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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Система открытых полей</b> (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Английский язык">англ.</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic;">open field system</span>) — одна из систем землепользования в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Средние века">средневековой</a> Европе, наиболее характерная для <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Англия">Англии</a>. При системе открытых полей пахотные земли сельского поселения делились на наделы крестьян, которые не огораживались. В пределах одного поля каждый крестьянин имел одну или несколько полос пахоты, которые чередовались с полосами других крестьян и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Феодал">феодала</a>, при этом, однако, сохранялось единство пахотного пространства, а поле обрабатывалось совместными усилиями всех жителей. После снятия урожая на поля выпускался скот, который мог кормиться на всей площади пахоты. Система открытых полей сочетала коллективный способ обработки земель с индивидуальной собственностью каждого крестьянина на свой надел. К концу средних веков система открытых полей под влиянием роста товарности сельского хозяйства и наступления феодалов на общинные и крестьянские земли начала вытесняться системой компактных <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Огораживание">огороженных</a> участков, обрабатываемых их владельцами или наёмными рабочими. Переход от системы открытых полей к огороженным частным участкам был одним из коренных переломов в развитии европейских государств и знаменовал конец <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Феодализм">феодализма</a> и утверждение <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Капитализм">капиталистических</a> форм хозяйствования и социальных отношений в сельском хозяйстве.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Содержание</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Система открытых полей в Англии</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Система открытых полей в других странах</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%A1%D0%BC._%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">См. также</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Примечания</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Литература</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Система_открытых_полей_в_Англии"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0_.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BA.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.82.D1.8B.D1.85_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B9_.D0.B2_.D0.90.D0.BD.D0.B3.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Система открытых полей в Англии</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Система открытых полей в Англии»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Laxton_village.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Laxton_village.png/260px-Laxton_village.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Laxton_village.png/260px-Laxton_village.png" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Laxton_village.png/390px-Laxton_village.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Laxton_village.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Открытые поля в Лакстоне, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ноттингемшир">Ноттингемшир</a> — одни из последних сохранившихся в Англии до настоящего времени. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Первое свидетельство о существовании в Англии системы открытых полей содержится в «Правде <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Инэ (страница отсутствует)">Инэ</a>» конца <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII век">VII века</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Этот документ устанавливал обязанность владельца огороженного участка возместить ущерб, причинённый его скотом посевам неогороженных наделов других крестьян. По всей видимости, система открытых полей возникла в период расселения <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Англосаксы">англосаксов</a> в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Британия (остров)">Британии</a> и имела корни в способах совместного ведения хозяйства, принятых в раннесредневековой северо-западной <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Германия">Германии</a>. В отличие от <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кельты">кельтской</a> традиции <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Община (традиционная)">общинного</a> землевладения, система открытых полей, принесённая англосаксами в Британию, основывалась на частной (точнее, семейной) собственности крестьян на свои наделы в рамках единого поля. После <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Нормандское завоевание">нормандского завоевания</a> <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1066?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1066">1066</a> г. система открытых полей стала основой <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Манор">манориального</a> хозяйства, господствовавшего в Англии до конца <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Средние века">средних веков</a>.</p> <p>Система открытых полей была наиболее удобна в тех регионах, где почвенный покров требовал применения <b>тяжёлого <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Плуг">плуга</a></b> в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Упряжка">упряжке</a> из 6-8 <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Вол">волов</a>: экономически было более выгодно вспахивать таким плугом длинные полосы земли, чем поворачиваться несколько раз на небольших компактных наделах. Кроме того, обычный крестьянин не мог позволить себе содержание такого количества скота, которое требовалось для работы тяжёлого плуга, и был вынужден объединять свои усилия с соседями. Наконец, система открытых полей позволяла избежать конфликтов между землевладельцами в случаях, когда скот одного из них причинит ущерб посевам или жнивью другого: после снятия урожая скот всех крестьян деревни выпускался на поля и мог свободно кормиться на любых участках.