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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Image sensors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Image_sensors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Image sensors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Image_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensor_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sensor resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resolution_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Resolution options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolution_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_sharpness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sharpness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Image sharpness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_sharpness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_image_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_image_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Methods of image capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_image_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filter_mosaics,_interpolation,_and_aliasing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filter_mosaics,_interpolation,_and_aliasing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filter_mosaics,_interpolation,_and_aliasing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensor_size_and_angle_of_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor_size_and_angle_of_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sensor size and angle of view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor_size_and_angle_of_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensor_resolution_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor_resolution_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sensor resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor_resolution_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of digital cameras</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_digital_cameras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of digital cameras subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Compacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugged_compacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugged_compacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rugged compacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugged_compacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Action cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-360-degree_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#360-degree_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>360-degree cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-360-degree_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridge_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bridge cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridge_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modular_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modular_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Modular cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modular_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_single-lens_reflex_cameras_(DSLR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_single-lens_reflex_cameras_(DSLR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_single-lens_reflex_cameras_(DSLR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Still_Cameras_(DSC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Still_Cameras_(DSC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Digital Still Cameras (DSC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Still_Cameras_(DSC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixed-mirror_DSLT_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed-mirror_DSLT_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Fixed-mirror DSLT cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed-mirror_DSLT_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_rangefinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rangefinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Digital rangefinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rangefinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line-scan_camera_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line-scan_camera_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Line-scan camera systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line-scan_camera_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superzoom_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superzoom_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Superzoom cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superzoom_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-field_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-field_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Light-field camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-field_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Event camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_into_other_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_into_other_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Integration into other devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_into_other_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_digital_camera_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_digital_camera_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable digital camera manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_digital_camera_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Market trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Connectivity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connectivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connectivity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transferring_photos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transferring_photos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transferring photos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transferring_photos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_photos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_photos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Printing photos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_photos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displaying_photos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displaying_photos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Displaying photos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displaying_photos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather-sealing_and_waterproofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather-sealing_and_waterproofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Weather-sealing and waterproofing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sealing_and_waterproofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scene_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Scene modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_data_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_data_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Image data storage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Image_data_storage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Image data storage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Image_data_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>File formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directory_and_file_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directory_and_file_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Directory and file structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directory_and_file_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thumbnail_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thumbnail_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Thumbnail files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thumbnail_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Batteries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Batteries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Proprietary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_consumer_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_consumer_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Standard consumer batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_consumer_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_of_film_cameras_to_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_of_film_cameras_to_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Conversion of film cameras to digital</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conversion_of_film_cameras_to_digital-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conversion of film cameras to digital subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conversion_of_film_cameras_to_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_camera_backs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_camera_backs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Digital camera backs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_camera_backs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages"> <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_kamera" title="Digitale kamera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Digitale kamera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة تصوير رقمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة تصوير رقمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99q%C9%99msal_kamera" title="Rəqəmsal kamera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəqəmsal kamera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ডিজিটাল ক্যামেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিজিটাল ক্যামেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лічбавы фотаапарат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лічбавы фотаапарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лічбавы фотаапарат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лічбавы фотаапарат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цифров фотоапарат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цифров фотоапарат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_fotoaparat" title="Digitalni fotoaparat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Digitalni fotoaparat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mera_digital" title="Càmera digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càmera digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_fotoapar%C3%A1t" title="Digitální fotoaparát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digitální fotoaparát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalkamera" title="Digitalkamera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Digitalkamera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كاميرا ديجيطال – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاميرا ديجيطال" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalkamera" title="Digitalkamera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digitalkamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digifotoaparaat" title="Digifotoaparaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Digifotoaparaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B7%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Ψηφιακή φωτογραφική μηχανή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψηφιακή φωτογραφική μηχανή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_digital" title="Cámara digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cifereca_fotilo" title="Cifereca fotilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cifereca fotilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argazki-kamera_digital" title="Argazki-kamera digital – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argazki-kamera digital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="دوربین دیجیتال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین دیجیتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appareil_photographique_num%C3%A9rique" title="Appareil photographique numérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appareil photographique numérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotocjamare_digjit%C3%A2l" title="Fotocjamare digjitâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fotocjamare digjitâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceamara_digiteach" title="Ceamara digiteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceamara digiteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%9D%BC" title="디지털 카메라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 카메라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AD%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Թվային ֆոտոխցիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվային ֆոտոխցիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="डिजिटल कैमरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिजिटल कैमरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_fotoaparat" title="Digitalni fotoaparat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Digitalni fotoaparat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamera digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithwebuli_sezezibhangqiwe" title="Isithwebuli sezezibhangqiwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithwebuli sezezibhangqiwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafr%C3%A6n_lj%C3%B3smyndun" title="Stafræn ljósmyndun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stafræn ljósmyndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotocamera_digitale" title="Fotocamera digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotocamera digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מצלמה דיגיטלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצלמה דיגיטלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сандық камера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сандық камера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ກ້ອງດິຈິຕອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກ້ອງດິຈິຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lis_f%C3%A9nyk%C3%A9pez%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Digitális fényképezőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Digitális fényképezőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дигитален фотоапарат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дигитален фотоапарат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1" title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ ക്യാമറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിജിറ്റൽ ക്യാമറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="डि़जिटल कॅमेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डि़जिटल कॅमेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ციფრული ფოტოაპარატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ციფრული ფოტოაპარატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera digital – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дижитал камер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дижитал камер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_camera" title="Digitale camera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitale camera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="डिजिटल क्यामरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डिजिटल क्यामरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="デジタルカメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタルカメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalkamera" title="Digitalkamera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digitalkamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqamli_kamera" title="Raqamli kamera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Raqamli kamera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਡਿਜੀਟਲ ਕੈਮਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਿਜੀਟਲ ਕੈਮਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfrowy_aparat_fotograficzny" title="Cyfrowy aparat fotograficzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyfrowy aparat fotograficzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mera_digital" title="Câmera digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmera digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цифровой фотоаппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цифровой фотоаппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_dixhitale" title="Kamera dixhitale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamera dixhitale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඩිජිටල් කැමරාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩිජිටල් කැමරාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital camera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lny_fotoapar%C3%A1t" title="Digitálny fotoaparát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Digitálny fotoaparát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дигитални фото-апарат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дигитални фото-апарат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalni_foto-aparat" title="Digitalni foto-aparat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Digitalni foto-aparat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaalikamera" title="Digitaalikamera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digitaalikamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalkamera" title="Digitalkamera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digitalkamera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF" title="இருமப் படமி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருமப் படமி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="กล้องดิจิทัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องดิจิทัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%9F%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏗᏎᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᏎᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijital_foto%C4%9Fraf_makinesi" title="Dijital fotoğraf makinesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dijital fotoğraf makinesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Цифрова камера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цифрова камера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotocamara_digital" title="Fotocamara digital – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotocamara digital" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%E1%BA%A3nh_s%E1%BB%91" title="Máy ảnh số – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy ảnh số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera digital – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamera digital" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="数码照相机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数码照相机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="數碼相機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數碼相機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="数码相机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数码相机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Camera that captures photographs or video in digital format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Digicam" redirects here. For the military camouflage method using micropatterns, see <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital camouflage">Digital camouflage</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg/220px-Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg/330px-Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg/440px-Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="872"/></a><figcaption>Front and back of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_A" title="Canon PowerShot A">Canon PowerShot A</a>95 (c.2004), a once typical pocket-sized <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact camera">compact camera</a>, with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_dial" title="Mode dial">mode dial</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_viewfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical viewfinder">optical viewfinder</a>, and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulating_screen" title="Articulating screen">articulating screen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg/220px-Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg/330px-Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg/440px-Hasselblad_503CW_V96C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1838"/></a><figcaption><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> 503CW with Ixpress V96C <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital back">digital back</a>, an example of a professional digital camera system</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>digital camera</b>, also called a <b>digicam</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> that captures photographs in <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital data storage">digital memory</a>. Most cameras produced today are digital,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely replacing those that capture images on <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>. Digital cameras are now widely incorporated into mobile devices like <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> with the same or more capabilities and features of dedicated cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end, high-definition dedicated cameras are still commonly used by professionals and those who desire to take higher-quality photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital and digital movie cameras share an optical system, typically using a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">lens</a> with a variable <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> to focus light onto an image pickup device.