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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_drafting_committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_drafting_committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The drafting committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_drafting_committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_drafting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_drafting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Creation and drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_final_draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_final_draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The final draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_final_draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Approval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Human_Rights_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Human_Rights_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>International Human Rights Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Human_Rights_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legal effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>National law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praise_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praise_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Praise and support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praise_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Marxism–Leninism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union_and_Marxism–Leninism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Soviet Union and Marxism–Leninism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union_and_Marxism–Leninism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Right_to_Refuse_to_Kill"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Right_to_Refuse_to_Kill""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>"The Right to Refuse to Kill"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Right_to_Refuse_to_Kill"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Anthropological_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Anthropological_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>American Anthropological Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Anthropological_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangkok_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangkok_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bangkok Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangkok_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-binding_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-binding_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Non-binding agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-binding_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_human_rights_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_human_rights_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>International human rights law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_human_rights_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audiovisual_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiovisual_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Audiovisual materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiovisual_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universele_Verklaring_van_Menseregte" title="Universele Verklaring van Menseregte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Universele Verklaring van Menseregte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Erkl%C3%A4rung_der_Menschenrechte" title="Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%98%E1%89%A5%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%80%E1%8D%8B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%88%E1%8C%BD%C2%BB" title="«የሰብዓዊ መብት አቀፋዊ መግለጽ» – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="«የሰብዓዊ መብት አቀፋዊ መግለጽ»" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Universal_d%27os_Dreitos_Humans" title="Declaración Universal d'os Dreitos Humans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Declaración Universal d'os Dreitos Humans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Universal_de_los_Derechos_Humanos" title="Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra_Tekoiterape_Kuaaukaha_Pav%E1%BA%BD" title="Yvypóra Tekoiterape Kuaaukaha Pavẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra Tekoiterape Kuaaukaha Pavẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpach_jaqe_walinka%C3%B1apataki_inoqat_aru" title="Akpach jaqe walinkañapataki inoqat aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Akpach jaqe walinkañapataki inoqat aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_H%C3%BCquqlar%C4%B1_Haqq%C4%B1nda_%C3%9Cmumi_B%C9%99yannam%C9%99" title="İnsan Hüquqları Haqqında Ümumi Bəyannamə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan Hüquqları Haqqında Ümumi Bəyannamə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دونیالیق اینسان حاقلاری بیلدیری‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونیالیق اینسان حاقلاری بیلدیری‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangawedar_Indik_Hak-Hak_Azasi_Manusia" title="Pangawedar Indik Hak-Hak Azasi Manusia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pangawedar Indik Hak-Hak Azasi Manusia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamaden_josiraw_dantig%C9%9Bkan" title="Hadamaden josiraw dantigɛkan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Hadamaden josiraw dantigɛkan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মানবাধিকারের সার্বজনীন ঘোষণাপত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানবাধিকারের সার্বজনীন ঘোষণাপত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_J%C3%AEn-ko%C3%A2n_Soan-gi%C3%A2n" title="Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%A1%D1%83%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Кеше хоҡуҡтарының дөйөм декларацияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше хоҡуҡтарының дөйөм декларацияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Усеагульная дэкларацыя правоў чалавека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усеагульная дэкларацыя правоў чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Усеагульная дэклярацыя правоў чалавека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усеагульная дэклярацыя правоў чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkinaban_na_Deklarasyon_kan_mga_Katanosan_na_Pantawo" title="Pangkinaban na Deklarasyon kan mga Katanosan na Pantawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pangkinaban na Deklarasyon kan mga Katanosan na Pantawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Всеобща декларация за правата на човека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Всеобща декларация за правата на човека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8C" title="ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་གསལ་བསྒྲགས་འགྲོ་བ་མིའི་ཐོབ་ཐང༌ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོངས་ཁྱབ་གསལ་བསྒྲགས་འགྲོ་བ་མིའི་ཐོབ་ཐང༌" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalna_deklaracija_o_ljudskim_pravima" title="Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskl%C3%AAriadur_hollvedel_gwirio%C3%B9_mab-den" title="Disklêriadur hollvedel gwirioù mab-den – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Disklêriadur hollvedel gwirioù mab-den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хүнэй Эрхын Бүгэдэниитын Тунхаглал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнэй Эрхын Бүгэдэниитын Тунхаглал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3_Universal_dels_Drets_Humans" title="Declaració Universal dels Drets Humans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Declaració Universal dels Drets Humans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1eobecn%C3%A1_deklarace_lidsk%C3%BDch_pr%C3%A1v" title="Všeobecná deklarace lidských práv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Všeobecná deklarace lidských práv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datganiad_Cyffredinol_o_Hawliau_Dynol" title="Datganiad Cyffredinol o Hawliau Dynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Datganiad Cyffredinol o Hawliau Dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%27s_Verdenserkl%C3%A6ring_om_Menneskerettighederne" title="FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1vuoigatvuo%C4%91aid_oppam%C3%A1ilmm%C3%A1la%C5%A1_julgga%C5%A1tus" title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođaid oppamáilmmálaš julggaštus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmošvuoigatvuođaid oppamáilmmálaš julggaštus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Erkl%C3%A4rung_der_Menschenrechte" title="Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Haz%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85_I%C5%82_Ch%CA%BC%C3%A9t%CA%BCaah" title="Bee Hazʼą́ą Ił Chʼétʼaah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bee Hazʼą́ą Ił Chʼétʼaah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inim%C3%B5iguste_%C3%BClddeklaratsioon" title="Inimõiguste ülddeklaratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimõiguste ülddeklaratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Οικουμενική Διακήρυξη για τα Ανθρώπινα Δικαιώματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικουμενική Διακήρυξη για τα Ανθρώπινα Δικαιώματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichiarasi%C3%B2un_univers%C3%A8la_di_dir%C3%ACt_edl_%C3%B2m" title="Dichiarasiòun universèla di dirìt edl òm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Dichiarasiòun universèla di dirìt edl òm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Universal_de_los_Derechos_Humanos" title="Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universala_Deklaracio_de_Homaj_Rajtoj" title="Universala Deklaracio de Homaj Rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universala Deklaracio de Homaj Rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Eskubideen_Aldarrikapen_Unibertsala" title="Giza Eskubideen Aldarrikapen Unibertsala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza Eskubideen Aldarrikapen Unibertsala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amegbet%C9%94_%C6%92e_Abl%C9%94%C9%96evinyenye_%C5%8Bu_Kpe%C9%96o%C9%96odzinya" title="Amegbetɔ ƒe Ablɔɖevinyenye ŋu Kpeɖoɖodzinya – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Amegbetɔ ƒe Ablɔɖevinyenye ŋu Kpeɖoɖodzinya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST-yvirl%C3%BDsingin_um_mannar%C3%A6ttindi" title="ST-yvirlýsingin um mannarættindi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="ST-yvirlýsingin um mannarættindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_universelle_des_droits_de_l%27homme" title="Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universele_Ferklearring_fan_de_Rjochten_fan_de_Minske" title="Universele Ferklearring fan de Rjochten fan de Minske – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Universele Ferklearring fan de Rjochten fan de Minske" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarazion_univers%C3%A2l_dai_dirits_dal_om" title="Declarazion universâl dai dirits dal om – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Declarazion universâl dai dirits dal om" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearbh%C3%BA_Uilechoiteann_Chearta_an_Duine" title="Dearbhú Uilechoiteann Chearta an Duine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dearbhú Uilechoiteann Chearta an Duine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_haklar%C4%B1n_c%C3%BCml%C3%A4_deklara%C8%9Biyas%C4%B1" title="İnsan hakların cümlä deklarațiyası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İnsan hakların cümlä deklarațiyası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Universal_dos_Dereitos_Humanos" title="Declaración Universal dos Dereitos Humanos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Declaración Universal dos Dereitos Humanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%98%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE" title="માનવ અધિકારોની વિશ્વવ્યાપી ઘોષણા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માનવ અધિકારોની વિશ્વવ્યાપી ઘોષણા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C_%EC%84%A0%EC%96%B8" title="세계 인권 선언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 인권 선언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamayyar_Sanarwa_na_Yancin_Dan%27adam" title="Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Մարդու իրավունքների համընդհանուր հռչակագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու իրավունքների համընդհանուր հռչակագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="मानवाधिकारों की सार्वभौम घोषणा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानवाधिकारों की सार्वभौम घोषणा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%87a_deklaracija_o_ljudskim_pravima" title="Opća deklaracija o ljudskim pravima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opća deklaracija o ljudskim pravima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universala_deklaro_pri_homala_yuri" title="Universala deklaro pri homala yuri – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universala deklaro pri homala yuri" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailubongan_a_Panakaipakdaar_dagiti_Kalintegan_ti_Tao" title="Nailubongan a Panakaipakdaar dagiti Kalintegan ti Tao – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nailubongan a Panakaipakdaar dagiti Kalintegan ti Tao" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernyataan_Umum_tentang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_Universal_del_Derectos_Human" title="Declaration Universal del Derectos Human – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Declaration Universal del Derectos Human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_del_Jures_Homan" title="Universal Declaration del Jures Homan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Universal Declaration del Jures Homan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliktuuti%C5%8Ba_I%C3%B1uum_Pi%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7ani%C5%8Bam_Nunaqpa%C5%8Bmi" title="Kiliktuutiŋa Iñuum Piḷḷaniŋam Nunaqpaŋmi – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kiliktuutiŋa Iñuum Piḷḷaniŋam Nunaqpaŋmi" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannr%C3%A9ttindayfirl%C3%BDsing_Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0anna" title="Mannréttindayfirlýsing Sameinuðu þjóðanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mannréttindayfirlýsing Sameinuðu þjóðanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichiarazione_universale_dei_diritti_umani" title="Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dichiarazione universale dei diritti umani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="ההכרזה לכל באי עולם בדבר זכויות האדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההכרזה לכל באי עולם בדבר זכויות האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuttut_pisinnaatitaafiit_pillugit_silarsuarmioqatigiinut_nalunaarut" title="Inuttut pisinnaatitaafiit pillugit silarsuarmioqatigiinut nalunaarut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Inuttut pisinnaatitaafiit pillugit silarsuarmioqatigiinut nalunaarut" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Адамны хакъларыны тамал декларациясы – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адамны хакъларыны тамал декларациясы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ადამიანის უფლებათა საყოველთაო დეკლარაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებათა საყოველთაო დეკლარაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itangazo_Mpuzamahanga_ryerekeye_Uburenganzira_bwa_Muntu" title="Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimio_la_Kimataifa_juu_ya_Haki_za_Binadamu" title="Azimio la Kimataifa juu ya Haki za Binadamu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Azimio la Kimataifa juu ya Haki za Binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasyon_Iniv%C3%A8s%C3%A8l_Dwa_Moun" title="Deklarasyon Inivèsèl Dwa Moun – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Deklarasyon Inivèsèl Dwa Moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danezana_Gerd%C3%BBn%C3%AE_ya_Maf%C3%AAn_Mirovan" title="Danezana Gerdûnî ya Mafên Mirovan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Danezana Gerdûnî ya Mafên