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href="#Lodges_of_Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lodges of Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lodges_of_Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concordant_bodies_admitting_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concordant_bodies_admitting_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other concordant bodies admitting women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_concordant_bodies_admitting_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasi-Masonic_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasi-Masonic_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quasi-Masonic rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasi-Masonic_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_Masons_in_"masculine_only"_Masonic_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_Masons_in_"masculine_only"_Masonic_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Female Masons in "masculine only" Masonic bodies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Female_Masons_in_"masculine_only"_Masonic_bodies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female Masons in "masculine only" Masonic bodies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female_Masons_in_"masculine_only"_Masonic_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elizabeth_Aldworth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabeth_Aldworth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elizabeth Aldworth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabeth_Aldworth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>18th century Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madame_de_Xaintrailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madame_de_Xaintrailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Madame de Xaintrailles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madame_de_Xaintrailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countess_Helene/Ilona_Hadik-Barkóczy_de_Szala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countess_Helene/Ilona_Hadik-Barkóczy_de_Szala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Countess Helene/Ilona Hadik-Barkóczy de Szala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countess_Helene/Ilona_Hadik-Barkóczy_de_Szala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countess_Júlia_Apraxin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countess_Júlia_Apraxin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Countess Júlia Apraxin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countess_Júlia_Apraxin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salome_Anderson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salome_Anderson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Salome Anderson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salome_Anderson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catherine_Babington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catherine_Babington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Catherine Babington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catherine_Babington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-Freemasonry:_Freemasonry_for_men_and_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-Freemasonry:_Freemasonry_for_men_and_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Co-Freemasonry: Freemasonry for men and women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-Freemasonry:_Freemasonry_for_men_and_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_women's_lodges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_women's_lodges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exclusive women's lodges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_women's_lodges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_women_as_Freemasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_women_as_Freemasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recognition of women as Freemasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_women_as_Freemasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender_women_and_Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender_women_and_Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transgender women and Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender_women_and_Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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franc-maçonnerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodno_zidarstvo_i_%C5%BEene" title="Slobodno zidarstvo i žene – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slobodno zidarstvo i žene" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoneria_femminile" title="Massoneria femminile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massoneria femminile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_Freemasonry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Freemasonry">Women and Freemasonry</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Positions on women in the fraternal organisation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Empress Josephine's masonic apron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg/220px-Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg/330px-Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg/440px-Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie_%C3%A0_Strasbourg-Imp%C3%A9ratrice_Jos%C3%A9phine_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Apron and sash presented to the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Josephine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Josephine">Empress Josephine</a> on her admission to the Lodge of Virtue, Strasbourg, 1805</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> has had a complex relationship with women for centuries. A few women were involved in Freemasonry before the 18th century, despite <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> prohibitions in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry" title="Category:Freemasonry">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compas-equerre-ap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/50px-Compas-equerre-ap.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/75px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/100px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic lodge officers">Masonic lodge officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdiction" title="Regular Masonic jurisdiction">Regular Masonic jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_ch%C3%A9rie" title="Liberté chérie">Liberté chérie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Masonic manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Masonic bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Masonic</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Kadosh" title="Knight Kadosh">Knight Kadosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Lodge">Research Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Antient_Order_of_Noble_Corks" title="Ye Antient Order of Noble Corks">Corks</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Side degrees</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">The Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Jesters" title="Royal Order of Jesters">Royal Order of Jesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Cedars_of_Lebanon" title="Tall Cedars of Lebanon">Tall Cedars of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm" title="Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm">The Grotto</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic groups for women</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Freemasonry">Women and Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Amaranth" title="Order of the Amaranth">Order of the Amaranth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star">Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic youth organizations</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeMolay_International" title="DeMolay International">DeMolay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.J.E.F." title="A.J.E.F.">A.J.E.F.