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diaphragm and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> admit a controlled amount of light to the image, just as with film, but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being recorded, and store and delete images from <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">memory</a>. Many digital cameras can also record moving videos with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound</a>. Some digital cameras can <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">crop</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">stitch</a> pictures and perform other kinds of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera#Digital_cameras" title="History of the camera">History of the camera § Digital cameras</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a>, and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></div> <p>The first semiconductor image sensor was the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD), invented by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard S. Boyle">Willard S. Boyle</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> at Bell Labs in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS capacitor">MOS capacitor</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">active-pixel sensor</a> was later invented by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsutomu_Nakamura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsutomu Nakamura (page does not exist)">Tsutomu Nakamura</a>'s team at <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fossum93_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fossum93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the development of the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) at the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Fossum2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fossum2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fossum93_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fossum93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_F._Lally" title="Eugene F. Lally">Eugene F. Lally</a> of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was thinking about how to use a mosaic photosensor to capture digital images. His idea was to take pictures of the planets and stars while travelling through space to give information about the astronauts' position.<sup id="cite_ref-Belbachir2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belbachir2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> employee Willis Adcock's film-less camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the technology had yet to catch up with the concept. </p><p>In 1972, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/virginia-t-norwood-the-mother-of-landsat">Landsat 1 satellite's multispectral scanner (MSS)</a> started taking digital images of Earth. The MSS, designed by Virginia Norwood at Hughes Aircraft Company starting in 1969, captured and transmitted image data from green, red, and two infrared bands with 6 bits per channel, using a mechanical rocking mirror and an array of 24 detectors. Operating for six years, it transmitted more than 300,000 digital photographs of Earth, while orbiting the planet about 14 times per day. </p><p>Also in 1972, Thomas McCord from MIT and James Westphal from Caltech together developed a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/33192/1/MCCao72.pdf">digital camera for use with telescopes</a>. Their 1972 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3951552A">"photometer-digitizer system</a>" used an analog-to-digital converter and a digital frame memory to store 256 x 256-pixel images of planets and stars, which were then recorded on digital magnetic tape.  CCD sensors were not yet commercially available, and the camera used a silicon diode vidicon tube detector which was cooled using dry ice to reduce dark current, allowing exposure times of up to one hour.    </p><p>The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromemco_Cyclops" title="Cromemco Cyclops">Cromemco Cyclops</a> was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of <i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i> magazine. It used a 32×32 metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensor, which was a modified MOS dynamic <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a>) <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory chip">memory chip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hackaday_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackaday-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Sasson" title="Steven Sasson">Steven Sasson</a>, an engineer at <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, built a self-contained electronic camera that used a monochrome Fairchild CCD image sensor in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> began developing CCD technology in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujifilm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujifilm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early uses were mainly military and scientific; followed by medical and news applications.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first filmless SLR (single lens reflex) camera was publicly demonstrated by Sony in August 1981. The Sony "Mavica" (magnetic <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_video_camera" title="Still video camera">still video camera</a>) used a color-striped 2/3" format CCD sensor with 280K pixels, along with analogue video signal processing and recording.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mavica electronic still camera recorded FM modulated analog video signals on a newly developed 2" magnetic floppy disk, dubbed the "Mavipak". The disk format was later standardized as the "Still Video Floppy", or "SVF". </p><p>The Canon RC-701, introduced in May 1986, was the first SVF camera (and the first electronic SLR camera) sold in the US. It employed an SLR viewfinder, included a 2/3" format color CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and was sold along with a removable 11-66mm and 50-150mm zoom lens.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Over the next few years, many other companies began selling SVF cameras. These analog electronic cameras included the Nikon QV-1000C, which had an SLR viewfinder and a 2/3" format monochrome CCD sensor with 380K pixels, and recorded analog <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_White_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and White Photography">black and white</a> images on a Still Video Floppy.<sup id="cite_ref-busch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-busch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Photokina 1988, Fujifilm introduced the FUJIX DS-1P, the first fully digital camera, which recorded digital images using a semiconductor <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a>. The camera's memory card had a capacity of 2 MB of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> (static random-access memory), and could hold up to ten photographs. In 1989, Fujifilm released the FUJIX DS-X, the first fully digital camera to be commercially released.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujifilm_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujifilm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>'s 40 MB flash memory card was adopted for several digital cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phone</a> was the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> Visual Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-computerworld_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerworld-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called a "mobile videophone" at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a 110,000-<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-facing_camera" title="Front-facing camera">front-facing camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-computerworld_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerworld-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stored up to 20 JPEG <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital images">digital images</a>, which could be sent over e-mail, or the phone could send up to two images per second over Japan's <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Personal Handy-phone System</a> (PHS) <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-computerworld_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerworld-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> SCH-V200, released in <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in June 2000, was also one of the first phones with a built-in camera. It had a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">TFT</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) and stored up to 20 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photos</a> at 350,000-pixel resolution. However, it could not send the resulting image over the telephone function but required a computer connection to access photos.<sup id="cite_ref-digitaltrends_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaltrends-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mass-market camera phone was the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-SH04" title="J-SH04">J-SH04</a>, a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Phone">J-Phone</a> model sold in Japan in November 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitaltrends_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitaltrends-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could instantly transmit pictures via cell phone telecommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-2000s, higher-end <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a> had an integrated digital camera and by the early 2010s, almost all <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> had an integrated digital camera.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_sensors">Image sensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Image sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a></div> <p>The two major types of digital image sensors are CCD and CMOS. A CCD sensor has one amplifier for all the pixels, while each pixel in a CMOS active-pixel sensor has its own amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to CCDs, CMOS sensors use less power. Cameras with a small sensor use a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-illuminated_sensor" title="Back-illuminated sensor">back-side-illuminated</a> CMOS (BSI-CMOS) sensor. The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> capabilities of the camera determine the outcome of the final image quality much more than the sensor type.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensor_resolution">Sensor resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensor resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> of a digital camera is often limited by the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_filter_array" title="Color filter array">color filter array</a> may be used, which requires <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a> to recreate a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Color image">full-color image</a>. The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's "<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel count">pixel count</a>". In a typical sensor, the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. For example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolution_options">Resolution options</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resolution options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Firmwares' resolution selector allows the user to optionally lower the resolution, to reduce the file size per picture, and extend lossless <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_zoom" title="Digital zoom">digital zooming</a>. The bottom resolution option is typically <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/640%C3%97480" class="mw-redirect" title="640×480">640×480</a> pixels (0.3 megapixels).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lower resolution extends the number of remaining photos in free space, postponing the exhaustion of space storage, which is of use where no further data storage device is available, and for captures of lower significance, where the benefit from less space storage consumption outweighs the disadvantage from reduced detail.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sharpness">Image sharpness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Image sharpness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An image's sharpness is presented through the crisp detail, defined lines, and its depicted contrast. Sharpness is a factor of multiple systems throughout the DSLR camera by its <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">ISO</a>, resolution, lens and the lens settings, the environment of the image, and its post-processing. Images have a possibility of being too sharp but they can never be too in focus. </p><p>A digital camera resolution is determined by a digital sensor. The digital sensor indicates a high level of sharpness can be produced through the amount of noise and grain that is tolerated through the lens of the camera. Resolution within the field of digital still and digital movies is indicated through the camera's ability to determine detail based on the distance which is then measured by frame size, pixel type, number, and organization although some DSLR cameras have resolutions limited, it is almost impossible to not have the proper sharpness for an image. The ISO choice when taking a photo affects the quality of the image as high ISO settings equate to an image that is less sharp due to the increased amount of noise allowed into the image along with too little noise can also produce an image that is not sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_image_capture">Methods of image capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methods of image capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccd-sensor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ccd-sensor.jpg/170px-Ccd-sensor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ccd-sensor.jpg/255px-Ccd-sensor.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ccd-sensor.jpg/340px-Ccd-sensor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1324"/></a><figcaption>At the heart of a digital camera is a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> or a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Active pixel sensor">CMOS</a> image sensor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg/220px-Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg/330px-Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg/440px-Partly_disassembled_Lumix_digital_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="2060"/></a><figcaption>Digital camera, partially disassembled. The lens assembly (bottom right) is partially removed, but the sensor (top right) still captures an image, as seen on the LCD screen (bottom left).</figcaption></figure><p>Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main methods of capturing the image, each based on the hardware configuration of the sensor and color filters. </p><p><i>Single-shot</i> capture systems use either one sensor chip with a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a> mosaic, or three separate image sensors (one each for the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_additive_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary additive colors">primary additive colors</a> red, green, and blue) which are exposed to the same image via a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitter</a> (see <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a>). </p><p><i>Multi-shot</i> exposes the sensor to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>. There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique. The most common was originally to use a single image sensor with three filters passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information. Another multiple-shot method is called <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscanning" title="Microscanning">microscanning</a>. This method uses a single sensor chip with a Bayer filter and physically moves the sensor on the focus plane of the lens to construct a higher resolution image than the native resolution of the chip. A third version combines these two methods without a Bayer filter on the chip. </p><p>The third method is called <i>scanning</i> because the sensor moves across the focal plane much like the sensor of an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanner</a>. The <i>linear</i> or <i>tri-linear</i> sensors in scanning cameras utilize only a single line of photosensors, or three lines for the three colors. Scanning may be accomplished by moving the sensor (for example, when using <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_co-site_sampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Color co-site sampling">color co-site sampling</a>) or by rotating the whole camera. A digital <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_line_camera" title="Rotating line camera">rotating line camera</a> offers images consisting of a total resolution that is very high. </p><p>The choice of method for a given capture is determined largely by the subject matter. It is usually inappropriate to attempt to capture a subject that moves with anything but a single-shot system. However, the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions that are available with multi-shot and scanning backs make them more attractive for commercial photographers who are working with stationary subjects and large-format photographs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2013)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Improvements in single-shot cameras and image file processing at the beginning of the 21st century made single-shot cameras almost completely dominant, even in high-end commercial photography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filter_mosaics,_interpolation,_and_aliasing"><span id="Filter_mosaics.2C_interpolation.2C_and_aliasing"></span>Filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Filter mosaics, interpolation, and aliasing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg/220px-Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg/330px-Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg/440px-Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="455"/></a><figcaption>The Bayer arrangement of color filters on the pixel array of an image sensor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most current <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (February 2020)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> consumer digital cameras use a Bayer filter mosaic in combination with an optical <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter" title="Anti-aliasing filter">anti-aliasing filter</a> to reduce the aliasing due to the