Mirovan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Адам укуктарынын жалпы декларациясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адам укуктарынын жалпы декларациясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasion_Universala_de_los_Diritos_Umanos" title="Deklarasion Universala de los Diritos Umanos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Deklarasion Universala de los Diritos Umanos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurum_humanorum_declaratio_universalis" title="Iurum humanorum declaratio universalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iurum humanorum declaratio universalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visp%C4%81r%C4%93j%C4%81_cilv%C4%93kties%C4%ABbu_deklar%C4%81cija" title="Vispārējā cilvēktiesību deklarācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispārējā cilvēktiesību deklarācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Deklaratioun_vun_de_M%C3%ABnscherechter" title="Universal Deklaratioun vun de Mënscherechter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Universal Deklaratioun vun de Mënscherechter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_%C5%BEmogaus_teisi%C5%B3_deklaracija" title="Visuotinė žmogaus teisių deklaracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visuotinė žmogaus teisių deklaracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universeel_Verklaoring_vaan_de_Rechte_vaan_de_Mins" title="Universeel Verklaoring vaan de Rechte vaan de Mins – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Universeel Verklaoring vaan de Rechte vaan de Mins" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisakoli_ya_molongo_ya_makoki_ya_moto" title="Lisakoli ya molongo ya makoki ya moto – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisakoli ya molongo ya makoki ya moto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara_Universal_de_Diretos_Umana" title="Declara Universal de Diretos Umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Declara Universal de Diretos Umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiwandiiko_Eky%27abantu_Bonna_Ekifa_ku_Ddembe_Ly%27obunto" title="Ekiwandiiko Eky'abantu Bonna Ekifa ku Ddembe Ly'obunto – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekiwandiiko Eky'abantu Bonna Ekifa ku Ddembe Ly'obunto" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_emberi_jogok_egyetemes_nyilatkozata" title="Az emberi jogok egyetemes nyilatkozata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az emberi jogok egyetemes nyilatkozata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AE" title="मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी विश्वव्यापी घोषणा पत्र १९४८ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी विश्वव्यापी घोषणा पत्र १९४८" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Универзална декларација за човековите права – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Универзална декларација за човековите права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanambar%C3%A0na_Iraisam-Pirenena_momba_ny_Zon%27_Olombelona" title="Fanambaràna Iraisam-Pirenena momba ny Zon' Olombelona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanambaràna Iraisam-Pirenena momba ny Zon' Olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര മനുഷ്യാവകാശ പ്രഖ്യാപനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര മനുഷ്യാവകാശ പ്രഖ്യാപനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मानवाधिकाराचे वैश्विक घोषणापत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवाधिकाराचे वैश्विक घोषणापत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფიშ არძაშოული დეკლარაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერიშ ნებეფიშ არძაშოული დეკლარაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الاعلان العالمى لحقوق الانسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاعلان العالمى لحقوق الانسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လိက်လလောင်တြး အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ် အလုံလိုက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လိက်လလောင်တြး အခေါင်အရာမၞိဟ် အလုံလိုက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisytiharan_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Sejagat" title="Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasi_Universal_Hak_Asasi_Manusia" title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_%C3%8Cng-gu%C3%B2ng_S%C5%8Fng-ngi%C3%B2ng" title="Sié-gái Ìng-guòng Sŏng-ngiòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sié-gái Ìng-guòng Sŏng-ngiòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara%C3%A7on_Ounibersal_de_ls_Dreitos_Houmanos" title="Declaraçon Ounibersal de ls Dreitos Houmanos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Declaraçon Ounibersal de ls Dreitos Houmanos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хүний Эрхийн Түгээмэл Тунхаглал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүний Эрхийн Түгээмэл Тунхаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လူ့အခွင့်အရေး ကြေညာစာတမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လူ့အခွင့်အရေး ကြေညာစာတမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universele_Verklaring_van_de_Rechten_van_de_Mens" title="Universele Verklaring van de Rechten van de Mens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universele Verklaring van de Rechten van de Mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AE" title="मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी विश्वव्यापी घोषणा पत्र १९४८ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी विश्वव्यापी घोषणा पत्र १९४८" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="मानवअधिकार सम्बन्धि राष्ट्रसंघया विश्वव्यापी घोषणा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मानवअधिकार सम्बन्धि राष्ट्रसंघया विश्वव्यापी घोषणा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人権宣言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界人権宣言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicerazzione_anneverzale_d%27%27e_deritte_%27e_ll%27ommo" title="Dicerazzione anneverzale d''e deritte 'e ll'ommo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Dicerazzione anneverzale d''e deritte 'e ll'ommo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Йукъара адамийн бакъонийн деклараци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йукъара адамийн бакъонийн деклараци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemian_Ufkemen_auer_a_Minskenrochten" title="Algemian Ufkemen auer a Minskenrochten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Algemian Ufkemen auer a Minskenrochten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettighetserkl%C3%A6ringen" title="Menneskerettighetserklæringen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskerettighetserklæringen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskerettsfr%C3%A5segna" title="Menneskerettsfråsegna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneskerettsfråsegna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaracion_Universala_dels_Dreches_Umans" title="Declaracion Universala dels Dreches Umans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Declaracion Universala dels Dreches Umans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%98%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE" title="ମାନବ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାନବ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omushangwa_Gwaayehe_Guuthemba_Womuntu" title="Omushangwa Gwaayehe Guuthemba Womuntu – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Omushangwa Gwaayehe Guuthemba Womuntu" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oshiwambo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson_huquqlari_umumiy_deklaratsiyasi" title="Inson huquqlari umumiy deklaratsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inson huquqlari umumiy deklaratsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਆਲਮੀ ਐਲਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਹੱਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਆਲਮੀ ਐਲਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسانی حقاں دا عالمی اعلان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسانی حقاں دا عالمی اعلان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="د بشري حقونو نړېواله اعلاميه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بشري حقونو نړېواله اعلاميه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diciarassion_Univ%C3%ABrsal_dij_Drit_%C3%ABd_l%27%C3%92m" title="Diciarassion Univërsal dij Drit ëd l'Òm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Diciarassion Univërsal dij Drit ëd l'Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toksave_long_ol_raits_bilong_ol_manmeri_long_olgeta_hap_bilong_dispela_giraun" title="Toksave long ol raits bilong ol manmeri long olgeta hap bilong dispela giraun – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Toksave long ol raits bilong ol manmeri long olgeta hap bilong dispela giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powszechna_deklaracja_praw_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Powszechna deklaracja praw człowieka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powszechna deklaracja praw człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Universal_dos_Direitos_Humanos" title="Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_aqlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1%C3%B1_umumiy_beyannamesi" title="İnsan aqlarınıñ umumiy beyannamesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnsan aqlarınıñ umumiy beyannamesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara%C8%9Bia_Universal%C4%83_a_Drepturilor_Omului" title="Declarația Universală a Drepturilor Omului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Declarația Universală a Drepturilor Omului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachantin_llaqtakunapi_runap_allin_kananpaq_hatun_kamachikuy" title="Pachantin llaqtakunapi runap allin kananpaq hatun kamachikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachantin llaqtakunapi runap allin kananpaq hatun kamachikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Універзална декларація людьскых прав – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Універзална декларація людьскых прав" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Всеобщая декларация прав человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всеобщая декларация прав человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Киһи быраабын биирдэһиллибит декларацията – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киһи быраабын биирдэһиллибит декларацията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decraratzione_Universale_de_sos_Deretos_de_s%27%C3%92mine" title="Decraratzione Universale de sos Deretos de s'Òmine – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Decraratzione Universale de sos Deretos de s'Òmine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_o_Human_Richts" title="Universal Declaration o Human Richts – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Universal Declaration o Human Richts" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boikanokakaret%C5%A1o_bja_Ditokelo_t%C5%A1a_Batho" title="Boikanokakaretšo bja Ditokelo tša Batho – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Boikanokakaretšo bja Ditokelo tša Batho" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarata_Universale_p%C3%ABr_t%C3%AB_Drejtat_e_Njeriut" title="Deklarata Universale për të Drejtat e Njeriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deklarata Universale për të Drejtat e Njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%BE%DA%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="انساني حقن جو عالمي پڌرنامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انساني حقن جو عالمي پڌرنامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simemetelo_Semhlaba_Wonkhe_Mayelana_Nemalungelo_Ebuntfu" title="Simemetelo Semhlaba Wonkhe Mayelana Nemalungelo Ebuntfu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Simemetelo Semhlaba Wonkhe Mayelana Nemalungelo Ebuntfu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1eobecn%C3%A1_deklar%C3%A1cia_%C4%BEudsk%C3%BDch_pr%C3%A1v" title="Všeobecná deklarácia ľudských práv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Všeobecná deklarácia ľudských práv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splo%C5%A1na_deklaracija_%C4%8Dlovekovih_pravic" title="Splošna deklaracija človekovih pravic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splošna deklaracija človekovih pravic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaqa_Caalamiga_ee_Xuquuqda_Aadanaha" title="Baaqa Caalamiga ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baaqa Caalamiga ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="بانگنامەی گەردوونیی مافەکانی مرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانگنامەی گەردوونیی مافەکانی مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Општа декларација о људским правима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Општа декларација о људским правима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalna_deklaracija_o_ljudskim_pravima" title="Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisoikeuksien_yleismaailmallinen_julistus" title="Ihmisoikeuksien yleismaailmallinen julistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmisoikeuksien yleismaailmallinen julistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN:s_deklaration_om_de_m%C3%A4nskliga_r%C3%A4ttigheterna" title="FN:s deklaration om de mänskliga rättigheterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FN:s deklaration om de mänskliga rättigheterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandaigdig_na_Pagpapahayag_ng_mga_Karapatan_ng_Tao" title="Pandaigdig na Pagpapahayag ng mga Karapatan ng Tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandaigdig na Pagpapahayag ng mga Karapatan ng Tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="உலக மனித உரிமைகள் சாற்றுரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலக மனித உரிமைகள் சாற்றுரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasguri_ta%C9%A3zurant_n_izrfan_n_ufgan" title="Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasguri taɣzurant n izrfan n ufgan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A3u_aseddayan_i_yizerfan_n_wemdan" title="Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Кеше хокукларының гомуми декларациясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кеше хокукларының гомуми декларациясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8" title="మానవ హక్కుల సార్వత్రిక ప్రకటన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవ హక్కుల సార్వత్రిక ప్రకటన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasaun_Univers%C3%A1l_Direitus_Umanus_Nian" title="Deklarasaun Universál Direitus Umanus Nian – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Deklarasaun Universál Direitus Umanus Nian" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ปฏิญญาสากลว่าด้วยสิทธิมนุษยชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิญญาสากลว่าด้วยสิทธิมนุษยชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_Haklar%C4%B1_Evrensel_Bildirisi" title="İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Загальна декларація прав людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загальна декларація прав людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انسانی حقوق کا آفاقی منشور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسانی حقوق کا آفاقی منشور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiqgyaiq_Yinzgenz_Senhyenz" title="Seiqgyaiq Yinzgenz Senhyenz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Seiqgyaiq Yinzgenz Senhyenz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarasion_Universa%C5%82e_dei_Deriti_de_l%27Omo" title="Declarasion Universałe dei Deriti de l'Omo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Declarasion Universałe dei Deriti de l'Omo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristitun_oiktusiden_%C3%BChthine_deklaracii" title="Ristitun oiktusiden ühthine deklaracii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristitun oiktusiden ühthine deklaracii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF_Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Tuyên ngôn Quốc tế Nhân quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyên ngôn Quốc tế Nhân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemise%C3%B5igus%C3%B5_kuulutus" title="Inemiseõigusõ kuulutus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemiseõigusõ kuulutus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclar%C3%A5cion_des_droets_des_djins_po_tos_les_payis_do_monde" title="Diclaråcion