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_Daughters_International" title="Job's Daughters International">Job's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Order_of_the_Rainbow_for_Girls" title="International Order of the Rainbow for Girls">International Order of the Rainbow for Girls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Views on Masonry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Anti-Masonic_Exhibition" title="Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition">Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People and places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_Webb" title="Thomas Smith Webb">Thomas Smith Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mackey" title="Albert Mackey">Albert Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schaw" title="William Schaw">William Schaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Mother_Kilwinning" title="Lodge Mother Kilwinning">Lodge Mother Kilwinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Masons%27_Hall,_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Temple" title="House of the Temple">House of the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Masonic_Temple" title="Detroit Masonic Temple">Detroit Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">List of Masonic buildings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic ritual and symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram Abiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masonic Abbreviations">List of Masonic Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprig_of_Acacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprig of Acacia">Sprig of Acacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Masonic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals_and_Dogma_of_the_Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite_of_Freemasonry" title="Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry">Pike's <i>Morals and Dogma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiman_Rezon" title="Ahiman Rezon">Dermott's <i>Ahiman Rezon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_Sacred_Law" title="Volume of Sacred Law">Volume of Sacred Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Barbados" title="Freemasonry in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Belgium" title="Freemasonry in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Croatia" title="Freemasonry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Denmark" title="Freemasonry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Indonesia" title="Freemasonry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Italy" title="Freemasonry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Lebanon" title="Freemasonry in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Luxembourg" title="Freemasonry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Malta" title="Freemasonry in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freemasonry in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Portugal" title="Freemasonry in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Scotland" title="Freemasonry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_South_Africa" title="Freemasonry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Spain" title="Freemasonry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sweden" title="Freemasonry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Turkey" title="Freemasonry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Ukraine" title="Freemasonry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_United_States" title="Freemasonry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The French <i>Lodges of Adoption</i>, which spread through Continental Europe during the second half of the 18th century, admitted Masons and their female relatives to a system of degrees parallel, but unrelated to the original rite. In the early 20th century, these were revived as women-only lodges and later they adopted male degrees giving rise to French women's Masonry in the 1950s. </p><p>18th-century British lodges and their American offshoots remained male only. In the late 1800s, rites similar to adoption emerged in the United States, allowing masons and their female relatives to participate in ritual together. These bodies, however, were more careful to discriminate between the mixed ritual and the Freemasonry of the men. </p><p>In the 1890s, mixed lodges following a standard Masonic ritual started to appear in France, and quickly spread to other countries. Women-only jurisdictions appeared soon afterwards. As a general rule, the admission of women is now recognised in Continental (Grand Orient) jurisdictions. In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American Freemasonry</a>, neither mixed nor all-female lodges are officially recognised, although unofficial relations can be cordial, with premises sometimes shared. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_as_operative_masons">Women as operative masons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Women as operative masons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Print of Sabina von Steinbach carving statue on Strasbourg Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg/220px-Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg/330px-Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg/440px-Schwind_-_Sabina_von_Steinbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>The mythical <a href="/wiki/Sabina_von_Steinbach" title="Sabina von Steinbach">Sabina von Steinbach</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Women in Medieval and Renaissance Europe were legally assumed to be subject to their fathers, then to their husbands after marriage. The status of women within Medieval trades was largely dependent on the local interpretation of <i>femme sole</i>, the legal term for a single woman. This was usually the widow of a tradesman, who was permitted to continue her husband's business after his death, and often established in the rights and privileges of his trade guild or company. More rarely, single women would achieve success in their father's trade. Exceptions occurred mainly in trades linked to traditional women's occupations, such as haberdashery and needlecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, a woman called Gunnilda is listed as a mason in the Calendar for <a href="/wiki/Close_Rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Close Rolls">Close Rolls</a> for 1256.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reputed that <a href="/wiki/Sabina_von_Steinbach" title="Sabina von Steinbach">Sabina von Steinbach</a>, the daughter of the architect, worked on <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> in the early part of the 14th century, although the first reference to her work comes 300 years later. In England, hints of female participation appear in the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Manuscript">Regius Manuscript</a> (c. 1390–1425), and in the Guild records at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> in 1408. Women were employed in administrative roles in the London Mason's Company, and as such received the benefits of membership. Also, the charge in <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Manuscripts#York_No_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Manuscripts">York Manuscript No 4</a>, dated 1693 and used as a warrant by the later <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_All_England" title="Grand Lodge of All England">Grand Lodge of All England</a> at York, contains the phrase "hee or shee that is to be made mason". While a number of masonic historians have categorised this as a "misprint", <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Frederick_Alexander_Woodford" title="Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford">Adolphus Frederick Alexander Woodford</a>, who studied and catalogued these documents, considered it genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the status of women amongst masons in Britain is likely to be similar to that codified in the minutes of the lodge at St. Mary's Chapel in Edinburgh. A burgess could pay for the <i>Freedom</i> to employ and instruct masons. The widow of a master mason could accept commissions from his old clients, provided that she employed a journeyman of the lodge to supervise the work.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lodges_of_Adoption">Lodges of Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lodges of Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LogeAdoption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Initiation at a Lodge of Adoption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LogeAdoption.jpg/220px-LogeAdoption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LogeAdoption.jpg/330px-LogeAdoption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LogeAdoption.jpg/440px-LogeAdoption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Admission of a young lady into a Lodge of Adoption</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Freemasonry of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a> spread in France, the French fraternity stayed within the letter of Anderson's proscription of women, but saw no reason to ban them from their banquets or their religious services. During the 1740s, <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Adoption" title="Rite of Adoption">lodges of adoption</a> began to appear. Attached to a regular (men only) lodge, wives and female relatives of the masons would be admitted to a parallel system of degrees, with a similar moral undertone to the authentic rite of the lodge. The earliest had a nautical theme. In 1747, the Chevalier Beauchaine began the <i>Order of Woodcutters</i> (Ordre des Fendeurs), with rites supposedly based on an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a>. In 1774, the lodges of adoption came under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>, and the published regulations show a system of four degrees:<sup id="cite_ref-Mackey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Apprentice, or Female Apprentice.</li> <li>Compagnonne, or Journeywoman.</li> <li>Maîtresse, or Mistress.</li> <li>Parfaite Maçonne, or Perfect Masoness.</li></ol> <p>Further degrees came and went, with a ten-degree system evolving at the end of the Eighteenth century. The idea spread widely in Europe, but never appeared in England. After a brief eclipse during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, lodges of adoption flourished, with the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Josephine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Josephine">Empress Josephine</a> presiding over one in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackey_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808, the Grand Orient decided that these lodges were unconstitutional, and they became marginalised until re-activated by the same Grand Orient in 1901. In their new incarnation, the chair was taken by a woman, where previously only a man could occupy the "Chair of King Solomon".