reduced sampling of the different primary-color images. A demosaicing algorithm is used to <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolate</a> color information to create a full array of RGB image data. </p><p>Cameras that use a beam-splitter single-shot <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3CCD" class="mw-redirect" title="3CCD">3CCD</a> approach, three-filter multi-shot approach, color co-site sampling or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a> do not use anti-aliasing filters, nor demosaicing. </p><p><br/> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> in the camera, or a software in a raw converter program such as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_DNG_Converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe DNG Converter">Adobe Camera Raw</a>, interprets the raw data from the sensor to obtain a full-color image, because the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> requires three intensity values for each pixel: one each for the red, green, and blue (other color models, when used, also require three or more values per pixel). A single sensor element cannot simultaneously record these three intensities, so a color filter array (CFA) must be used to selectively filter a particular color for each pixel. </p><p>The Bayer filter pattern is a repeating 2x2 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> pattern of light filters, with green ones at opposite corners and red and blue in the other two positions. The high proportion of green takes advantage of the properties of the human visual system, which determines brightness mostly from green and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or saturation. Sometimes a 4-color filter pattern is used, often involving two different hues of green. This provides potentially more accurate color, but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color intensity values not captured for each pixel can be <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolate">interpolated</a> from the values of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensor_size_and_angle_of_view">Sensor size and angle of view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensor size and angle of view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cameras with digital image sensors that are smaller than the typical 35 mm film size have a smaller field or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> when used with a lens of the same <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>. This is because the angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg/220px-Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg/330px-Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg/440px-Kids_50mm_100mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="215"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">crop factor</a> is relative to the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35mm film format</a>. If a smaller sensor is used, as in most digicams, the field of view is cropped by the sensor to smaller than the 35 mm full-frame format's field of view. This narrowing of the field of view may be described as crop factor, a factor by which a longer focal length lens would be needed to get the same field of view on a 35 mm film camera. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-frame digital SLR">Full-frame digital SLRs</a> utilize a sensor of the same size as a frame of 35 mm film. </p><p>Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs using active pixel sensors include 1.3x for some <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a> (APS-H) sensors, 1.5x for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> APS-C sensors used by Nikon, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a> and for Fujifilm sensors, 1.6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors, ~1.7x for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a>'s <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon" title="Foveon">Foveon</a> sensors and 2x for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> and Panasonic 4/3-inch sensors currently used by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympus company">Olympus</a> and Panasonic. Crop factors for non-SLR consumer compact and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_digital_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge digital camera">bridge</a> cameras are larger, frequently 4x or more. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">Image sensor format</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SensorSizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SensorSizes.svg/220px-SensorSizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SensorSizes.svg/330px-SensorSizes.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SensorSizes.svg/440px-SensorSizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700"/></a><figcaption>Relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras.</figcaption></figure> <table style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of sensor sizes<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Width (mm)</th> <th>Height (mm)</th> <th>Size (mm²) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1/3.6"</td> <td>4.00</td> <td>3.00</td> <td>12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/3.2"</td> <td>4.54</td> <td>3.42</td> <td>15.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/3"</td> <td>4.80</td> <td>3.60</td> <td>17.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2.7"</td> <td>5.37</td> <td>4.04</td> <td>21.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2.5"</td> <td>5.76</td> <td>4.29</td> <td>24.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2.3"</td> <td>6.16</td> <td>4.62</td> <td>28.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2"</td> <td>6.40</td> <td>4.80</td> <td>30.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/1.8"</td> <td>7.18</td> <td>5.32</td> <td>38.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/1.7"</td> <td>7.60</td> <td>5.70</td> <td>43.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2/3"</td> <td>8.80</td> <td>6.60</td> <td>58.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1"</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Thirds_system" title="Four Thirds system">4/3"</a></td> <td>18.0</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>243 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a></td> <td>25.1</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>24</td> <td>864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Back</td> <td>48</td> <td>36</td> <td>1728 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensor_resolution_2">Sensor resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sensor resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> of a digital camera is often limited by the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> that turns light into discrete signals. The brighter the image at a given point on the sensor, the larger the value that is read for that pixel. Depending on the physical structure of the sensor, a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_filter_array" title="Color filter array">color filter array</a> may be used, which requires <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a> to recreate a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Color image">full-color image</a>. The number of pixels in the sensor determines the camera's "<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel count">pixel count</a>". In a typical sensor, the pixel count is the product of the number of rows and the number of columns. <b>Pixels are square and is often equal to 1</b>, for example, a 1,000 by 1,000-pixel sensor would have 1,000,000 pixels, or 1 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixel</a>. On full-frame sensors (i.e., 24 mm 36 mm), some cameras propose images with 20–25 million pixels that were captured by 7.5–m <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosite" title="Photosite">photosites</a>, or a surface that is 50 times larger.  <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png/220px-Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png/330px-Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png/440px-Cross_section_of_a_DSLR_camera.png 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="1667"/></a><figcaption>Cross section of a DSLR camera.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_digital_cameras">Types of digital cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of digital cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital cameras come in a wide range of sizes, prices, and capabilities. In addition to general-purpose digital cameras, specialized cameras including <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multispectral_imaging" title="Multispectral imaging">multispectral imaging</a> equipment and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrographs</a> are used for scientific, military, medical, and other special purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compacts"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_and_shoot_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Point and shoot camera">Compacts</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Compacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-W170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sony_DSC-W170.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-W170.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sony_DSC-W170.jpg/330px-Sony_DSC-W170.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sony_DSC-W170.jpg/440px-Sony_DSC-W170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1782"/></a><figcaption>DSC-W170 is a subcompact camera with lens assembly retracted</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/220px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/330px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/440px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453"/></a><figcaption>Disassembled compact digital camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Compact cameras are intended to be portable (pocketable) and are particularly suitable for casual "<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_(photography)" title="Snapshot (photography)">snapshots</a>". Point-and-shoot cameras usually fall under this category. </p><p>Many incorporate a retractable lens assembly that provides optical zoom. In most models, an auto-actuating lens cover protects the lens from elements. Most ruggedized or <a href="#Weather-sealing_and_waterproofing">water-resistant</a> models do not retract, and most with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzoom" title="Superzoom">superzoom</a> capability do not retract fully. </p><p>Compact cameras are usually designed to be <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">easy to use</a>. Almost all include an automatic mode, or "auto mode", which automatically makes all camera settings for the user. Some also have manual controls. Compact digital cameras typically contain a small sensor that trades-off picture quality for compactness and simplicity; images can usually only be stored using lossy compression (JPEG). Most have a built-in <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash</a> usually of low power, sufficient for nearby subjects. A few high-end compact digital cameras have a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotshoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotshoe">hotshoe</a> for connecting to an external flash. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_preview" title="Live preview">Live preview</a> is almost always used to frame the photo on an integrated LCD. In addition to being able to take still photographs almost all compact cameras have the ability to record <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">video</a>. </p><p>Compacts often have <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro</a> capability and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom lenses</a>, but the zoom range (up to 30x) is generally enough for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">candid photography</a> but less than is available on <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera" title="Bridge camera">bridge cameras</a> (more than 60x), or the interchangeable lenses of DSLR cameras available at a much higher cost.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">Autofocus</a> systems in compact digital cameras generally are based on a contrast-detection methodology using the image data from the live preview feed of the main imager. Some compact digital cameras use a hybrid autofocus system similar to what is commonly available on DSLRs. </p><p>Typically, compact digital cameras incorporate a nearly silent <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf shutter">leaf shutter</a> into the lens but play a simulated camera sound for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuomorph" title="Skeuomorph">skeuomorphic</a> purposes. </p><p>For low cost and small size, these cameras typically use <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format#Table_of_sensor_formats_and_sizes" title="Image sensor format">image sensor formats</a> with a diagonal between 6 and 11 mm, corresponding to a crop factor between 7 and 4. This gives them weaker low-light performance, greater <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>, generally closer focusing ability, and smaller components than cameras using larger sensors. Some cameras use a larger sensor including, at the high end, a pricey full-frame sensor compact camera, such as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-RX1" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1">Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1</a>, but have capability near that of a DSLR. </p><p>A variety of additional features are available depending on the model of the camera. Such features include <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">GPS</a>, compass, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2010, some compact digital cameras can take 3D still photos.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 3D compact <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">stereo cameras</a> can capture 3D panoramic photos with dual lens or even a single lens for playback on a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="3D TV">3D TV</a>. </p><p>In 2013, Sony released two add-on camera models without display, to be used with a smartphone or tablet, controlled by a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile application">mobile application</a> via WiFi.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugged_compacts">Rugged compacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rugged compacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact cameras</a> typically include protection against submersion, hot and cold conditions, shock, and pressure. Terms used to describe such properties include waterproof, freeze-proof, heatproof, shockproof, and crushproof, respectively. Nearly all major camera manufacturers have at least one product in this category. Some are waterproof to a considerable depth up to 100 feet (30 m);<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others only 10 feet (3 m), but only a few will float. Ruggeds often lack some of the features of ordinary compact camera, but they have video capability and the majority can record sound. Most have image stabilization and built-in flash. Touchscreen LCD and GPS do not work underwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action_cameras">Action cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Action cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_camera" title="Action camera">Action camera</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro" title="GoPro">GoPro</a> and other brands offer action cameras that are rugged, small, and can be easily attached to <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_cam" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmet cam">helmets</a>, arms, bicycles, etc. Most have a wide angle and fixed focus and can take still pictures and video, typically with sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="360-degree_cameras">360-degree cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 360-degree cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360-degree_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="360-degree camera">360-degree camera</a></div> <p>The 360-degree camera can take picture or video 360 degrees using two lenses back-to-back and shooting at the same time. Some of the cameras are Ricoh Theta S, Nikon Keymission 360 and Samsung Gear 360. Nico360 was launched in 2016 and claimed as the world's smallest 360-degree camera with size 46 x 46 x 28 mm (1.8 x 1.8 x 1.1 in) and price less than $200. With <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> mode built-in stitching, Wifi, and Bluetooth, live streaming can be done. Due to it also being water resistant, the Nico360 can be used as action camera.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are tend that action cameras have capabilities to shoot 360 degrees with at least 4K resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge_cameras">Bridge cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bridge cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg/220px-Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg/330px-Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg/440px-Sony_DSC-H2_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="1061"/></a><figcaption>Sony DSC-H2</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera" title="Bridge camera">Bridge camera</a></div> <p>Bridge cameras physically resemble DSLRs, and are sometimes called DSLR-shape or DSLR-like. They provide some similar features but, like compacts, they use a fixed lens and a small sensor. Some compact cameras have also PSAM mode.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most use live preview to frame the image. Their usual autofocus is by the same contrast-detect mechanism as compacts, but many bridge cameras have a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_focus" title="Manual focus">manual focus</a> mode and some have a separate focus ring for greater control. </p><p>The big physical size and small sensor allow superzoom and wide aperture. Bridge cameras generally include an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilization</a> system to enable longer handheld exposures, sometimes better than DSLR for low light conditions. </p><p>As of 2014, bridge cameras come in two principal classes in terms of sensor size, firstly the more traditional 1/2.3" sensor (as measured by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">image sensor format</a>) which gives more flexibility in lens design and allows for handholdable zoom from 20 to 24 mm (35 mm equivalent) wide angle all the way up to over 1000 mm supertele, and secondly a 1" sensor that allows better image quality particularly in low light (higher ISO) but puts greater constraints on lens design, resulting in zoom lenses that stop at 200 mm (constant aperture, e.g. Sony RX10) or 400 mm (variable aperture, e.g. Panasonic Lumix FZ1000) equivalent, corresponding to an optical zoom factor of roughly 10 to 15. </p><p>Some bridge cameras have a lens thread to attach accessories such as wide-angle or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleconverter" title="Teleconverter">telephoto converters</a> as well as filters such as UV or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizing_filter_(photography)" title="Polarizing filter (photography)">Circular Polarizing</a> filter and lens hoods. The scene is composed by viewing the display or the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_viewfinder" title="Electronic viewfinder">electronic viewfinder</a> (EVF). Most have a slightly longer <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_lag" title="Shutter lag">shutter lag</a> than a DSLR. Many of these cameras can store images in a raw format in addition to supporting JPEG.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority have a built-in flash, but only a few have a hotshoe. </p><p>In bright sun, the quality difference between a good compact camera and a digital SLR is minimal but bridge cameras are more portable, cost less and have a greater zoom ability. Thus a bridge camera may better suit outdoor daytime activities, except when seeking professional-quality photos.