des droets des djins po tos les payis do monde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diclaråcion des droets des djins po tos les payis do monde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人權宣言 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="世界人權宣言" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkalibutan_Nga_Pag-Asoy_Bahin_Han_Kanan_Tawo_Mga_Katungod" title="Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人权宣言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界人权宣言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%98" title="אלוועלטלעכע דעקלאראציע פון מענטשרעכט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלוועלטלעכע דעקלאראציע פון מענטשרעכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ck%C3%A9de_Ak%C3%A1r%C3%ADay%C3%A9_f%C3%BAn_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B8%CC%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%81_%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Ìkéde Akáríayé fún àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Ọmọnìyàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìkéde Akáríayé fún àwọn Ẹ̀tọ́ Ọmọnìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人權宣言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世界人權宣言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyannamey_heqan%C3%AA_insanan%C3%AA_erd_u_asm%C3%AAni" title="Beyannamey heqanê insananê erd u asmêni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Beyannamey heqanê insananê erd u asmêni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97sout%C4%97n%C4%97_%C5%BEmuogaus_teisiu_deklarac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vėsoutėnė žmuogaus teisiu deklaracėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėsoutėnė žmuogaus teisiu deklaracėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人权宣言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界人权宣言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnyatoan_Umum_tontang_Hak-Hak_Asasi_Jolma" title="Parnyatoan Umum tontang Hak-Hak Asasi Jolma – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Parnyatoan Umum tontang Hak-Hak Asasi Jolma" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbeta_gb%C9%9B_%C9%94_bi_t%C9%94n_ee_%C9%96%C9%94_x%C3%B3_d%C3%B3_ac%C9%9B_e_gb%C9%9Bt%C9%94_%C9%96%C3%B3_kpodo_sisi_e_%C9%96o_na_%C9%96%C3%B3_n%27i_l%C9%9B_kpo_wu_e" title="Gbeta gbɛ ɔ bi tɔn ee ɖɔ xó dó acɛ e gbɛtɔ ɖó kpodo sisi e ɖo na ɖó n'i lɛ kpo wu e – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Gbeta gbɛ ɔ bi tɔn ee ɖɔ xó dó acɛ e gbɛtɔ ɖó kpodo sisi e ɖo na ɖó n'i lɛ kpo wu e" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7813#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Declaration adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5912" data-file-height="4640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> holding the English language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in November 1949</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg/220px-The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg/330px-The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg/440px-The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2698" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The human rights adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> of its 183rd meeting, held in Paris on 10 December 1948</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Draft Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Official website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">un.org/udhr</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist ----"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/75px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/113px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/150px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theoretical distinctions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights by beneficiary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_accused" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of the accused">Accused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditors%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors' rights">Creditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_rights_movement" title="Deaf rights movement">Deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture#Farmers'_rights" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">Farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_movement" title="Men's movement">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Robot_rights" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other groups of rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</b> (<b>UDHR</b>) is an international document adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> that enshrines the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">rights and freedoms of all human beings</a>. Drafted by a UN <a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">committee</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, it was accepted by the General Assembly as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_217" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217">Resolution 217</a> during <a href="/wiki/Third_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Third session of the United Nations General Assembly">its third session</a> on 10 December 1948 at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a> in Paris, France.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 58 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> at the time, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight <a href="/wiki/Abstentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstentions">abstained</a>, and two did not vote.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A foundational text in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">history of human and civil rights</a>, the Declaration consists of 30 articles detailing an individual's "basic <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and fundamental freedoms" and affirming their universal character as inherent, inalienable, and applicable to all human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", the UDHR commits nations to recognize all humans as being "born free and equal in dignity and rights" regardless of "nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Declaration is generally considered to be a milestone document for its universalist language, which makes no reference to a particular culture, political system, or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blogs.lse.ac.uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It directly inspired the development of <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights law</a>, and was the first step in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights" title="International Bill of Human Rights">International Bill of Human Rights</a>, which was completed in 1966 and came into force in 1976. Although <a href="/wiki/Non-binding_resolution" title="Non-binding resolution">not legally binding</a>, the contents of the UDHR have been elaborated and incorporated into subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a>, regional <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> instruments, and national <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a> and legal codes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All 193 member states of the United Nations have ratified at least one of the nine binding treaties influenced by the Declaration, with the vast majority ratifying four or more.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is a wide consensus that the declaration itself is non-binding and not part of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>, there is also a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a> in most countries that many of its provisions are part of <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although courts in some nations have been more restrictive on its legal effect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the UDHR has influenced legal, political, and social developments on both the global and national levels, with its significance partly evidenced by its 530 translations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_content">Structure and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was influenced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Code Napoléon</a></i>, including a <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> and introductory general principles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its final structure took form in the second draft prepared by French jurist <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a>, who worked on the initial draft prepared by Canadian legal scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Peters_Humphrey" title="John Peters Humphrey">John Peters Humphrey</a>. </p><p>The Declaration consists of the following: </p> <ul><li>The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration.</li> <li>Articles 1–2 establish the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality.</li> <li>Articles 3–5 establish other individual rights, such as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and the prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.</li> <li>Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated.</li> <li>Articles 12–17 set forth the rights of the individual towards the community, including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of residence">residence</a> within each state, the right of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, the right to a <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to asylum">right to asylum</a>.</li> <li>Articles 18–21 sanction the so-called "constitutional liberties" and spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>, opinion, expression, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>, word, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">peaceful association</a> of the individual, and receiving and imparting information and ideas through any media.</li> <li>Articles 22–27 sanction an individual's economic, social and cultural rights, including <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_(1948)" title="Right to health">healthcare</a>. It upholds an expansive <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a>, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood.</li> <li>Articles 28–30 establish the general means of exercising these rights, the areas in which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual to society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organization.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cassin compared the Declaration to the <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles 1 and 2—with their principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood—served as the foundation blocks. The seven paragraphs of the preamble, setting out the reasons for the Declaration, represent the steps leading up to the temple. The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3–11) constitutes rights of the individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. The second column (articles 12–17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society. The third column (articles 18–21) is concerned with spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as freedom of religion and freedom of association. The fourth column (articles 22–27) sets out social, economic, and cultural rights. Finally, the last three articles provide the pediment which binds the structure together, as they emphasize the mutual duties of every individual to one another and to society.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/100px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR%27s_1941_State_of_the_Union_(Four_Freedoms_speech)_Edit_1.ogg" title="File:FDR's 1941 State of the Union (Four Freedoms speech) Edit 1.ogg">State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2175" data-mwtitle="FDR's_1941_State_of_the_Union_(Four_Freedoms_speech)_Edit_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/FDR%27s_1941_State_of_the_Union_%28Four_Freedoms_speech%29_Edit_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/FDR%27s_1941_State_of_the_Union_%28Four_Freedoms_speech%29_Edit_1.ogg/FDR%27s_1941_State_of_the_Union_%28Four_Freedoms_speech%29_Edit_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s 6 January 1941 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a> introducing the theme of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> (starting at 32:02)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg/190px-%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg/285px-%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg/380px-%22Freedom_from_Fear%22_-_NARA_-_513538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear_(painting)" title="Freedom from Fear (painting)">Freedom from Fear</a></i> (Saturday, March 13, 1943)–from the <i>Four Freedoms</i> series by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a>. The freedom from fear is mentioned in the preamble of the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>—known <a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">formally as the United Nations</a>—adopted as their basic war aims the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_fear" title="Freedom from fear">freedom from fear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_want" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom from want">freedom from want</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speech_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodnar,_John_2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodnar,_John_2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> was debated, drafted, and ratified to reaffirm "faith in <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">fundamental human rights</a>, and dignity and worth of the human person" and commit all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the atrocities committed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> became fully apparent after the war, the consensus within the world community was that the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was deemed necessary to create a universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals so as to give effect to the Charter's provisions on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_drafting_committee">The drafting committee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The drafting committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1946, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Economic_and_Social_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC)—a <a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs of the United Nations">principal organ</a> of the newly founded United Nations that is responsible for promoting human rights, created the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">Commission on Human Rights</a> (CHR)—a standing body within the United Nations that was tasked with preparing what was initially conceived as an <a href="/wiki/International_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bill of Rights">International Bill of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morsink1999p4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morsink1999p4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had 18 members from various national, religious, and political backgrounds, so as to be representative of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1947, the Commission established a special <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Drafting_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee">Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> of the United States, to write the articles of the Declaration. Roosevelt, in her position, was key to the U.S. effort to encourage the General Assembly's adoption of a Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Canadian <a href="/wiki/John_Peters_Humphrey" title="John Peters Humphrey">John Peters Humphrey</a>, the newly appointed Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat, was called upon by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> to work on the project, becoming the Declaration's principal drafter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent members of the Drafting Committee included Vice-Chairman <a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P.C. Chang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a> of France; and its Committee Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Charles_Malik" title="Charles Malik">Charles Malik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoC_rep_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoC_rep-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month after its creation, the Drafting Committee was expanded to include representatives of Australia, Chile, France, the Soviet Union, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in addition to the inaugural members from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_drafting">Creation and drafting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation and drafting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></div> <p>Humphrey is credited with devising the "blueprint" for the Declaration, while Cassin composed the first draft.