<sup id="cite_ref-Thames_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thames-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Final separation occurred in 1935, and in 1959 they adopted the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite</a>, embracing regular masonry as <a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_f%C3%A9minine_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Loge féminine de France">Grande Loge féminine de France</a>. Only one lodge, <i>Cosmos</i>, holds to the adoptive rite.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_concordant_bodies_admitting_women">Other concordant bodies admitting women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other concordant bodies admitting women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concordant rites exist with the blessing and often the active support of regular masonic lodges. There are several concordant bodies in the United States which admit the wives and female relatives of Freemasons. The Dutch <i>Order of Weavers</i> admits only women, while in the American orders the men and women share in the ritual. Like the lodges of adoption, they have their own ceremonies, which means that some grand lodges view them as irregular.<sup id="cite_ref-UGLE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UGLE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Order of the Eastern Star</b> In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Morris_(Freemason)" title="Rob Morris (Freemason)">Rob Morris</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a> for Freemasons and their female relatives. Often classed as an adoptive rite, its ritual is based on the Bible. It continues to flourish in the United States of America,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintains a presence in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Prince Hall Order of Eastern Star</b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star">Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star</a> is an auxiliary order to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a> founded in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Order of the Amaranth</b> The ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Amaranth" title="Order of the Amaranth">Order of the Amaranth</a> was conceived in 1860 to be loosely based on a society with a similar name instituted over two centuries earlier by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Christina of Sweden">Queen Christina of Sweden</a>. Open to master masons and their female relatives, members were once compelled to join the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a> first, but the two organisations became separate in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ladies' Oriental Shrine of North America</b> Founded in 1903 in Wheeling, West Virginia, the order has over 16,000 members in 76 Courts across North America. A woman must be related to a member of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine or a Master Mason by birth, marriage or adoption. She must be at least 18 years of age and a resident for at least six months in the area of the Court in which membership is desired.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Order of the White Shrine of Jerusalem</b> Like the members of the Masonic Lodge and other appendant bodies, members of the White Shrine must profess a belief in a Supreme Being. However, the White Shrine goes one step further, requiring members to profess a belief in Jesus Christ as the Savior and Redeemer of the World. Membership is open to female relatives of Master Masons or members either active for three years or majority of the <a href="/wiki/International_Order_of_the_Rainbow_for_Girls" title="International Order of the Rainbow for Girls">International Order of the Rainbow for Girls</a> or Job's Daughters International who have attained of eighteen (18) years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Heroines of Jericho</b>, Offshoots of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heroines_of_Jericho" title="Heroines of Jericho">Heroines of Jericho</a> are open to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch</a> masons together with their female relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Order of Cyrenes</b> Offshoots of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Cyrenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Cyrenes (page does not exist)">Order of Cyrenes</a> is open to <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Templar</a> masons together with their female relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Order of Weavers</b> Formed on 17 July 1947, the <b>Orde van Weefsters</b> <i>Vita Feminea Textura</i>, or the <i>Order of Weavers</i> was the creation of the wives of Dutch Freemasons. They constructed a ritual system using the tools of weaving in their symbology, which they judged to be more appropriate for women than stonemasons tools. Membership is open to any woman, who is at least 18 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are now 17 lodges spread through the Netherlands and one in Paris, France.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quasi-Masonic_rites">Quasi-Masonic rites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quasi-Masonic rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many rites accepting women have ritual of a Masonic style, are founded by Masons, but at best have an ambivalent reception amongst <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> masons. Nonetheless, they actively recruit new members from within regular masonry. </p> <ul><li><b>The Order of the Pug:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Pug" title="Order of the Pug">Order of the Pug</a>, or Mops-Orden, is believed to have been founded in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in about 1740, to circumvent the Papal ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons. Admitting both men and women, the order had a single rite, based on the faithfulness of the pug dog.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cagliostro's Egyptian Rite:</b> In 1784, in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, the man calling himself <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Count Alessandro di Cagliostro</a> opened the first lodge of his Egyptian Rite masonry. This had the three degrees of normal French masonry (Apprentice, Companion and Master), but with a greatly different, more mystical ritual. Cagliostro claimed that he was re-introducing true Freemasonry, and he attempted to attract candidates wherever he went. Male candidates were already Freemasons, but women were also admitted. The ceremony for the two sexes differed only in minor points – males were admitted by Cagliostro (the Grand Copht) and females by his wife (the Queen of Sheba). On admission, the women were told that they were now Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Rite of Memphis-Misraïm:</b> Proceeding from Cagliostro's rite, the Rite of Misraïm (from Arabic مصر Miṣr = Egypt) continued as a form of mixed, esoteric masonry. Banned in 1817, it was reformulated as the Rite of Memphis in 1838, and in spite of fluctuating fortunes in its French home, began to spread internationally during the second half of the nineteenth century. During the 1880s the two rites were fused by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Memphis-Misra%C3%AFm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of Memphis-Misraïm">Rite of Memphis-Misraïm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern order now boasts up to 99 degrees, not all of which actually worked.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn:</b> The membership and ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a> were strongly linked to Freemasonry, but membership was open to non-masons and to women. The grades formed a teaching system for the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, and initiates had to pass an exam before being allowed to advance to the next degree.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_Masons_in_"masculine_only"_Masonic_bodies"><span id="Female_Masons_in_.22masculine_only.22_Masonic_bodies"></span>Female Masons in "masculine only" Masonic bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Female Masons in "masculine only" Masonic bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MrsAldworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of Elizabeth Aldworth as a young woman wearing a masonic apron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MrsAldworth.jpg/170px-MrsAldworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MrsAldworth.jpg/255px-MrsAldworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MrsAldworth.jpg/340px-MrsAldworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a> in Masonic regalia, from a mezzotint of 1811</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been a few reported cases of a woman joining a "masculine only" masonic lodge. These cases are exceptions and are debated by masonic historians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elizabeth_Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elizabeth Aldworth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One account of a woman being admitted to Freemasonry in the 18th century is the case of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a> (born St Leger), who is reported to have surreptitiously viewed the proceedings of a Lodge meeting held at Doneraile House, the private house of