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameras">Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg/220px-Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg/330px-Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg/440px-Olympus_OM-D_E-M1_Mark_II_D81_8378-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4920" data-file-height="3645"/></a><figcaption>Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II introduced 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_(44253991734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg/220px-Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg/330px-Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg/440px-Nikon_Z7_D81_2448_%2844253991734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4099" data-file-height="3037"/></a><figcaption>Nikon Z7 introduced 2018</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera</a></div> <p>In late 2008, a new type of camera emerged, called a <i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera">mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera</a></i>. It is technically a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR camera">DSLR camera</a> that does not require a reflex mirror, a key component of the former. While a typical DSLR has a mirror that reflects light from the lens up to the optical viewfinder, in a mirrorless camera, there is no optical viewfinder. The image sensor is exposed to light at all times, giving the user a digital preview of the image either on the built-in rear LCD screen or an electronic viewfinder (EVF).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are simpler and more compact than DSLRs due to not having a lens reflex system. MILCs, or mirrorless cameras for short, come with various sensor sizes depending on the brand and manufacturer, these include: a small 1/2.3 inch sensor, as is commonly used in bridge cameras such as the original <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_Q" title="Pentax Q">Pentax Q</a> (more recent Pentax Q versions have a slightly larger 1/1.7 inch sensor); a 1-inch sensor; a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_system" title="Micro Four Thirds system">Micro Four Thirds</a> sensor; an APS-C sensor found in Sony NEX series and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Alpha">α</a> "DSLR-likes", <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X_series" title="Fujifilm X series">Fujifilm X series</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K-01" title="Pentax K-01">Pentax K-01</a>, and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_M" title="Canon EOS M">Canon EOS M</a>; and some, such as the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B17" title="Sony α7">Sony α7</a>, use a full frame (35 mm) sensor, with the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> X1D being the first medium format mirrorless camera. Some MILCs have a separate electronic viewfinder to compensate the lack of an optical one. In other cameras, the back display is used as the primary viewfinder in the same way as in compact cameras. One disadvantage of mirrorless cameras compared to a typical DSLR is its battery life due to the energy consumption of the electronic viewfinder, but this can be mitigated by a setting inside the camera in some models.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many mirrorless cameras have a hotshoe. </p><p>Olympus and Panasonic released many Micro Four Thirds cameras with interchangeable lenses that are fully compatible with each other without any adapter, while others have proprietary mounts. In 2014, Kodak released its first Micro Four Third system camera.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, mirrorless cameras are fast becoming appealing to both amateurs and professionals alike due to their simplicity, compatibility with some DSLR lenses, and features that match most DSLRs today.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget-930976_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-930976-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modular_cameras">Modular cameras<span class="anchor" id="Smart_Lens"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modular cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg/220px-Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg/330px-Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg/440px-Sony_Alpha_ILCE-QX1_APS-C-frame_camera_with_lens.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"/></a><figcaption>Sony Alpha ILCE-QX1, an example of a modular, lens-style camera, introduced in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>While most digital cameras with interchangeable lenses feature a lens-mount of some kind, there are also a number of modular cameras, where the shutter and sensor are incorporated into the lens module. </p><p>The first such modular camera was the Minolta Dimâge V in 1996, followed by the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minolta_Dim%C3%A2ge_EX_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta Dimâge EX 1500">Minolta Dimâge EX 1500</a> in 1998 and the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minolta_MetaFlash_3D_1500" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta MetaFlash 3D 1500">Minolta MetaFlash 3D 1500</a> in 1999. In 2009, Ricoh released the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh_GXR" title="Ricoh GXR">Ricoh GXR</a> modular camera. </p><p>At CES 2013, Sakar International announced the Polaroid iM1836, an 18MP camera with 1"-sensor with interchangeable sensor-lens. An adapter for <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four Thirds">Micro Four Thirds</a>, Nikon and K-mount lenses was planned to ship with the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a number of add-on camera modules for smartphones, they are called <i>lens-style</i> cameras (lens camera or smart lens). They contain all the essential components of a digital camera inside a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> lens-shaped module, hence the name, but lack any sort of viewfinder and most controls of a regular camera. Instead, they are connected wirelessly and/or mounted to a smartphone to be used as its display output and operate the camera's various controls. </p><p>Lens-style cameras include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Cyber-shot">Sony Cyber-shot</a> QX series "Smart Lens" or "SmartShot" cameras, announced and released in mid 2013 with the Cyber-shot DSC-QX10. In January 2014, a firmware update was announced for the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC-QX10" class="mw-redirect" title="DSC-QX10">DSC-QX10</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSC-QX100" title="DSC-QX100">DSC-QX100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2014, Sony announced the Cyber-shot <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_DSC-QX30" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony DSC-QX30">DSC-QX30</a> as well as the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_ILCE-QX1" title="Sony ILCE-QX1">Alpha ILCE-QX1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former an ultrazoom with a built-in 30x optical zoom lens, the latter opting for an interchangeable <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_E-mount" title="Sony E-mount">Sony E-mount</a> instead of a built-in lens.</li> <li>Kodak PixPro smart lens camera series, announced in 2014. These include: the 5X optical zoom SL5, 10X optical zoom SL10, and the 25X optical zoom SL25; all featuring 16MP sensors and 1080p video recording, except for the SL5 which caps at 720p.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViviCam" class="mw-redirect" title="ViviCam">ViviCam</a> IU680 smart lens camera from Sakar-owned brand, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivitar" title="Vivitar">Vivitar</a>, announced in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Olympus Air A01 lens camera, announced in 2014 and released in 2015, the lens camera is an open platform with an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and can detach into 2 parts (sensor module and lens), just like the Sony QX1, and all compatible <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four Thirds System">Micro Four Thirds</a> lenses can then be attached to the built-in lens mount of the camera's sensor module.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_single-lens_reflex_cameras_(DSLR)"><span id="Digital_single-lens_reflex_cameras_.28DSLR.29"></span>Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg/220px-Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg/330px-Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg/440px-Olympus_E-30-Cutmodel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="711"/></a><figcaption>Cutaway of an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_E-30" title="Olympus E-30">Olympus E-30</a> DSLR</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a></div> <p>Digital <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">single-lens reflex cameras</a> (DSLR) is a camera with a digital sensor that utilizes a reflex mirror to split or direct light into the viewfinder to produce an image.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reflex mirror finds the image by blocking light to the camera's sensor and then reflecting it into the camera's pentaprism which allows it to be seen through the viewfinder.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the shutter release is fully pressed the reflex mirror pulls out horizontally below the pentaprism briefly darkening the viewfinder and then opening up the sensor for exposure which creates the photo.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digital image is produced by the sensor which is an array of photoreceptors on a microchip capable of recording light values. Many modern DSLRs offer the ability for "live view" or the framing of the subject emitted from the sensor onto a digital screen, and many have a hotshoe. </p><p>The sensor also known as a <b>full-frame sensor</b> is much larger than the other types, typically 18mm to 36mm on the diagonal (crop factor 2, 1.6, or 1).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger sensor permits more light to be received by each pixel; this, combined with the relatively large lenses provides superior low-light performance. For the same field of view and the same aperture, a larger sensor gives shallower focus. DSLRs can equip <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Interchangeable lens">interchangeable lenses</a> for versatility by removing it from the lens mount of the camera, typically a silver ring on the front side of DSLRs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lenses work in tandem with the mechanics of the DSLR to adjust aperture and focus. Autofocus is accomplished using sensors in the mirror box and on most modern lenses can be activated from the lens itself which will trigger upon shutter release.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Still_Cameras_(DSC)"><span id="Digital_Still_Cameras_.28DSC.29"></span>Digital Still Cameras (DSC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Digital Still Cameras (DSC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Digital Still Camera (DSC), such as the Sony DSC cameras, is a type of camera that does not use a reflex mirror. DSCs are like <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point-and-shoot cameras</a> and are the most common type of cameras, due to their comfortable price and its quality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Here are a list of DSCs: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sony_Cyber-shot_cameras" title="List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras">List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed-mirror_DSLT_cameras">Fixed-mirror DSLT cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fixed-mirror DSLT cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cameras with fixed semi-transparent mirrors, also known as DSLT cameras, such as the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_SLT_camera" title="Sony SLT camera">Sony SLT cameras</a>, are single-lens without a moving reflex mirror as in a conventional DSLR. A semi-transparent mirror transmits some of the light to the image sensor and reflects some of the light along the path to a pentaprism/pentamirror which then goes to an optical view finder (OVF) as is done with a reflex mirror in DSLR cameras. The total amount of light is not changed, just some of the light travels one path and some of it travels the other. The consequences are that DSLT cameras should shoot a half stop differently from DSLR. One advantage of using a DSLT camera is the blind moments a DSLR user experiences while the reflecting mirror is moved to send the light to the sensor instead of the viewfinder do not exist for DSLT cameras. Because there is no time at which light is not traveling along both paths, DSLT cameras get the benefit of continuous <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-focus">auto-focus</a> tracking. This is especially beneficial for burst-mode shooting in low-light conditions and also for tracking when taking video.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rangefinders">Digital rangefinders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Digital rangefinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera#Digital_rangefinder" title="Rangefinder camera">Rangefinder camera § Digital rangefinder</a></div> <p>A rangefinder is a device to measure subject distance, with the intent to adjust the focus of a camera's objective lens accordingly (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">open-loop controller</a>). The rangefinder and lens focusing mechanism may or may not be coupled. In common parlance, the term "rangefinder camera" is interpreted very narrowly to denote manual-focus cameras with a visually-read out optical rangefinder based on <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>. Most digital cameras achieve focus through analysis of the image captured by the objective lens and distance estimation, if it is provided at all, is only a byproduct of the focusing process (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-loop_controller" title="Closed-loop controller">closed-loop controller</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line-scan_camera_systems">Line-scan camera systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Line-scan camera systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-scan_camera" title="Line-scan camera">line-scan camera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg/220px-Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg/330px-Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg/440px-Strip_photo_of_San_Francisco_Cable_Car_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1544"/></a><figcaption>A San Francisco cable car, imaged using an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.alkeria.com/">Alkeria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.alkeria.com/products/necta-series">Necta</a> N4K2-7C line scan camera with a shutter speed of 250 microseconds, or 4000 frames per second.</figcaption></figure> <p>A line-scan camera traditionally has a single row of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel sensor">pixel sensors</a>, instead of a matrix of them. The lines are continuously fed to a computer that joins them to each other and makes an image.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is most commonly done by connecting the camera output to a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_grabber" title="Frame grabber">frame grabber</a> which resides in a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI slot">PCI slot</a> of an industrial computer. The frame grabber acts to buffer the image and sometimes provide some processing before delivering to the computer software for processing. Industrial processes often require height and width measurements performed by digital line-scan systems.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple rows of sensors may be used to make colored images, or to increase sensitivity by TDI (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_delay_and_integration" title="Time delay and integration">time delay and integration</a>). </p><p>Many industrial applications require a wide field of view. Traditionally maintaining consistent light over large <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">2D</a> areas is quite difficult. With a line scan camera all that is necessary is to provide even illumination across the "line" currently being viewed by the camera. This makes sharp pictures of objects that pass the camera at high speed. </p><p>Such cameras are also commonly used to make <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_finish" title="Photo finish">photo finishes</a>, to determine the winner when multiple competitors cross the finishing line at nearly the same time. They can also be used as industrial instruments for analyzing fast processes. </p><p>Line-scan cameras are also extensively used in imaging from <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> (see <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_broom_scanner" title="Push broom scanner">push broom scanner</a>). In this case the row of sensors is perpendicular to the direction of satellite motion. Line-scan cameras are widely used in scanners. In this case, the camera moves horizontally. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_line_camera" title="Rotating line camera">Rotating line camera</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip photography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superzoom_cameras">Superzoom cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Superzoom cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzoom#Large_sensor_superzoom_cameras" title="Superzoom">List of superzoom cameras</a></div> <p>Digital <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superzoom" title="Superzoom">superzoom</a> cameras are digital cameras that can zoom in very far. These superzoom cameras are suitable for people who have <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">nearsightedness</a>. </p><p>The HX series is a series containing Sony's superzoom cameras like <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-HX20V" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX20V">HX20V</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-HX90V" title="Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX90V">HX90V</a> and the newest HX99. HX stands for HyperXoom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light-field_camera"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">Light-field camera</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Light-field camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of digital camera captures information about the light field emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with a conventional digital camera, which records only light intensity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_camera"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_camera" title="Event camera">Event camera</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Event camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of measuring the intensity of light over some predetermined time interval (the exposure time), event cameras detect when the intensity of light changes by some threshold for each pixel independently, usually with microsecond precision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_into_other_devices">Integration into other devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Integration into other devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many devices have a built-in digital camera, including, for example, smartphones, mobile phones, PDAs and laptop computers. Built-in cameras generally store the images in the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> file format, although cameras in Apple's <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> line have used the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC</a> format since 2017. <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile phones incorporating digital cameras were introduced in Japan in 2001 by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">J-Phone</a>. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed base</a> of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_digital_camera_manufacturers">Notable digital camera manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable digital camera manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_brands" title="List of digital camera brands">List of digital camera brands</a></div> <p>There are many manufacturers that lead in the production of digital cameras (commonly DSLRs). Each brand embodies different mission statements that differ them from each other outside of the physical technology that they produce. While the majority of manufacturers share modern features amongst their production of cameras, some specialize in specific details either physically on camera or within the system and image quality. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon_D200_front_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/120px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/180px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/240px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2000"/></a><figcaption>A Nikon D200 camera with a Nikon 17-55 mm / 2,8 G AF-S DX IF-ED lens and a Nikon SB-800 flash. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flashes</a> are used as attachment to a camera to provide light to the image, timed with the shutter of the camera.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg/220px-Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg/330px-Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg/440px-Canon_70-200_f28_MK2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427"/></a><figcaption>Canon EF 70-200 f/2.8 lens mounted on a Canon 7D camera body. Lenses of varying lengths can be equipped onto main camera bodies to provide different perspectives for an image taken.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_trends">Market trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Market trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart of sale of smartphones (with built-in cameras) compared to digital cameras 2009–2013 showing smartphone sale soaring while camera sale is stagnating" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png/240px-Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png/360px-Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png/480px-Sale_of_smartphones_and_cameras.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="482"/></a><figcaption>Sale of smartphones compared to digital cameras 2009–2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Sales of traditional digital cameras have declined due to the increasing use of smartphones for casual photography, which also enable easier manipulation and sharing of photos through the use of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> and web-based services. "Bridge cameras", in contrast, have held their ground with functionality that most smartphone cameras lack, such as optical zoom and other advanced features.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-androidcamera_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-androidcamera-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DSLRs have also lost ground to Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC)s offering the same sensor size in a smaller camera. A few expensive ones use a full-frame sensor, just like DSLR professional cameras. </p><p>In response to the convenience and flexibility of smartphone cameras, some manufacturers produced "smart" digital cameras that combine features of traditional cameras with those of a smartphone. In 2012, Nikon and Samsung released the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Camera" title="Samsung Galaxy Camera">Galaxy Camera</a>, the first two digital cameras to run the Android operating system. Since this <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Software platform">software platform</a> is used in many smartphones, they can integrate with some of the same services (such as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail attachment">e-mail attachments</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networks</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> sites) that smartphones do and use other Android-compatible software.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-androidcamera_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-androidcamera-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an inversion, some phone makers have introduced smartphones with cameras designed to resemble traditional digital cameras. Nokia released the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_808_PureView" title="Nokia 808 PureView">808 PureView</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Lumia_1020" title="Nokia Lumia 1020">Lumia 1020</a> in 2012 and 2013; the two devices respectively run the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating systems, and both include a 41-megapixel camera (along with a camera grip attachment for the latter).<sup id="cite_ref-gsmarena-lumia1020_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsmarena-lumia1020-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S4 Zoom, having a 16-megapixel camera and 10x optical zoom, combining traits from the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S4_Mini" title="Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini">Galaxy S4 Mini</a> with the Galaxy Camera.<sup id="cite_ref-laptop-phonecameras_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laptop-phonecameras-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panasonic Lumix DMC-CM1 is an Android KitKat 4.4 smartphone with 20MP, 1" sensor, the largest sensor for a smartphone ever, with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica camera">Leica</a> fixed lens equivalent of 28 mm at F2.8, can take RAW image and 4K video, has 21 mm thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in 2018 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_P20" title="Huawei P20">Huawei P20</a> Pro is an android Oreo 8.1 has triple Leica lenses in the back of the smartphone with 40MP 1/1.7" <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> sensor as first lens, 20MP 1/2.7" <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> sensor as second lens and 8MP 1/4" RGB sensor with 3x optical zoom as third lens.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combination of first lens and second lens will produce <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">bokeh</a> image with larger <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range">high dynamic range</a>, whereas combination of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_pixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega pixel">mega pixel</a> first lens and optical zoom will produce maximum 5x <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_zoom" title="Digital zoom">digital zoom</a> without loss of quality by reducing the image size to 8MP.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">Light-field cameras</a> were introduced in 2013 with one consumer product and several professional ones. </p><p>After a big dip of sales in 2012, consumer digital camera sales declined again in 2013 by 36 percent. In 2011, compact digital cameras sold 10 million per month. In 2013, sales fell to about 4 million per month. DSLR and MILC sales also declined in 2013 by 10–15% after almost ten years of double digit growth.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras is continuously declining from 148 million in 2011 to 58 million in 2015 and tends to decrease more in the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film camera sales hit their peak at about 37 million units in 1997, while digital camera sales began in 1989. By 2008, the film camera market had died and digital camera sales hit their peak at 121 million units in 2010. In 2002, cell phones with an integrated camera had been introduced and in 2003 the cell phone with an integrated camera had sold 80 million units per year. By 2011, cell phones with an integrated camera were selling hundreds of millions per year, which were causing a decline in digital cameras. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35 million units or only less than a third of digital camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their peak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectivity">Connectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Connectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transferring_photos">Transferring photos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transferring photos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many digital cameras can connect directly to a computer to transfer data:- </p> <ul><li>Early cameras used the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> is now the most widely used method (most cameras are viewable as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass-storage_device_class" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mass-storage device class">USB mass storage</a>), though some have a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1394 interface">FireWire</a> port. Some cameras use <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Transfer_Protocol" title="Picture Transfer Protocol">USB PTP</a> mode for connection instead of USB MSC; some offer both modes.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Wireless_media_transfer"></span> </p> <ul><li>Other cameras use <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless connection">wireless connections</a>, via <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, such as the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak EasyShare One">Kodak EasyShare One</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital#Integrated_Wi-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">Wi-Fi integrated Memory cards</a> (SDHC, SDXC) can transmit stored images, video and other files to computers or smartphones. Mobile operating systems such as Android allow automatic upload and backup or sharing of images over Wi-Fi to photo sharing and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud services</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tethering"></span> </p> <ul><li>Cameras with integrated Wi-Fi or specific Wi-Fi adapters mostly allow camera control, especially shutter release, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> control and more (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>) from computer or smartphone apps additionally to the transfer of media data.</li> <li>Cameraphones and some high-end stand-alone digital cameras also use cellular networks to connect for sharing images. The most common standard on cellular networks is the MMS <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">Multimedia Messaging Service</a>, commonly called "picture messaging". The second method with smartphones is to send a picture as an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_attachment" title="Email attachment">email attachment</a>. Many old cameraphones, however, do not support email.</li></ul> <p>A common alternative is the use of a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_reader" title="Card reader">card reader</a> which may be capable of reading several types of storage media, as well as high speed transfer of data to the computer. Use of a card reader also avoids draining the camera battery during the download process. An external card reader allows convenient direct access to the images on a collection of storage media. But if only one storage card is in use, moving it back and forth between the camera and the reader can be inconvenient. Many computers have a card reader built in, at least for SD cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_photos">Printing photos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Printing photos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many modern cameras support the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PictBridge" title="PictBridge">PictBridge</a> standard, which allows them to send data directly to a PictBridge-capable <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printer</a> without the need for a computer. PictBridge uses <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Transfer_Protocol" title="Picture Transfer Protocol">PTP</a> to transfer images and control information. </p><p>Wireless connectivity can also provide for printing photos without a cable connection. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Instant-print"></span> An <i>instant-print camera</i>, is a digital camera with a built-in <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This confers a similar functionality as an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant camera</a> which uses <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">instant film</a> to quickly generate a physical photograph. Such non-digital cameras were popularized by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> with the SX-70 in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displaying_photos">Displaying photos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Displaying photos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many digital cameras include a video output port. Usually <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVideo" class="mw-redirect" title="SVideo">sVideo</a>, it sends a standard-definition video signal to a television, allowing the user to show one picture at a time. Buttons or menus on the camera allow the user to select the photo, advance from one to another, or automatically send a "slide show" to the TV. </p><p><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> has been adopted by many high-end digital camera makers, to show photos in their high-resolution quality on an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>. </p><p>In January 2008, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Image" title="Silicon Image">Silicon Image</a> announced a new technology for sending video from mobile devices to a television in digital form. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_High-definition_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile High-definition Link">MHL</a> sends pictures as a video stream, up to 1080p resolution, and is compatible with HDMI.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_recorder" title="DVD recorder">DVD recorders</a> and television sets can read memory cards used in cameras; alternatively several types of flash card readers have TV output capability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weather-sealing_and_waterproofing">Weather-sealing and waterproofing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Weather-sealing and waterproofing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cameras can be equipped with a varying amount of environmental sealing to provide protection against splashing water, moisture (humidity and fog), dust and sand, or complete waterproofness to a certain depth and for a certain duration. The latter is one of the approaches to allow <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">underwater photography</a>, the other approach being the use of waterproof housings. Many waterproof digital cameras are also shockproof and resistant to low temperatures. </p><p>Some waterproof cameras can be fitted with a waterproof housing to increase the operational depth range. The Olympus 'Tough' range of compact cameras is an example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes">Modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many digital cameras have preset <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_dial" title="Mode dial">modes</a> for different applications. Within the constraints of correct exposure various parameters can be changed, including exposure, aperture, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focusing</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">light metering</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="White balance">white balance</a>, and equivalent sensitivity. For example, a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> might use a wider aperture to render the background out of focus, and would seek out and focus on a human face rather than other image content. </p><p>Few cameras are equipped with a voice note (audio-only) recording feature.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scene_modes">Scene modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Scene modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vendors implement a variety scene modes in cameras' firmwares for various purposes, such as a "landscape mode" which prevents focusing on rainy and/or stained window glass such as a windshield, and a "sports mode" which reduces motion blur of moving subjects by reducing exposure time with the help of increased light sensitivity. Firmwares may be equipped with the ability to select a suitable scene mode automatically through <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_data_storage">Image data storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Image data storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cf-card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cf-card.jpg/220px-Cf-card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cf-card.jpg/330px-Cf-card.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cf-card.jpg/440px-Cf-card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="450"/></a><figcaption>A <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a> (CF) card, one of many media types used to store digital photographs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg/220px-Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg/330px-Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg/440px-Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988"/></a><figcaption>Digital camera (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-TZ10" title="Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10">Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ10</a>) user interface, indicating the approximate count of remaining photos.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many camera phones and most stand alone digital cameras store image data in flash memory cards or other <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">removable media</a>. Most stand-alone cameras use <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital card">SD</a> format, while a few use CompactFlash, CFexpress or other types. In January 2012, a faster <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XQD_card" title="XQD card">XQD card</a> format was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2014, some high end cameras have two <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-swap">hot-swappable</a> memory slots. Photographers can swap one of the memory card with camera-on. Each memory slot can accept either Compact Flash or SD Card. All new Sony cameras also have two memory slots, one for its <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a> and one for SD Card, but not hot-swapable.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The approximate count of remaining photos until space exhaustion is calculated by the firmware throughout use and indicated in the viewfinder, to prepare the user for an impending necessary <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot swap">hot swap</a> of the memory card, and/or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="File operation">file offload</a>. </p><p>A few cameras used other removable storage such as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrives</a> (very small <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a>), CD single (185 <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5%22_floppy_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="3.5" floppy disk">3.5" floppy disks</a> (e. g. Sony <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavica">Mavica</a>). Other unusual formats include: </p> <ul><li>Onboard (internal) flash memory — Cheap cameras and cameras secondary to the device's main use (such as a camera phone). Some have small capacities such as 100 Megabytes and less, where intended use is buffer storage for uninterrupted operation during a memory card <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_swap" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot swap">hot swap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperDisk" title="SuperDisk">SuperDisk</a> (LS120) used in two Panasonic digital cameras, the PV-SD4090<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PV-SD5000,<sup id="cite_ref-Panasonic_SD5000_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panasonic_SD5000-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed them to use both SuperDisk and 3.5" floppy disks</li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a> hard drives — early professional cameras (discontinued)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PC Card flash memory cards<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal printer">Thermal printer</a> — known only in the Casio Petit Colle ZR-1 and ZR-10<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which printed images immediately rather than storing</li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zink_(printing)" title="Zink (printing)">Zink technology</a> — printing images immediately rather than storing</li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PocketZip" title="PocketZip">PocketZip</a> — media used in the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agfa_ePhoto_CL30_Clik!" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa ePhoto CL30 Clik!">Agfa ePhoto CL30 Clik!</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mini CD"><img alt="Mini CD" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg/120px-Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg/180px-Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg/240px-Mini_CD_vs_Normal_CD_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="676"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroDrive1GB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microdrive (CF-II)"><img alt="Microdrive (CF-II)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MicroDrive1GB.jpg/111px-MicroDrive1GB.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MicroDrive1GB.jpg/166px-MicroDrive1GB.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MicroDrive1GB.jpg/221px-MicroDrive1GB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="915"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microdrive (CF-II)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="USB flash drive"><img alt="USB flash drive" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg/120px-Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg/180px-Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg/240px-Intenso_USB_stick_8_GB-0289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3897"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASF_diskette_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3.5" floppy disks"><img alt="3.5" floppy disks" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg/120px-BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg/180px-BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg/240px-BASF_diskette_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1247"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3.5" floppy disks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO,PRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sony's Proprietary Memory Stick"><img alt="Sony's Proprietary Memory Stick" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg/109px-%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg/163px-%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg/217px-%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_PRO%2CPRO_DUO_HIGH_SPEED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="709"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sony's Proprietary <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Most manufacturers of digital cameras do not provide drivers and software to allow their cameras to work with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or other <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still, many cameras use the standard <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mass storage">USB mass storage</a> and/or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol" title="Media Transfer Protocol">Media Transfer Protocol</a>, and are thus widely supported. Other cameras are supported by the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPhoto" title="GPhoto">gPhoto</a> project, and many computers are equipped with a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card_reader" title="Memory card reader">memory card reader</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_formats">File formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: File formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Image file formats">Image file formats</a></div> <p>The Joint Photography Experts Group standard (JPEG) is the most common file format for storing image data. Other file types include Tagged Image File Format (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>) and various <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw image formats</a>. </p><p>Many cameras, especially high-end ones, support a raw image format. A raw image is the unprocessed set of pixel data directly from the camera's sensor, often saved in a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary format</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> has released the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative">DNG</a> format, a royalty-free raw image format used by at least 10 camera manufacturers. </p><p>Raw files initially had to be processed in specialized image editing programs, but over time many mainstream editing programs, such as Google's <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a>, have added support for raw images. Rendering to standard images from raw sensor data allows more flexibility in making major adjustments without losing image quality or retaking the picture. </p><p>Formats for movies are <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a>, MPEG, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime#File_formats" title="QuickTime">MOV</a> (often containing motion JPEG), <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a>, and ASF (basically the same as WMV). Recent formats include MP4, which is based on the QuickTime format and uses newer compression algorithms to allow longer recording times in the same space. </p><p>Other formats that are used in cameras (but not for pictures) are the Design Rule for Camera Format (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">DCF</a>), an <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization for Standardisation">ISO</a> specification, used in almost all camera since 1998, which defines an internal file structure and naming. Also used is the Digital Print Order Format (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPOF" class="mw-redirect" title="DPOF">DPOF</a>), which dictates what order images are to be printed in and how many copies. The DCF 1998 defines a logical file system with <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">8.3 filenames</a> and makes the usage of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer in order to maximize platform interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-009-2010_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-009-2010-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cameras include <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exif</a> data that provides <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> about the picture. Exif data may include aperture, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure time">exposure time</a>, focal length, date and time taken. Some are able to <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagged_photograph" title="Geotagged photograph">tag the location</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directory_and_file_structure">Directory and file structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Directory and file structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">Design rule for Camera File system</a></div> <p>In order to guarantee <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>, DCF specifies the file system for image and sound files to be used on formatted DCF media (like <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">removable</a> or non-removable memory) as <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a>, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a>, or <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIPA2010_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPA2010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media with a capacity of more than 2 GB must be formatted using FAT32 or exFAT. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Filesystem">filesystem</a> in a digital camera contains a <b>DCIM</b> (<b>Digital Camera IMages</b>) <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directory</a>, which can contain multiple subdirectories with names such as "123ABCDE" that consist of a unique directory number (in the range 100...999) and five alphanumeric characters, which may be freely chosen and often refer to a camera maker. These directories contain files with names such as "ABCD1234.JPG" that consist of four alphanumeric characters (often "100_", "DSC0", "DSCF", "IMG_", "MOV_", or "P000"), followed by a number. Handling of directories with possibly user-created duplicate numbers may vary among camera firmwares. </p><p>DCF 2.0 adds support for DCF optional files recorded in an optional color space (that is, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe RGB">Adobe RGB</a> rather than <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a>). Such files must be indicated by a leading "_" (as in "_DSC" instead of "100_" or "DSC0").<sup id="cite_ref-CIPA2010_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIPA2010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thumbnail_files">Thumbnail files</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Thumbnail files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To enable loading many images in miniature view quickly and efficiently, and to retain <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta data">meta data</a>, some vendors' firmwares generate accompanying low-resolution <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> files for videos and raw photos. For example, those of Canon cameras end with <code>.THM</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JPEG can already store a thumbnail image standalone.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Batteries">Batteries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Digital cameras have become smaller over time, resulting in an ongoing need to develop a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> small enough to fit in the camera and yet able to power it for a reasonable length of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Digital cameras utilize either proprietary or standard consumer batteries. As of March 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most cameras use proprietary lithium-ion batteries while some use standard AA batteries or primarily use a proprietary Lithium-ion rechargeable battery pack but have an optional AA battery holder available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietary">Proprietary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Proprietary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common class of battery used in digital cameras is proprietary battery formats. These are built to a manufacturer's custom specifications. Almost all proprietary batteries are lithium-ion. In addition to being available from the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Equipment_Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Equipment Manufacturer">OEM</a>, aftermarket replacement batteries are commonly available for most camera models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_consumer_batteries">Standard consumer batteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Standard consumer batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf" title="Commercial off-the-shelf">Commercial off-the-shelf</a></div> <p>Digital cameras that utilize off-the-shelf batteries are typically designed to be able to use both single-use <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">disposable</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechargeable batteries">rechargeable batteries</a>, but not with both types in use at the same time. The most common off-the-shelf battery size used is <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_battery" title="AA battery">AA</a>. CR2, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR-V3" class="mw-redirect" title="CR-V3">CR-V3</a> batteries, and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_battery" title="AAA battery">AAA batteries</a> are also used in some cameras. The CR2 and CR-V3 batteries are <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">lithium based</a>, intended for a single use. Rechargeable <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCR-V3" class="mw-redirect" title="RCR-V3">RCR-V3</a> lithium-ion batteries are also available as an alternative to non-rechargeable CR-V3 batteries. </p><p>Some <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_grip" title="Battery grip">battery grips</a> for DSLRs come with a separate holder to accommodate AA cells as an external power source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_of_film_cameras_to_digital">Conversion of film cameras to digital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Conversion of film cameras to digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Digital_camera" title="Special:EditPage/Digital camera">improve this section</a> by <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reflex_camera_numeric.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reflex_camera_numeric.svg/220px-Reflex_camera_numeric.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reflex_camera_numeric.svg/330px-Reflex_camera_numeric.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Reflex_camera_numeric.svg/440px-Reflex_camera_numeric.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500"/></a><figcaption><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When digital cameras became common, many photographers asked whether their <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Film camera">film cameras</a> could be converted to digital. The answer was not immediately clear, as it differed among models. For the majority of 35 mm film cameras the answer is no, the reworking and cost would be too great, especially as lenses have been evolving as well as cameras. For most a conversion to digital, to give enough space for the electronics and allow a liquid crystal display to preview, would require removing the back of the camera and replacing it with a custom built digital unit. </p><p>Many early professional SLR cameras, such as the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_DCS" title="Kodak DCS">Kodak DCS</a> series, were developed from 35 mm film cameras. The technology of the time, however, meant that rather than being digital "backs" the bodies of these cameras were mounted on large, bulky digital units, often bigger than the camera portion itself. These were factory built cameras, however, not <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermarket_(merchandise)" title="Aftermarket (merchandise)">aftermarket</a> conversions. </p><p>A notable exception is the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_E2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon E2">Nikon E2</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_E3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon E3">Nikon E3</a>, using additional optics to convert the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35 mm format">35 mm format</a> to a 2/3 CCD-sensor. </p><p>A few 35 mm cameras have had <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">digital camera backs</a> made by their manufacturer, Leica being a notable example with the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_R8%E2%80%93R9" title="Leica R8–R9">Leica R8–R9</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">Medium format</a> and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large format</a> cameras (those using film stock greater than 35 mm), have a low unit production, and typical digital backs for them cost over $10,000. These cameras also tend to be highly modular, with handgrips, film backs, winders, and lenses available separately to fit various needs. </p><p>The very large sensor these backs use leads to enormous image sizes. For example, Phase One's P45 39 MP image back creates a single TIFF image of size up to 224.6 MB, and even greater pixel counts are available. Medium format digitals such as this are geared more towards studio and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portrait photography</a> than their smaller DSLR counterparts; the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO speed">ISO speed</a> in particular tends to have a maximum of 400, versus 6400 for some DSLR cameras. (Canon EOS-1D Mark IV and <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3S" title="Nikon D3S">Nikon D3S</a> have ISO 12800 plus Hi-3 ISO 102400 with the Canon EOS-1Dx's ISO of 204800). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_camera_backs">Digital camera backs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Digital camera backs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">Digital camera back</a></div> <p>In the industrial and high-end professional photography market, some camera systems use modular (removable) image sensors. For example, some medium format SLR cameras, such as the Mamiya 645D series, allow installation of either a digital camera back or a traditional photographic film back. </p> <ul><li>Area array <ul><li>CCD</li> <li>CMOS</li></ul></li> <li>Linear array <ul><li>CCD (monochrome)</li> <li>3-strip CCD with color filters</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Linear array cameras are also called scan backs. </p> <ul><li>Single-shot</li> <li>Multi-shot (three-shot, usually)</li></ul> <p>Most earlier digital camera backs used linear array sensors, moving vertically to <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitize" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitize">digitize</a> the image. Many of them only capture <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> images. The relatively long exposure times, in the range of seconds or even minutes generally limit scan backs to studio applications, where all aspects of the photographic scene are under the photographer's control. </p><p>Some other camera backs use CCD arrays similar to typical cameras. These are called single-shot backs. </p><p>Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array with only thousands of pixels than a CCD matrix with millions, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an (albeit expensive) camera back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s. However, as of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the same resolution. Rotating line cameras, with about 10,000 color pixels in its sensor line, are able, as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, to capture about 120,000 lines during one full 360 degree rotation, thereby creating a single digital image of 1,200 Megapixels. </p><p>Most modern digital camera backs use CCD or CMOS matrix sensors. The matrix sensor captures the entire image frame at once, instead of incrementing scanning the frame area through the prolonged exposure. For example, <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)" title="Phase One (company)">Phase One</a> produces a 39 million pixel digital camera back with a 49.1 x 36.8 mm CCD in 2008. This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120 film</a> and much larger than a <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm format">35 mm</a> frame (36 x 24 mm). In comparison, consumer digital cameras use arrays ranging from 36 x 24 mm (full frame on high end consumer DSLRs) to 1.28 x 0.96 mm (on camera phones) CMOS sensor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_brands" title="List of digital camera brands">List of digital camera brands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_photography" title="Computational photography">Computational photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigitaOS" title="DigitaOS">DigitaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(firmware)" title="Magic Lantern (firmware)">Magic Lantern (firmware)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_shift" title="Pixel shift">Pixel shift</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_camera" title="Smart camera">Smart camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">Video camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JPEG is a lossy compression format with less colour depth than typical of raw formats; however, most raw formats require demosaicing ("raw converter") software to be viewed properly.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://fstoppers.com/reviews/perfect-vintage-digicam-travel-639753">"The Perfect Vintage Digicam for Travel"</a>. 