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both received considerable input from other members, each of whom reflected different professional and ideological backgrounds. The Declaration's pro-family phrases allegedly derived from Cassin and Malik, who were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic">Christian Democracy movement</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malik, a Christian theologian, was known for appealing across religious lines, and cited the <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a>, and studied the different Christian sects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chang urged removing all references to religion to make the document more universal, and used aspects of Confucianism to settle stalemates in negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Santa_Cruz" title="Hernán Santa Cruz">Hernán Santa Cruz</a> of Chile, an educator and judge, strongly supported the inclusion of socioeconomic rights, which had been opposed by some Western nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members agreed that the philosophical debate centered between the opposing opinions of Chang and Malik, with Malik later singling out Chang when thanking the members, saying that there were too many to mention, but Chang's ideas impacted his own opinions in the making of the draft.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In her memoirs, Roosevelt commented on the debates and discussions that informed the UDHR, describing one such exchange during the Drafting Committee's first session in June 1947:</p><blockquote><p>Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality. The Declaration, he said, should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach. His remark, though addressed to Dr. Humphrey, was really directed at Dr. Malik, from whom it drew a prompt retort as he expounded at some length the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. Dr. Humphrey joined enthusiastically in the discussion, and I remember that at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism!<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In May 1948, roughly a year after its creation, the Drafting Committee held its second and final session, where it considered the comments and suggestions of member states and international bodies, principally the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information, which took place the prior March and April; the Commission on the Status of Women, a body within ECOSOC that reported on the state of women's rights worldwide; and the Ninth International Conference of American States, held in Bogota, Colombia from March to May 1948, which adopted the South American-based <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a>, the world's first general <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instrument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegates and consultants from several United Nations bodies, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations also attended and submitted suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also hoped that an International Bill of Human Rights with legal force could be drafted and submitted for adoption alongside the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_final_draft">The final draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The final draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the session's conclusion on 21 May 1948, the Committee submitted to the Commission on Human Rights a redrafted text of the "International Declaration of Human Rights" and the "International Covenant of Human Rights," which together would form an International Bill of Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The redrafted Declaration was further examined and discussed by the Commission on Human Rights in its third session in Geneva 21 May through 18 June 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called "Geneva text" was circulated among member states and subject to several proposed amendments; for example, <a href="/wiki/Hansa_Jivraj_Mehta" title="Hansa Jivraj Mehta">Hansa Mehta</a> of India notably suggested that the Declaration assert that "all human beings are created equal," instead of "all men are created equal," to better reflect gender equality.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore_Te_Water" title="Charles Theodore Te Water">Charles Theodore Te Water</a> of South Africa fought very hard to have the word dignity removed from the declaration, saying that "dignity had no universal standard and that it was not a 'right'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Te Water believed—correctly, as it turned out—that listing human dignity as a human right would lead to criticism of the <i>apartheid</i> system that had just been introduced by the new National Party government of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malik in response stated that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> of South Africa had played an important role in drafting the United Nations Charter in 1945, and it was Smuts who inserted the word dignity as a human right into the charter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite te Water's efforts, the word dignity was included in the declaration as a human right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolkebeer2004163-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approval">Approval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a vote of 12 in favour, none opposed, and four abstaining, the CHR approved the proposed Declaration, though was unable to examine the contents and implementation of the proposed Covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission forwarded the approved text of the Declaration, as well as the Covenant, to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> for its review and approval during its seventh session in July and August 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Voinea_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voinea-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council adopted Resolution 151(VII) of 26 August 1948, transmitting the draft International Declaration of Human Rights to the UN General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Voinea_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voinea-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Third Committee of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>, which convened from 30 September to 7 December 1948 during the <a href="/wiki/Third_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Third session of the United Nations General Assembly">third session of the United Nations General Assembly</a>, held 81 meetings concerning the draft Declaration, including debating and resolving 168 proposals for amendments by United Nations member states.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its 178th meeting on 6 December, the Third Committee adopted the Declaration with 29 votes in favour, none opposed and seven abstentions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was subsequently submitted to the wider General Assembly for its consideration on 9 and 10 December 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Universal Declaration was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_217" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217">UN Resolution A/RES/217(III)[A]</a> on 10 December 1948 in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Chaillot" title="Palais de Chaillot">Palais de Chaillot</a>, Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 58 United Nations members at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 48 voted in favour, none against, eight <a href="/wiki/Abstentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstentions">abstained</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ccnmtl-10_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccnmtl-10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unac-qaa_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unac-qaa-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> failed to vote or abstain.<sup id="cite_ref-tagesspiegel-menschenrechte_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagesspiegel-menschenrechte-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleanor Roosevelt is credited with having been instrumental in mustering support for the Declaration's adoption, both in her native U.S. and across the world, owing to her ability to appeal to different and often opposing political blocs.<sup id="cite_ref-unfoundation.org_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfoundation.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate on the Declaration's adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s position can be seen as an attempt to protect <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">its system of apartheid</a>, which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-ccnmtl-10_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccnmtl-10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Article 18</a>, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief", and Article 16, on equal marriage rights.<sup id="cite_ref-ccnmtl-10_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccnmtl-10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abstentions by the six communist nations were explained by their claim that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and national-socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-danchin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danchin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> felt that the reason for the abstentions was Article 13, which provided the <a href="/wiki/Expatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriation">right of citizens to leave their countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other observers pin the Soviet bloc's opposition to the Declaration's "<a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">negative rights</a>", such as provisions calling on governments not to violate certain civil and political rights.<sup id="cite_ref-unfoundation.org_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfoundation.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British</a> delegation, while voting in favour of the Declaration, expressed frustration that the proposed document had moral obligations but lacked legal force;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it would not be until 1976 that the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg/220px-Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg/330px-Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg/440px-Universal_declaration_of_human_rights_voters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Voting in the plenary session:<br /> Green countries: voted in favour;<br /> Orange countries: abstained;<br /> Black countries: failed to abstain or vote;<br /> Grey countries: were not a part of the UN at time of voting</figcaption></figure> <p>The 48 countries that voted in favour of the Declaration are:<sup id="cite_ref-unyearbook1948_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unyearbook1948-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina#Peronist_years_(1946–55)" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)#The_sexenio_(1946–52)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Second_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Second Republic">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Post-independence_Burma,_1948%E2%80%931962" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962">Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Chile</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia#The_Republic:_Liberal_and_Conservative_Conflict" title="History of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica#Democracy" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Cuba"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic#The_era_of_Trujillo_1931–1961" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922-1958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="672" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador_(1931%E2%80%9379)#Repression_and_reform_under_military_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of El Salvador (1931–79)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Ethiopia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala#The_"Ten_Years_of_Spring"" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Haiti"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Haiti</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Iraq"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia#Americo-Liberian_rule_(1847–1980)" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua#Somoza_Dynasty_(1936–1979)" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay#Morínigo,_1940–48" title="History of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%9365)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1946–65)">Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Thailand">Siam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Syria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syria</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Venezuela"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela" title="United States of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></li></ul></div> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;">a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey, the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration's draft, but later voted in favour of the final draft in the General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></dd></dl> <p>Eight countries abstained:<sup id="cite_ref-unyearbook1948_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unyearbook1948-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Czechoslovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></div> <p>Two countries did not vote: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Kingdom of Yemen"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Kingdom of Yemen</a></span></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Current UN member states</a>, particularly in Africa gained sovereignty later, or in Europe and the Pacific were under administration due to the recently concluded <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, joining the organization later, which accounts for the comparatively smaller number of states who participated in the historic vote.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Human_Rights_Day">International Human Rights Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International Human Rights Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_(31513370855).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg/220px-Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg/330px-Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg/440px-Commemorating_Human_Rights_Day_2016_%2831513370855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Former Foreign Office minister <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Anelay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Anelay">Baroness Anelay</a> speaking at the Commemorating Human Rights Day event in London, 8 December 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>10 December, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration, is celebrated annually as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">World Human Rights Day</a> or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decadal</a> commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and of human rights in general. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us".<sup id="cite_ref-udhr60_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udhr60-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the 70th anniversary in 2018 was marked by the global <i>#StandUpForHumanRights</i> campaign, which targeted youth.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance">Significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Declaration's adoption by the General Assembly in 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt said:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In giving our approval to the declaration today, it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. It is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. It is not and does not purport to be a statement of law or of legal obligation. It is a declaration of basic principles of human rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the General Assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.</p></blockquote> <p>The UDHR is considered groundbreaking for providing a comprehensive and universal set of principles in a secular, apolitical document that explicitly transcends cultures, religions, legal systems, and political ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs.lse.ac.uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blogs.lse.ac.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its claim to universality has been described as "boundlessly idealistic" and the "most ambitious feature".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Declaration was officially adopted as a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> document,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with official translations in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official working languages of the UN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its inherently universalist nature, the United Nations has made a concerted effort to translate the document into as many languages as possible, in collaboration with private and public entities and individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i> described the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document", with 298 translations; the record was once again certified a decade later when the text reached 370 different languages and dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UDHR achieved a milestone of over 500 translations in 2016, and as of 2024, has been translated into 562 languages,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining the most translated document.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures that secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> supported the adoption of the text as a declaration, rather than as a treaty, because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> had within the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been incorporated into or influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, subnational, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights. These kinds of measures focus on some principles that regard every culture/community especially when martial status take place or inheritance. In other words, every culture has its own norms and every individual is allowed to practice them unless he/she use them as a source of power. </p><p>The Declaration's all-encompassing provisions serve as a "yardstick" and point of reference by which countries' commitments to human rights are judged, such as through the treaty bodies and other mechanisms of various human rights treaties that monitor implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-unfoundation.org_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfoundation.org-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_effect">Legal effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In international law, a declaration is distinct from a treaty in that it generally states aspirations or understandings among the parties, rather than binding obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Declaration was explicitly adopted to reflect and elaborate on the customary international law reflected in the "<a href="/wiki/Fundamental_freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental freedoms">fundamental freedoms</a>" and "human rights" referenced in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations and, by extension, all 193 parties of the United Nations Charter. </p><p>Nevertheless, the status of the Declaration as a legally enforceable document varies widely around the world: some countries have incorporated it into their domestic laws, while other countries consider it merely a statement of ideals, with no binding provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate its articles.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramcharan1979_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramcharan1979-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sohn1977_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn1977-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDougal1969_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougal1969-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAmato1987_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAmato1987-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prominent international jurist described the UDHR as being "universally regarded as expounding generally accepted norms".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other legal scholars have further argued that the Declaration constitutes <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a></i>, fundamental principles of international law from which no state may deviate or <a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">derogate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding United Nations human rights covenants: the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>. The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in other binding international treaties such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a>, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognized human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_law">National law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2022 study, the UDHR "significantly accelerated the adoption of a particular set of [national] constitutional rights".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar estimates that at least 90 national constitutions drafted since the Declaration's adoption in 1948 "contain statements of fundamental rights which, where they do not faithfully reproduce the provisions of the Universal Declaration, are at least inspired by it".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 20 African nations that attained independence <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">in the decades</a> immediately following 1948 explicitly referenced the UDHR in their constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the constitutions that still directly cite the Declaration are those of Afghanistan, Benin, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Mali, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Somalia, Spain, Togo, and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> and Príncipe, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> compel their courts to "interpret" constitutional norms consistently with the Universal Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judicial and political figures in many nations have directly invoked the UDHR as an influence or inspiration on their courts, constitutions, or legal codes. Indian courts have ruled the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a> "[embodies] most of the articles contained in the Declaration".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nations as diverse as Antigua, Chad, Chile, Kazakhstan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Zimbabwe have derived constitutional and legal provisions from the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, specific provisions of the UDHR are incorporated or otherwise reflected in national law. The right to health or to protection of health is found in the constitutions of Belgium, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and Togo; constitutional obligations on the government to provide health services exist in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Thailand, and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey of U.S. cases through 1988 found five references to the Declaration by the United States Supreme Court; sixteen references by <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">federal courts of appeal</a>; twenty-four references by <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">federal district courts</a>; one reference by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">bankruptcy court</a>; and several references by five state courts.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, research conducted in 1994 identified 94 references to the Declaration by federal and state courts across the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></i> that the Declaration "does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law", and that the political branches of the U.S. federal government can "scrutinize" the nation's obligations to international instruments and their enforceability.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, U.S. courts and legislatures may still use the Declaration to inform or interpret laws concerned with human rights,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position shared by the courts of Belgium, the Netherlands, India, and Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Praise_and_support">Praise and support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Praise and support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable activists, jurists, and political leaders. <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> philosopher and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Charles_Malik" title="Charles Malik">Charles Malik</a> called it "an international document of the first order of importance",<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>—first chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Human Rights">Commission on Human Rights</a> (CHR) that helped draft the Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> of all men everywhere".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1993 United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a>, one of the largest international gatherings on human rights,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diplomats and officials representing 100 nations reaffirmed their governments' "commitment to the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and emphasized that the Declaration as "the source of inspiration and has been the basis for the United Nations in making advances in standard setting as contained in the existing international human rights instruments".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time", despite the Vatican never adopting it.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Spatafora" title="Marcello Spatafora">Marcello Spatafora</a> said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a pillar of international human rights, the UDHR enjoys widespread support among international and nongovernmental organizations. The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a> (FIDH), one of the oldest human rights organizations, has as its core mandate the promotion of the respect for all rights set out in the Declaration, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the third oldest international human rights organization,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has regularly observed Human Rights Day and organized worldwide events to bring awareness and support of the UDHR.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> have developed curriculum or programmes to educate young people on the UDHR.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific provisions of the UDHR are cited or elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">interest groups</a> in relation to their specific area of focus. In 1997, the council of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) endorsed Articles 18 through 20 concerning freedoms of thought, opinion, and expression,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were codified in the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the <a href="/wiki/Library_Bill_of_Rights" title="Library Bill of Rights">Library Bill of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Declaration formed the basis of the ALA's claim that <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of privacy">invasion of privacy</a>, and interference of opinions are human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union_and_Marxism–Leninism"><span id="Soviet_Union_and_Marxism.E2.80.93Leninism"></span>Soviet Union and Marxism–Leninism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Soviet Union and Marxism–Leninism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> criticized not prioritizing <a href="/wiki/Social_rights_(social_contract_theory)" title="Social rights (social contract theory)">social rights</a> over <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">positive rights</a> over <a href="/wiki/Negative_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative rights">negative rights</a> enough according to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p172_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p172-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Islam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Islam.svg/220px-Map_of_Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Islam.svg/330px-Map_of_Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Islam.svg/440px-Map_of_Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Distribution map of <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> that were then members of the United Nations signed the Declaration in 1948, including the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic" title="First Syrian Republic">First Syrian Republic</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, which had an <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">overwhelmingly Muslim population</a> but an <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">officially secular government</a>, also voted in favour.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was the sole abstainer on the Declaration among Muslim-majority countries, claiming that it violated the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> (<i>sharīʿa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Daedalus_2020_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daedalus_2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, officially an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>, signed the declaration and critiqued the Saudi position,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strongly arguing in favour of including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> as a fundamental human right of the UDHR.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashemi_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Moreover, some Muslim diplomats would later help draft other United Nations human rights treaties. For example, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>'s representative to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Bedia_Afnan" title="Bedia Afnan">Bedia Afnan</a>'s insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICESCR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICESCR">ICESCR</a>, which, together with the UDHR, form the International Bill of Rights. Pakistani diplomat <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Suhrawardy_Ikramullah" title="Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah">Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah</a> influenced the drafting of the Declaration, especially with respect to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, and played a role in the preparation of the 1951 Genocide Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashemi_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> diplomat to the United Nations, who represented the country's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">newly installed Islamic republic</a>, stated that the Declaration was "a <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> tradition" that could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with <i>sharīʿa</i> law.