her father, first <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a> Doneraile, a resident of <a href="/wiki/Doneraile" title="Doneraile">Doneraile</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Upon discovering the breach of their secrecy, the Lodge resolved to admit and obligate her, and thereafter she proudly appeared in public in Masonic clothing. Speculative attempts to link the lodge of her initiation with a documented lodge of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a> have proved futile, but there is no reason that her father should not have instituted a lodge in his home, and the authenticity of her initiation is generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Leger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_Hungary">18th century Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th century Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9,_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg/220px-Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg/330px-Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg/440px-Pottornyay_Imr%C3%A9n%C3%A9%2C_M%C3%A1ri%C3%A1ssy_Anna_Apoll%C3%B3nia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Ms Imréné Pottornyay, Anna Apollónia Máriássy</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Abafi" title="Lajos Abafi">Lajos Abafi</a> (Ludwig Aigner), the historian of Hungarian (and Austrian) Freemasonry in the 18th century, reports that in 1778 Márton Heinzeli, the head of the Eperjes (today Prešov in Slovakia) lodge named "Zurn tugendhaften Reisenden (Virtuous Traveler)", initiated three women as Freemasons. They wanted to admit more women and set up a separate women's lodge, but this was forbidden by Heinzeli's Viennese superiors. </p><p>According to Abafi, the case took place as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1779, it finally reached a point where neither lodge work nor Rosicrucian conventions could be held and chemical laboratories could not be subordinated. The main obstacle was the reluctance of the wifes, especially of the brethren: Emerich Pottornyay, Berzeviczy, Kapy and Krasznecz, against all kinds of practical experiments. To make the ladies more conciliatory and more inclined to the Order, Heinzeli initiated three of them into the 1st degree of Fremasonry in 1778. These, however, stormed him with the award of further degrees, because they wanted to gradually found their own Women's Lodge, on condition that this would at least indirectly benefit the Rosicrucian Order, "because more ... and we could more easily hide among them", – Heinzeli promised to do his best in this regard. For the time being, he translated the 3 lowest degrees from French into German and sent the translation to the Rosicrucians in Vienna for examination. 1) The Generalate of the Order, however, prohibited – with full appreciation of the good intention – under threat of suspension or exclusion, the frequency of the women's lodge, 2) and thus this electrification plan had also become into water. The Women's Lodge could not be built, and the ladies, whose expectations had been exchanged, became even more bitter against to brothers.</p></blockquote> <p>In any case, it is clear from the hereinabove text that the initiation of the ladies as Freemasons was incidental, in order to revive the Order of the Rosicrucians. The recorders of the event have been so unaware of the significance of this – it was the first time in Hungary that women were initiated as Freemasons – that neither the names of the ladies have been recorded, nor which of the four of them was initiated by Heinzeli. Three of the four were inaugurated, but it is not known who they were, so only at the 75% level that they were Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madame_de_Xaintrailles">Madame de Xaintrailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Madame de Xaintrailles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_(Mme._de_Xaintrailles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg/170px-Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg/255px-Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg/340px-Marie-Henriette_Heiniken_%28Mme._de_Xaintrailles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>Marie-Henriette Heiniken, better known as "Madame de Xaintrailles"</figcaption></figure> <p>German-born Marie-Henriette Heiniken was an adventurous woman, better known as "Madame de Xaintrailles," who disguised herself as a man in order to serve in the military during the Napoleonic Wars, earning her rank "at the point of the sword." In the attached portrait, she is shown wearing the military uniform of a French cavalry major. Heiniken purportedly acted as aide-de-camp to General Charles Antoine Xaintrailles, who is cited in most sources as her husband, and in others as her lover. </p><p>Heiniken was one of only a few women to become a Freemason during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. According to one account, she went to the Masonic Loge des Frères Artistes in Paris in hopes of joining the French Adoption Rite, a lodge specifically for women. Instead, when the brothers learned her identity, they decided to initiate her into the First, or Entered Apprentice, Degree in the male lodge because of her brave service. Period sources have yet to be uncovered to verify the details, but the story has been published repeatedly in Masonic histories.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first source about her was: F.-T. Begue Clavel, Histoire pittoresque de la franc-maçonnerie et des sociétés secrètes anciennes et modernes (Ed.1843). (Paris: Hachette, 2018), 34. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countess_Helene/Ilona_Hadik-Barkóczy_de_Szala"><span id="Countess_Helene.2FIlona_Hadik-Bark.C3.B3czy_de_Szala"></span>Countess Helene/Ilona Hadik-Barkóczy de Szala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Countess Helene/Ilona Hadik-Barkóczy de Szala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of Helene/Ilona Hadik-Barkóczy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg/170px-Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg/255px-Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg/340px-Hadik-Bark%C3%B3czy_Ilona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Helene/Ilona Hadik-Barkóczy</figcaption></figure> <p>Countess Barkóczy (1833–1887) became fascinated by her grand-uncle's books on Freemasonry, browsing through his library after his death. By this time, she was married to Count Bela Hadik, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian</a>'s aide-de-camp. The Countess' request for initiation into a Masonic lodge was supported by the Johannite Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Pulszky" title="Ferenc Pulszky">Ferenc Pulszky</a>, and she was duly initiated in 1875 by a provincial lodge of Grand Orient, Lodge Egyenlőség (Equality) in <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Unghvár</a>. (In Hungary in that time there were two masonic Grand Lodges, the Grand Lodge of St. John and the Grand Orient worked independently from each other.) Her initiation was then declared void by decision of Grand Orient and the perpetrators were punished, but the lodge wasn't erased, and only one officer was excluded. The countess defended her request and argued its validity in common law. In her reasoning she brought up her knowledge of freemasonry, <a href="/wiki/Prefection" title="Prefection">her legal status as a son</a> (praefectio) and the absence of any mention of candidates' gender in the constitution of the Grand Orient. The Orient, holding to Prussian law, considered the initiation null and void because the usual bureaucratic formalities were not adhered to.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, after debating her status, the Grand Orient demanded the return of her certificate, but she never complied. Masonic sources repeat Denslow and Truman (10,000 masons) giving her name as Countess <i>Helene</i> Hadik Barkóczy, while biographical and family sources use the Hungarian name <i>Ilona</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countess_Júlia_Apraxin"><span id="Countess_J.C3.BAlia_Apraxin"></span>Countess Júlia Apraxin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Countess Júlia Apraxin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of Countess Júlia Apraxin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg/170px-Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg/255px-Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg/340px-Apraxin_J%C3%BAlia_-_Marastoni_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Júlia Apraxin/Batthyány Júlia</figcaption></figure> <p>Júlia (Julia) Apraxin (1830–1913) was initiated in Madrid in 1880 to a Masonic lodge named "Fraternidad Iberica" (Brotherhood of Iberia), however in addition to her Russian ethnicity she identified herself as Hungarian, since she had been brought up in Hungary, and her Hungarian foster father could probably be her real father. </p><p>Born on 16 October 1830 in Vienna, Julia Apraxin was registered as the daughter of the Russian aristocrat and diplomat Count Alexandre Petrovich Apraxin and Countess Hélène (Ielena) Bezobrazova, an aristocratic lady of Polish-Russian origin. In 1828 Julia's mother met Count József Esterházy and the couple married later in 1841, following the divorce from her first husband. Count Esterházy—as we know from his diary—treated Julia as his own daughter. In her childhood and youth, Julia lived with her parents and brother Demeter in Vienna and in the Esterhazy Castle in Cseklész, near Pozsony (today Pressburg, Bratislava). </p><p>On 15 October 1849 she married Count Arthur (Artúr) Batthyány. Settling down in Vienna for about ten years with their five children, the couple lived the worriless life of the high society with balls, dances, masquerades and carriage ridings filling their days. In 1853 Johann Strauss II dedicated one of his polkas, the Tanzi Bäri (Dancing Bear) to her, insinuating that the Countess acted as a bear-leader making men dance like bears. </p><p>She wrote novels, short stories and plays, which were staged. In one of her pieces, she depicted the supremacy of the spiritual aristocracy over the aristocracy of birth—and this may have been one of the reasons the aristocracy cast her out. The other reason was her divorce from her husband, the third and the most amazing thing was that despite her aristocratic roots, she became an actress. </p><p>Julia Apraxin travelled to Paris on 1 May 1863. In addition to the French press, Hungarian and Austrian newspapers also reported on their performances; while the Hungarians praised the Austrians gloated over the less successful ones. Julia Apraxin concluded a Russian orthodox marriage with Lorenzo Rubio Guillén y Montero de Espinosa (1835–1895), a Spanish cavalry captain in 1867. Still living in Paris, on 28 March 1879, the couple gave a party in a stylish hotel in Madrid for the elite of the Spanish capital including the representatives of the worlds of politics, science, the police and literature. Presumably, Julia met with the representatives of the "Fraternidad Iberica" Masonic lodge, allowing members of the Investigative Committee to prepare a recommendation of the countess. </p><p>In any case, on 14 June 1880, the first woman in Spain was initiated in a masculine lodge with great interest, about which the French Masonic newspaper Chaîne d’Union reported in detail. Since some of the readers of Chaîne d’Union had argued about the correctness of the report and the regularity of the initiation, assuming that the Countess was admitted into a female, adoption lodge, in new articles, they clarified that Julia Apraxin had been admitted into a masculine lodge. Apart from her initiation, we have no knowledge of the countess ever visiting the works of the lodge. She probably moved to Madrid at the time; however, the Parisian newspapers did not mention her anymore and neither did the Spanish press. Her death was reported by the weekly Catholic La Lectura Dominical in the 24 May 1913 issue.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salome_Anderson">Salome Anderson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Salome Anderson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1892, American newspapers hailed Salome Anderson, of <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, as "the only female Freemason in the world". She had, according to some, learned the secrets of masonry by hiding in the lodge room in her uncle's house, and was made a mason in order to pledge her to secrecy. She served on the board of trustees of her temple, and took higher degrees, as well as joining the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of a young woman hiding in a lodge room had become a standard formula for this type of report, which was uncritically echoed and embellished as it spread from newspaper to newspaper. Anderson herself denied that it was possible for a woman to be made a mason, but remained non-committal or downright enigmatic when questioned as to the origin of her extensive knowledge of Freemasonry. Born in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> in 1818, she was raised in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> after her parents died by her uncle, a "prominent mason". She met and married Captain Andrew Anderson in the 1840s, and settled in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, accompanying her husband on his coastal voyages in their own vessel, and managing their finances. They moved to Oakland, California, in 1854, where Andrew became a respected businessman and an active mason. He died in 1867, leaving Salome a wealthy widow, who turned her fortune to helping masonic charities. She became the founding treasurer of Oak Leaf Chapter No 8 of the Order of the Eastern Star, and when a Masonic Temple was built, she became the largest stock-holder. In spite of opposition, she was elected to the board of trustees. In 1892, the <i>Trestle Board</i> published a biography of her as a prominent citizen and implied that she had acquired some degree of masonic knowledge from the masons meeting at the house of her uncle. The <i>San Francisco News-Letter and Advertiser</i> then embellished the story by saying that she "claimed to be a mason", having cajoled the younger members of her uncle's lodge into clandestinely conferring the three <a href="/wiki/Blue_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Lodge">Blue Lodge</a> degrees on her. This story was rapidly picked up by the West Coast press, and various versions of the story were passed around. While she strenuously denied that she had come by her knowledge in an improper way, in subsequent interviews she refused to be drawn on the source of her masonic knowledge. It is not known if she was ever initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catherine_Babington">Catherine Babington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Catherine Babington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg/170px-Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg/255px-Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg/340px-Catherine_Sweet_Babington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Catherine Sweet Babington</figcaption></figure> <p>A similar story was published about Catherine Babington, first in her obituary, in <a href="/wiki/Shelby,_North_Carolina" title="Shelby, North Carolina">Shelby, North Carolina</a>, in 1886, then in a short book by her son outlining her masonic career. Hailed as the only female mason in the United States, she is said to have obtained the secrets at the age of 16 by hiding in her uncles' lodge room in <a href="/wiki/Princess,_Kentucky" title="Princess, Kentucky">Princess, Kentucky</a>. Having lost her father at an early age, she spent much of her childhood at her grandfather's house, where she became a favourite of her uncles. They attended a lodge in an unused chapel above Catherine's school-room, which she often helped them clean. As a teenager, Catherine Sweet (Babington being her married name) attended lodge meetings for a year, hiding in the old pulpit, finally being discovered when one of her uncles returned unexpectedly for a rifle he had left in the ante-room. Being questioned by the lodge, it was discovered that she had committed much of the ritual to memory, and was, like Anderson, made a mason to swear her to secrecy, but in this instance not admitted to membership of the lodge. The sole source of the story is her son, and much of the detail remains unconfirmed. There is no account or recollection of such a lodge room in or around Princess.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-Freemasonry:_Freemasonry_for_men_and_women">Co-Freemasonry: Freemasonry for men and women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Co-Freemasonry: Freemasonry for men and women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of Maria Deraismes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg/170px-Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg/255px-Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg/340px-Maria-Deraismes-freemason.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Maria Deraismes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph (sepia tint) of Annie Besant in masonic gown, hat and sash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG/170px-Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG/255px-Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG/340px-Annie_Besant_Freemason.JPG 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Annie Besant in Masonic regalia</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 January 1882, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Deraismes" title="Maria Deraismes">Maria Deraismes</a> was initiated into Freemasonry in Loge Libre Penseurs (Freethinkers Lodge), in <a href="/wiki/Le_Pecq" title="Le Pecq">Le Pecq</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Deraismes was a well known writer and campaigner for democracy, women's rights, and the separation of church and state. Her lodge, on 9 January, had seceded from <i>la Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise</i> in order to initiate her. She then resigned, to enable her lodge to rejoin their previous jurisdiction. She did, however, persist in her efforts to legitimately become a mason, with the assistance of Doctor <a href="/wiki/Georges_Martin_(freemason)" title="Georges Martin (freemason)">Georges Martin</a>, a fellow campaigner for women's rights, and a Freemason. After a decade of trying they started to form their own lodge, and between 1 June 1892 and 4 March 1893, assembled 16 women who wished to become masons. They were initiated as Apprentices on 14 March 1893, Companions on 24 March, and Master Masons on 1 April. This done, on 4 April the now mixed lodge of male and female masons proceeded to elect its officers and constitute itself as <i>La Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise de France, Le Droit Humain</i>, soon to become <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">l’Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International Le Droit Humain</a>.</i> This would flourish as international co-masonry, which Deraismes never lived to see. She died the following February.