</p> <p>Сельское поселение имело несколько открытых полей, обычно не отделённых друг от друга оградами и неправильных по форме (в отличие от классических прямоугольных полей кельтов и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Древний Рим">римлян</a>). Каждое такое поле было засеяно одной или двумя культурами или стояло «<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Под паром (страница отсутствует)">под паром</a>» в соответствии с господствующей в то время системой <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%91%D1%85%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Трёхполье">трёхпольного</a> севооборота. Ширина полосы надела одного крестьянина в рамках общего поля обычно составляла 1 <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Род (единица измерения)">род</a> (длина палки для подгонки волов в упряжке). Полосы крестьян чередовались друг с другом, а также с полосами, принадлежащими <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Феодал">феодалу</a>, обработка которых входила в состав повинностей зависимых крестьян (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Виллан">вилланов</a>). Первоначальное распределение полос осуществлялось исходя из принципов справедливости и каждому владельцу полагалось равное количество полос высоко- и низкоплодородных участков земли. Перераспределение участков происходило ежегодно на общей сходке жителей деревни. С течением времени имущественная дифференциация привела к расслоению крестьянства и образованию прослойки зажиточных крестьян (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Йомен">йоменов</a>), владеющих полосами земли, общей площадью в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Гайда (единица)">гайду</a> и более, и бедняков, в чьём пользовании находились наделы не более половины <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Виргата">виргаты</a>.</p> <p>Хотя система открытых полей в средневековой Англии была господствующей системой землепользования, она не была распространена повсеместно. В основном, открытые поля были характерны для Средней Англии, где почвенные условия благоприятствовали складыванию высокоэффективного пахотного земледелия. В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Камберленд (графство)">Камберленде</a>, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Девон (графство)">Девоне</a>, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Корнуолл">Корнуолле</a> и на <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Уэльс">валлийской</a> границе система открытых полей не получила развития. Возможно, это связано с более поздним заселением этих территорий англосаксами и сохранением кельтских традиций землепользования. В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кент">Кенте</a>, заселённом <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Юты">ютами</a> и подверженном сильному влиянию <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Рим">романской</a> аграрной культуры, основным типом организации земельного хозяйства оставались небольшие ограждённые участки, находящиеся в собственности свободных крестьян. Низкоплодородная почва и крупные лесные массивы не позволили системе открытых полей укорениться в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Эссекс">Эссексе</a>. В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Восточная Англия">Восточной Англии</a>, возможно под влиянием <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Скандинавия">скандинавских</a> переселенцев <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X век">X</a>—<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XI век">XI века</a>, сложилась система компактных участков крестьян (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Сокмены">сокменов</a> и <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Фригольдер">фригольдеров</a>), которая в результате разделов при наследовании привела к высокой степени дезинтеграции земельной собственности.</p> <p>К преимуществам системы открытых полей относятся возможность консолидации усилий всей деревни для сельскохозяйственных работ, максимальное использование каждого клочка пахотной земли и равномерное распределение работ на протяжении года. Отрицательными моментами являлись крайняя консервативность данной системы и отсутствие возможностей для личной инициативы: крестьянин был вынужден сеять те культуры, которые сеют его соседи, использовать ту же технику и методы ведения хозяйства, которые использовались соседями. Показателем статичности системы открытых полей служит тот факт, что за триста лет её господства в Англии продуктивность зернового земледелия не увеличилась, и в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV век">XV веке</a> уровень урожайности оставался таким же, как в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XII век">XII столетии</a>.</p> <p>С <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XII век">XII века</a> в Англии начался процесс <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Огораживание">огораживаний</a>, при котором бывшие открытые поля дробились на ограждённые участки, находящиеся в исключительном пользовании их владельца. Рост спроса в Европе на шерсть и повышение прибыльности <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Овцеводство">овцеводства</a> привёл в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XV_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XV век">XV</a>—<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVI век">XVI веках</a> к ускорению процесса разложения системы открытых полей, массовому огораживанию и сгону крестьян с земель, удобных для разведения овец. <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Промышленная революция">Промышленная революция</a> в сельском хозяйстве, улучшение аграрной техники и технологии, внедрение механизации также способствовали вытеснению коммунальных методов хозяйствования индивидуальными. В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIX век">XIX веке</a> система открытых полей в Англии практически исчезла. До настоящего времени такой метод землепользования сохранился лишь в нескольких деревнях Средней Англии (<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Лакстон (страница отсутствует)">Лакстон</a> в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ноттингемшир">Ноттингемшире</a>, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Эпворт">Эпворт</a> и <span data-interwiki-lang="en" data-interwiki-article="Belton, Lincolnshire"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Белтон (Линкольншир) (страница отсутствует)">Белтон</a></span><sup class="noprint" style="font-style:normal; font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belton,_Lincolnshire" class="extiw" title="en:Belton, Lincolnshire"><span title="Belton, Lincolnshire — версия статьи «Белтон (Линкольншир)» на английском языке">[англ.]</span></a></sup> в <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Линкольншир">Линкольншире</a>).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Система_открытых_полей_в_других_странах"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0_.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.BA.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.82.D1.8B.D1.85_.D0.BF.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B9_.D0.B2_.D0.B4.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.85_.