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href="#Bourbon_Restoration_and_July_Monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration_and_July_Monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-English_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Non-English language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شارل موريس تاليران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارل موريس تاليران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earl_Moris_de_Taleyran-Periqor" title="Şarl Moris de Taleyran-Periqor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şarl Moris de Taleyran-Periqor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шарль Марыс дэ Талейран-Перыгор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шарль Марыс дэ Талейран-Перыгор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шарль Марыс дэ Талейран-Пэрыгор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шарль Марыс дэ Талейран-Пэрыгор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шарл Морис дьо Талейран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шарл Морис дьо Талейран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD-%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Σαρλ-Μωρίς ντε Ταλλεϋράν-Περιγκόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρλ-Μωρίς ντε Ταλλεϋράν-Περιγκόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="شارل موریس دو تالیران-پریگور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شارل موریس دو تالیران-پریگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%93%9C_%ED%83%88%EB%A0%88%EB%9E%91%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="샤를모리스 드 탈레랑페리고르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤를모리스 드 탈레랑페리고르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Շառլ-Մորիս Թալեյրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շառլ-Մորիս Թալեյրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="तेलेराँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेलेराँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="שארל-מוריס דה טליראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שארל-מוריס דה טליראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಷಾರ್ಲೆಟ್ ಮಾರಿಸ್ ಡ ಟ್ಯಾಲೇರಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಷಾರ್ಲೆಟ್ ಮಾರಿಸ್ ಡ ಟ್ಯಾಲೇರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შარლ მორის დე ტალეირანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარლ მორის დე ტალეირანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Талейран-Перигор Шарль Морис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Талейран-Перигор Шарль Морис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Mauritius_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Carolus Mauritius de Talleyrand-Périgord – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Mauritius de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arls_Moriss_de_Taleir%C4%81ns-Perigors" title="Šarls Moriss de Taleirāns-Perigors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šarls Moriss de Taleirāns-Perigors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ടലെറാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടലെറാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شارل موريس تاليران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارل موريس تاليران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB" title="ချားလ် မိုရီးစ် တာလေရန်း ပေရီဂေါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချားလ် မိုရီးစ် တာလေရန်း ပေရီဂေါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シャルル＝モーリス・ド・タレーラン＝ペリゴール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャルル＝モーリス・ド・タレーラン＝ペリゴール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleyran_Sharl_Moris" title="Taleyran Sharl Moris – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taleyran Sharl Moris" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Талейран-Перигор, Шарль Морис де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Талейран-Перигор, Шарль Морис де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand_-_P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шарл Морис де Талеран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шарл Морис де Талеран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தாலிராண்டு பெரீகார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாலிராண்டு பெரீகார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาร์ล มอริส เดอ ตาแลร็อง-เปรีกอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาร์ล มอริส เดอ ตาแลร็อง-เปรีกอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шарль Моріс де Талейран-Перігор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шарль Моріс де Талейран-Перігор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%97%E6%9C%97" title="塔列朗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塔列朗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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searchaux" style="display:none">French secularized clergyman, statesman, and diplomat (1754–1838)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Serene_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Serene Highness">His Serene Highness</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Talleyrand" title="Duke of Talleyrand">Prince of Talleyrand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg/220px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg/330px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg/440px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="5322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a> (1817)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_France_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom">Ambassador of France to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 September 1830 – 13 November 1834</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Pierre de Montmercy-Laval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Horace Sébastiani de La Porta</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 July 1815 – 26 September 1815</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Development_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 May 1814 – 19 March 1815</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Louis XVIII</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Antoine de Laforêt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Louis de Caulaincourt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1799 – 9 August 1807</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> (1804–1807)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">First Consul</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> (1799–1804)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 July 1797 – 20 July 1799</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Head of State</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Charles-François Delacroix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">Member of the National Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 July 1789 – 30 September 1791</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Deputy to the Estates-General</a><br />for the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">First Estate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 April 1789 – 9 July 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Autun</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1754-02-02</span>)</span>2 February 1754<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1838<span style="display:none">(1838-05-17)</span> (aged 84)<br />Paris, Kingdom of France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1789–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a> (1799–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Royalist</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinaires" title="Doctrinaires">Doctrinaires</a> (1815–1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint-Sulpice,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris">Seminary of Saint-Sulpice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clergyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergyman">Clergyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg/128px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg/192px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg/256px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1779 (priest) <br /> 4 January 1789 (bishop)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Laicized</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1802</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Offices held</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agent-General_of_the_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent-General of the Clergy">Agent-General of the Clergy</a> (1780–1788) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Autun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Autun">Bishop of Autun</a> (1788–1791)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃaʁl<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔʁis<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>tal(ɛ)ʁɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>peʁiɡɔʁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>–<span class="wrap"> </span>moʁ-]</a></span>; 2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), <b>1st Prince of Benevento</b>, then <b>Prince of Talleyrand</b>, was a French <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secularized</a> clergyman, statesman, and leading diplomat. After studying theology, he became <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_French_clergy#Agents-General" title="Assembly of the French clergy">Agent-General of the Clergy</a> in 1780. In 1789, just before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he became <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun">Bishop of Autun</a>. He worked at the highest levels of successive French governments, most commonly as foreign minister or in some other diplomatic capacity. His career spanned the regimes of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, the years of the French Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>. Those Talleyrand served often distrusted him but, like Napoleon, found him extremely useful. The name "Talleyrand" has become a byword for crafty and cynical diplomacy. </p><p>He was Napoleon's chief diplomat during the years when French military victories brought one European state after another under French hegemony. However, most of the time, Talleyrand worked for peace so as to consolidate France's gains. He succeeded in obtaining peace with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> through the 1801 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> and with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> in the 1802 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>. He could not prevent the renewal of war in 1803 but by 1805 he opposed his emperor's renewed wars against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. He resigned as foreign minister in August 1807, but retained the trust of Napoleon. He conspired to undermine the emperor's plans through secret dealings with Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> and the Austrian minister <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>. Talleyrand sought a negotiated secure peace so as to perpetuate the gains of the French Revolution. Napoleon rejected peace; when he fell in 1814, Talleyrand supported the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> decided by the Allies. He played a major role at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814–1815, where he negotiated a favorable <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_at_the_Congress_of_Vienna" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna">settlement</a> for France and played a role in unwinding the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>Talleyrand polarizes opinion. Some regard him as one of the most versatile, skilled and influential diplomats in European history, while some believe that he was a traitor, betraying in turn the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a>, the French Revolution and Napoleon. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talleyrand was born in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> into an aristocratic family which, though ancient and illustrious, was not particularly prosperous.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Count Charles Daniel de <a href="/wiki/House_of_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="House of Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, was 20 years of age when Charles was born. His mother was Alexandrine de <a href="/wiki/House_of_Damas" title="House of Damas">Damas d'Antigny</a>. Both his parents held positions at court, but as the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">youngest children</a> of their respective families, had no important income. Talleyrand's father had a long career in the <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a>, reaching the rank of lieutenant general, as did his uncle, Gabriel Marie de Périgord, despite having the same infirmity from which Talleyrand would suffer throughout his life. His father served all through the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From childhood, Talleyrand walked with a limp, which caused him to later be called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le diable boiteux</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (French for "the lame devil") among other nicknames. In his <i>Memoirs</i>, he linked this infirmity to an accident at age four, but recent research has shown that his limp was in fact congenital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaresquiel200431_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaresquiel200431-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It might have been a congenital <a href="/wiki/Clubfoot" title="Clubfoot">clubfoot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, his handicap made him unable to follow his father into a military career, leaving the obvious career of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter held out the hope for Charles-Maurice of succeeding his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Alexandre Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord">Alexandre Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims">Archbishop of Reims</a>, one of the most prestigious and richest dioceses in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1957226–236_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1957226–236-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At eight years old,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911373_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911373-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talleyrand attended the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis" title="Lycée Saint-Louis">Collège d'Harcourt</a>, the seminary of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sulpice_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Sulpice (Paris)">Saint-Sulpice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while studying theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> until the age of 21. In his free time, he read the works of <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, and other writers who were beginning to question the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a> in matters of church and state. As <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a> he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Louis_XVI" title="Coronation of Louis XVI">coronation of Louis XVI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911373_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911373-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was not ordained a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> until four years later, on 19 December 1779, at the age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-hierarchy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierarchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very soon, in 1780, he attained the influential position of Agent-General of the Clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1963473–486_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1963473–486-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was instrumental in promoting the drawing up of a general inventory of Church properties in France as of 1785, along with a defense of "inalienable rights of the Church", the latter being a stance he later denied. In 1788, the influence of Talleyrand's father and family overcame the King's dislike and obtained his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Autun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Autun">Bishop of Autun</a>, with a stipend of 22,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a>. He was