<sup id="cite_ref-DHDeraismes_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHDeraismes-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having resolved at the outset to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite</a> as their ritual, the new Grand Lodge found itself with only the three craft degrees, and aspiring to a 33-degree system. Male masons were sent into other jurisdictions to acquire the necessary ritual. In 1899, ten masons in the <a href="/wiki/Droit_Humain" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit Humain">Droit Humain</a> received the 33rd degree, allowing them to form a Supreme Council. Lodges had opened in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. By 1914, the movement had spread to Britain, the Far East, the United States, Belgium, and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-DHHistoire_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHHistoire-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-Freemasonry was brought to the English-speaking world by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">theosophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>. Passing through the usual three degrees of craft masonry in 1902, she founded the Lodge of <a href="/wiki/Droit_Humain" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit Humain">Human Duty</a> No. 6 in London that same year. French-speaking lodges started to appear in the United States in 1903, but it was again Besant who opened the first English speaking lodge, in 1908. The French lodges took their lead from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a> in not requiring any religious belief in their members. Besant, with the blessing of Paris, followed the lead of the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> in requiring initiates to believe in a supreme being. Craft degrees in English speaking lodges took on a less continental, and more mystical flavour, with Besant importing the Dharma, or Besant Leadbeater ritual to both Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Thames_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thames-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Co-Freemasonry is divided into self-governing Federations, Jurisdictions, and pioneer lodges, bound to an International Constitution and a Supreme Council, which delegates elect at an international convention every five years. In common with any other Masonic jurisdiction, the president of the Supreme Council is referred to as the Grand Master. It currently has 28,000 members spread through 60 countries and five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exclusive_women's_lodges"><span id="Exclusive_women.27s_lodges"></span>Exclusive women's lodges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exclusive women's lodges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A women's lodge existed in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Mather_Crocker" title="Hannah Mather Crocker">Hannah Mather Crocker</a>, in an apology for Freemasonry written in 1815, claims to have presided over such a lodge, yet her description, "founded on the original principles of true ancient masonry, as far as was consistent with the female character" leaves the actual constitution open to question. It is also clear that St. Anne's lodge was extinct at the time of her writing about it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crocker's leadership of this exclusively female Masonic lodge stands as an alternative to historical frameworks that emphasize the formal political exclusion and public silencing of women in the development of republican, liberal political practice in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a> spread in England from 1902, some members became alarmed by decisions taken by the governing body in Paris. There was a perceived threat to the ancient form of masonic ritual. Resignations resulted, in 1908, in the formation of a new Grand Lodge, which became the Honourable Fraternity of Antient Masonry, under a clergyman, the Rev. Dr. William Frederick Cobb, as Grand Master. His retirement after four years led to the election of a female Grand Master. Reverting to the original legal meaning of <i>Brotherhood</i>, the members have addressed each other as <i>Brother</i> since 1908. A further split occurred in 1913, when those wishing to include higher degrees, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Royal Arch</a>, left to form the Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons. Both societies are now exclusively female. The Honourable Fraternity of Antient Masonry restricted initiation to women and stopped admitting male visitors. The last male member left in 1935. The older society, having started working higher degrees, changed its name in 1958, appending the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Women_Freemasons" title="Order of Women Freemasons">Order of Women Freemasons</a>, as they are known today. Both bodies have lodges throughout the United Kingdom, and the Order of Women Freemasons also has lodges in Australasia, Zimbabwe, and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La Grande Loge féminine de France, which emerged from adoptive masonry in 1959, spread to Belgium in 1974, and la Grande Loge féminine de Belgique was formed in 1981. By 2001, they had 35 lodges, three of which were in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arose due to <i>La Croisee des Chemins</i> (Crossroads), a lodge under la Grande Loge féminine de Belgique formed to spread Freemasonry amongst the women of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_of_women_as_Freemasons">Recognition of women as Freemasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recognition of women as Freemasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a> has strong relations with female Masonic lodges. Le Droit Humain enjoys fraternal relations with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_f%C3%A9minine_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Loge féminine de France">Grande Loge féminine de France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_de_France" title="Grande Loge de France">Grande Loge de France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Orient de France, in addition to recognising women's masonry, decided in 2010 that there was no reason that its lodges should not be able to initiate women, thus adding another strand to international co-masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-American jurisdictions of Freemasonry follow a set of traditions referred to in ritual as the <i>Ancient Landmarks</i>. These comprise the practices and precepts perceived as "ancient" at the beginning of the 18th century, and frozen in time by <a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s_Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson's Constitutions">Anderson's <i>Constitutions</i></a> and similar works which followed and copied it. Among Anderson's <i>Ancient Charges</i>, still enshrined in the constitutions of the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> (UGLE) and many other Grand Lodges, is a description of the person who may be admitted to Freemasonry, "good and true men, free-born, and of mature and discreet age and sound judgement, no bondmen, no women, no immoral or scandalous men, but of good report".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, any lodge admitting women is considered <i>irregular</i> by many lodges and Grand Lodges. Masons attending irregular lodges or subscribing to irregular jurisdictions, are subject to immediate exclusion or suspension from the craft.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the UGLE has stated since 1999 that two English women's jurisdictions, The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Women_Freemasons" title="Order of Women Freemasons">Order of Women Freemasons</a> and The Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons, are regular in practice except for their inclusion of women, and has indicated that, while not formally recognized, these bodies may be regarded as part of Freemasonry when describing Freemasonry in general.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, neither 'mainstream' Freemasonry nor Prince Hall Freemasonry accept women, but rather have associated separate bodies, some of which are mentioned above, which are "Masonic" in character, but not Masonic in their content.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bodies, together with the co-freemasonry practiced in continental Europe, are not currently supported by the UGLE.<sup id="cite_ref-UGLE_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UGLE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transgender_women_and_Freemasonry">Transgender women and Freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transgender women and Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, guidance was released by the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> stating that, in regard to <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a>, "A Freemason who after initiation ceases to be a man does not cease to be a Freemason."<sup id="cite_ref-trans_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidance also states that <a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">transgender men</a> are allowed to become Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Masonic jurisdictions may have different guidance on the issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">Le Droit Humain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges" title="List of Masonic Grand Lodges">List of Masonic Grand Lodges</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonia Frazer, The Weaker Vessel, Mandarin paperbacks, 1989, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasoninformation.com/2009/06/a-shorter-history-of-early-women-freemasons/">Freemason Information</a> gives p366 in the 1902 edition in a review of Karen Kidd, A Short(er) History of Early Women Freemasons, retrieved 19 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfaf.org/operative_masons.htm">Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415020328/http://www.hfaf.org/operative_masons.