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id="toc-Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuragic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuragic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nuragic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuragic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Middle and Late Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_Peoples_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_Peoples_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Sea Peoples connection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_Peoples_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carthaginian_and_Roman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carthaginian_and_Roman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Carthaginian and Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carthaginian_and_Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_wells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_wells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Holy wells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_wells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roundhouses_with_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundhouses_with_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Roundhouses with basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundhouses_with_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megaron_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megaron_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Megaron temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megaron_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giant's_graves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giant's_graves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Giant's graves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giant's_graves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_statuettes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_statuettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Bronze statuettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_statuettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giants_of_Mont'e_Prama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giants_of_Mont'e_Prama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Giants of Mont'e Prama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giants_of_Mont'e_Prama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paleogenetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleogenetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleogenetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cinema and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuragic civilization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحضارة النوراجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحضارة النوراجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_nurachica" title="Cultura nurachica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura nurachica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нурагічная цывілізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нурагічная цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нурагическа цивилизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нурагическа цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_dels_nurags" title="Cultura dels nurags – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura dels nurags" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragsk%C3%A1_civilizace" title="Nuragská civilizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nuragská civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica" title="Civiltà nuragica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Civiltà nuragica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghenkultur" title="Nuraghenkultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nuraghenkultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νουραγικός πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουραγικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_nur%C3%A1gica" title="Cultura nurágica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura nurágica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="تمدن نوراگه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن نوراگه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_nuragique" title="Culture nuragique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture nuragique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%9D%BC%EA%B2%8C_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="누라게 문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누라게 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Nuragik" title="Peradaban Nuragik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban Nuragik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_nuragic" title="Civilisation nuragic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Civilisation nuragic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica" title="Civiltà nuragica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà nuragica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התרבות הנוראגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התרבות הנוראגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilia_nuragal" title="Sivilia nuragal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sivilia nuragal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghecultuur" title="Nuraghecultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nuraghecultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacion_nuragica" title="Civilizacion nuragica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Civilizacion nuragica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilizacja_nuragijska" title="Cywilizacja nuragijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cywilizacja nuragijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Nur%C3%A1guica" title="Cultura Nuráguica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura Nuráguica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нурагическая культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нурагическая культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tziviltade_nuraghesa" title="Tziviltade nuraghesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tziviltade nuraghesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura%C5%A1ka_civilizacija" title="Nuraška civilizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nuraška civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragherkulturen" title="Nuragherkulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nuragherkulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நுராகி தொல்லியல் பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுராகி தொல்லியல் பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/wiki/File:Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG/300px-Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG/450px-Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG/600px-Il_Nuraghe_Su_Nuraxi_incantato_%22_Tra_Fiaba_e_Realt%C3%A0_%22_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Su Nuraxi">Su Nuraxi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barumini" title="Barumini">Barumini</a>, included in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> since 1997</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg/300px-Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg/450px-Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg/600px-Nuraghe_Santu_Antine_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine" title="Nuraghe Santu Antine">Nuraghe Santu Antine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torralba,_Sardinia" title="Torralba, Sardinia">Torralba</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sardinia,_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sardinia"><img alt="Flag of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sardinia%2C_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Phoenician–Punic Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Sardinia" title="Vandal Sardinia">Vandal Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Byzantine Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Sardinia" title="Template talk:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nuragic civilization</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Nuragic culture</b>, formed in the Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>. According to the traditional theory put forward by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu" title="Giovanni Lilliu">Giovanni Lilliu</a> in 1966, it developed after multiple migrations from the West of people related to the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> who conquered and disrupted the local <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> cultures; other scholars instead hypothesize an autochthonous origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster,_Gary_S.201512–39_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster,_Gary_S.201512–39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lasted from the 18th century BC <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Middle Bronze Age), up to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or till the Roman colonization in 238 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chesworth_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chesworth-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others date the culture as lasting at least until the 2nd century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some areas, namely the <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>, to the 6th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly even to the 11th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it must be remarked that the construction of new nuraghi had already stopped by the 12th-11th century BC, during the Final Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was contemporary with, among others, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terramare" class="mw-redirect" title="Terramare">Terramare</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thapsos_culture" title="Thapsos culture">Thapsos culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and the final phase of the <a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">El Argar</a> culture in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adjective "Nuragic" is neither an <a href="/wiki/Autonym_(semantics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonym (semantics)">autonym</a> nor an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a>. It derives from the island's most characteristic monument, the <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">nuraghe</a>, a tower-fortress type of construction the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> built in large numbers starting from about 1800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, more than 7,000 nuraghes dot the Sardinian landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No written records of this civilization have been discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from a few possible short epigraphic documents belonging to the last stages of the Nuragic civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Ug_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ug-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only written information there comes from classical literature of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudo-Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be considered more mythical than historical.