consecrated a bishop on 4 January 1789 by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Andr%C3%A9_de_Grimaldi" title="Louis-André de Grimaldi">Louis-André de Grimaldi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hierarchy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierarchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undoubtedly able Talleyrand, though hardly devout and even free-thinking in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> mold, was outwardly respectful of religious observance. In the course of the Revolution, however, he was to manifest his cynicism and abandon all orthodox Catholic practice. He resigned his bishopric on 13 April 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-hierarchy_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierarchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 June 1802, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state" title="Loss of clerical state">laicized</a> Talleyrand, an event most uncommon at the time in the history of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-hierarchy_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hierarchy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after he was consecrated as Bishop of Autun, Talleyrand attended the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates-General of 1789</a>, representing the clergy, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">First Estate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the French Revolution, Talleyrand strongly supported the anti-clericalism of the revolutionaries. Along with <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a>, he promoted the appropriation of Church properties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197387–89_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197387–89-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> and proposed both the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_the_goods_of_the_clergy_placed_at_the_disposal_of_the_Nation" title="Decree on the goods of the clergy placed at the disposal of the Nation">Decree on the goods of the clergy placed at the disposal of the Nation</a> in 1789 and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> that nationalized the Church in preference to allegiance to the Pope. He also swore in the first four constitutional bishops, even though he had himself resigned as Bishop following his <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> in 1791. During the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> on 14 July 1790, Talleyrand celebrated Mass. Notably, he promoted public education in full spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> by preparing a 216-page Report on Public Instruction. It proposed pyramidical structure rising through local, district, and departmental schools, and parts were later adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his 5-month tenure in the Estates-General, Talleyrand was also involved in drawing up the police regulations of Paris, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> of Jews, supported a ban on the <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a>, and invented a method to ensure loans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197390_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197390-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few bishops followed him in obedience to the new decree, and much of the French clergy came to view him as <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schismatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911374-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg/220px-Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg/330px-Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg/440px-Le_serment_de_La_Fayette_a_la_fete_de_la_Federation_14_July_1790_French_School_18th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="4518" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">La Fayette</a> at the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a>, 14 July 1790</i>. Talleyrand, then Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>, can be seen at the extreme right. French School, 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just before his resignation from the bishopric, Talleyrand had been elected, with Mirabeau and the <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of Paris. In that capacity he did useful work for some eighteen months in seeking to support the cause of order in the turbulent capital. Though he was often on strained terms with Mirabeau, his views generally coincided with those of that statesman, who before he died is said to have advised Talleyrand to develop a close understanding with England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911374-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1792, Talleyrand was sent twice, unofficially, to London to avert war, and he was cordially received by <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a>. After his first visit, he persuaded the then foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a>, of the importance of having a fully accredited ambassador in London, and the <a href="/wiki/Bernard-Fran%C3%A7ois,_marquis_de_Chauvelin" title="Bernard-François, marquis de Chauvelin">marquis de Chauvelin</a> was duly appointed, with Talleyrand as his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911374-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, after an initial British declaration of neutrality during the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">first campaigns of 1792</a>, his mission ultimately failed. In September 1792, just at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/September_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="September massacres">September massacres</a>, he left Paris for England, having acquired a passport from <a href="/wiki/Danton" class="mw-redirect" title="Danton">Danton</a> personally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> issued a warrant for Talleyrand's arrest in December 1792. In March 1794, with the two countries at the brink of war, he was forced to leave Britain by Pitt's expulsion order. He then went to the neutral country of the United States. The ship he took to the US was forced by rough weather in the Channel to stop at <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> where Talleyrand recounts an awkward chance meeting with <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> at an inn.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Talleyrand's stay in the US, he supported himself by working as a bank agent, involved in commodity trading and real estate speculation. He was a house guest of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> of New York and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Theophile_Cazenove" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophile Cazenove">Theophile Cazenove</a> in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 May 1794, Matthew Clarkson, the mayor of Philadelphia, received his oath. Talleyrand swore "that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to...the United States of America... "<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burr later sought similar refuge in Talleyrand's home during his self-imposed European exile (1808–12). However, Talleyrand would refuse to return the favor because Burr had killed Talleyrand's friend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">1804 duel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973152_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973152-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talleyrand returned to France in 1796. After <a href="/wiki/9_Thermidor" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Thermidor">9 Thermidor</a>, he mobilized his friends (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">abbé</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial_Borye_Desrenaudes" title="Martial Borye Desrenaudes">Martial Borye Desrenaudes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a>) to lobby in the National Convention and the newly established <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> for his return. His name was suppressed from the <i>émigré</i> list and he returned to France on 25 September 1796. After gaining attention by giving addresses on the value of commercial relations with England, and of colonization as a way of renewing the nation, he became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Foreign_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Foreign Ministers of France">Foreign Minister</a> in July 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was behind the demand for bribes in the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a> which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, an undeclared naval war with the United States, 1798–1800. Talleyrand saw a possible political career for Napoleon during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns</a> of 1796 to 1797. He wrote many letters to Napoleon, and the two became close allies. Talleyrand was against the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">destruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, but he complimented Napoleon when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> with Austria was concluded (Venice was given to Austria), probably because he wanted to reinforce his alliance with Napoleon. Later in 1797, Talleyrand was instrumental in assisting with the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a>, which ousted two moderate members of the Directory in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobins</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Napoleon">Under Napoleon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg/220px-Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg/330px-Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gillray_Inset_NPG_D13109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a caricature of Napoleon I's coronation, depicting Talleyrand (left) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Grand" title="Catherine Grand">Catherine</a> (right) by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> (1805)</figcaption></figure> <p>Talleyrand, along with Napoleon's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a>, was instrumental in the 1799 <i>coup d'état</i> of <a href="/wiki/18_Brumaire" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> government, although he also made preparations for flight if necessary. He also persuaded Barras to resign as Director.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talleyrand was soon made Foreign Minister by Napoleon, although he rarely agreed with Napoleon's foreign policy. Domestically, Talleyrand used his influence to help in the repeal of the strict laws against émigrés, <a href="/wiki/Refractory_clergy" title="Refractory clergy">refractory clergy</a>, and the royalists of the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pope released him from the ban of excommunication in the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>, which also revoked the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>. Talleyrand was instrumental in the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> in 1802. He wanted Napoleon to keep peace afterwards, as he thought France had reached its maximum expansion. Talleyrand was an integral player in the <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">German mediatization</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> of 1797 had, on paper, stripped German princes of their lands beyond the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, it was not enforced until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> in 1801. As the French annexed these lands, leaders believed that rulers of states such as <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, Prussia, Hesse and Nassau, who lost territories on the Left Bank, should receive new territories on the Right Bank through the secularization of ecclesiastical principalities. Many of these rulers gave out bribes in order to secure new lands, and Talleyrand and some of his associates amassed about 10 million francs in the process. This was the first blow in the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While helping to establish French supremacy in neighboring states and assisting Bonaparte in securing the title of <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate"><i>First Consul</i></a> for life, Talleyrand sought all means of securing the permanent welfare of France. He worked hard to prevent the rupture of the peace of Amiens which occurred in May 1803, and he did what he could to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> earlier in the year. These events, as he saw, told against the best interests of France and endangered the gains which she had secured by war and diplomacy. Thereafter he strove to moderate Napoleon's ambition and to preserve the European system as far as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon forced Talleyrand into marriage in September 1802 to longtime mistress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Grand" title="Catherine Grand">Catherine Grand</a> (née Worlée). Talleyrand purchased the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Château de Valençay">Château de Valençay</a> in May 1803, upon the urging of Napoleon. This later was used as the site of imprisonment of the Spanish royal family in 1808–1813, after Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">invasion of Spain</a>. In May 1804, Napoleon bestowed upon Talleyrand the title of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Chamberlain">Grand Chamberlain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Empire</a>, with almost 500,000 francs a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1806, he was made Sovereign <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dukes_and_Princes_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento">Prince of Benevento</a> (or Bénévent), a former Papal fief in southern Italy. Talleyrand held the title until 1815 and administered the principality concurrently with his other tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talleyrand was opposed to the harsh treatment of Austria in the 1805 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pressburg_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pressburg (1805)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> and of Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Tilsit">Peace of Tilsit</a> in 1807. In 1806, after Pressburg, he profited greatly from the reorganization of the German lands, this time into the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Posen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Posen">Treaty of Posen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, but was shut out completely from the negotiations at Tilsit. After Queen <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise of Prussia</a> failed in her appeal to Napoleon to spare her nation, she wept and was consoled by Talleyrand. This gave him a good name among the elites of European nations outside France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changing_sides">Changing sides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changing sides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_(1754-1838),_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg/170px-Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg/255px-Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg/340px-Prud%27hon_-_Portrait_de_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%281754-1838%29%2C_en_habit_de_grand_chambellan_-_P1065_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnvalet_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Talleyrand as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France" title="Grand Chamberlain of France">Grand Chamberlain of France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a>, 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>Having wearied of serving a master in whom he no longer had much confidence, Talleyrand resigned as minister of foreign affairs in 1807, although the Emperor retained him in the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil d'État (France)">Council of State</a> as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Dignitaries_of_the_French_Empire" title="Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire">Vice-Grand Elector</a> of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disapproved of Napoleon's Spanish initiative, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> beginning in 1808. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a> in September–October 1808, Talleyrand secretly counseled Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a>. The Tsar's attitude towards Napoleon was one of apprehensive opposition. Talleyrand repaired the confidence of the Russian monarch, who rebuked Napoleon's attempts to form a direct anti-Austrian military alliance. Napoleon had expected Talleyrand to help convince the Tsar to accept his proposals and never discovered that Talleyrand was working at cross-purposes. Talleyrand believed Napoleon would eventually destroy the empire he had worked to build across multiple rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his resignation in 1807 from the ministry, Talleyrand began to accept bribes from hostile powers (mainly Austria, but also Russia), to betray Napoleon's secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawday_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawday-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talleyrand and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a>, who were typically enemies in both politics and the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a>, had a rapprochement in late 1808 and entered into discussions over the imperial line of succession. Napoleon had yet to address this matter and the two men knew that without a legitimate heir a struggle for power would erupt in the wake of Napoleon's death. Even Talleyrand, who believed that Napoleon's policies were leading France to ruin, understood the necessity of peaceful transitions of power. Napoleon received word of their actions and deemed them treasonous. This perception caused the famous dressing down of Talleyrand in front of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire" title="Marshal of the Empire">marshals</a>, during which Napoleon famously claimed that he could "break him like a glass, but it's not worth the trouble" and added with a scatological tone that Talleyrand was "shit in a silk stocking",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which the minister coldly retorted, once Napoleon had left, "Pity that so great a man should have been so badly brought up!" </p><p>Talleyrand opposed the further harsh treatment of Austria in 1809 after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a>. He was also a critic of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812. He was invited to resume his former office in late 1813, but Talleyrand could see that power was slipping from Napoleon's hands. He offered to resign from the council in early 1814, but Napoleon refused the move. Talleyrand then hosted the tsar at the end of March after the fall of Paris, persuaded him that the best chance of stability lay with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, and gained his support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911376-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1814, he led the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Sénat conservateur</a> in establishing a provisional government in Paris, of which he was elected president. On 2 April the Senate officially deposed Napoleon with the <a href="/wiki/Acte_de_d%C3%A9ch%C3%A9ance_de_l%27Empereur" title="Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur">Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur</a>; by 11 April, it had approved the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> and adopted a new constitution to re-establish the Bourbon monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bourbon_Restoration_and_July_Monarchy">Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Special:EditPage/Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/170px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/255px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg/340px-Talleyrand_floatingwiththetide0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>An 1815 caricature of Talleyrand – <i>L'Homme aux six têtes</i> (The man with six heads), referring to his prominent role in six different regimes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talleyrand,_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg/170px-Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg/255px-Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg/340px-Talleyrand%2C_Charles-Maurice_-_Vieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Elderly Talleyrand, 1828 by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Napoleon was succeeded by Louis XVIII in April 1814, Talleyrand was one of the key agents of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restoration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, although he opposed the new legislation of Louis's rule. Talleyrand was the chief French negotiator at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>; earlier that same year he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>. It was due in part to his skills that the terms of the treaty were remarkably lenient towards France. As the Congress opened, the right to make decisions was restricted to four countries: Austria, the United Kingdom, Prussia and Russia. France and other European countries were invited to attend, but were not allowed to influence the process. Talleyrand promptly became the champion of the small countries and demanded admission into the ranks of the decision-making process. The four powers admitted France and Spain to the decision-making backrooms of the conference after a good deal of diplomatic maneuvering by Talleyrand, who had the support of the Spanish representative, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_G%C3%B3mez_Labrador,_Marquis_of_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador">Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador</a>. Spain was excluded after a while (a result of both the Marquis of Labrador's incompetence as well as the quixotic nature of Spain's agenda), but France (Talleyrand) was allowed to participate until the end. Russia and Prussia sought to enlarge their territory at the Congress. Russia demanded annexation of Poland (already occupied by Russian troops); this demand was finally satisfied, despite protests by France, Austria and the United Kingdom. Austria was afraid of future conflicts with Russia or Prussia and the United Kingdom was opposed to their expansion as well—and Talleyrand managed to take advantage of these contradictions within the former anti-French coalition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 3 January 1815, a secret treaty was signed by France's Talleyrand, Austria's <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a> and Britain's <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a>. By this tract, officially a secret treaty of defensive alliance,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the three powers agreed to use force if necessary to "repulse aggression" (of Russia and Prussia) and to protect the "state of security and independence". </p><p>Talleyrand, having managed to establish a middle position, received some favors from the other countries in exchange for his support: France returned to its 1792 boundaries without reparations, with French control over the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papal</a> <a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">County of Montbéliard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salm_(state)" title="Salm (state)">Salm</a>, which had been independent at the start of the French Revolution in 1789. It would later be debated which outcome would have been better for France: allowing Prussia to annex all of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a> (Talleyrand ensured that only part of the kingdom would be annexed) or the Rhine provinces. The first option would have kept Prussia farther away from France, but would have needed much more opposition as well. Some historians have argued that Talleyrand's diplomacy wound up establishing the fault lines of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, especially as it allowed Prussia to engulf small German states west of the Rhine. This simultaneously placed the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> at the French-German frontier, for the first time; made Prussia the largest German power in terms of territory, population and the industry of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>; and eventually helped pave the way to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a> under the Prussian throne. However, at the time Talleyrand's diplomacy was regarded as successful, as it removed the threat of France being partitioned by the victors. Talleyrand also managed to strengthen his own position in France (<a href="/wiki/Ultraroyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraroyalist">ultraroyalists</a> had disapproved of the presence of a former "revolutionary" and "murderer of the <a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine-Henri_de_Bourbon-Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé">Duke d'Enghien</a>" in the royal cabinet). </p><p>Napoleon's return to France in 1815 and his subsequent defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>, was a reverse for the diplomatic victories of Talleyrand (who remained in Vienna the whole time). The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">second peace settlement</a> was markedly less lenient and it was fortunate for France that the business of the Congress had been concluded. Having been appointed foreign minister and president of the council on 9 July 1815, Talleyrand resigned in September of that year, over his objections to the second treaty. Louis XVIII appointed him as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France" title="Grand Chamberlain of France">Grand Chamberlain of France</a>, a mostly ceremonial role which provided Talleyrand with a steady income. For the next fifteen years he restricted himself to the role of "elder statesman", criticizing and intriguing against Minister of Police <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Élie, duc Decazes</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Duc de Richelieu</a> and other political opponents from the sidelines. In celebration of the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Duc de Bordeaux</a>, Louis XVIII made Talleyrand a knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973486–492,_495_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973486–492,_495-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1829, Talleyrand funded the foundation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_National_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le National (Paris)">National</a></i> newspaper. The newspaper was run by his personal friend <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Armand_Carrel" title="Armand Carrel">Armand Carrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mignet" title="François Mignet">François Mignet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>. Its first issue appeared on 3 January 1830, quickly becoming the mouthpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> cause and gaining popularity among the French liberal bourgeoisie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973512–513_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973512–513-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the ascent of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe I">Louis-Philippe I</a> to the throne in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, Talleyrand reluctantly agreed to become ambassador to the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973527–530_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973527–530-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a post he held from 1830 to 1834. In this role, he strove to reinforce the legitimacy of Louis-Philippe's regime. He played a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1830" title="London Conference of 1830">London Conference of 1830</a>, rebuking a <a href="/wiki/Flahaut_partition_plan_for_Belgium" title="Flahaut partition plan for Belgium">partition plan</a> developed by his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_de_Flahaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Joseph, comte de Flahaut">Charles de Flahaut</a> and helping bring <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold of Saxe-Coburg</a> to the throne of the newly independent Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973540–558_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973540–558-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1834 he crowned his diplomatic career by signing the <a href="/wiki/1834_Quadruple_Alliance" title="1834 Quadruple Alliance">treaty</a> which brought together as allies France, Great Britain, Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911376-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After resigning from his position as ambassador in London in November 1834, Talleyrand stopped playing an active role in French politics. He split his time between Château de Valençay and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Florentin,_Yonne" title="Saint-Florentin, Yonne">Saint-Florentin</a>, where he hosted frequent banquets and played <a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist">whist</a> with his visitors. His physical health began to steadily deteriorate and he began using an armchair on wheels provided to him by Louis Philippe I. He spent most of his time in the company of the <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea von Biron">Duchess Dino</a> and concerned himself with the education of her daughter <a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Pauline de Talleyrand-Périgord">Pauline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973585–596_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973585–596-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talleyrand suffered from bouts of recurring depression which were caused by his concern over his legacy and the development of the Napoleonic myth. To that end he ordered that his autobiography, the <i>Memoirs</i>, be published 30 years after his death. He also sought to gain the friendship of people he believed would shape public opinion in the future, including <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Leveson-Gower,_Countess_Granville" title="Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville">Lady Granville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973598–606_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973598–606-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last years of his life Talleyrand began planning his reconciliation with the Catholic Church. On 16 May 1838, he signed a retraction of his errors towards the church and a letter of submission to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a>. He died the following day at 3:55 p.m., at Saint-Florentin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973610–620_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973610–620-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By a <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a> added to his will on 17 March 1838, Talleyrand left his memoirs and papers to the duchess of Dino and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_de_Bacourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe de Bacourt (page does not exist)">Adolphe de Bacourt</a>. The latter revised them with care, and added to them other pieces emanating from Talleyrand. They fell into some question: first that Talleyrand is known to have destroyed many of his most important papers, and secondly that de Bacourt almost certainly drew up the connected narrative which we now possess from notes which were in more or less of confusion. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mémoires</i></span> were later edited by the <a href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">duc de Broglie</a> and published in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376–377_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911376–377-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e,_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg/170px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg/255px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg/340px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Portrait_of_Catherine_Worl%C3%A9e%2C_Princesse_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_-_WGA08599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Grand" title="Catherine Grand">Catherine (Worlée) Grand</a>, princesse de Talleyrand-Périgord, painted by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a> 1805–06</figcaption></figure> <p>Talleyrand had a reputation for <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voluptuary" class="extiw" title="wikt:voluptuary">voluptuary</a>. He left no legitimate children, though he possibly fathered over two dozen illegitimate ones. Four possible children of his have been identified: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_de_Flahaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Joseph, comte de Flahaut">Charles Joseph, comte de Flahaut</a>, generally accepted to be an illegitimate son of Talleyrand;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the painter <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, once rumoured to be Talleyrand's son, though this is doubted by historians who have examined the issue (for example, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_No%C3%ABl" title="Léon Noël">Léon Noël</a>, French ambassador); the "Mysterious Charlotte", possibly his daughter by his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Grand" title="Catherine Grand">Catherine Worlée Grand</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Pauline de Talleyrand-Périgord">Pauline</a>, ostensibly the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord">Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea von Biron">Duchess Dino</a>. Of these four, only the first is given credence by historians. However, the French historian <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Waresquiel" class="extiw" title="fr:Emmanuel de Waresquiel">Emmanuel de Waresquiel</a> has lately given much credibility to father-daughter link between Talleyrand and Pauline whom he referred to as "my dear Minette". <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> "suffered too from the rumor that he was actually the bastard son of Count Talleyrand, who was said to have visited New England in the year before Stevens' birth. ... Actually Talleyrand did not visit New England till 1794, when Stevens was already two years old."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristocratic women were a key component of Talleyrand's political tactics, both for their influence and their ability to cross borders unhindered. His presumed lover <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a> was a major influence on him, and he on her. Though their personal philosophies were most different (she a romantic, he very much unsentimental), she assisted him greatly, most notably by lobbying Barras to permit Talleyrand to return to France from his American exile, and then to have him made foreign minister. He lived with Catherine Worlée, born in India and married there to Charles Grand. She had traveled about before settling in Paris in the 1780s, where she lived as a notorious <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a> for several years before divorcing Grand to marry Talleyrand. Talleyrand was in no hurry to marry, and it was after repeated postponements that Napoleon obliged him in 1802 to formalize the relationship or risk his political career. While serving as a high level negotiator at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), Talleyrand entered into an arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Biron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothea von Biron">Dorothea von Biron</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord">his nephew</a>, the Duke of Dino. Shortly after, he separated from Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talleyrand's venality was notorious; in the tradition of the <i>ancien régime</i>, he expected to be paid for the state duties he performed—whether these can properly be called "bribes" is open to debate. For example, during the German mediatization, the consolidation of the small German states, a number of German rulers and elites paid him to save their possessions or enlarge their territories. Less successfully, he solicited payments from the United States government to open negotiations, precipitating a diplomatic disaster (the "<a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a>"). The difference between his diplomatic success in Europe and failure with the United States illustrates that his diplomacy rested firmly on the power of the French army that was a terrible threat to the German states within reach, but lacked the logistics to threaten the US not the least because of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval</a> domination of the seas. After Napoleon's defeat, he withdrew claims to the title "Prince of Benevento", but was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Talleyrand" title="Duke of Talleyrand">Duke of Talleyrand</a> with the style "Prince de Talleyrand" for life, in the same manner as his estranged wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973266,_368_''fn''_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973266,_368_''fn''-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Described by biographer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Philip Ziegler</a> as a "pattern of subtlety and finesse" and a "creature of grandeur and guile",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talleyrand was a great <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a>, and wine <a href="/wiki/Connoisseur" title="Connoisseur">connoisseur</a>. He was a frequent visitor at the <i>salon</i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_de_Bellegarde" title="Adèle de Bellegarde">Adèle de Bellegarde</a> and her sister Aurore, with whom he dined regularly over a period of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1801 to 1804, he owned <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Haut-Brion" title="Château Haut-Brion">Château Haut-Brion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. In 1803, Napoleon ordered Talleyrand to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Château de Valençay">Château de Valençay</a> as a place particularly appropriate for reception of foreign dignitaries,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Talleyrand made it his primary place of residence until his death in 1838. There he employed the renowned French chef <a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Antoine Carême">Marie-Antoine Carême</a>, one of the first celebrity chefs known as the "chef of kings and king of chefs", and was said to have spent an hour every day with him.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Paris residence on the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde" title="Place de la Concorde">Place de la Concorde</a>, acquired in 1812 and sold to <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a> in 1838, is now owned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Embassy,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="American Embassy, Paris">Embassy of the United States</a>. Talleyrand has been regarded as a traitor because of his support for successive regimes, some of which were mutually hostile. According to French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, criticism of his loyalty is unfounded, as Talleyrand served not every regime as had been said, but in reality "France behind every regime".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of his life, Talleyrand became interested in Catholicism again while teaching his young granddaughter simple prayers. The Abbé <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dupanloup" title="Félix Dupanloup">Félix Dupanloup</a> came to Talleyrand in his last hours, and according to his account Talleyrand made confession and received <a href="/wiki/Extreme_unction" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme unction">extreme unction</a>. When the abbé tried to anoint Talleyrand's palms, as prescribed by the rite, he turned his hands over to make the priest anoint him on the back of the hands, since he was a bishop. He also signed, in the abbé's presence, a solemn declaration in which he openly disavowed "the great errors which … had troubled and afflicted the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Church, and in which he himself had had the misfortune to fall."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 17 May 1838 and was buried in the Notre-Dame Chapel,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near his <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Château de Valençay">Château de Valençay</a>. Today, when speaking of the art of diplomacy, the phrase "they are a Talleyrand" is variously used to describe a statesman of great resourcefulness and craft, or a cynical and conscienceless self-serving politician.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard,_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg/170px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg/255px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg/340px-Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%2C_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="3862" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Talleyrand" title="Portrait of Talleyrand">Portrait of Talleyrand</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a> (1808)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Pair de France.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973495_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973495-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> of Spain<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Order of St. Stephen of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Andrew">Order of Saint Andrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Order of the Black Eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Hubert" title="Order of Saint Hubert">Order of Saint Hubert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Order of the Crown of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deel_54-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (elected 1796).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_(Empire).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Talleyrand under the Napoleonic Empire"><img alt="Arms of Talleyrand under the Napoleonic Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg/111px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg/167px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg/222px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28Empire%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Talleyrand under the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_(1817-1830).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Talleyrand under the Bourbon Restoration"><img alt="Arms of Talleyrand under the Bourbon Restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg/111px-CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg/167px-CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg/223px-CoA_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Perigord_%281817-1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Talleyrand under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Valençay"><img alt="Château de Valençay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg/120px-Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg/180px-Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg/240px-Chateau_Valencay_20050726.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Château de Valençay">Château de Valençay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Talleyrand's orthopedic shoe, now in the Château de Valençay"><img alt="Talleyrand's orthopedic shoe, now in the Château de Valençay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg/120px-Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg/180px-Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg/240px-Talleyrandprothesis0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Talleyrand's orthopedic shoe, now in the Château de Valençay</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Talleyrand,_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin,_Paris_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscription at the Hôtel de Saint-Florentin"><img alt="Inscription at the Hôtel de Saint-Florentin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg/120px-Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg/180px-Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg/240px-Plaque_Talleyrand%2C_H%C3%B4tel_de_Saint-Florentin%2C_Paris_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscription at the Hôtel de Saint-Florentin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empire style state bed (lit de parade) made for Talleyrand, c. 1805"><img alt="Empire style state bed (lit de parade) made for Talleyrand, c. 1805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg/77px-Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg/115px-Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg/153px-Tallyrand_bed_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> state bed (<i>lit de parade</i>) made for Talleyrand, c. 1805</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/talleyrand+perigord">"Talleyrand-Périgord"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063731/http://restorus.org/articles/culture/remembering-talleyrand/">"Remembering Talleyrand"</a>. <i>Restorus</i>. 17 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://restorus.org/articles/culture/remembering-talleyrand/">the original</a> on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Restorus&rft.atitle=Remembering+Talleyrand&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frestorus.org%2Farticles%2Fculture%2Fremembering-talleyrand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Jarrett, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6SmDwAAQBAJ&dq=talleyrand+family+aristocratic+not+wealthy&pg=PT88"><i>The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-570-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-570-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-570-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congress+of+Vienna+and+its+Legacy%3A+War+and+Great+Power+Diplomacy+after+Napoleon&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-570-6&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6SmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtalleyrand%2Bfamily%2Baristocratic%2Bnot%2Bwealthy%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chambers's Encyclopaedia: Vol. IX</i>. Frankfurt: Outlook Verlag. 2023. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-382-50769-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-382-50769-5"><bdi>978-3-382-50769-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+Encyclopaedia%3A+Vol.+IX&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Outlook+Verlag&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-382-50769-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royot, Daniel (2007). <i>Divided Loyalties in a Doomed Empire</i>. University of Delaware Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-968-6">978-0-87413-968-6</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividedloyalties00royo/page/138">138</a>: "Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord was the essence of the metamorphic talent inherent in French aristocracy. The so-called <i>Diable boiteux</i> (lame devil), born in 1754 was not fit for armed service."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaresquiel200431-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaresquiel200431_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaresquiel2004">Waresquiel 2004</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodechot" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Godechot, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Maurice-de-Talleyrand-prince-de-Benevent">"Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent: French statesman and diplomat"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles-Maurice+de+Talleyrand%2C+prince+de+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9vent%3A+French+statesman+and+diplomat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Godechot&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-Maurice-de-Talleyrand-prince-de-Benevent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1957226–236-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1957226–236_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum1957">Greenbaum 1957</a>, pp. 226–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911373-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911373_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911373_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>il est admis, ... en 1770, au grand séminaire de Saint-Sulpice</i>": <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.talleyrand.org">http://www.talleyrand.