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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Tirad" title="Bitva o Tirad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Tirad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_paso_de_Tirad" title="Batalla del paso de Tirad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del paso de Tirad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_Passo_di_Tirad" title="Battaglia del Passo di Tirad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia del Passo di Tirad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Laluan_Tirad" title="Pertempuran Laluan Tirad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Laluan Tirad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_na_prze%C5%82%C4%99czy_Tirad" title="Bitwa na przełęczy Tirad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa na przełęczy Tirad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_passo_de_Tirad" title="Batalha do passo de Tirad – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do passo de Tirad" data-language-autonym="Português" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&params=17_08_32_N_120_37_46_E_type:event_region:PH-ILS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°08′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°37′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.14222°N 120.62944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.14222; 120.62944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1899 battle of the Philippine–American War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Tirad Pass</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops,_around_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/250px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/375px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a></span><br />General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1898.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 2, 1899</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Tirad Pass, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&params=17_08_32_N_120_37_46_E_type:event_region:PH-ILS"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°08′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°37′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.14222°N 120.62944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.14222; 120.62944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> American tactical victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">Peyton C. March</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span> Vicente Enriquez</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> 600<sup id="cite_ref-Dumindin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumindin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg/22px-Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg/33px-Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg/44px-Philippine_revolution_flag_gregoriodelpilar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 60<sup id="cite_ref-Dumindin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumindin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 killed<br />9 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 52 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Dumindin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumindin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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aria-labelledby="Philippine–American_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Battle of San Roque (1899)">San Roque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caloocan" title="Battle of Caloocan">1st Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Caloocan" title="Second Battle of Caloocan">2nd Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marilao_River" title="Battle of Marilao River">Marilao River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malolos" title="Capture of Malolos">Malolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_(1899)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz (1899)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagsanjan" title="Battle of Pagsanjan">Pagsanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paete" title="Battle of Paete">Paete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quingua" title="Battle of Quingua">Quingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calumpit" title="Battle of Calumpit">Calumpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Battle of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Isidro_(1899)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Isidro (1899) (page does not exist)">San Isidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zapote_River" title="Battle of Zapote River">Zapote River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olongapo" title="Battle of Olongapo">Olongapo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cavite_(1899)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cavite (1899) (page does not exist)">Cavite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto_(1899)" title="Battle of San Jacinto (1899)">San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tirad Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Mateo_(1899)" title="Battle of San Mateo (1899)">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paye" title="Battle of Paye">Paye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa" title="Battle of Pulang Lupa">Pulang Lupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mabitac" title="Battle of Mabitac">Mabitac</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Visayas_(1899)" title="Battle of the Visayas (1899)">Visayas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balantang" title="Battle of Balantang">Balantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Catubig" title="Siege of Catubig">Catubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonoy" title="Battle of Lonoy">Lonoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balangiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Balangiga">Balangiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_across_Samar" title="March across Samar">Samar Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolores_River" title="Battle of Dolores River">Dolores River</a></li></ul> <p><b>Mindanao</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cagayan_de_Misamis" title="Battle of Cagayan de Misamis">Cagayan de Misamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agusan_Hill" title="Battle of Agusan Hill">Agusan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makahambus_Hill" title="Battle of Makahambus Hill">Makahambus Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siranaya" title="Battle of Siranaya">Siranaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malalag_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Malalag River">Malalag River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_location_map_(square).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Tirad Pass is located in Philippines"><img alt="Battle of Tirad Pass is located in Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/200px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/300px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg/400px-Philippines_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.018%;left:38.593%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tirad Pass"><img alt="Tirad Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/8px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/12px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/16px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Tirad Pass</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_location_map_(square).svg" title="File:Philippines location map (square).svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of Tirad Pass.