<sup id="cite_ref-Littman1999_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littman1999-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 2000, member states of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, which represents most of the Muslim world,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> officially resolved to support the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Daedalus_2020_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daedalus_2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OIC_Resolution_on_CDHRI_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIC_Resolution_on_CDHRI-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". The Cairo Declaration is widely acknowledged to be a response to the UDHR, and uses similar universalist language, albeit derived solely from <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> (<i>fiqh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the promulgation of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, T. Jeremy Gunn, Professor of Law and Political Science at the <a href="/wiki/International_University_of_Rabat" title="International University of Rabat">International University of Rabat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, has stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the twenty-two-member <a href="/wiki/League_of_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Arab States">League of Arab States</a> (Arab League)—each of whose members also belongs to the OIC and is majority-Muslim—created its own human rights instruments and institutions (based in Cairo) that set it apart from the international human rights regime. While the term "Arab" denotes an ethnicity and "Muslim" references a religion, all majority-Arab countries are also majority-Muslim countries, though the opposite does not hold. Indeed, the preponderance of Muslim-majority countries is not Arab. It has long been recognized that the Muslim-majority Arab world ranks particularly poorly with respect to human rights. According to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Human_Development_Report" title="Arab Human Development Report">2009 Arab Human Development Report</a>, written by Arab experts for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> Regional Bureau for Arab States, "Arab states seem content to ratify certain international human rights treaties, but do not go so far as to recognize the role of international mechanisms in making human rights effective." [...] The resistance to implementation of international human rights standards in parts of the Muslim and Arab worlds is perhaps most salient with the panoply of rights related to religion. In terms of the UDHR, the core of the resistance is centered on issues of the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion (Article 18), prohibition of discrimination on the basis of religion (Article 2), and the prohibition of discrimination against women (preamble, Article 2, Article 16). The same resistance to universal standards, already present in the UDHR, continued in subsequent elaborations of human rights, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR), the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, and the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Intolerance_and_of_Discrimination_Based_on_Religion_or_Belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief">Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daedalus_2020_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daedalus_2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Daedalus_2020_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daedalus_2020-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Abdulaziz Sachedina</a> observes that Muslims broadly agree with the Declaration's universalist premise, which is shared by Islam, but differ on specific contents, which many find "insensitive to particular Muslim cultural values, especially when it comes to speaking about individual rights in the context of collective and family values in Muslim society".<sup id="cite_ref-Sachedina_2007_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachedina_2007-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> However, he notes that most <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a>, while opposing the inherently secular framework of the document, do respect and acknowledge some of its "foundations".<sup id="cite_ref-Sachedina_2007_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachedina_2007-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> Sachedina further argues that many Christians similarly criticized the Declaration for allegedly reflecting a secular and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> bias in opposition to certain religious values.<sup id="cite_ref-Sachedina_2007_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachedina_2007-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p><p>Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious scholars</a> Galym Zhussipbek and Zhanar Nagayeva have argued that the rejection or failed implementation of human rights in Muslim-majority countries and their seeming incompatibility with <i>sharīʿa</i> law originates from the current "epistemological crisis of conservative Islamic scholarship and Muslim mind", rooted in the centuries-old confinement of a role for <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> within strict limits, and in the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">discursive Islamic theology</a> (<i>kalām</i>) as a dynamic science from the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Theol._118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Theol.-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they affirm the necessity of undertaking an epistemological reform in Islamic scholarship, which denotes the incorporation of international standards of human rights and justice into the epistemology and methodology of Islamic jurisprudence (<i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">usul al-fiqh</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Theol._118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Theol.-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Riffat_Hassan" title="Riffat Hassan">Riffat Hassan</a>, a Pakistani-born American <a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic feminist">Islamic feminist</a> scholar and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Muslim theologian</a>, has argued:</p><blockquote><p>What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions on which it is based is—at the very least—problematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Kutty" title="Faisal Kutty">Faisal Kutty</a>, a Muslim Canadian human rights activist, opines that a "strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home [...]. It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irene Oh, director of the peace studies programme at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, has argued that Muslim reservations towards some provisions of the UDHR, and the broader debate about the document's secular and Western bias, could be resolved through mutual dialogue grounded in <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">comparative descriptive ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Right_to_Refuse_to_Kill""><span id=".22The_Right_to_Refuse_to_Kill.22"></span>"The Right to Refuse to Kill"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "The Right to Refuse to Kill""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="War Resisters International">War Resisters International</a><sup id="cite_ref-War_Resisters_International_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_Resisters_International-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration, as has <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a>, a former Assistant <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War Resisters International has stated that the right to <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a> to military service is primarily derived from Article 18 of the UDHR, which preserves the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-War_Resisters_International_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War_Resisters_International-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Conscientious objector">steps have been taken within the UN</a> to make the right more explicit, with the Human Rights Council repeatedly affirming that Article 18 enshrines "the right of everyone to have conscientious objection to military service as a legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Anthropological_Association">American Anthropological Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: American Anthropological Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> criticized the UDHR during its drafting process, warning that its definition of universal rights reflected a <a href="/wiki/Western_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Culture">Western</a> paradigm that was unfair to non-Western nations. They further argued that the West's history of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world. They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>: </p> <ol><li>The individual realizes his personality through his culture, hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences.</li> <li>Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered.</li> <li>Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangkok_Declaration">Bangkok Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bangkok Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a> that was held in 1993, ministers from several Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, which reaffirms their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their belief that human rights are interdependent and indivisible, and stressed the need for universality, <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a>, and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis upon economic, social, and cultural rights, and in particular, the right to economic development by establishing international collaboration directives between the signatories. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of <a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a> with respect to human rights, which offers an extended critique of human rights <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">universalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/48px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/64px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-binding_agreements">Non-binding agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-binding agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_human_rights_law">International human rights law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International human rights law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">Slavery in international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Great_Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on Great Apes">Declaration on Great Apes</a>, an as-yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farewell_Sermon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Farewell Sermon">The Farewell Sermon</a> (632 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Included <a href="/wiki/John_Peters_Humphrey" title="John Peters Humphrey">John Peters Humphrey</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a> (Republic of China), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Malik" title="Charles Malik">Charles Malik</a> (Lebanon), <a href="/wiki/Hansa_Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa Mehta">Hansa Mehta</a> (India) and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (United States); see <a href="#Creation_and_drafting">Creation and drafting</a> section above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations headquarters in New York <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">would not be complete until 1952</a>, after which it became the permanent seat of the General Assembly.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813084117/https://www.un.org/en/sections/universal-declaration/human-rights-law/index.html">"Human Rights Law"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/universal-declaration/human-rights-law/index.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bill+of+Rights+Institute&rft.atitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+and+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flive-bri-dos.pantheonsite.io%2Fessays%2Feleanor-roosevelt-and-the-united-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorsink1999">Morsink 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC&pg=PA5">5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorsink1999">Morsink 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC&pg=PA133">133</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoC_rep-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoC_rep_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Declaration was drafted during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. 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Chang was appointed as a representative by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, then the recognised government of China, but which was driven from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and now administers only <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and nearby islands (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/chinese-nationalists-move-capital-to-taiwan">history.com</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoinea" class="citation web cs1">Voinea, Nicoleta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.un.org/en/undhr/draftingcommittee">"Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>research.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=About+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+Translation+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Funiversal-declaration-human-rights%2Fabout-universal-declaration-human-rights-translation-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/WorldRecord.aspx">"World Record"</a>. <i>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=World+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FWorldRecord.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-translated-document">"Most translated document"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Most+translated+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Fmost-translated-document&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027161632/https://treaties.un.org/https:/treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml#declarationsPages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml">"Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions"</a>. <i>treaties.un.