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181947/http://www.talleyrand.org/">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hierarchy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hierarchy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hierarchy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hierarchy_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hierarchy_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btape.html">"(Layman) Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord †"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org" title="Catholic-Hierarchy.org">Catholic-Hierarchy.org</a></i>. David M. Cheney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic-Hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=%28Layman%29+Charles-Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord+%E2%80%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbtape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1963473–486-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenbaum1963473–486_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenbaum1963">Greenbaum 1963</a>, pp. 473–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controversialcon0000fran"><i>Controversial concordats</i></a></span>. Catholic University of America Press. 1999. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controversialcon0000fran/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813209203" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813209203"><bdi>978-0813209203</bdi></a>. <q>talleyrand laicization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversial+concordats&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0813209203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontroversialcon0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolley2003" class="citation book cs1">Polley, Martin (2003). <i>An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-6503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-6503-7"><bdi>978-1-1346-6503-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+A%E2%80%93Z+of+Modern+Europe+Since+1789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-1346-6503-7&rft.aulast=Polley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197387–89-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197387–89_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, eds., <i>Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution 1789–1799</i> (vol. 2 1985), pp 928–932, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/71902167">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197390-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197390_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911374-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911374_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Godechot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581601">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.156809/page/n27/mode/2up">"Memoirs of Bertrand Berère"</a>. 24 May 1896. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Bertrand+Ber%C3%A8re&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1896-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.156809%2Fpage%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia601307.us.archive.org/30/items/memoirsofprinced01tall/memoirsofprinced01tall.pdf#page=246">"Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Prince+de+Talleyrand&rft.pages=174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia601307.us.archive.org%2F30%2Fitems%2Fmemoirsofprinced01tall%2Fmemoirsofprinced01tall.pdf%23page%3D246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cazenovejournal101caze/cazenovejournal101caze_djvu.txt">"Full text of 'Cazenove journal, 1794 : a record of the journey of Theophile Cazenove through New Jersey and Pennsylvania'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+%27Cazenove+journal%2C+1794+%3A+a+record+of+the+journey+of+Theophile+Cazenove+through+New+Jersey+and+Pennsylvania%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcazenovejournal101caze%2Fcazenovejournal101caze_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1890" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmatthew00hall/page/68/mode/1up"><i>Memoirs of Matthew Clarkson of Philadelphia, 1735–1800</i></a>. Philadelphia: Thomson Printing Company. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Matthew+Clarkson+of+Philadelphia%2C+1735%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Thomson+Printing+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofmatthew00hall%2Fpage%2F68%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973152-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973152_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911375-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911375_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerJoel_Colton1995" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Robert Roswell; Joel Colton (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531/page/419"><i>A History of the Modern World</i></a> (8 ed.). New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679432531/page/419">419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67943-253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67943-253-1"><bdi>978-0-67943-253-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=419&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-67943-253-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roswell&rft.au=Joel+Colton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780679432531%2Fpage%2F419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>: <i>Talleyrand</i>, Frankfurt 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-458-32097-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-458-32097-0">3-458-32097-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. A. L. Fisher, "The French Dependencies and Switzerland", in A. Ward et al. (eds.), Cambridge Modern History, IX: Napoleon (Cambridge, 1934), p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaine2000" class="citation book cs1">Haine, Scott (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain"><i>The History of France</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30328-2"><bdi>0-313-30328-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+France&rft.pages=93&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30328-2&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffrance00hain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawday-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawday_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawday2007" class="citation book cs1">Lawday, David (2007). <i>Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37297-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37297-2"><bdi>978-0-312-37297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Master%3A+A+Life+of+Prince+Talleyrand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37297-2&rft.aulast=Lawday&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/talleyrand-napoleons-master-by-david-lawday-424034.html">"Talleyrand: Napoleon's Master by David Lawday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 12 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Talleyrand%3A+Napoleon%27s+Master+by+David+Lawday&rft.date=2006-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Ftalleyrand-napoleons-master-by-david-lawday-424034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911376-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Traité sécret d'alliance défensive, conclu à Vienne entre Autriche, la Grande bretagne et la France, contre la Russie et la Prussie, le 3 janvier 1815</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973486–492,_495-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973486–492,_495_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 486–492, 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973512–513-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973512–513_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 512–513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973527–530-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973527–530_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 527–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973540–558-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973540–558_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 540–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973585–596-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973585–596_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 585–596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973598–606-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973598–606_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 598–606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973610–620-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973610–620_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 610–620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1911376–377-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1911376–377_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRose1911">Rose 1911</a>, pp. 376–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDard1938" class="citation journal cs1">Dard, Emile (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44850143">"Trois Générations: Talleyrand, Flahaut, Morny: II"</a>. <i>Revue des Deux Mondes (1829–1971)</i>. <b>46</b> (3). France: Revue des Deux Mondes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44850143?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">341–342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44850143">44850143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+Deux+Mondes+%281829%E2%80%931971%29&rft.atitle=Trois+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rations%3A+Talleyrand%2C+Flahaut%2C+Morny%3A+II&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-342&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44850143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dard&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44850143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Brodie, Fawn M.</a>, <i>Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South</i> (1959), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2019" class="citation web cs1">Spiegel, Taru (2 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2019/03/talleyrand-a-diplomat-par-excellence/">"Talleyrand: A Diplomat Par Excellence | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress"</a>. <i>blogs.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Talleyrand%3A+A+Diplomat+Par+Excellence+%7C+4+Corners+of+the+World%3A+International+Collections+and+Studies+at+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Taru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Finternational-collections%2F2019%2F03%2Ftalleyrand-a-diplomat-par-excellence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973266,_368_''fn''-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973266,_368_''fn''_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, pp. 266, 368 <i>fn</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shield_of_Achilles:_War,_Peace,_and_the_Course_of_History" title="The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History">The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bobbitt" title="Philip Bobbitt">Philip Bobbitt</a> (2002), ch. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaudet1903c" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daudet, Ernest (1903c). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:fr:Les Dames de Bellegarde: Mœurs des temps de la Révolution/03"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Les_Dames_de_Bellegarde:_M%C5%93urs_des_temps_de_la_R%C3%A9volution/03">"Les Dames de Bellegarde: Mœurs des temps de la Révolution: III: La fin d'un roman d'amour" </a></span>. <i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i> (journal). 5 (in French). <b>18</b>: 436 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+Deux+Mondes&rft.atitle=Les+Dames+de+Bellegarde%3A+M%C5%93urs+des+temps+de+la+R%C3%A9volution%3A+III%3A+La+fin+d%27un+roman+d%27amour&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=436&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Daudet&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.278497/2015.278497.A-History#page/n79/mode/2up"><i>A History of the Peninsular War</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 55–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.278497%2F2015.278497.A-History%23page%2Fn79%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A.Gere and John Sparrow (ed.), <i>Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks</i>, Oxford University Press, 1981, at p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimone_Weil2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Need_for_Roots" title="The Need for Roots"><i>The Need for Roots</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/needforrootsprel00weil_876/page/n125">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27102-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27102-9"><bdi>0-415-27102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Need+for+Roots&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-27102-9&rft.au=Simone+Weil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14434b.htm">"newadvent.org"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14434b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-empire.com/personalities/talleyrand.php">Talleyrand's short biography</a> in Napoleon and Empire website, displaying photographs of his castle of Valençay and of his tomb</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Gérard Robichaud, <i>Papa Martel</i>, University of Maine Press, 2003, p. 125. <ul><li><i>Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</i>, H.M. Stationery Off., 1964, p. 1391</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Deel-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deel_54-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verslag der handelingen der Staten-Generaal, Deel 2. p 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Almanach Du Département de L'Escaut Pour L'an 1809–1815, Volume 1; Volume 1809</i>. lA.B. Stéven. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+Du+D%C3%A9partement+de+L%27Escaut+Pour+L%27an+1809%E2%80%931815%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+1809&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=lA.B.+St%C3%A9ven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1973495-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1973495_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1973">Bernard 1973</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Charles+M.+de+Talleyrand-Perigord&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DCharles%2BM.%2Bde%2BTalleyrand-Perigord%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1973" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Jack F. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talleyrand00jack"><i>Talleyrand: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3991-1022-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3991-1022-4"><bdi>0-3991-1022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talleyrand%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-3991-1022-4&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Jack+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalleyrand00jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum1957" class="citation journal cs1">Greenbaum, Louis S. (1957). "Talleyrand and His Uncle: The Genesis of a Clerical Career". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 226–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F238052">10.1086/238052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1872380">1872380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Talleyrand+and+His+Uncle%3A+The+Genesis+of+a+Clerical+Career&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-236&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F238052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1872380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum1963" class="citation journal cs1">Greenbaum, Louis S. (1963). "Talleyrand as Agent-General of the Clergy of France: A Study in Comparative Influence". <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 473–486. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25017140">25017140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Talleyrand+as+Agent-General+of+the+Clergy+of+France%3A+A+Study+in+Comparative+Influence&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473-486&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25017140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Holland_Rose" title="John Holland Rose">Rose, John Holland</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord,_Charles_Maurice_de" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de">Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord%2C+Charles+Maurice+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=373-377&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaresquiel2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Waresquiel, Emmanuel de (2004) [2003]. <i>Talleyrand: Le Prince Immobile</i> (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-2136-1326-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-2136-1326-5"><bdi>2-2136-1326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talleyrand%3A+Le+Prince+Immobile&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-2136-1326-5&rft.aulast=Waresquiel&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brinton, Crane. <i>Lives of Talleyrand</i> (1936), 300 pp scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesoftalleyran0000brin">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Cooper, Duff</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52863"><i>Talleyrand</i></a>. New York: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talleyrand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Duff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.52863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum1970" class="citation journal cs1">Greenbaum, Louis S. (1970). "Talleyrand and Vergennes: The Debut of a Diplomat". <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 543–550. