造纸工业废水处理工程实例

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class="guanzhu gz-btn"><a href="javascript:void(0);" target="_parent" onclick="OpFollowMTSPUser()"></a></span> <span class="sc-btn shoucang"><a onclick="OpCollect()" target="_parent"></a></span> </div> <input type='hidden' id="CurrUserID" value="579338"> <input type='hidden' id="CurrCompanyID" value="569384"> <input type='hidden' id="CurrMTSPUserID" value="387959"> <input type='hidden' id="OpCollect_Title" value="造纸工业废水处理工程实例"> <input type='hidden' id="OpCollect_OpareteType" value="1"> <input type='hidden' id="OpCollect_ObjectID" value="387959"> <input type='hidden' id="OpCollect_ObjectType" value="13"> <input type='hidden' id="OpCollect_PictureUrl" value=""> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/Common.js" ></script> <script type="text/javascript" >IsExitMTSPFollow()</script> </div> <div class="newsContent"> <div>　　听说zui近造纸业市场比较紧张，今天我特意为大家带来一个造纸废水的工程实例。<br /> </div><div>　　本文主要对造纸工业废水处理工程的实例展开了分析，通过结合具体的工程实例，对废水处理工艺的流程进行了详细说明，并阐述了运行的效果和结论，以期为相关单位的需要提供有益的参考和借鉴。<br /> </div><div>　　造纸工业为中国国民经济的发展作出了重要的贡献，但也付出了巨大的环境代价，特别是在水资源环境的问题上。因此，我们需要高度重视造纸工业的废水处理，并采取有效的措施积极做好废水处理工作。基于此，本文就造纸工业废水处理工程的实例进行了分析。<br /> </div><div>　　造纸废水深度处理新技术<br /> </div><div>　　随着《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544—2008)的颁布，大幅度提高了污染物排放控制的水平，新标准分为2个阶段实施：①从2008-08-01—2011-07-01;②2011-07-01以后，新标准中特别增加了对环境承载力脆弱地区设置的水污染物特别排放限制，加大了对环境敏感地区的污染物排放控制力度。新标准提出的各类废水指标的排放限值均大幅度降低，现有的废水处理工艺一般采用物化+生化的方法，出水浓度无法满足新标准的要求。因此，还需对生化池出水进行深度处理。目前，废水的深度处理方法包括膜分离技术、吸附技术、氧化技术和曝气生物滤池等。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>膜分离技术</strong><br /> </div><div>　　膜分离是通过膜对混合物中各组分的选择渗透作用的差异，以外界能量或化学位差为推动力对双组分或多组分混合的气体或液体进行分离、分级、提纯和富集的方法。世界上经济发达、科学技术*的国家近年来将膜分离技术，比如超滤(UF)、反渗透(RO)和电渗析(ED)等应用在了造纸工业的废水处理中，实现了废水的高层次回用，应用前景广阔。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>吸附技术</strong><br /> </div><div>　　制浆造纸废水经二级生化处理后，其色度仍然较高，出水颜色较深，一般达不到新标准的排放要求。吸附法处理制浆造纸废水是采用多孔的固体吸附剂，利用固液相界面上的物质传递，使废水中的有色污染物转移到固体吸附剂上，从而使之从废水中分离。通常使用的吸附剂包括活性炭、大孔吸附树脂、膨润土、硅藻土、煤渣、粉煤灰等。吸附法的优点是操作简单、处理速度快、投资少、对色度的去除较为明显，其缺点为吸附剂的再生比较困难，再生成本较高，脱附后的废水仍需要进一步处理，对溶解性CODCr的去除效果较差。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>氧化技术</strong><br /> </div><div>　　废水中有机物的化学氧化工艺可分为2大类：①O3、H2O2、O3/H2O2、UV/O3、UV/ H2O2、UV/(O3+H2O2)等氧化剂直接参于反应的均相反应过程。其中，有紫外光参加的氧化反应通常也称为光激发氧化。②有固体催化剂(N型半导体材料)存在，在紫外光或可见光与氧或过氧化氢作用下的非均相氧化反应过程。氧化技术目前在制浆造纸工业废水处理中已得到了一定的应用。Fenton试剂是指Fe2+和H2O2以一定比例混合后形成的一种常用的氧化剂。相比其他氧化剂而言，Fenton法具有操作过程简单、反应物易得、费用低廉、无需复杂设备、对后续的生化处理无毒害作用、对环境友好等特点。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>曝气生物滤池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　曝气生物滤池集曝气、高滤速、截留悬浮物等特点于一体，综合了过滤、吸附、生物接触法的优点，近年来得到了越来越多的研究和应用。其工艺原理为：在滤池中装填一定量粒径较小的颗粒状滤料，滤料表面生长着生物膜，滤池内部曝气，污水流经滤料时，利用滤料上高浓度生物膜的强氧化降解能力对污水进行快速净化。同时，滤料和附着的生物膜还能截留污水中的大量悬浮物，且脱落的生物膜也不会随出水而流失。由于曝气生物滤池与普通活性污泥法相比具有有机负荷高、占地面积小(是普通活性污泥法的1/3)、投资少(可降低30%)、不会产生污泥膨胀、氧传输效率高、出水水质好等优点，近年来用曝气生物滤池处理制浆造纸废水的研究引起了人们的关注，且目前国外已有数十家造纸企业将这一新技术投入运行。但曝气生物滤池也存在填料使用量大的缺点。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>氮和磷的去除</strong><br /> </div><div>　　目前，在制浆造纸工艺中，除了亚铵法制浆废水外，通常很少添加含氮和磷的药剂。因此，废水中不含大量的氮和磷，只有当生活污水与制浆造纸废水混合处理时，才有可能导致废水排放超标。废水中氮和磷的去除方法主要有A/O、A2/O、氧化沟等生化法。比如工厂原有的生化法为活性污泥法或生物膜法，均可通过调整工艺来达到除氮和除磷的目的。<br /> </div><div>　　工程实例分析<br /> </div><div>　　某造纸厂有限公司始建于1995年，原为生料造纸企业，2001年关停生料造纸线，剩余涂布生产线。现有2条牛皮挂面纸板生产线，一条1575纸机生产线，一条为1880纸机生产线。