</div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Tirad Pass</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes referred to as the "Philippine <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> on December 2, 1899, in northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> in the Philippines. A 60-man Filipino <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> succumbed to more than 500 Americans, mostly of the 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Major <a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">Peyton C. March</a>, while delaying the American advance to ensure that President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and his troops escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg/200px-Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg/300px-Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg/400px-Gen_Peyton_C_March.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peyton_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton March">Peyton March</a>, as painted by Nicodemus David Hufford III</figcaption></figure> <p>The retreat of Aguinaldo from <a href="/wiki/Bayambang" title="Bayambang">Bayambang</a>, through the mountainous terrain began on November 13, 1899, after he had disbanded the regular Filipino army into guerrilla units.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 23, Aguinaldo's party reached the pass, which provided a strategic bottleneck. It was to be protected by a rear guard under General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>, who noticed the advantageous terrain of <a href="/wiki/Tirad_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirad Pass">Tirad Pass</a> (<i>Pasong Tirad</i> as it was locally called),<sup id="cite_ref-intro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hunkered down to defend it while Aguinaldo escaped through the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hand-picked force of Filipinos, which was the remaining contingent of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a>'s army, constructed several sets of trenches and stone barricades on both shoulders of the pass, as well as on top of its 4,500-foot (1,400 m) height.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, during early November, Major March had been given the task of pursuing Aguinaldo. By November 30, March and his men, in haste to catch the Philippine president, marched through <a href="/wiki/Candon" title="Candon">Candon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tomas,_La_Union" title="Santo Tomas, La Union">Santo Tomas, La Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salcedo,_Ilocos_Sur" title="Salcedo, Ilocos Sur">Salcedo, Ilocos Sur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his men found out that Aguinaldo had passed through Salcedo five days previously, and that fueled the Americans' march to Concepcion (now named <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar,_Ilocos_Sur" title="Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur">Gregorio del Pilar</a>), a town overlooked by the steep pass, which they reached by December 1. March had no clear idea of the size of Aguinaldo's rear guard, but he had calculated it to be no more than 150 men.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the morning of December 2, the Americans advanced up the trail but were met with a steady volley of fire, enabling them to climb to only around 300 feet. The Americans abandoned the idea of a frontal assault and took cover in the zigzag trail. Texan sharpshooters positioned themselves on a hill overlooking the trenches, whittling down the Philippine rear guard with measured volleys. Nevertheless, the Filipinos continued to hold their ground, utilizing focused volley fire that repelled other advances by the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA150_150]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA150_150]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> March then sent elements of their force with an Igorot villager named <a href="/wiki/Januario_Galut" title="Januario Galut">Januario Galut</a> to determine the Filipino positions and <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflank</a> the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the flanking movement was still in progress, three American soldiers rushed to the battlefield but found themselves receiving Filipino fire. Two died, being the only Americans killed in the encounter, while the third was badly wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than five hours after the battle began, the Americans began to feel the scorching heat of the midday sun and decided to rest for a while amidst the rocks. Later that day, the flanking party succeeded in their task, and the Americans fell upon the rear of the outnumbered defenders, defeating them. Over the course of the battle, 52 of the 60 Filipinos were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the dead was General del Pilar, shot through the neck at the height or end of the struggle (depending upon which eye-witness account is to be believed).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americans lost two dead and nine wounded, most of which resulted from the repelled frontal assault. Despite nearly total annihilation, however, the Filipinos under Del Pilar held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 60 Filipino soldiers, only eight survived, namely <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Vicente_Enriquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonel Vicente Enriquez (page does not exist)">Colonel Vicente Enriquez</a>, Captain Juan H. Del Pilar, Lieutenant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telesforo_P%C3%A9rez_Carrasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telesforo Pérez Carrasco (page does not exist)">Telesforo Pérez Carrasco</a>, Lieutenant José Enriquez, "Juanchito" Del Pilar, Emilio Garcia, Iñigo De Jesus, and one unnamed officer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon receiving word of the battle outcome from Lieutenant José Enriquez (Colonel Enriquez's younger brother) and "Juanchito" Del Pilar (General Gregorio Del Pilar's cousin)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Cervantes,_Ilocos_Sur" title="Cervantes, Ilocos Sur">Cervantes, Ilocos Sur</a>, Aguinaldo and his party resumed their retreat into the mountains of what was then Bontoc province, pursued by March and his men. March broke off the pursuit on March 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA135_135–136]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA135_135–136]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 6, 1900, Aguinaldo reached <a href="/wiki/Palanan,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanan, Isabela">Palanan, Isabela</a>, where he continued to lead the guerrilla campaign he had begun on November 13, 1899. He was captured there on March 23, 1901, by men of General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Funston" title="Frederick Funston">Frederick Funston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Filipino writer and historian <a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Nick Joaquin</a>, however, the main objective of the Americans was not to pursue Aguinaldo but to keep him away from linking up with the elite <a href="/wiki/Tinio_Brigade" title="Tinio Brigade">Tinio Brigade</a>, which was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tinio" title="Manuel Tinio">Manuel Tinio</a>. In his critical book of essays <i>A Question of Heroes</i> he notes that Tirad Pass was an "exercise in futility" in that it only allowed Aguinaldo to "run to nowhere".