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25018659">25018659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Talleyrand+and+Vergennes%3A+The+Debut+of+a+Diplomat&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=543-550&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25018659%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kurtz, Harold. (1958) "Talleyrand (part I)" <i>History Today</i> (Nov 1958) 8#11 pp 741–750. and Part II, (Dec 1958) 8#12 pp 847–871.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawday,_David2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawday, David (2006). <i>Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07366-0"><bdi>978-0-224-07366-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Master%3A+A+Life+of+Prince+Talleyrand&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-224-07366-0&rft.au=Lawday%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span>, popular biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00233_54.x">online review</a></li> <li>Madelin, Louis. <i>Talleyrand</i> (1948), a scholarly biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185494">online</a></li> <li>Orieux, Jean. <i>Talleyrand: The Art of Survival</i> (1974) 677pp; scholarly biography</li> <li>Pflaum, Rosalynd. <i>Talleyrand and His World</i> (2010) 478pp, popular biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blinn, Harold E. "New Light on Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 4#2 1935, pp. 143–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633726">online</a></li> <li>Earl, John L. "Talleyrand in Philadelphia, 1794–1796." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> 91#3, 1967, pp. 282–298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20090064">online</a></li> <li>Ferraro, Guglielmo. <i>The Reconstruction of Europe: Talleyrand and the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815</i> (1941) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionof011003mbp">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Linda (2017). <i>Talleyrand in London: The Master Diplomat's Last Mission</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-781-4"><bdi>978-1-78453-781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talleyrand+in+London%3A+The+Master+Diplomat%27s+Last+Mission&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-781-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Neave, G. "Monsieur de Talleyrand-Périgord's Qualities" <i>Higher Education Policy</i> 19, 401–409 (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300138">online</a></li> <li>Norman, Barbara. <i>Napoleon and Talleyrand: The last two weeks</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleontalleyra0000maka/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Ross, Steven T. <i>European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe</i> (1969)</li> <li>Sked, Alan. "Talleyrand and England, 1792–1838: A Reinterpretation", <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i> (2006) 17#4 pp. 647–64.</li> <li>Stinchcombe, William. "Talleyrand and the American Negotiations of 1797–1798." <i>Journal of American History</i> 62#3 1975, pp. 575–590. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936215">online</a></li> <li>Swain, J. E. "Talleyrand's Last Diplomatic Encounter." <i>The Historian</i> 1#1 1938, pp. 33–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24435693">online</a>, ambassador to Britain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moncure, James A. ed. <i>Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present</i> (4 vol 1992); 4:1823–33</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand</i> ed by Albert de Broglie. (1891) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924100553852">online</a> <ul><li>Dilke, Charles Wentworth. "The Talleyrand Memoirs." <i>The North American Review</i>, vol. 152, no. 411, 1891, pp. 157–174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25102129">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Talleyrand, Prince. <i>The Correspondence of Prince Talleyrand and King Louis XVIII during the Congress of Vienna</i> (Kessinger Publishing, 2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_language">Non-English language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-English language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarle,_Yevgeny1939" class="citation book cs1">Tarle, Yevgeny (1939). <i>Talleyrand</i>. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talleyrand&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Tarle%2C+Yevgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181947/http://www.talleyrand.org/">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1754–1838</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batguano.com/catno12.html">Career of Mme Grand, Talleyrand's wife</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btape.html">Bishop Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Catholic Hierarchy website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813170413/http://clclibrary-org.tripod.com/talleyrand1.html">Talleyrands letters and dispatches translated into English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/441969">Painting of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord by Baron Gérard at the Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9390">Works by prince de Bénévent Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Talleyrand-Périgord%2C%20Charles%20Maurice%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Maurice%20de%20Talleyrand-Périgord%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Talleyrand-Périgord%2C%20Charles%20Maurice%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Maurice%20de%20Talleyrand-Périgord%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Talleyrand-Périgord%2C%20C%2E%20M%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Maurice%20de%20Talleyrand-Périgord%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Maurice%20de%20Talleyrand-Périgord%22%20OR%20%28Charles+Maurice+de+Talleyrand+P%2Arigord%29%29%20OR%20%28%221754-1838%22%20AND%20%28%22Talleyrand-Périgord%22%20OR%20Talleyrand-Perigord%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Pierre-Louis de La Rochefoucauld</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_French_clergy" title="Assembly of the French clergy">Agent-General of the French Clergy</a> </b><br />1780–1785 <br />Served alongside: <b>Thomas de Boisgelin</b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine_de_Montesquiou-F%C3%A9zensac" title="François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac">François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Louis de Jarente de Sénas d'Orgeval</div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathias,_Count_de_Barral" title="Louis-Mathias, Count de Barral">Louis-Mathias</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yves-Alexandre_de_Marbeuf" title="Yves-Alexandre de Marbeuf">Yves-Alexandre de Marbeuf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun">Bishop of Autun</a> </b><br />1788–1791 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Gouttes" title="Jean-Louis Gouttes">Jean-Louis Gouttes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Xavier_Bureau_de_Pusy" title="Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy">Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France">President of the National Assembly of France</a> </b><br />1790 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine_de_Montesquiou-F%C3%A9zensac" title="François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac">François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Eustache_Bruix" title="Étienne Eustache Bruix">Étienne Eustache Bruix</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Naval_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Naval Ministers of France">Ministers of Marine and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Antoine_Bourdon_de_Vatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Antoine Bourdon de Vatry">Marc Antoine Bourdon de Vatry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Charles-François Delacroix</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1797–1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1799–1807 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Grand Chamberlain of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> </b><br />1804–1814 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Ren%C3%A9_Charles_Mathurin,_comte_de_Laforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine René Charles Mathurin, comte de Laforest">Antoine René Charles Mathurin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1814–1815 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Edouard,_Baron_Bignon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron Bignon">Louis Pierre Edouard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1815 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> </b><br />1815 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Talleyrand" title="Duke of Talleyrand">Duke of Talleyrand</a> </b><br />1815–1838 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord">Edmond de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dukes_and_Princes_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento">Prince of Benevento</a> </b><br />1806–1815 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><b>Principality abolished</b></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Template talk:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">Heads of government of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Dessolles,_1st_Marquis_Dessolles" title="Jean Joseph Dessolles, 1st Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu" title="Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, 5th Duke of Richelieu">Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_1st_Viscount_of_Martignac" title="Jean Baptiste Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac">Martignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Gérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Treviso" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso">Mortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Dupont de l'Eure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Barrot" title="Odilon Barrot">Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Faucher" title="Léon Faucher">Faucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao" title="Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao">Cousin-Montauban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of<br />National Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu" title="Louis-Jules Trochu">Trochu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey" title="Ernest Courtot de Cissey">Cissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Simon" title="Jules Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie" title="Albert de Broglie, 4th Duke of Broglie">A. de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_de_Rochebou%C3%ABt" title="Gaëtan de Rochebouët">Rochebouët</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure" title="Jules Armand Dufaure">Dufaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Floquet" title="Charles Floquet">Floquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Loubet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_M%C3%A9line" title="Jules Méline">Méline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Brisson" title="Henri Brisson">Brisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupuy" title="Charles Dupuy">Dupuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien" title="Ferdinand Sarrien">Sarrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Monis" title="Ernest Monis">Monis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Steeg" title="Théodore Steeg">Steeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson" title="Fernand Bouisson">Bouisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Chautemps" title="Camille Chautemps">Chautemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gouin" title="Félix Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie" title="André Marie">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Mollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Chaban-Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy" title="Pierre Mauroy">Mauroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Chirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Rocard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Jospin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin" title="Jean-Pierre Raffarin">Raffarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">Fillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Valls" title="Manuel Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve" title="Bernard Cazeneuve">Cazeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe" title="Édouard Philippe">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Castex" title="Jean Castex">Castex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Attal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief minister of France</a> (pre-Revolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Deputy Prime Minister of France">Deputy Prime Minister</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Directory_(2_November_1795_to_10_November_1799)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Directory" title="Template:French Directory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Directory" title="Template talk:French Directory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Directory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Directory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Directory_(2_November_1795_to_10_November_1799)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> (2 November 1795 to 10 November 1799)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Fran%C3%A7ois_Letourneur" title="Étienne-François Letourneur">Étienne-François Letourneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_Jean_Nicolas,_vicomte_de_Barras" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras">Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Moulin" title="Jean-François-Auguste Moulin">Jean-François-Auguste Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Gohier" title="Louis-Jérôme Gohier">Louis-Jérôme Gohier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_(22_ao%C3%BBt_1795)._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg/100px-Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg/150px-Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg/200px-Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise_du_5_fructidor_an_3_%2822_ao%C3%BBt_1795%29._D%C3%A9claration_des_Droits_et_des_Devoirs_de_l%27Homme_et_du_Citoyen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="5260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Charles-François Delacroix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Victor_G%C3%A9nissieu" title="Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu">Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Mathieu_Lambrechts" title="Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts">Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Annibal_Aubert_du_Bayet" title="Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet">Jean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Petiet" title="Claude Louis Petiet">Claude Louis Petiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Milet_de_Mureau" title="Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau">Louis Marie de Milet de Mureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Louis_Alexis_Dubois-Cranc%C3%A9" title="Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé">Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Guillaume-Charles Faipoult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cochon_de_Lapparent" title="Charles Cochon de Lapparent">Charles Cochon de