废水主要来自某纸业公司化机浆车间产生的废液、电厂废水、纸机废水等。设计出水水质执行《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544—2008)中的标准。<br /> </div><div>　　废水处理工艺流程<br /> </div><div>　　该项目废水处理包括2部分：①化机浆车间产生的废液处理;②综合废水的处理，包括纸机废水、电厂废水、碳酸钙车间废水以及化机浆废液经处理后产生的少量浊污冷凝水。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>化机浆废液处理</strong><br /> </div><div>　　该项目化机浆废液采用碱回收法蒸发浓缩后焚烧处理以回收碱和热能。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>1）化机浆废液污染特性</strong><br /> </div><div>　　化机浆废液主要来自木片洗涤、预处理和磨浆工段过程。其中，污染物质主要来源于纤维原料中溶出的有机化合物、工艺生产过程中残余的化学药品和流失的细小纤维，废液呈棕红色。化机浆废液的污染特性有以下4个：①有机物浓度高。COD的质量浓度为6 000～15 000 mg/L。②SS的质量浓度一般在2 000 mg/L以上，并含有大量胶状物质，浊度大。③由于磨浆过程会产生大量的蒸汽，且生产过程中的水耗低，因此，废水的温度较高。④由于化学浸渍溶出较多的多酚类物质，因此，废水色度较高，毒性物质的含量大，可生化性较差。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>2 ）化机浆废液常用的处理工艺</strong><br /> </div><div>　　化机浆废液温度高、污染负荷大、含有毒性污染物质，处理难度大于一般的工业废水。目前，常用的处理方法主要有好氧、厌氧生物处理法，特定的微生物处理技术，臭氧氧化法和膜分离技术等。目前，国内数十个化机浆企业目前普遍采用以厌氧为核心的生物处理技术处理废液。由于化机浆废液具有复杂性，现有化机浆废液处理工艺的废水水质很难达到《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 3544—2008)中CODCr的质量浓度小于等于80 mg/L的要求。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>3 ）化机浆废液的碱回收处理技术</strong><br /> </div><div>　　目前，国内化学浆生产企业的黑液多采用燃烧法碱回收处理技术，工艺成熟。而化机浆的初始固形物的质量分数较小，一般为1.5%～2.0%，无法直接燃烧，国内还没有化机浆废液采用碱回收工艺处理的实例，但国外已经有化机浆生产企业采用碱回收方法处理废液的成功经验。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>综合废水处理</strong><br /> </div><div>　　该项目综合废水采用A/O处理工艺。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>1）调匀池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　该池主要用于均化水质及调节水量，采用钢混结构，有效容积为14 400 m3，有效停留时间为3.5 h。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>2）初沉池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　初沉池主要用于去除大部分悬浮物，采用钢混结构，共建3组，每组有效容积为4 500 m3。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>3 ）缺氧池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　在缺氧条件下，废水中的大分子有机物在微生物水解酶的作用下降解为小分子物质，增强了其可生化性。同时，反硝化细菌在缺氧条件下生存和增殖，实现了脱氮的效果。采用钢混结构，共建2组，每组有效容积为540 m3，有效停留时间为3.5 h。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>4 ）好氧池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　经过缺氧处理后的废水进入好氧池，并对废水进行充氧曝气。此时，水中好氧菌占优势，并具有较好的活性，各种微生物在好氧条件下充分利用废水中有机物质，在溶解氧质量浓度为2～4 mg/L的条件下进行好氧生物反应，将废水中大量有机物质转化为CO2和H2O，并将氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮。该池为钢混结构，共建3组，每组有效容积为13 500 m3，有效停留时间为8.6 h。<br /> </div><div>　　<strong>5）二沉池</strong><br /> </div><div>　　经过好氧曝气池生物处理后的废水进入二沉池进行固液分离，上清液达标排放，部分污泥回流到厌氧池，剩余污泥进入污泥池处理。该池采用竖流式沉淀池，钢混结构，共建2组，每组有效容积为5 500 m3。<br /> </div><div>　　运行效果<br /> </div><div>　　该项目已稳定运行多年，从实际检测结果看，出水COD的质量浓度为20～80 mg/L，可达标排放。<br /> </div><div>　　总结<br /> </div><div>　　造纸工业的废水具有着*的污染性，导致相应的废水处理工作有一定的难度。因此，为了积极地做好造纸工业的废水处理，我们需要制订科学、合理的处理流程，采用*、有效的施工工艺，系统完善废水处理工作，从而使造纸工业实现经济与社会效益的双统一。</div> </div> <div class="news-keyword" style="margin-bottom:20px; font-size:16px; font-family:microsoft yahei;" >关键词：<a href="https://www.hbzhan.com/chanpin-8034.html" target="_blank" style="color: #891e2a;text-decoration: underline;margin-right: 10px;">吸附剂 </a><a href="https://www.hbzhan.com/chanpin-8037.html" target="_blank" style="color: #891e2a;text-decoration: underline;margin-right: 10px;">活性炭 </a><a href="https://www.hbzhan.com/chanpin-7791.html" target="_blank" style="color: #891e2a;text-decoration: underline;margin-right: 10px;">硅藻土 </a><a href="https://www.hbzhan.com/chanpin-7795.html" target="_blank" style="color: 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