-mayor-suggests-women-stay-at-arms-length-from-strangers/a-18962430">"Twitter storm as Cologne mayor suggests women stay at 'arm's length' from strangers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. LXXIII, no. 32. Madera, California. 9 December 1938. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>What a mother did not know about her own daughter softened today Mrs. Leonard Vlught's resentment against the boy who killed her. She wondered if she had given the girl too much freedom. She learned, too late, that her own child drank, went on a petting party when she was supposed to be spending the night with girl friends, and kept company with a youth whose crime career began when he was 12. Burdened with grief as she prepared to bury her daughter, the mother judged her for what had happened, and held her equally to blame.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madera+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mother+Blames+Her+Daughter+Equally+With+Man+For+Murder&rft.volume=LXXIII&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1938-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DMT19381209.2.15%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slate1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slate1_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Adams, Sam (29 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2012/11/29/cleveland_texas_rape_case_defense_attorney_calls_pre_teen_victim_a_spider.html">"Cleveland, Texas rape case: Defense attorney calls pre-teen victim a spider, but that's his job"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Cleveland%2C+Texas+rape+case%3A+Defense+attorney+calls+pre-teen+victim+a+spider%2C+but+that%27s+his+job&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fxx_factor%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Fcleveland_texas_rape_case_defense_attorney_calls_pre_teen_victim_a_spider.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913030938/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/ny-times-defends-victim-blaming-coverage-of-child-rape-case_b24236">"NY Times Defends Victim Blaming Coverage of Child Rape Case"</a>. Mediabistro.com. 10 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlla/ny-times-defends-victim-blaming-coverage-of-child-rape-case_b24236">the original</a> on 13 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NY+Times+Defends+Victim+Blaming+Coverage+of+Child+Rape+Case&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabistro.com%2Ffishbowlla%2Fny-times-defends-victim-blaming-coverage-of-child-rape-case_b24236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciudadesquecaminan-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciudadesquecaminan_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciudadesquecaminan_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRCqC2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">RCqC (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciudadesquecaminan.org/blog/si-se-quiere-la-propia-calle-puede-educar-y-proteger-a-la-ciudadania/">"Si se quiere, la propia calle puede educar y proteger a la ciudadanía"</a>. <i>Ciudades que Caminan</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ciudades+que+Caminan&rft.atitle=Si+se+quiere%2C+la+propia+calle+puede+educar+y+proteger+a+la+ciudadan%C3%ADa&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.au=RCqC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciudadesquecaminan.org%2Fblog%2Fsi-se-quiere-la-propia-calle-puede-educar-y-proteger-a-la-ciudadania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biciclub-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biciclub_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biciclub_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriana2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Triana, Daniela (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biciclub.com/ciclismo-urbano-la-culpa-la-tiene-la-victima/">"Ciclismo urbano: "La culpa la tiene la víctima"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>biciclub.com</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biciclub.com&rft.atitle=Ciclismo+urbano%3A+%22La+culpa+la+tiene+la+v%C3%ADctima%22&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Triana&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiciclub.com%2Fciclismo-urbano-la-culpa-la-tiene-la-victima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEXTSTL-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NEXTSTL_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron2022" class="citation web cs1">Byron, Aubrey (22 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nextstl.com/2022/04/in-a-city-with-rampant-pedestrian-and-cycling-crashes-cyclists-are-still-blamed-for-their-own-deaths/">"In a city with rampant pedestrian and cycling crashes, cyclists are still blamed for their own deaths"</a>. <i>nextstl.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nextstl.com&rft.atitle=In+a+city+with+rampant+pedestrian+and+cycling+crashes%2C+cyclists+are+still+blamed+for+their+own+deaths&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft.aulast=Byron&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnextstl.com%2F2022%2F04%2Fin-a-city-with-rampant-pedestrian-and-cycling-crashes-cyclists-are-still-blamed-for-their-own-deaths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alyson_Cole" title="Alyson Cole">Cole, Alyson Manda</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwSKhV0TXCIC"><i>The Cult of True Victimhood: From the War on Welfare to the War on Terror</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804754613" title="Special:BookSources/9780804754613"><bdi>9780804754613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+True+Victimhood%3A+From+the+War+on+Welfare+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780804754613&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Alyson+Manda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwSKhV0TXCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns1998" class="citation book cs1">Downs, Donald Alexander (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eR0HfsOYcwwC"><i>More Than Victims: Battered Women, the Syndrome Society, and the Law</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226161600" title="Special:BookSources/9780226161600"><bdi>9780226161600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+Victims%3A+Battered+Women%2C+the+Syndrome+Society%2C+and+the+Law&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780226161600&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Donald+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeR0HfsOYcwwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, George (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031224033005/http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2003/issue3/0303p59.asp">"Blaming the Victim, Globally"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle Online</i>. <b>XL</b> (3). United Nations Department of Public Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2003/issue3/0303p59.asp">the original</a> on 24 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle+Online&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+Victim%2C+Globally&rft.volume=XL&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FPubs%2Fchronicle%2F2003%2Fissue3%2F0303p59.