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#declarationsPages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#declarationshttps://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#declarations">the original</a> on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treaties.un.org&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+terms+relating+to+Treaty+actions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FOverview.aspx%3Fpath%3Doverview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml%23declarationsPages%2FOverview.aspx%3Fpath%3Doverview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml%23declarationshttps%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FOverview.aspx%3Fpath%3Doverview%2Fglossary%2Fpage1_en.xml%23declarations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurst_Hannum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurst Hannum (page does not exist)">Hurst Hannum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_Hannum" class="extiw" title="eu:Hurst Hannum">eu</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol25/iss1/">"The Status Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights In National And International Law"</a>, <i>Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law</i>, Volume 25, Number 1 (1996), pp. 287–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="citation web cs1">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NEWSEVENTS/Pages/DigitalrecordoftheUDHR.aspx">"Digital record of the UDHR"</a>. United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+record+of+the+UDHR&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.au=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNEWSEVENTS%2FPages%2FDigitalrecordoftheUDHR.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramcharan1979-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramcharan1979_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Peters1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Peters_Humphrey" title="John Peters Humphrey">John Peters, Humphrey</a> (23 May 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=favRCKyN-_IC&pg=PA21">"The universal declaration of human rights, Its history, impact andjuridical character"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Ramcharan" title="Bertrand Ramcharan">Bertrand G., Ramcharan</a> (ed.). <i>Human Rights: Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration: Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i>. The Hage: Nijhoff. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024721458" title="Special:BookSources/9024721458"><bdi>9024721458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+universal+declaration+of+human+rights%2C+Its+history%2C+impact+andjuridical+character&rft.btitle=Human+Rights%3A+Thirty+Years+After+the+Universal+Declaration%3A+Commemorative+Volume+on+the+Occasion+of+the+Thirtieth+Anniversary+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.place=The+Hage&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1979-05-23&rft.isbn=9024721458&rft.aulast=John+Peters&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfavRCKyN-_IC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohn1977-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sohn1977_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Sohn" title="Louis B. Sohn">Sohn, Louis B.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tilj12&div=18&id=&page=">"The human rights law of the charter"</a>. <i>Texas International Law Journal</i>. <b>12</b>: 133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-7479">0163-7479</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+human+rights+law+of+the+charter&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0163-7479&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Louis+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Ftilj12%26div%3D18%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDougal1969-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDougal1969_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyres_S.LasswellChen1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Myres_S._McDougal" title="Myres S. McDougal">Myres S., McDougal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harold_Dwight_Lasswell" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Dwight Lasswell">Lasswell, Harold D.</a>; Chen, Lung-chu (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2575">"Human Rights and World Public Order: A Framework for Policy-Oriented Inquiry"</a>. <i>Faculty Scholarship Series</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>: 273–274, 325–327<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Faculty+Scholarship+Series&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+World+Public+Order%3A+A+Framework+for+Policy-Oriented+Inquiry&rft.pages=273-274%2C+325-327&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Myres+S.&rft.aufirst=McDougal&rft.au=Lasswell%2C+Harold+D.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lung-chu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Ffss_papers%2F2575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katharine G. Young (2009), "Freedom, Want and Economic and Social Rights: Frame and Law", <i>Maryland Journal of International Law</i> 24(182) (Symposium on 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAmato1987-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAmato1987_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato1987" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Anthony A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CuPAAAAMAAJ"><i>International law: process and prospect</i></a>. Transnational Publishers. pp. 123–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941320351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941320351"><bdi>978-0941320351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law%3A+process+and+prospect&rft.pages=123-147&rft.pub=Transnational+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0941320351&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CuPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Lallah, 2 Judicial Colloquium in Bangalore, Developing Human Rights Jurisprudence, The Domestic Application of International Human Rights Norms 33 (London, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice M. Haleem, "The Domestic Application of International Human Rights Norms", <i>Developing Human Rights Jurisprudence</i>, supra note 158, at 97; Myres S. Mcdougal, Harold Lasswell & Lung-Chu Chen, "Human Rights and World Public Order" 274 (New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/courier/october-1978/human-rights-and-international-community-twenty-questions">"Human rights and the international community: twenty questions"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. 14 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Human+rights+and+the+international+community%3A+twenty+questions&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcourier%2Foctober-1978%2Fhuman-rights-and-international-community-twenty-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/what-universal-declaration-human-rights">"What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?"</a>. 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(English index page; hyperlink to Swedish site.) From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/peace.html">Nobel Lectures in Peace</a> 1971–1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/RuleOfLaw/Pages/ConscientiousObjection.aspx">"Conscientious objection to military service"</a>. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Documents&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap.ohchr.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdpage_e.aspx%3Fsi%3DA%2FHRC%2FRES%2F24%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322142127/http://franke.uchicago.edu/aaa1947.pdf">"Statement on Human Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://franke.uchicago.edu/aaa1947.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Human+Rights&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffranke.uchicago.edu%2Faaa1947.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041124184022/http://law.hku.hk/lawgovtsociety/Bangkok%20Declaration.htm">"Final Declaration of the Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights"</a>. Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.hku.hk/lawgovtsociety/Bangkok%20Declaration.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Declaration+of+the+Regional+Meeting+For+Asia+Of+The+World+Conference+On+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.hku.hk%2Flawgovtsociety%2FBangkok%2520Declaration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown, Gordon</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/467/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-the-21st-century"><i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783742189" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783742189"><bdi>978-1783742189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+in+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Living+Document+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1783742189&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F467%2Fthe-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlendon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Glendon" title="Mary Ann Glendon">Glendon, Mary Ann</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-vaZkbca2sC"><i>A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375760464" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375760464"><bdi>978-0375760464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+world+made+new%3A+Eleanor+Roosevelt+and+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0375760464&rft.aulast=Glendon&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-vaZkbca2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2002" class="citation book cs1">Hashmi, Sohail H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmXFpnp_bMC"><i>Islamic political ethics: civil society, pluralism, and conflict</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691113104" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691113104"><bdi>978-0691113104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+political+ethics%3A+civil+society%2C+pluralism%2C+and+conflict&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0691113104&rft.aulast=Hashmi&rft.aufirst=Sohail+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5LmXFpnp_bMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolkebeer2004" class="citation book cs1">Holkebeer, Mieke (2004). "Out of the Crooked Timber of Humanity: Humanising Rights in South Africa". In <a href="/wiki/Erik_Doxtader" title="Erik Doxtader">Erik Doxtader</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villa-Vicencio" title="Charles Villa-Vicencio">Charles Villa-Vicencio</a> (eds.). <i>To Repair the Irreparable Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa</i>. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. pp. 149–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0864866189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0864866189"><bdi>978-0864866189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Crooked+Timber+of+Humanity%3A+Humanising+Rights+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=To+Repair+the+Irreparable+Reparation+and+Reconstruction+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=149-165&rft.pub=David+Philip+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0864866189&rft.aulast=Holkebeer&rft.aufirst=Mieke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorsink1999" class="citation book cs1">Morsink, Johannes (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8OapwltI3YC"><i>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812217476" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812217476"><bdi>978-0812217476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights%3A+origins%2C+drafting%2C+and+intent&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0812217476&rft.aulast=Morsink&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8OapwltI3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1999" class="citation book cs1">Price, Daniel E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YgF58rl4tCkC"><i>Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275961879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275961879"><bdi>978-0275961879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+political+culture%2C+democracy%2C+and+human+rights%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0275961879&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgF58rl4tCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1981" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalbil00will"><i>The International bill of human rights</i></a></span>. United Nations General Assembly. Entwhistle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0934558075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0934558075"><bdi>978-0934558075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+bill+of+human+rights&rft.pub=Entwhistle+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0934558075&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalbil00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Jean-Philippe (December 1999). "Hayek's Critique of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". <i>Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines</i>. <b>9</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1145-6396.1172">10.2202/1145-6396.1172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+%C3%89conomistes+et+des+%C3%89tudes+Humaines&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+Critique+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1145-6396.1172&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nurser, John. "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/ccnmtl/projects/mmt/udhr/index.html">Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html">Introductory note</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_Can%C3%A7ado_Trindade" title="Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade">Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html">procedural history</a> on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Text of the UDHR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/introduction.aspx">Official translations of the UDHR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraryresources.unog.ch/udhr">Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> at the UN Library, Geneva.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.un.org/en/undhr">Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> – documents and meetings records – United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374752897_Making_the_Universal_Declaration">Making the Universal Declaration</a> At the 75th anniversary, 2023</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912162219/http://www.unac.org/rights/question.html">Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm">Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalrights.net/main/educat.htm">UDHR – Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/udhr/">UDHR in Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1349">Revista Envío – A Declaration of Human Rights For the 21st Century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html">Introductory note</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_Can%C3%A7ado_Trindade" title="Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade">Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr.html">procedural history note</a> on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/12/the-laws-of-burgos-500-years-of-human-rights/">The Laws of Burgos: 500 Years of Human Rights</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a> blog.