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> "Women as Operative Masons", quoting from Enid L. Scott, <i>Women in Freemasonry</i>, 1988, retrieved 3 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Murray Lyon, <i>History of the lodge of Edinburgh</i>, Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1873, pp. 121–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themasonictrowel.com/books/lexicon_of_freemasonry_by_Albert_Mackey/files/AMAP1/Amac-9.htm">ADOPTIVE FREEMASONRY</a> Entry from Mackey's Lexicon of Freemasonry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thames-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thames_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thames_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/Cabinet_Card_Woman_in_Masonic_Regalia.htm">Phoenix Masonry</a> Barbara L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ORDRE+MA%C3%87ONNIQUE+MIXTE+INTERNATIONAL+LE+DROIT+HUMAIN&rft.atitle=Organization+%E2%80%93+ORDRE+MA%C3%87ONNIQUE+MIXTE+INTERNATIONAL+LE+DROIT+HUMAIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fledroithumain.international%2Forganization%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry+and+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. M. Crocker, <i>A Series of Letters on Free Masonry</i>, John Eliot, Boston, 1815</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eileen Hunt Botting, "Ascending the Rostrum: Hannah Mather Crocker and Women's Political Oratory", <i>The Journal of Politics</i> 74 no. 4 (2012): 978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfaf.org/history.htm">Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110223195815/http://www.hfaf.org/history.htm">Archived</a> 23 February 2011 at Wikiwix Our History, mainly taken from Enid L. Scott, Women in Freemasonry, 1988 retrieved 3 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owf.org.uk/history.htm">Order of Women Freemasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065123/http://www.owf.org.uk/history.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History, retrieved 8 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenfreemasonsusa.com/history.html">Women's Freemasonry – USA</a> History, retrieved 8 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenfreemasons.com/ourhistory.html">Aletheia Lodge, Los Angeles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317064653/http://womenfreemasons.com/ourhistory.html">Archived</a> 17 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History, retrieved 8 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.droit-humain.org/uk/html/links.html">LDH links page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322203256/http://www.droit-humain.org/uk/html/links.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 24 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/le-grand-orient-de-france-autorise-l-initiation-des-femmes_916972.html">L'Express</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030132124/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/le-grand-orient-de-france-autorise-l-initiation-des-femmes_916972.html">Archived</a> 30 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> News report, 3 September 2010, retrieved 24 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1734" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James (1734) [1723]. Paul Royster (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=libraryscience"><i>The Constitutions of the Free-Masons</i></a> (Philadelphia ed.). <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2009</span>. <q>The Persons admitted Members of a Lodge must be good and true Men, free-born, and of mature and discreet Age, no Bondmen, no Women, no immoral or scandalous Men, but of good Report.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutions+of+the+Free-Masons&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Benjamin+Franklin&rft.date=1734&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1028%26context%3Dlibraryscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry+and+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UGLE constitutions, Antient Charges, III, of Lodges</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UGLE Constitutions, rule 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugle.org.uk/what-is-masonry/frequently-asked-questions/">UGLE FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318050503/http://www.ugle.org.uk/what-is-masonry/frequently-asked-questions/">Archived</a> 18 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 8 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfaf.org">Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604174900/http://www.hfaf.org/ugle.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Text of UGLE statement, retrieved 12 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glmopha.org/women">Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Missouri</a> Prince Hall Masonry and Women, retrieved 24 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trans-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trans_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Gayle2018" class="citation web cs1">Damien Gayle (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/aug/01/freemasons-to-admit-women-but-only-if-they-first-joined-as-men">"Freemasons to admit women – but only if they first joined as men | UK news"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freemasons+to+admit+women+%E2%80%93+but+only+if+they+first+joined+as+men+%26%23124%3B+UK+news&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.au=Damien+Gayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2Faug%2F01%2Ffreemasons-to-admit-women-but-only-if-they-first-joined-as-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry+and+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ugle.org.uk/gender-reassignment-policy">"Gender Reassignment Policy"</a>. United Grand Lodge of England. 17 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+Reassignment+Policy&rft.pub=United+Grand+Lodge+of+England&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugle.org.uk%2Fgender-reassignment-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreemasonry+and+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemasonry_and_women&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ledroithumain.international/?lang=en">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.droithumain-france.org/">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i>—French Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemasonryformenandwomen.co.uk/">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i>—British Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemasonryformenandwomen.org/">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i>—American Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasonryformenandwomen.org.au/">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i>—Australian Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ledroithumain.international/southafrica/">The International Order of Co-Freemasonry <i>Le Droit Humain</i>—South African Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compasssquarefor00hendrich"><i>The Compass and Square: For Women Only (1916)</i></a> by Harriet L. Montgomery Henderson (of the Women's Order of Esoteric Masonry)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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rites">rites</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_abbreviations" title="List of Masonic abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges" title="List of Masonic Grand Lodges">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_music" title="Masonic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_myths" title="Masonic myths">Masonic myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_rites" title="List of Masonic rites">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Ritual and Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_lodge" title="Research lodge">Research lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_compasses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/85px-Square_compasses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/128px-Square_compasses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/170px-Square_compasses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="852" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and<br />Compasses</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freemasons%27_Hall,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/85px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/128px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/170px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall</a>,<br />London,<br />headquarters (1775/1933-)<br />of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand<br />Lodge of England</a> (1722-)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American<br />Freemasonry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish Rite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Swedish Order of Freemasons">Swedish Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Danish