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsiaficasKirkpatrickEmery1987" class="citation book cs1">Katsiaficas, George N.; Kirkpatrick, Robert George; Emery, Mary Lou (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdf2QupEaHgC"><i>Introduction to Critical Sociology</i></a>. Ardent Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780829015959" title="Special:BookSources/9780829015959"><bdi>9780829015959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Critical+Sociology&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780829015959&rft.aulast=Katsiaficas&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Robert+George&rft.au=Emery%2C+Mary+Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxdf2QupEaHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_N._Robinson" title="Daniel N. Robinson">Robinson, Daniel N.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owFg4BRy8EwC"><i>Praise and Blame: Moral Realism and Its Applications</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400825318" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400825318"><bdi>978-1400825318</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7s3sm">j.ctt7s3sm</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praise+and+Blame%3A+Moral+Realism+and+Its+Applications&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7s3sm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1400825318&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowFg4BRy8EwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victim_blaming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Gigi_Durham" title="Meenakshi Gigi Durham">Durham, Meenakshi G.</a> (February 2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vicious assault shakes Texas town': the politics of gender violence in The New York Times' coverage of a schoolgirl's gang rape". <i>Journalism Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.2012.657907">10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141709189">141709189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Vicious+assault+shakes+Texas+town%27%3A+the+politics+of+gender+violence+in+The+New+York+Times%27+coverage+of+a+schoolgirl%27s+gang+rape&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1461670X.2012.657907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141709189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanoffbulman1985" class="citation journal cs1">Janoffbulman, R (1985). "Cognitive biases in blaming the victim". <i>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 161–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1031%2885%2990013-7">10.1016/0022-1031(85)90013-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Cognitive+biases+in+blaming+the+victim&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1031%2885%2990013-7&rft.aulast=Janoffbulman&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaes1994" class="citation journal cs1">Maes, JüRgen (1994). "Blaming the victim: Belief in control or belief in justice?". <i>Social Justice Research</i>. <b>7</b>: 69–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02333823">10.1007/BF02333823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144089886">144089886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Justice+Research&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+victim%3A+Belief+in+control+or+belief+in+justice%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=69-90&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02333823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144089886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maes&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCRgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaulVeltumBoyechkoCrawford1990" class="citation journal cs1">McCaul, Kevin D.; Veltum, Lois G.; Boyechko, Vivian; Crawford, Jacqueline J. (1990). "Understanding Attributions of Victim Blame for Rape: Sex, Violence, and Foreseeability". <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>20</b>: 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1990.tb00375.x">10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00375.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Understanding+Attributions+of+Victim+Blame+for+Rape%3A+Sex%2C+Violence%2C+and+Foreseeability&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1990.tb00375.x&rft.aulast=McCaul&rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&rft.au=Veltum%2C+Lois+G.&rft.au=Boyechko%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Jacqueline+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummersFeldman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Summers, Gertrude; Feldman, Nina S. (1984). "Blaming the Victim Versus Blaming the Perpetrator: An Attributional Analysis of Spouse Abuse". <i>Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 339–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fjscp.1984.2.4.339">10.1521/jscp.1984.2.4.339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+Victim+Versus+Blaming+the+Perpetrator%3A+An+Attributional+Analysis+of+Spouse+Abuse&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-47&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fjscp.1984.2.4.339&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Gertrude&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Nina+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictim+blaming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Victim_blaming" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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href="https://www.sace.ca/learn/victim-blaming/">Information on victim blaming</a> at the Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton (SACE)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crcvc.ca/docs/victim_blaming.pdf">Information on victim blaming</a> at the Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/rcip//vb.html">Victim Blame and Sexual Assault</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressat.co.uk/releases/new-book-explains-the-reason-why-women-are-blamed-for-everything-cdb55a8e5b242b98bf63193ead064953/">"Dr Jessica Taylor (PhD, FRSA) explains the reason why women are blamed for everything"</a>.</cite><span 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a><br />(incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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