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiovisual_materials">Audiovisual materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Audiovisual materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udhr.audio/">UDHR Audio/Video Project</a> (recordings in 500+ languages by native speakers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/group/512"><i>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i></a> recorded in multiple languages at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm">Text, Audio, and Video excerpt 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the drafters of the Declaration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/udhr/udhr_video.html">Audiovisual material</a> on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="International human rights instruments">International human rights instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Declarations,_manifestos,_and_resolutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Resolution" title="Brazilian Resolution">Brazilian Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Montreal" title="Declaration of Montreal">Declaration of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Child">Declaration of the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a> (DEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> (DEVAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> (UNDRIP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> (VDPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a> (UNDROP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Political_Rights_of_Women" title="Convention on the Political Rights of Women">Convention on the Political Rights of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Convention" title="Apartheid Convention">International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_Enforced_Disappearance" title="International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance">International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Regional_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Regional law</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Convention for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">Social Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li>Inter-American Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">to Prevent and Punish Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_all_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities">on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_humanitarian_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" title="United Nations television film series">United Nations television film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations" title="Withdrawal from the United Nations">Withdrawal from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_United_Nations_Associations" title="World Federation of United Nations Associations">World Federation of United Nations Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights" title="Template:Human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights" title="Template talk:Human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fundamental concepts<br />and philosophies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">List of human rights organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">National human rights institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights abuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_at_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Human rights violations at Guantánamo Bay detention camp">at Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_during_the_Battle_of_Mosul_(2016-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)">during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Gaddafi_regime" title="Human rights violations during the Gaddafi regime">during the Gaddafi regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">during the Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Angola" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Angola">in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Armenia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Australia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Austria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">in Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bahrain" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bahrain">in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Balochistan" title="Human rights abuses in Balochistan">in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bangladesh">in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Belarus" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Belarus">in Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bolivia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bolivia">in Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Botswana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Botswana">in Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Brazil" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Brazil">in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burkina Faso">in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burundi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burundi">in Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cambodia">in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Chile">in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile_under_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Human rights abuses in Chile under Augusto Pinochet">in Chile under Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_China" title="Category:Human rights abuses in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cuba" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Human rights abuses in El Salvador">in El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ethiopia">in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_France" title="Category:Human rights abuses in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Gabon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Gabon">in Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ghana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ghana">in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Germany" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Guatemala" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Guatemala">in Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Hong Kong">in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Haiti" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Haiti">in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_India" title="Category:Human rights abuses in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Indonesia">in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iran" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iraq" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ireland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ireland">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Israel" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Israel">in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Italy" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Italy">in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Japan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">in Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kazakhstan">in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kenya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kenya">in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kuwait" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kuwait">in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kyrgyzstan">in Kyrgyzstan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Libya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Libya">in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malawi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malawi">in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malaysia">in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Manipur" title="Human rights abuses in Manipur">in Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mexico" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mexico">in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Morocco" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Morocco">in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar">in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nepal" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nepal">in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_North_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Panama" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Panama">in Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Papua New Guinea">in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Peru" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Peru">in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Poland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Poland">in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Romania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Romania">in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Russia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Russia">in the Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone">in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Sindh" title="Human rights abuses in Sindh">in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Africa">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Korea">in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka">in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sudan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sudan">in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Switzerland">in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Syria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Syria">in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Thailand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Thailand">in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Dominican Republic">in the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Soviet Union">in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the State of Palestine">in the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United Arab Emirates">in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Turkey" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uganda" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uganda">in Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Venezuela">in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Yemen" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Yemen">in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Zimbabwe">in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">of the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)">of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_by_country" title="Category:Human rights abuses by country">List of human rights abuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Victims of human rights abuses">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">List of human rights awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eleanor_Roosevelt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Template:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Template talk:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eleanor_Roosevelt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Creation_and_drafting">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Drafting committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Lady of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Day" title="My Day">"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civilian_Defense" title="Office of Civilian Defense">Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson#1939_Lincoln_Memorial_Concert" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen#The_First_Lady's_flight" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthurdale,_West_Virginia" title="Arthurdale, West Virginia">Arthurdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_West_Virginia" title="Eleanor, West Virginia">Eleanor, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Congress" title="American Youth Congress">American Youth Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention#Vice-presidential_selection" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 Democratic National Convention speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Defense" title="Women in Defense">Women in Defense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_terms_as_Governor_of_New_York#Economic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt's terms as Governor of New York">First Lady of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women#PCSW_influences_the_creation_of_the_National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encampment_for_Citizenship" title="Encampment for Citizenship">Encampment for Citizenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site">Val-Kill National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val-Kill_Industries" title="Val-Kill Industries">Val-Kill Industries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_paralytic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness">Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Hyde Park home and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Monument">Eleanor Roosevelt Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Award_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights">Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_College" title="Eleanor Roosevelt College">Eleanor Roosevelt College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson:_the_Lincoln_Memorial_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert"><i>Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert</i> (1939 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello_(play)" title="Sunrise at Campobello (play)"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> (1958 play,</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello">1960 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eleanor_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Eleanor Roosevelt Story"><i>The Eleanor Roosevelt Story</i> (1965 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(book)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (book)">Eleanor and Franklin</a></i> (1971 biography)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleanor:_The_Years_Alone" title="Eleanor: The Years Alone">Eleanor: The Years Alone</a></i> (1972 biography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years</i> (1977 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> (2014 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> (2022 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> (2023 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights" title="International Bill of Human Rights">International Bill of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Documents" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Hickok" title="Lorena Hickok">Lorena Hickok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (husband</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">presidency 1933–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">presidency 1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Seagraves" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves">Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roosevelt" title="Curtis Roosevelt">Curtis Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Wilford" title="Sara Wilford">Sara Delano Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt III">Franklin Delano Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roosevelt_Boettiger" title="John Roosevelt Boettiger">John Roosevelt Boettiger</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_(lawyer)" title="James Roosevelt (lawyer)">James Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Hall_Roosevelt" title="Anna Hall Roosevelt">Anna Hall Roosevelt</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Hall Roosevelt</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Stewart Bulloch</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (uncle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Bamie Roosevelt</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7813#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7813#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7813#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183452328">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/194776873">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1360720/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4225431-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United Nations. 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Česky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2016898487&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269131805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/144630036">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027848906">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6166m55">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=15128">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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\u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","7.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.8"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.8"],["[others]","200","18.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-gsptz","timestamp":"20241127132706","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Universal Declaration of Human 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