Order of Freemasons">Danish Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Icelandic Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Norwegian Order of Freemasons">Norwegian Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Spain">Grand Lodge of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Landlodge_of_the_Freemasons_of_Germany" title="Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany">Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia#Armenia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Cyprus" title="Grand Lodge of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Grand Lodge of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Grande Loge Nationale Française">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodges_of_Germany" title="United Grand Lodges of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Italy">Regular Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Macedonia" title="Grand Lodge of Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grand_Lodge_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_the_Netherlands" title="Grand Orient of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Philippines" title="Grand Lodge of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grand_Lodge_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grand Lodge in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Russia" title="Grand Lodge of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_Alpina_of_Switzerland" title="Grand Lodge Alpina of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia_and_New_Zealand25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia and New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_New_South_Wales_and_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory">United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Zealand" title="Grand Lodge of New Zealand">Grand Lodge of New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges_in_North_America" title="History of Masonic Grand Lodges in North America">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Alabama" title="Grand Lodge of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_California" title="Grand Lodge of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Connecticut" title="Grand Lodge of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Idaho" title="Grand Lodge of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_Of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge Of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Indiana" title="Grand Lodge of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Kansas" title="Grand Lodge of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Kentucky" title="Grand Lodge of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts" title="Grand Lodge of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Michigan" title="Grand Lodge of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Minnesota" title="Grand Lodge of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Missouri" title="Grand Lodge of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Nebraska" title="Grand Lodge of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Jersey" title="Grand Lodge of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Mexico" title="Grand Lodge of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York" title="Grand Lodge of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_North_Dakota" title="Grand Lodge of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ohio" title="Grand Lodge of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Pennsylvania" title="Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Lodge of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Texas" title="Grand Lodge of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Virginia" title="Grand Lodge of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_West_Virginia" title="Grand Lodge of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Wisconsin" title="Grand Lodge of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Manitoba" title="Grand Lodge of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Grand Lodge of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Canada_in_the_Province_of_Ontario" title="Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_do_Brasil" title="Grande Oriente do Brasil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Chile" title="Grand Lodge of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Costa_Rica" title="Grand Lodge of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Grand Lodge of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental<br />Freemasonry</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a>,<br />including <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Liaison_et_d%27Information_des_Puissances_ma%C3%A7onniques_Signataires_de_l%27Appel_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg">CLIPSAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">Le Droit Humain</a> <small>(several countries)</small></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Belgium" title="Grand Orient of Belgium">Grand Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Grand Lodge of Belgium">Female Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Belgium">Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Denmark_of_Ancient_Free_%26_Accepted_Masons" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Denmark of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons">Denmark </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_Grand_Lodge_of_Spain" title="Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Grand_Lodge_of_France" title="Mixed Grand Lodge of France">Mixed Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Grand_Orient_of_Greece" title="Serene Grand Orient of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Grande Oriente Ibérico">Ibérico</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Oriente d'Italia">Grand Orient of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Loggia d'Italia">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Grand_Lodge_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Grand Lodge of Italy">Female Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Poland" title="Grand Orient of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Portugal" title="Grand Orient of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Grand_Lodge_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Grand Lodge of Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th id="Americas8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Co-Masonry" title="Universal Co-Masonry">Universal Co-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry_in_North_America" title="Continental Freemasonry in North America">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Appendant Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Denominational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Masonic_Degrees" title="Allied Masonic Degrees">Allied Masonic Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch (Anglo-European)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry (American)</a></li> <li>Order of Athelstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Scarlet Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Secret Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters (Anglo-European)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry (American)</a></li> <li>Royal Ark Mariners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">Shriners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests</li> <li>Knights of the York Cross of Honour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li> <li>Masonic Order of the Bath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectified_Scottish_Rite" title="Rectified Scottish Rite">Reformed and Rectified Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia" title="Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia">S.R.I.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Eri" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Eri">Royal Order of Eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li> <li>Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor</li> <li>York Rite Sovereign College</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted<br />Scottish Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>USA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite,_Northern_Jurisdiction,_USA" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA">Northern Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite_(Southern_Jurisdiction,_USA)" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)">Southern Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Louisiana" title="Supreme Council of Louisiana">Supreme Council of Louisiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons_(A%E2%80%93D)" title="List of Freemasons (A–D)">A–D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons_(E%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Freemasons (E–Z)">E–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of monarchs who were Freemasons">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">US presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Freemasonry and women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">Masonic Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_libraries" title="List of Masonic libraries">Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Masonry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Affair">Morgan Affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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