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Del Pilar's diary was recovered among the possessions looted by the victorious Americans, who had stripped him bare of his military decorations, his uniform and his personal belongings, leaving him, as the eyewitness, correspondent Richard Henry Little wrote, "We carved not a line and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone with his glory". The exact wording of its poignant final entry, written on the night of December 1, differs somewhat between sources quoting it. Two versions are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The General has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The General has given me a Platoon of available men and has ordered me to defend this Pass. I am aware what a difficult task has been given me. Nevertheless, I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. I am doing everything for my beloved country. There is no greater sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Del Pilar's corpse lay unburied for three days. American officer Dennis Quinlan, with a group of Igorots, later buried his body and left a plaque, "Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Died December 2, 1899, Commanding Aguinaldo's Rear Guard, An Officer and a Gentleman."<sup id="cite_ref-malolos_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In honor of Del Pilar's heroism, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a> was named Fort Del Pilar and a historical marker placed at the site of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumindin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumindin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of Tirad Pass and the death of Del Pilar was also commemorated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the Japanese-backed government of President <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> sought to re-kindle anti-American sentiment by reviving memories of the Philippine–American War with the creation of the Tirad Pass Medal. The design of the obverse (front) of the medal included a bust of Del Pilar and a view of Tirad Pass. The design of the reverse (back) includes the date 1944. The Tirad Pass Medal was the only military medal or decoration issued by the Laurel government during the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the town where the battle happened, Concepcion, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar,_Ilocos_Sur" title="Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur">Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregmalolosjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregorio del Pilar's statue (Bulacan Provincial Capitol plaza)"><img alt="Gregorio del Pilar's statue (Bulacan Provincial Capitol plaza)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gregmalolosjf.JPG/150px-Gregmalolosjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gregmalolosjf.JPG/225px-Gregmalolosjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gregmalolosjf.JPG/300px-Gregmalolosjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a>'s statue (<a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> Provincial Capitol plaza)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahhcasarealjf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The tricolor flag of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (in the Battle of Pasong Balite, Bulacan & Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, December 2, 1899, patterned after the Flag of Cuba)"><img alt="The tricolor flag of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (in the Battle of Pasong Balite, Bulacan & Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, December 2, 1899, patterned after the Flag of Cuba)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ahhcasarealjf.JPG/150px-Ahhcasarealjf.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ahhcasarealjf.JPG/225px-Ahhcasarealjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ahhcasarealjf.JPG/300px-Ahhcasarealjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tricolor flag of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar (in the Battle of Pasong Balite, Bulacan & Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, December 2, 1899, patterned after the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Flag of Cuba</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National historical marker installed at the battle site in 1952"><img alt="National historical marker installed at the battle site in 1952" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg/125px-Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg/188px-Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg/251px-Battle_of_Tirad_Pass_PHC_historical_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">National historical marker installed at the battle site in 1952</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tirad_Pass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dumindin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumindin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumindin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumindin_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumindin_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDumindin" class="citation web cs1">Dumindin, Arnaldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214855/https://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/ilocosandcagayan1899.htm">"Dec. 2, 1899: General Gregorio Del Pilar dies at Tirad Pass"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/ilocosandcagayan1899.htm">the original</a> on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dec.+2%2C+1899%3A+General+Gregorio+Del+Pilar+dies+at+Tirad+Pass&rft.aulast=Dumindin&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippineamericanwar.webs.com%2Filocosandcagayan1899.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malolos-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malolos_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro</a> (1960). <i>Malolos: Crisis of the Republic</i>. pp. 543–552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malolos%3A+Crisis+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=543-552&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRjOEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRjOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22tirad+pass%22+casualties+killed&pg=PA643">643</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+and+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRjOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Batalla de Paso Tirad</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <i lang="tl">Labanan sa Pasong Tirad</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: <i lang="ilo">Gubat ti Paso</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Keenan2001" class="citation cs2">Jerry Keenan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JMRwK4ng_zYC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American & Philippine–American