Lapparent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Lenoir-Laroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Lenoir-Laroche (page does not exist)">Jean-Jacques Lenoir-Laroche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Sotin_de_La_Coindi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Sotin de La Coindière (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Sotin de La Coindière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Dondeau" title="Nicolas Dondeau">Nicolas Dondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Philibert_Lecarlier_d%27Ardon" title="Marie Jean François Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon">Marie Jean François Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Duval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Duval (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_S%C3%A9bastien_Bourguignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Sébastien Bourguignon (page does not exist)">Claude Sébastien Bourguignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9zech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bénézech (page does not exist)">Pierre Bénézech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Letourneux" title="François Sébastien Letourneux">François Sébastien Letourneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Marie_Quinette" title="Nicolas Marie Quinette">Nicolas Marie Quinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Truguet" title="Laurent Jean François Truguet">Laurent Jean François Truguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ren%C3%A9_Le_Peley_de_Pl%C3%A9ville" title="Georges René Le Peley de Pléville">Georges René Le Peley de Pléville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Eustache_Bruix" title="Étienne Eustache Bruix">Étienne Eustache Bruix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Bourdon_de_Vatry" title="Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry">Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Consulate_(10_November_1799_–_18_May_1804)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Consulate" title="Template:French Consulate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Consulate" title="Template talk:French Consulate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Consulate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Consulate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Consulate_(10_November_1799_–_18_May_1804)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> (10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provisional consuls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg/100px-Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg/150px-Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg/200px-Bonaparte_Premier_consul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="760" /></a></span><br />Bonaparte<br />First Consul</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consuls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun,_duc_de_Plaisance" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance">Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Charles-Frédéric Reinhard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Joseph_Abrial" title="André Joseph Abrial">André Joseph Abrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Bourdon_de_Vatry" title="Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry">Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent_Forfait" title="Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait">Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Decr%C3%A8s" title="Denis Decrès">Denis Decrès</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Dejean" title="Jean François Aimé Dejean">Jean François Aimé Dejean</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_I" title="First Cabinet of Napoleon I">First Cabinet of Napoleon I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_cabinet_of_Napoleon_(18_May_1804_to_1_April_1814)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Template:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Template talk:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_cabinet_of_Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First cabinet of Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_cabinet_of_Napoleon_(18_May_1804_to_1_April_1814)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_I" title="First Cabinet of Napoleon I">First cabinet of Napoleon</a> (18 May 1804 to 1 April 1814)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Head of state: <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_No%C3%ABl_Bruno,_comte_Daru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru">Pierre Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/100px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/150px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg/200px-The_Emperor_Napoleon_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span><br />Napoleon</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Hugues-Bernard Maret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Augustin_Louis_de_Caulaincourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt">Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Jean-Antoine Chaptal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cr%C3%A9tet" title="Emmanuel Crétet">Emmanuel Crétet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre,_Count_of_Montalivet" title="Jean-Pierre, Count of Montalivet">Jean-Pierre de Montalivet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_R%C3%A9gnier" title="Claude Ambroise Régnier">Claude Ambroise Régnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Louis-Mathieu Molé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Jacques_Guillaume_Clarke" title="Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke">Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Dejean" title="Jean François Aimé Dejean">Jean François Aimé Dejean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-G%C3%A9rard_Lacu%C3%A9e,_count_of_Cessac" title="Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac">Jean-Girard Lacuée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Antoine_No%C3%ABl_Bruno,_comte_Daru" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte Daru">Pierre Daru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_Mollien" title="Nicolas François, Count Mollien">Nicolas François, Count Mollien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Decr%C3%A8s" title="Denis Decrès">Denis Decrès</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Anne Jean Marie René Savary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Marie_Portalis" title="Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis">Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Julien-Jean_Bigot_de_Pr%C3%A9ameneu" title="Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu">Félix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Préameneu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Collin_de_Sussy" title="Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy">Jean-Baptiste Collin de Sussy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">French Consulate</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/French_provisional_government_of_1814" class="mw-redirect" title="French provisional government of 1814">French provisional government of 1814</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Provisional_Government_of_1814_(1_April_1814_to_13_May_1814)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_provisional_government_of_1814" title="Template:French provisional government of 1814"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_provisional_government_of_1814" title="Template talk:French provisional government of 1814"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_provisional_government_of_1814" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French provisional government of 1814"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Provisional_Government_of_1814_(1_April_1814_to_13_May_1814)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1814" title="French Provisional Government of 1814">French Provisional Government of 1814</a> (1 April 1814 to 13 May 1814)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Head of State: <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles-Philippe of France</a> − King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Ruel,_marquis_de_Beurnonville" title="Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville">Pierre Riel de Beurnonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnail_Fran%C3%A7ois,_marquis_de_Jaucourt" title="Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt">François de Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmerich_Joseph_de_Dalberg" title="Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg">Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine_de_Montesquiou-F%C3%A9zensac" title="François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac">François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_(C.M._de,_1754-1838).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/100px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/150px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/200px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br />Talleyrand</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Antoine de Laforêt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Nicolas_Henrion_de_Pansey" title="Pierre Paul Nicolas Henrion de Pansey">Pierre Paul Nicolas Henrion de Pansey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Claude_Beugnot" title="Jacques Claude Beugnot">Jacques Claude Beugnot</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dupont_de_l%27%C3%89tang" title="Pierre Dupont de l'Étang">Pierre Dupont de l'Étang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance, Commerce and Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph-Dominique Louis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor,_baron_Malouet" title="Pierre Victor, baron Malouet">Pierre-Victor Malouet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Angl%C3%A8s" title="Jules Anglès">Jules Anglès</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary-general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Dupont de Nemours</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of Napoleon">Ministers of Napoleon</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Government of the first Bourbon restoration">Government of the first Bourbon restoration</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration_(13_May_1814_to_19_March_1815)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Template:Government of the first Bourbon restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Template talk:Government of the first Bourbon restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government of the first Bourbon restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration_(13_May_1814_to_19_March_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_first_Bourbon_restoration" title="Government of the first Bourbon restoration">Government of the first Bourbon restoration</a> (13 May 1814 to 19 March 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Head of State: King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dambray" title="Charles Dambray">Charles Dambray</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine_de_Montesquiou-F%C3%A9zensac" title="François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac">François-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dupont_de_l%27%C3%89tang" title="Pierre Dupont de l'Étang">Pierre Dupont de l'Étang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Jacques_Guillaume_Clarke" title="Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke">Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph-Dominique Louis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor,_baron_Malouet" title="Pierre Victor, baron Malouet">Pierre-Victor Malouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Claude_Beugnot" title="Jacques Claude Beugnot">Jacques Claude Beugnot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Emmerich_Joseph_de_Dalberg" title="Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg">Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">King's Household</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Jean_Casimir_de_Blacas" title="Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas">Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1814" title="French Provisional Government of 1814">French Provisional Government of 1814</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/French_government_of_the_Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="French government of the Hundred Days">French government of the Hundred Days</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord_(9_July_1815_to_26_September_1815)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Template:Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Template talk:Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord_(9_July_1815_to_26_September_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Charles-Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> (9 July 1815 to 26 September 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the council and Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_(C.M._de,_1754-1838).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/100px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/150px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG/200px-AduC_054_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord_%28C.M._de%2C_1754-1838%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br />Talleyrand-Périgord</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Étienne-Denis Pasquier</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Étienne-Denis Pasquier</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Joseph Dominique, baron Louis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arnail_Fran%C3%A7ois,_marquis_de_Jaucourt" title="Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt">Arnail François, marquis de Jaucourt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Joseph Fouché">Joseph Fouché</a> (until 19 september 1815)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">King's household</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Ministers of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_Ministers_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Ministers of France">Foreign Ministers of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Revol" title="Louis de Revol">Revol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Neufville,_seigneur_de_Villeroy" title="Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy">Villeroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">A. J. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Br%C3%BBlart,_marquis_de_Sillery" title="Pierre Brûlart, marquis de Sillery">Sillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Phélypeaux">R. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny" title="Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny">Chavigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne" title="Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne">Pomponne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Colbert, marquis de Croissy">Croissy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert,_Marquis_of_Torcy" title="Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis of Torcy">Torcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Bl%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Chalon du Blé">Huxelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois" title="Guillaume Dubois">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau" title="Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau">Morville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin" title="Germain Louis Chauvelin">Chauvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou" title="Jean-Jacques Amelot de Chaillou">Chaillou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles,_3rd_Duke_of_Noailles" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles">Noailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy,_Marquis_of_Argenson" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis of Argenson">Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philog%C3%A8ne_Br%C3%BBlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx" title="Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx">Puisieulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest" title="François Dominique de Barberie de Saint-Contest">Saint-Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Antoine Louis Rouillé">Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis" title="François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis">Bernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gabriel_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="César Gabriel de Choiseul">C. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul" title="Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul">É. Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Saint-Florentin">L. Phélypeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Armand_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duke_of_Aiguillon" title="Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bertin" title="Henri Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Qu%C3%A9len_de_Stuer_de_Caussade,_2nd_Duke_of_La_Vauguyon" title="Paul François de Quélen de Stuer de Caussade, 2nd Duke of La Vauguyon">Vauguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Montmorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">Lessart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_M%C3%A9redieu,_baron_de_Naillac" title="Pierre Paul de Méredieu, baron de Naillac">Naillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas" title="Victor Scipion Charles Auguste de La Garde de Chambonas">Chambonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage" title="François Joseph de Gratet, vicomte Dubouchage">Dubouchage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix" title="Claude Bigot de Sainte-Croix">Sainte-Croix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Henri_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu" title="Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu">Lebrun-Tondu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues" title="François Louis Michel Chemin Deforgues">Deforgues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon" title="Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon">Goujon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Herman" title="Martial Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Reinhard" title="Charles-Frédéric Reinhard">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nomp%C3%A8re_de_Champagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny">Champagny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">First Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Antoine de Laforêt">Laforest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt" title="Armand-Augustin-Louis de Caulaincourt">Caulaincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Second Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu">A. E. Richelieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles">Dessolles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Denis_Pasquier" title="Étienne-Denis Pasquier">Pasquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency" title="Mathieu de Montmorency">M. Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas" title="Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas">Damas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays" title="Auguste, comte de La Ferronays">La Ferronays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval" title="Anne-Adrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval">Montmorency-Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis" title="Joseph-Marie, comte Portalis">Portalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_de_Rochechouart,_11th_Duke_of_Mortemart" title="Casimir de Rochechouart, 11th Duke of Mortemart">Mortemart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pierre_%C3%89douard,_Baron_Bignon" title="Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon">Bignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison" title="Nicolas Joseph Maison">Maison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Sébastiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson" title="Charles Joseph, comte Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Rigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">V. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Molé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Napol%C3%A9on_Lannes" title="Louis Napoléon Lannes">Montebello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Bedeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bastide" title="Jules Bastide">Bastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Br%C3%A9nier_de_Renaudi%C3%A8re" title="Anatole, baron Brénier de Renaudière">Brénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F%C3%A9lix_%C3%89tienne,_marquis_de_Turgot" title="Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_comte_Daru" title="Napoléon, comte Daru">Daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier" title="Émile Ollivier">Ollivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenor, duc de Gramont">Gramont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne">La Tour d'Auvergne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Favre" title="Jules Favre">Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_R%C3%A9musat" title="Charles de Rémusat">Rémusat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">A. Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_duc_Decazes" title="Louis, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaston-Robert, Marquis de Banneville">Banneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barth%C3%A9lemy-Saint-Hilaire" title="Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire">Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res" title="Armand Fallières">Fallières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour" title="Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour">Challemel-Lacour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Freycinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Flourens" title="Émile Flourens">Flourens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goblet" title="René Goblet">Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Spuller" title="Eugène Spuller">Spuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Develle" title="Jules Develle">Develle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier" title="Jean Casimir-Perier">Casimir-Perier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux" title="Gabriel Hanotaux">Hanotaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cruppi" title="Jean Cruppi">Cruppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_de_Selves" title="Justin de Selves">Selves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Jonnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Doumergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Viviani" title="René Viviani">Viviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Millerand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Leygues" title="Georges Leygues">Leygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey" title="Edmond Lefebvre du Prey">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">Tardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Herriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Barthou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Delbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour" title="Joseph Paul-Boncour">Paul-Boncour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Daladier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baudouin" title="Paul Baudouin">Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">Darlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional<br />Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Bidault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Mendès France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bettencourt" title="André Bettencourt">Bettencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Jobert" title="Michel Jobert">Jobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues" title="Jean Sauvagnargues">Sauvagnargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud" title="Louis de Guiringaud">Guiringaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="Jean François-Poncet">François-Poncet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cheysson" title="Claude Cheysson">Cheysson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond" title="Jean-Bernard Raimond">Raimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_de_Charette" title="Hervé de Charette">Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_V%C3%A9drine" title="Hubert Védrine">Védrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Villepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Barnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Douste-Blazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Kouchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Alliot-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Ayrault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian" title="Jean-Yves Le Drian">Le Drian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Colonna" title="Catherine Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Séjourné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-No%C3%ABl_Barrot" title="Jean-Noël Barrot">Barrot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eugène_Delacroix" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Template:Eugène Delacroix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Template talk:Eugène Delacroix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugène Delacroix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eugène_Delacroix" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Entombment_of_Christ_(Delacroix)" title="The Entombment of Christ (Delacroix)">The Entombment of Christ</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Rose" title="Mademoiselle Rose">Mademoiselle Rose</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820–1824</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_an_Old_Greek_Woman" title="Head of an Old Greek Woman">Head of an Old Greek Woman</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Girl_at_the_Cemetery" title="Orphan Girl at the Cemetery">Orphan Girl at the Cemetery</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1824</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">The Massacre at Chios</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horse_Frightened_by_a_Thunderstorm" title="Horse Frightened by a Thunderstorm">Horse Frightened by a Thunderstorm</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1824</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi" title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Combat_of_the_Giaour_and_Hassan" title="The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan">The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan</a></i> (1826, 1835, 1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_the_Doge_Marino_Faliero" title="The Execution of the Doge Marino Faliero">The Execution of the Doge Marino Faliero</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_Showing_Off_His_Mistress" title="Louis d'Orléans Showing Off His Mistress">Louis d'Orléans Showing Off His Mistress</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis-Auguste_Schwiter" title="Portrait of Louis-Auguste Schwiter">Portrait of Louis-Auguste Schwiter</a></i> (1826–27)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Stroking_a_Parrot" title="Woman Stroking a Parrot">Woman Stroking a Parrot</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Sardanapalus" title="The Death of Sardanapalus">The Death of Sardanapalus</a></i> (1827, 1844)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_at_Windsor_Castle" title="Cromwell at Windsor Castle">Cromwell at Windsor Castle</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Murder_of_the_Bishop_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="The Murder of the Bishop of Liège">The Murder of the Bishop of Liège</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Young_Tiger_Playing_with_Its_Mother" title="A Young Tiger Playing with Its Mother">A Young Tiger Playing with Its Mother</a></i> (1830–31)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Nancy" title="The Battle of Nancy">The Battle of Nancy</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_with_the_Coffin_of_Charles_I" title="Cromwell with the Coffin of Charles I">Cromwell with the Coffin of Charles I</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Picador_(watercolour_painting)" title="The Picador (watercolour painting)">The Picador</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Rider_Charging" title="Arab Rider Charging">Arab Rider Charging</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Algiers" title="Women of Algiers">Women of Algiers</a></i> (1834, 1847–1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natchez" title="The Natchez">The Natchez</a></i> (1834–35)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_on_the_Cross_(Delacroix)" title="Christ on the Cross (Delacroix)">Christ on the Cross</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Taillebourg,_21_July_1242" title="The Battle of Taillebourg, 21 July 1242">The Battle of Taillebourg, 21 July 1242</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ka%C3%AFd,_A_Moroccan_Chief" title="The Kaïd, A Moroccan Chief">The Kaïd, A Moroccan Chief</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Convulsionists_of_Tangiers" title="Convulsionists of Tangiers">Convulsionists of Tangiers</a></i> (1837–1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_by_a_Tomb" title="Warrior by a Tomb">Warrior by a Tomb</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_and_George_Sand" title="Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand">Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entry_of_the_Crusaders_in_Constantinople" title="Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople">Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Words_of_the_Emperor_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius">Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sultan_of_Morocco" title="The Sultan of Morocco">The Sultan of Morocco</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abduction_of_Rebecca" title="The Abduction of Rebecca">The Abduction of Rebecca</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_of_Abydos_(Delacroix)" title="The Bride of Abydos (Delacroix)">The Bride of Abydos</a></i> (pre-1849, 1843–1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Asleep_during_the_Tempest" title="Christ Asleep during the Tempest">Christ Asleep during the Tempest</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Devouring_a_Rabbit" title="Lion Devouring a Rabbit">Lion Devouring a Rabbit</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Foscari_(painting)" title="The Two Foscari (painting)">The Two Foscari</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_Hunt_(Delacroix)" title="The Lion Hunt (Delacroix)">The Lion Hunt</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovid_Among_the_Scythians" title="Ovid Among the Scythians">Ovid Among the Scythians</a></i> (1859, 1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Horses_Fighting_in_a_Stable" title="Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable">Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horses_Leaving_the_Sea" title="Horses Leaving the Sea">Horses Leaving the Sea</a></i> (1860)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiger_with_a_Tortoise" title="Tiger with a Tortoise">Tiger with a Tortoise</a></i> (1862)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/100px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/150px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg/200px-F%C3%A9lix_Nadar_1820-1910_portraits_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="2107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(Delacroix)" title="Sunset (Delacroix)">Sunset</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delacroix" title="Charles-François Delacroix">Charles-François Delacroix (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Henri_Delacroix" title="Charles-Henri Delacroix">Charles-Henri Delacroix (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_de_Verninac" title="Henriette de Verninac">Henriette de Verninac (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Oeben" title="Jean-François Oeben">Jean-François Oeben (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Fran%C3%A7ois_Riesener" title="Henri-François Riesener">Henri-François Riesener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Riesener" title="Jean Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Richard Parkes Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Huet" title="Paul Huet">Paul Huet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Musée national Eugène Delacroix">Musée national Eugène Delacroix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic painting">Romantic painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Delacroix" title="Homage to Delacroix">Homage to Delacroix</a></i> (1864 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delacroix_(crater)" title="Delacroix (crater)">Delacroix (crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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