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.85"></span>Система открытых полей в других странах</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Система открытых полей в других странах»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>В <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Шотландия">Шотландии</a> система открытых полей английского образца доминировала в юго-восточных регионах страны. К северу от <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Тей (река)">Тея</a> (за исключением <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Гоури">Гоури</a>), а также в западных регионах, преобладала так называемая «<a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Кельты">кельтская</a>» система небольших огороженных полей. Относительно большое значение <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Скотоводство">скотоводства</a> и менее плодородные почвы не позволил системе открытых полей стать основой сельского хозяйства Шотландии.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r137874932">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-left:10px solid #36c;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 10%}html body.mediawiki.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-width:0 0 0 4px}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid var(--border-color-error,#b32424);background-color:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#fee7e6)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid var(--border-color-error,#b32424)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid var(--color-warning,#edab00)}.mw-parser-output .ambox-good{border-left:10px solid #66cc44}.mw-parser-output .ambox-discussion{border-left:10px solid #339966}.mw-parser-output .ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-textsmall-div{font-size:90%}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(max-width:1366px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:6%;margin-right:6%}}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}}</style> <table class="mbox-Дополнить plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"> Этот раздел <b>нужно дополнить</b>. </div> <div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact"> <span class="hide-when-compact"> Пожалуйста, <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%2585_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%26action%3Dedit">улучшите</a> и дополните его.</span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="См._также"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BC._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D0.B6.D0.B5"></span>См. также</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «См. также»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Чересполосица">Чересполосица</a> — близкий к системе открытых полей российский метод землепользования.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Примечания"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Примечания</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Примечания»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929114515/http://www.osh.ru/pedia/history/justice/Europa/Ine.shtml">Русский перевод «Правды Инэ»</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на неопределённом языке">(неопр.)</small></span>. Дата обращения: 12 февраля 2007. Архивировано из <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.osh.ru/pedia/history/justice/Europa/Ine.shtml">оригинала</a> 29 сентября 2007 года.</span></span></li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Литература"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Литература</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Редактировать раздел «Литература»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>править</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>Косминский, Е. А. Исследования по аграрной истории Англии XIII в. — М.—Л., 1947.</li> <li>Stenton, F. Anglo-Saxon England. — Oxford, 1971, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9780198217169?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-821716-9</a></li> <li>Poole, A. L. From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087—1216. — Oxford, 1956, <a href="https://ru-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F:%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3/9780198217077?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-821707-7</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Источник — <a dir="ltr" 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data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1736488253"> <span>Последний раз редактировалась 10 января 2025 в 05:50</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Языки</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2584_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A9" title="نظام الحقول المفتوحة — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام الحقول المفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewann" title="Gewann — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system" title="Open-field system — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Open-field system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malferma_kamparo" title="Malferma kamparo — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malferma kamparo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_abierto" title="Campo abierto — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Openfield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkajako" title="Sarkajako — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarkajako" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openfield" title="Openfield — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Openfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_lapangan_terbuka" title="Sistem lapangan terbuka — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem lapangan terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campi_aperti" title="Campi aperti — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campi aperti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A6%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590" title="ღია მინდვრების სისტემა — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღია მინდვრების სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B0%259C%25EB%25B0%25A9%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EC%25A7%2580%25EC%25A0%259C" title="개방경지제 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개방경지제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_abrida" title="Campo abrida — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Campo abrida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewannflur" title="Gewannflur — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewannflur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegskifte" title="Tegskifte — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tegskifte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2595%259E%25E7%2594%25B0%25E5%2588%25B6" title="敞田制 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敞田制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" alt="Википедия" width="120" height="20" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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