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Vintage+Digicam+for+Travel&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffstoppers.com%2Freviews%2Fperfect-vintage-digicam-travel-639753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrove2006" class="citation news cs1">Musgrove, Mike (2006-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html">"Nikon Says It's Leaving Film-Camera Business"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20081013030825/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJEDS.2014.2306412">"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors"</a>. <i>IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 33–43. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJEDS.2014.2306412">10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+of+the+Electron+Devices+Society&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Pinned+Photodiode+for+CCD+and+CMOS+Image+Sensors&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJEDS.2014.2306412&rft.aulast=Fossum&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft.au=Hondongwa%2C+D.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FJEDS.2014.2306412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belbachir2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belbachir2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Nabil_Belbachir2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed Nabil Belbachir (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://books.google.com/books?id=it5W3f7yqAgC&pg=PA8"><i>Smart Cameras</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=How+mobile+photography+technology+has+evolved+over+two+decades+of+phone+cameras&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=AU&rft.aufirst=Samsung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Fad%2Farticle%2Fevolution-mobile-camera-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.ebay.de/gds/What-Is-the-Difference-Between-a-CCD-and-CMOS-Video-Camera-/10000000177630865/g.html">"What Is the Difference Between a CCD and CMOS Video Camera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20140326043747/http://www.ebay.de/gds/What-Is-the-Difference-Between-a-CCD-and-CMOS-Video-Camera-/10000000177630865/g.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Difference+Between+a+CCD+and+CMOS+Video+Camera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.de%2Fgds%2FWhat-Is-the-Difference-Between-a-CCD-and-CMOS-Video-Camera-%2F10000000177630865%2Fg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2017" class="citation book cs1">Nakamura, Junichi (2017-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://books.google.com/books?id=UY6QzgzgieYC&q=scholarly+articles+on+basic+DSCs+camera&pg=PP1"><i>Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-2685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-2685-6"><bdi>978-1-4200-2685-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+Sensors+and+Signal+Processing+for+Digital+Still+Cameras&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-2685-6&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Junichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUY6QzgzgieYC%26q%3Dscholarly%2Barticles%2Bon%2Bbasic%2BDSCs%2Bcamera%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Goldman" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Goldman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.cnet.com/news/why-the-iphone-4-takes-good-low-light-photos-bsi-cmos-sensors-explained/">"Why the iPhone 4 takes good low-light photos: BSI CMOS sensors explained!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20140928103103/http://www.cnet.com/news/why-the-iphone-4-takes-good-low-light-photos-bsi-cmos-sensors-explained/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+iPhone+4+takes+good+low-light+photos%3A+BSI+CMOS+sensors+explained%21&rft.au=Joshua+Goldman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fwhy-the-iphone-4-takes-good-low-light-photos-bsi-cmos-sensors-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/megapixel-camera">"Megapixel Camera - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Megapixel+Camera+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fcomputer-science%2Fmegapixel-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://photographylife.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-low-vs-high-resolution-cameras">"Advantages and Disadvantages of Low vs High Resolution Cameras"</a>. <i>Photography Life</i>. 19 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210410212325/https://photographylife.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-low-vs-high-resolution-cameras">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photography+Life&rft.atitle=Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Low+vs+High+Resolution+Cameras&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotographylife.com%2Fadvantages-and-disadvantages-of-low-vs-high-resolution-cameras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2012" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Barry (2012). <i>The DSLR filmmaker's handbook: real-world production techniques</i>. Janie L. Geyen. Indianapolis, IN. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-98350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-98350-8"><bdi>978-1-118-98350-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904979226">904979226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+DSLR+filmmaker%27s+handbook%3A+real-world+production+techniques&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904979226&rft.isbn=978-1-118-98350-8&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheremkhinLesnichiiPetrov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cheremkhin, P A; Lesnichii, V V; Petrov, N V (2014-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F536%2F1%2F012021">"Use of spectral characteristics of DSLR cameras with Bayer filter sensors"</a>. <i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i>. <b>536</b> (1): 012021. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.536a2021C">2014JPhCS.536a2021C</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F536%2F1%2F012021">10.1088/1742-6596/536/1/012021</a></span>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-6588">1742-6588</a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31560384">31560384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Use+of+spectral+characteristics+of+DSLR+cameras+with+Bayer+filter+sensors&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012021&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F536%2F1%2F012021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31560384%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1742-6588&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JPhCS.536a2021C&rft.aulast=Cheremkhin&rft.aufirst=P+A&rft.au=Lesnichii%2C+V+V&rft.au=Petrov%2C+N+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1742-6596%252F536%252F1%252F012021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalvar2004" class="citation book cs1">Malvar, Henrique (2004). <i>High Quality Linear Interpolation for Demosaicing of Bayer-Patterned Color Images</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Quality+Linear+Interpolation+for+Demosaicing+of+Bayer-Patterned+Color+Images&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Malvar&rft.aufirst=Henrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockaert" class="citation web cs1">Bockaert, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensor_sizes_01.htm">"Sensor sizes"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">Digital Photography Review</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20130105032905/http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?%2FGlossary%2FCamera_System%2Fsensor_sizes_01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Photography+Review&rft.atitle=Sensor+sizes&rft.aulast=Bockaert&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Flearn%2F%3F%2FGlossary%2FCamera_System%2Fsensor_sizes_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitre2017" class="citation book cs1">Maitre, Henri (2017). <i>From Photon to Pixel</i> (2nd ed.). Newark: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-40243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-40243-5"><bdi>978-1-119-40243-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975225434">975225434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Photon+to+Pixel.&rft.place=Newark&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975225434&rft.isbn=978-1-119-40243-5&rft.aulast=Maitre&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Rockwell" class="citation web cs1">Ken Rockwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.kenrockwell.com/nikon/18-300mm.htm">"Nikon 18-300mm VR DX AF-S G ED NIKKOR, $1,000"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20140217014908/http://www.kenrockwell.com/nikon/18-300mm.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon+18-300mm+VR+DX+AF-S+G+ED+NIKKOR%2C+%241%2C000&rft.au=Ken+Rockwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenrockwell.com%2Fnikon%2F18-300mm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.cameras.co.uk/specs/panasonic-dmc-ft3.cfm">Panasonic DMC FT3 Specification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20150102135418/http://www.cameras.co.uk/specs/panasonic-dmc-ft3.cfm">Archived</a> 2015-01-02 at the <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cameras.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/fujifilm-finepix-real-3d-w3-review/">"Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W3 review: Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D W3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fujifilm+FinePix+Real+3D+W3+review%3A+Fujifilm+FinePix+Real+3D+W3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Freviews%2Ffujifilm-finepix-real-3d-w3-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/04/sony-qx100-qx10-lens-cameras/">"Sony DSC-QX100 and QX10 lens cameras bring top-notch optics to any smartphone or tablet, we go hands-on (video)"</a>. September 4, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024827/https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/04/sony-qx100-qx10-lens-cameras/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+DSC-QX100+and+QX10+lens+cameras+bring+top-notch+optics+to+any+smartphone+or+tablet%2C+we+go+hands-on+%28video%29&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2013%2F09%2F04%2Fsony-qx100-qx10-lens-cameras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Stapley2022" class="citation web cs1">Jon Stapley (2022-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/buying-guides/best-waterproof-cameras">"The best waterproof camera in 2022: underwater cameras for fun and action"</a>. <i>digitalcameraworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125207/https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/buying-guides/best-waterproof-cameras">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcameraworld&rft.atitle=The+best+waterproof+camera+in+2022%3A+underwater+cameras+for+fun+and+action&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft.au=Jon+Stapley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcameraworld.com%2Fbuying-guides%2Fbest-waterproof-cameras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Crisp2016" class="citation web cs1">Simon Crisp (July 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.gizmag.com/nico360-camera-smallest/44421/">"Big plans for "world's smallest" 360-degree camera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20160720170649/http://www.gizmag.com/nico360-camera-smallest/44421/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+plans+for+%22world%27s+smallest%22+360-degree+camera&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.au=Simon+Crisp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fnico360-camera-smallest%2F44421%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_O'Kane2016" class="citation web cs1">Sean O'Kane (January 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/9/10742974/nikon-gopro-action-cameras-360-video-ces-2016">"Nikon's new action camera could change the market in a big way This is the year action cameras and 360-degree videos collide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20170108050137/http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/9/10742974/nikon-gopro-action-cameras-360-video-ces-2016">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikon%27s+new+action+camera+could+change+the+market+in+a+big+way+This+is+the+year+action+cameras+and+360-degree+videos+collide&rft.date=2016-01-09&rft.au=Sean+O%27Kane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2016%2F1%2F9%2F10742974%2Fnikon-gopro-action-cameras-360-video-ces-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2023" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jonny (2023-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.which.co.uk/reviews/digital-cameras/article/which-type-of-digital-camera-should-you-choose-a6X9r1o3K8Nr">"Which type of digital camera should you choose?"</a>. <i>Which?</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Which%3F&rft.atitle=Which+type+of+digital+camera+should+you+choose%3F&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.which.co.uk%2Freviews%2Fdigital-cameras%2Farticle%2Fwhich-type-of-digital-camera-should-you-choose-a6X9r1o3K8Nr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon_Burgnett" class="citation web cs1">Gannon Burgnett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera/">"What's a mirrorless camera and what makes it different from a DSLR?"</a>. Digital Trends. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20190218222542/https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/what-is-a-mirrorless-camera/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+a+mirrorless+camera+and+what+makes+it+different+from+a+DSLR%3F&rft.pub=Digital+Trends&rft.au=Gannon+Burgnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fphotography%2Fwhat-is-a-mirrorless-camera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Westlake2016" class="citation web cs1">Andy Westlake (September 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/latest/opinion/rise-mirrorless-compact-system-cameras-94896">"The rise of mirrorless compact system cameras"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001728/http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/latest/opinion/rise-mirrorless-compact-system-cameras-94896">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+mirrorless+compact+system+cameras&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.au=Andy+Westlake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amateurphotographer.co.uk%2Flatest%2Fopinion%2Frise-mirrorless-compact-system-cameras-94896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Westlake" class="citation web cs1">Andy Westlake. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.dpreview.com/previews/kodak-pixpro-s-1/">"Kodak Pixpro S-1 First Impressions Review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124405/http://www.dpreview.com/previews/kodak-pixpro-s-1/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+Pixpro+S-1+First+Impressions+Review&rft.au=Andy+Westlake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Fpreviews%2Fkodak-pixpro-s-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engadget-930976-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engadget-930976_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2014" class="citation web cs1">Lawler, Richard (March 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/13/nikon-1-v3/">"Nikon 1 V3 camera unveiled: $1,200, 120fps slow motion, 20fps continuous shooting"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035108/http://www.engadget.com/2014/03/13/nikon-1-v3/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Nikon+1+V3+camera+unveiled%3A+%241%2C200%2C+120fps+slow+motion%2C+20fps+continuous+shooting&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014%2F03%2F13%2Fnikon-1-v3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/3952862814/polaroid-announces-android-camera-with-interchangeable-lenses">"Polaroid offers first Android camera with interchangeable lenses"</a>. January 8, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20140222121516/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/3952862814/polaroid-announces-android-camera-with-interchangeable-lenses">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polaroid+offers+first+Android+camera+with+interchangeable+lenses&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect.dpreview.com%2Fpost%2F3952862814%2Fpolaroid-announces-android-camera-with-interchangeable-lenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariella_Moon2014" class="citation web cs1">Mariella Moon (January 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/31/sony-qx10-qx100-firmware-update/">"Sony upgrades smartphone-pairing QX10 and QX100 lens cameras with higher ISO and 1080p video capture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004932/https://www.engadget.com/2014/01/31/sony-qx10-qx100-firmware-update/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+upgrades+smartphone-pairing+QX10+and+QX100+lens+cameras+with+higher+ISO+and+1080p+video+capture&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=Mariella+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2Fsony-qx10-qx100-firmware-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.dpreview.com/articles/1313222874/sony-introduces-qx1-with-aps-c-sensor-and-e-mount-for-smartphones">"Sony introduces QX1 with APS-C sensor and E-mount for smartphones"</a>. September 3, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210417123612/https://www.dpreview.com/articles/1313222874/sony-introduces-qx1-with-aps-c-sensor-and-e-mount-for-smartphones">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sony+introduces+QX1+with+APS-C+sensor+and+E-mount+for+smartphones&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Farticles%2F1313222874%2Fsony-introduces-qx1-with-aps-c-sensor-and-e-mount-for-smartphones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.photoscala.de/Artikel/Smartphone-Kameramodule-QX1-und-QX30-von-Sony">"Smartphone-Kameramodule QX1 und QX30 von Sony (aktualisiert)"</a>. 30 November 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20160804113229/http://photoscala.de/Artikel/Smartphone-Kameramodule-QX1-und-QX30-von-Sony">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodak+smart+lens+cameras+try+to+take+on+Sony&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft.au=Simon+Crisp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmag.com%2Fkodak-smart-lens-sl10-sl25%2F30509%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.dpreview.com/news/2014/01/14/vivitar?ref=title_9">"Sakar shows QX-style, Vivitar-branded modular smart camera"</a>. January 14, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20191212231049/http://www.dpreview.com/news/2014/01/14/vivitar?ref=title_9">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sakar+shows+QX-style%2C+Vivitar-branded+modular+smart+camera&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F01%2F14%2Fvivitar%3Fref%3Dtitle_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Alvarez2015" class="citation web cs1">Edgar Alvarez (February 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.engadget.com/2015/02/05/olympus-air-lens-camera/">"Olympus Air is a lens camera that pairs with your smartphone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003022/https://www.engadget.com/2015/02/05/olympus-air-lens-camera/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympus+Air+is+a+lens+camera+that+pairs+with+your+smartphone&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.au=Edgar+Alvarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2015%2F02%2F05%2Folympus-air-lens-camera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Zhang2014" class="citation web cs1">Michael Zhang (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://petapixel.com/2014/12/15/olympus-showing-off-new-lens-camera-prototypes-rounded-design/">"Olympus Showing Off New 'Lens Camera' Prototypes with a Rounded Design"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20150206213434/http://petapixel.com/2014/12/15/olympus-showing-off-new-lens-camera-prototypes-rounded-design/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympus+Showing+Off+New+%27Lens+Camera%27+Prototypes+with+a+Rounded+Design&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.au=Michael+Zhang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2014%2F12%2F15%2Folympus-showing-off-new-lens-camera-prototypes-rounded-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2011" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Michael (2011). <i>The DSLR field guide: the essential handbook to getting the most from your camera</i>. Burlington, Mass. : Focal Press. pp. 3–15. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-81720-0"><bdi>978-0-240-81720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+DSLR+field+guide%3A+the+essential+handbook+to+getting+the+most+from+your+camera&rft.pages=3-15&rft.pub=Burlington%2C+Mass.+%3A+Focal+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-240-81720-0&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://snapshot.canon-asia.com/article/en/lesson-2-knowing-the-different-parts-of-the-camera">"[Lesson 2] Knowing the Different Parts of the Camera"</a>. <i>SNAPSHOT - Canon Singapore Pte. Ltd</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20211101061204/https://snapshot.canon-asia.com/article/en/lesson-2-knowing-the-different-parts-of-the-camera">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SNAPSHOT+-+Canon+Singapore+Pte.+Ltd.&rft.atitle=%5BLesson+2%5D+Knowing+the+Different+Parts+of+the+Camera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnapshot.canon-asia.com%2Farticle%2Fen%2Flesson-2-knowing-the-different-parts-of-the-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWing" class="citation book cs1">Wing, Michael. <i>Comparing Digital Range Finders for Forestry Applications</i>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Digital+Range+Finders+for+Forestry+Applications&rft.pub=2004&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegerMarkus_UlrichChristian_Wiedemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Steger, Carsten; Markus Ulrich; Christian Wiedemann (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://books.google.com/books?id=tppFDwAAQBAJ"><i>Machine Vision Algorithms and Applications</i></a> (2nd ed.). Weinheim: <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-VCH" title="Wiley-VCH">Wiley-VCH</a>. p. 41. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-41365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-41365-2"><bdi>978-3-527-41365-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20230315180825/https://books.google.com/books?id=tppFDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Vision+Algorithms+and+Applications&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-527-41365-2&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Markus+Ulrich&rft.au=Christian+Wiedemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtppFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsten_Steger,_Markus_Ulrich2021" class="citation journal cs1">Carsten Steger, Markus Ulrich (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11263-020-01358-3">"A Camera Model for Line-Scan Cameras with Telecentric Lenses"</a>. <i>International Journal of Computer Vision</i>. <b>129</b>: 80–99. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11263-020-01358-3">10.1007/s11263-020-01358-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Computer+Vision&rft.atitle=A+Camera+Model+for+Line-Scan+Cameras+with+Telecentric+Lenses&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=80-99&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11263-020-01358-3&rft.au=Carsten+Steger%2C+Markus+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11263-020-01358-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyes2002" class="citation book cs1">Boyes, Walt (2 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://books.google.com/books?id=sarHIbCVOUAC"><i>Instrumentation reference book</i></a> (3rd. ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier Science. p. 891. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-047853-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-047853-0"><bdi>0-08-047853-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instrumentation+reference+book.&rft.pages=891&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann-Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft.isbn=0-08-047853-0&rft.aulast=Boyes&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsarHIbCVOUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasserly" class="citation web cs1">Casserly, Martyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.macworld.com/article/672609/what-is-heic.html">"What is HEIC?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+HEIC%3F&rft.aulast=Casserly&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F672609%2Fwhat-is-heic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2010" class="citation news cs1">O'Brien, Kevin J. (2010-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html">"Smartphone Sales Taking Toll on G.P.S. Devices"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20171107120759/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/technology/15iht-navigate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smartphone+Sales+Taking+Toll+on+G.P.S.+Devices&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F15%2Ftechnology%2F15iht-navigate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-androidcamera-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-androidcamera_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-androidcamera_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogue2012" class="citation news cs1">Pogue, David (19 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/technology/personaltech/androidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">"Smile, and Say 'Android'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20161220235956/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/technology/personaltech/androidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smile%2C+and+Say+%27Android%27&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Pogue&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F20%2Ftechnology%2Fpersonaltech%2Fandroidcameras-from-nikon-and-samsung-go-beyond-cellphones-review.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.techradar.com/news/photography-video-capture/cameras/bridge-cameras-a-growing-market-says-canon-and-nikon-1064839">"Bridge cameras a growing market says Canon and Nikon"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bridge+cameras+a+growing+market+says+Canon+and+Nikon&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fphotography-video-capture%2Fcameras%2Fbridge-cameras-a-growing-market-says-canon-and-nikon-1064839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsmarena-lumia1020-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsmarena-lumia1020_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_lumia_1020-review-952.php">"Nokia Lumia 1020 preview: Take two"</a>. <i>GSMArena</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20130821222401/http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_lumia_1020-review-952.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GSMArena&rft.atitle=Nokia+Lumia+1020+preview%3A+Take+two&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fnokia_lumia_1020-review-952.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laptop-phonecameras-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laptop-phonecameras_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://blog.laptopmag.com/nokia-lumia-1020-vs-galaxy-s4-zoom">"Nokia Lumia 1020 vs. Galaxy S4 Zoom: The Best Camera Phone Is…"</a>. <i>Laptop</i>. 14 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20130817072635/http://blog.laptopmag.com/nokia-lumia-1020-vs-galaxy-s4-zoom">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laptop&rft.atitle=Nokia+Lumia+1020+vs.+Galaxy+S4+Zoom%3A+The+Best+Camera+Phone+Is%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.laptopmag.com%2Fnokia-lumia-1020-vs-galaxy-s4-zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Rehm2014" class="citation web cs1">Lars Rehm (September 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/7107523787/panasonic-announces-lumix-dmc-cm1-smartphone-with-1-inch-sensor">"Panasonic announces Lumix DMC-CM1 smartphone with 1-inch sensor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20141218053916/http://connect.dpreview.com/post/7107523787/panasonic-announces-lumix-dmc-cm1-smartphone-with-1-inch-sensor">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panasonic+announces+Lumix+DMC-CM1+smartphone+with+1-inch+sensor&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.au=Lars+Rehm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnect.dpreview.com%2Fpost%2F7107523787%2Fpanasonic-announces-lumix-dmc-cm1-smartphone-with-1-inch-sensor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_p20_pro-9106.php">"Huawei P20 Pro"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132231/https://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_p20_pro-9106.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+P20+Pro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsmarena.com%2Fhuawei_p20_pro-9106.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Boxall2018" class="citation web cs1">Andy Boxall (June 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cell-phone-reviews/huawei-p20-pro-review/#/2/1">"Huawei P20 Pro review"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150940/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cell-phone-reviews/huawei-p20-pro-review/#/2/1">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+P20+Pro+review&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.au=Andy+Boxall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcell-phone-reviews%2Fhuawei-p20-pro-review%2F%23%2F2%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Reid2013" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Reid (26 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.eoshd.com/content/11409/consumer-dslrs-dead-5-years">"Consumer DSLRs "dead in 5 years"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000018/http://www.eoshd.com/content/11409/consumer-dslrs-dead-5-years">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+DSLRs+%22dead+in+5+years%22&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft.au=Andrew+Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoshd.com%2Fcontent%2F11409%2Fconsumer-dslrs-dead-5-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.statista.com/statistics/269927/sales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002/">"Worldwide unit sales of digital cameras from 2011 to 2016 (in millions)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200413/https://www.statista.com/statistics/269927/sales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+unit+sales+of+digital+cameras+from+2011+to+2016+%28in+millions%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F269927%2Fsales-of-analog-and-digital-cameras-worldwide-since-2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Sawalich2016" class="citation web cs1">William Sawalich (2016-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.dpmag.com/how-to/tip-of-the-week/options-for-instant-print-cameras/">"Options For Instant-Print Cameras"</a>. <i>Digital Photo Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011207/https://www.dpmag.com/how-to/tip-of-the-week/options-for-instant-print-cameras/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Photo+Magazine&rft.atitle=Options+For+Instant-Print+Cameras&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.au=William+Sawalich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpmag.com%2Fhow-to%2Ftip-of-the-week%2Foptions-for-instant-print-cameras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2013" class="citation news cs1">McCracken, Harry (2013-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://techland.time.com/2013/04/25/polaroids-sx-70-the-greatest-gadget-of-all-time-is-41/">"Polaroid's SX-70, the Greatest Gadget of All Time, Is 41"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204855/https://techland.time.com/2013/04/25/polaroids-sx-70-the-greatest-gadget-of-all-time-is-41/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Polaroid%27s+SX-70%2C+the+Greatest+Gadget+of+All+Time%2C+Is+41&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechland.time.com%2F2013%2F04%2F25%2Fpolaroids-sx-70-the-greatest-gadget-of-all-time-is-41%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.siliconimage.com/news/releasedetails.aspx?id=480">"Mobile High-Definition Link Technology Gives Consumers the Ability to Link Mobile Devices to HDTVs with Support for Audio and Video"</a>. Silicon Image. January 7, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071316/http://www.siliconimage.com/news/releasedetails.aspx?id=480">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mobile+High-Definition+Link+Technology+Gives+Consumers+the+Ability+to+Link+Mobile+Devices+to+HDTVs+with+Support+for+Audio+and+Video&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconimage.com%2Fnews%2Freleasedetails.aspx%3Fid%3D480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansurov2019" class="citation web cs1">Mansurov, Nasim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://photographylife.com/understanding-digital-camera-modes">"Understanding Digital Camera Modes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20121005013606/http://photographylife.com:80/understanding-digital-camera-modes">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Digital+Camera+Modes&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mansurov&rft.aufirst=Nasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotographylife.com%2Funderstanding-digital-camera-modes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://onlinemanual.nikonimglib.com/d3500/en/07_scene_mode_01.html">"Scene Mode"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210526010030/https://onlinemanual.nikonimglib.com/d3500/en/07_scene_mode_01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scene+Mode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinemanual.nikonimglib.com%2Fd3500%2Fen%2F07_scene_mode_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://support.usa.canon.com/kb/index?page=content&id=ART116537">"Canon Knowledge Base - Switching Shooting Modes and Scene (SCN) Modes (PowerShot SX60 HS)"</a>. <i>support.usa.canon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210824212241/https://support.usa.canon.com/kb/index?page=content&id=ART116537">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=support.usa.canon.com&rft.atitle=Canon+Knowledge+Base+-+Switching+Shooting+Modes+and+Scene+%28SCN%29+Modes+%28PowerShot+SX60+HS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.usa.canon.com%2Fkb%2Findex%3Fpage%3Dcontent%26id%3DART116537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/06/sony-xqd-memory-cards/">"Sony Announces World's First XQD Memory Cards"</a>. 6 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20120107194419/http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/06/sony-xqd-memory-cards/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+Announces+World%27s+First+XQD+Memory+Cards&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2012%2F01%2F06%2Fsony-xqd-memory-cards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTse2009" class="citation book cs1">Tse, Kenneth (2009). <i>Analyzing Storage Media of Digital Camera</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+Storage+Media+of+Digital+Camera&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tse&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjaNKxSocsIC&dq=cd+mavica&pg=PT8">"American Photo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjaNKxSocsIC%26dq%3Dcd%2Bmavica%26pg%3DPT8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://tda.panasonic-europe-service.com/docs/2z48da358cz3z26003z6465z706466z20zc561159bbf774ec3d9881f45eec0113be46ab1c0/tsn2/data/ALL/DMCFS5/OI/785160/vqt1n21-1.pdf">"Operating Instructions Digital Camera Model No. DMC-FS5 DMC-FS3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Panasonic. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operating+Instructions+Digital+Camera+Model+No.+DMC-FS5+DMC-FS3&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Panasonic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftda.panasonic-europe-service.com%2Fdocs%2F2z48da358cz3z26003z6465z706466z20zc561159bbf774ec3d9881f45eec0113be46ab1c0%2Ftsn2%2Fdata%2FALL%2FDMCFS5%2FOI%2F785160%2Fvqt1n21-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://ftp.panasonic.com/camera/om/pv-ds4090_en_om.pdf">"Digital Camera Operating Instructions Model No. PV-SD4090"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Camera+Operating+Instructions+Model+No.+PV-SD4090&rft.pub=Panasonic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.panasonic.com%2Fcamera%2Fom%2Fpv-ds4090_en_om.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panasonic_SD5000-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panasonic_SD5000_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://ftp.panasonic.com/camera/om/pv-ds5000_en_om.pdf">"Digital Camera Operating Instructions Model No. PV-SD5000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Camera+Operating+Instructions+Model+No.+PV-SD5000&rft.pub=Panasonic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.panasonic.com%2Fcamera%2Fom%2Fpv-ds5000_en_om.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf">https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf">https://www.kodak.com/global/plugins/acrobat/en/professional/support/cameras/dcs760/UserGuide700Series.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://sts.kahaku.go.jp/sts/detail.php?no=103310371674&c=&y1=&y2=&id=&pref=&city=&org=&word=&p=690">"産業技術史資料データベース"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsts.kahaku.go.jp%2Fsts%2Fdetail.php%3Fno%3D103310371674%26c%3D%26y1%3D%26y2%3D%26id%3D%26pref%3D%26city%3D%26org%3D%26word%3D%26p%3D690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/article/990119/ces4.htm">"プロカメラマン山田久美夫のCes展示会場レポート"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E4%B9%85%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%AB%E3%81%AECes%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%B4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpc.watch.impress.co.jp%2Fdocs%2Farticle%2F990119%2Fces4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC-009-2010-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DC-009-2010_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJEIDA/JEITA/CIPA2010" class="citation web cs1">JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20130930190707/http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf">"Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC-009-Translation-2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+of+the+Camera+%26+Imaging+Products+Association%2C+CIPA+DC-009-Translation-2010%2C+Design+rule+for+Camera+File+system%3A+DCF+Version+2.0+%28Edition+2010%29&rft.date=2010&rft.au=JEIDA%2FJEITA%2FCIPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipa.jp%2Fenglish%2Fhyoujunka%2Fkikaku%2Fpdf%2FDC-009-2010_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIPA2010-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIPA2010_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIPA2010_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20130930190707/http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf"><i>Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC- 009-Translation- 2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-009-2010_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+of+the+Camera+%26+Imaging+Products+Association%2C+CIPA+DC-+009-Translation-+2010%2C+Design+rule+for+Camera+File+system%3A+DCF+Version+2.0+%28Edition+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cipa.jp%2Fenglish%2Fhyoujunka%2Fkikaku%2Fpdf%2FDC-009-2010_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://www.impulseadventure.com/photo/what-are-thm.html">"What are THM files?"</a>. October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210426162352/https://www.impulseadventure.com/photo/what-are-thm.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1999-12-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119161506/https://web.archive.org/web/20210426164444/https://www.media.mit.edu/pia/Research/deepview/exif.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+Exif+file+format&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1999-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.media.mit.edu%2Fpia%2FResearch%2Fdeepview%2Fexif.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+camera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_camera&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br/>processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span> <a href="/web/20241119161506/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241119161506im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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