Wars</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp00keen/page/311">311</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-093-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-093-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+%26+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-093-2&rft.au=Jerry+Keenan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJMRwK4ng_zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation cs2">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC&dq=">"500"+"80"&pg=PA643 643</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-952-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-952-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+and+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-952-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYfSbFGFWlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1974" class="citation book cs1">Agoncillo, Teodoro (1974). <i>Introduction to Filipino History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Filipino+History&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA150_150]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA150_150]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGsWm64b2F8C&pg=PA150">150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of eyewitness accounts are quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1974" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Teodoro Manguiat (1974). "XVII Battle of Tirad and the Death of del Pilar". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaMMAQAAMAAJ"><i>An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a Boy-General</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Commission">National Historical Commission</a>. pp. 55–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVII+Battle+of+Tirad+and+the+Death+of+del+Pilar&rft.btitle=An+Acceptable+Holocaust%3A+Life+and+Death+of+a+Boy-General&rft.pages=55-61&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Manguiat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaMMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA135_135–136]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjGsWm64b2F8CpgPA135_135–136]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGsWm64b2F8C&pg=PA135">135–136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Joaquin, Nick</a>. <i>A Question of Heroes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Heroes&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorfield_StoreyMarcial_Primitivo_Lichauco1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moorfield_Storey" title="Moorfield Storey">Moorfield Storey</a>; Marcial Primitivo Lichauco (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afj2371.0001.001.umich.edu"><i>The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898–1925</i></a>. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afj2371.0001.001.umich.edu/page/109">109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+the+Philippines+by+the+United+States%2C+1898%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Moorfield+Storey&rft.au=Marcial+Primitivo+Lichauco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafj2371.0001.001.umich.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Freeland_PostAlice_Thatcher_PostStoughton_Cooley1899" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Freeland_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Freeland Post">Louis Freeland Post</a>; Alice Thatcher Post; Stoughton Cooley (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29UaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+General+has+given+me+the+pick+of+all+the+men+that+can+be+spared%22">"The Death of Gregorio Del Pilar"</a>. <i>The Public</i>. <b>2–11</b>. Louis F. Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Gregorio+Del+Pilar&rft.volume=2%E2%80%9311&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Louis+Freeland+Post&rft.au=Alice+Thatcher+Post&rft.au=Stoughton+Cooley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29UaAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BGeneral%2Bhas%2Bgiven%2Bme%2Bthe%2Bpick%2Bof%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bmen%2Bthat%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bspared%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Landon_Bridgman1903" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Landon Bridgman (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loyaltraitorsas00bridgoog"><i>Loyal Traitors: A Story of Friendship for the Filipinos</i></a>. J.H. West.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loyal+Traitors%3A+A+Story+of+Friendship+for+the+Filipinos&rft.pub=J.H.+West&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Raymond+Landon+Bridgman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floyaltraitorsas00bridgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/loyaltraitorssto00bridrich/loyaltraitorssto00bridrich_djvu.txt">Full text</a>, from the library of the University of California)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeodoro_Manguiat_Kala1974" class="citation cs2">Teodoro Manguiat Kala (1974), <i>An Acceptable Holocaust: Life and Death of a Boy-general</i>, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, p. 61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Acceptable+Holocaust%3A+Life+and+Death+of+a+Boy-general&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Teodoro+Manguiat+Kala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popdc.wordpress.com/2017/12/03/remembering-the-boy-general/">"Remembering the 'Boy General'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Philippines on the Potomac (POPDC) project. December 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+%27Boy+General%27&rft.pub=Philippines+on+the+Potomac+%28POPDC%29+project&rft.date=2017-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopdc.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F12%2F03%2Fremembering-the-boy-general%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasso1975" class="citation book cs1">Basso, Aldo P. (1975). <i>Coins, Medals and Tokens of the Philippines 1728–1974, 2nd Edition</i>. Bookman Printing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins%2C+Medals+and+Tokens+of+the+Philippines+1728%E2%80%931974%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Bookman+Printing+House&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=Aldo+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1955/06/10/republic-act-no-1246/">"Republic Act No. 1246"</a>. <i>Official Gazette</i>. Government of the Philippines. June 10, 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=Republic+Act+No.+1246&rft.date=1955-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1955%2F06%2F10%2Frepublic-act-no-1246%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gregg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGsWm64b2F8C"><i>Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-57512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-57512-3"><bdi>978-1-101-57512-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859846418">859846418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor+in+the+Dust%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+War+in+the+Philippines%2C+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+America%27s+Imperial+Dream&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859846418&rft.isbn=978-1-101-57512-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGsWm64b2F8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Tirad+Pass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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