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Nuragic Sardinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia" title="Pre-Nuragic Sardinia">Pre-Nuragic Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture_in_Sardinia" title="Beaker culture in Sardinia">Beaker culture in Sardinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monted%27accoddisardegna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/220px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/330px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Monted%27accoddisardegna.png/440px-Monted%27accoddisardegna.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Nuragic complex of <a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putifigari,_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_(25).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg/220px-Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg/330px-Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg/440px-Putifigari%2C_necropoli_di_Monte_Siseri_%2825%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>One of the <i>Domus de janas</i> of the necropolis of Monte Siseri, <a href="/wiki/Putifigari" title="Putifigari">Putifigari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> the island was first inhabited by people who had arrived there in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> ages from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> area. The most ancient settlements have been discovered both in central and northern Sardinia (<a href="/wiki/Anglona" title="Anglona">Anglona</a>). Several later cultures developed on the island, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri culture</a> (3200−2700 BC). The economy was based on agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, and trading with the mainland. With the diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> objects and weapons also appeared on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> In 2014, early <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcolithic period">Chalcolithic period</a> Sardinia was identified as one of the earliest silver extraction centres in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This took place during the 4th millennium BC. </p><p>Remains from this period include hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> (called <i>perdas fittas</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Lai2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lai2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, more than 2,400 <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a> tombs called <i><a href="/wiki/Domus_de_Janas" title="Domus de Janas">domus de Janas</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">statue menhirs</a>, representing warriors or female figures, and the <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">stepped pyramid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, which show some similarities with the monumental complex of <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>) and the later <a href="/wiki/Talaiot" title="Talaiot">talaiots</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. According to some scholars, the similarity between this structure and those found in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> is due to cultural influxes coming from the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>The altar of <a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a> fell out of use starting from c. 2000 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, which at the time was widespread in almost all <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>, appeared on the island. The beakers arrived in Sardinia from two different regions: firstly from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>, and secondly from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuragic_era">Nuragic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nuragic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Bronze_Age">Early Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dee_madri_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dee_madri_02.jpg/220px-Dee_madri_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dee_madri_02.jpg/330px-Dee_madri_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dee_madri_02.jpg/440px-Dee_madri_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>Bonnanaro pottery, Sanna National Museum, Sassari</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg/220px-Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg/330px-Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg/440px-Nuraghe-albucciu-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Albucciu (<a href="/wiki/Arzachena" title="Arzachena">Arzachena</a>), example of proto-nuraghe</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bonnanaro_culture" title="Bonnanaro culture">Bonnanaro culture</a> was the last evolution of the Beaker culture in Sardinia (c. 1800–1600 BC), and displayed several similarities with the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Polada_culture" title="Polada culture">Polada culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. These two cultures shared common features in the material culture such as undecorated pottery with axe-shaped handles.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These influences may have spread to Sardinia via <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, where they absorbed new architectural techniques (such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">cyclopean masonry</a>) that were already widespread on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New peoples coming from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">mainland</a> arrived on the island at that time, bringing with them new religious philosophies, new technologies and new ways of life, making the previous ones obsolete or reinterpreting them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 362">: 362 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_1982-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–27">: 25–27 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is perhaps in virtue of stimuli and models (and - why not? - of some drop of blood) from the Central European and Polada-Rhone areas, that the culture of Bonnanaro I gives a jolt to the known and produces in step with the times. ... From the generally severe, practical character and essentiality of the material equipment (in particular in the ceramics without any decoration), we understand the nature and the warlike habit of the newcomers and the conflictual thrust that they give to life on the island. This is confirmed by the presence of stone and metal weapons (copper and bronze). The metal also spreads in objects of use (copper and bronze awls), and ornamental objects (bronze rings and silver foil) ... It seems to feel a fall of ideologies of the old pre-nuragic world corresponding to a new historical turning point</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu" title="Giovanni Lilliu">Giovanni Lilliu</a>, <i>La civiltà dei Sardi</i>, p. 362, <i>La civiltà nuragica</i> pp. 25-27</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg/220px-Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg/330px-Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg/440px-Fig._18_Le_spade_Sant_Iroxi_in_rame_arsenicato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Swords of the Bonnanaro culture (A2 phase) from the <a href="/wiki/Hypogeum_of_Sant%27Iroxi" title="Hypogeum of Sant'Iroxi">Hypogeum of Sant'Iroxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decimoputzu" title="Decimoputzu">Decimoputzu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The widespread diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">bronze</a> brought numerous improvements. With the new alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">or arsenic</a>), a harder and more resistant metal was obtained, suitable for manufacturing tools used in agriculture, hunting and warfare. At a later phase of this period (Bonnanaro A2) probably dates the construction of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Protonuraghe" title="Protonuraghe">proto-nuraghe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–71">: 37–71 </span></sup> a platformlike structure that marks the first phase of the Nuragic Age. These buildings are very different from the classical nuraghe having an irregular planimetry and a very stocky appearance. They are more numerous in the central-western part of Sardinia, later they spread in the whole Island.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_and_Late_Bronze_Age">Middle and Late Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle and Late Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghi_Losa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nuraghi_Losa.jpg/260px-Nuraghi_Losa.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nuraghi_Losa.jpg/390px-Nuraghi_Losa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nuraghi_Losa.jpg/520px-Nuraghi_Losa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8254" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>Nuraghe Losa, Abbasanta</figcaption></figure> <p>Dating to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the nuraghe, which evolved from the previous proto-nuraghe, are megalithic towers with a truncated cone shape; every Nuragic tower had at least an inner tholos chamber and the biggest towers could have up to three superimposed tholos chambers. They are widespread in the whole of Sardinia, about one nuraghe every three square kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_1982-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Early Greek historians and geographers speculated about the mysterious nuraghe and their builders. They described the presence of fabulous edifices, called <i>daidaleia</i>, from the name of <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, who, after building his labyrinth in Crete, would have moved to Sicily and then to Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_1982-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Modern theories about their use have included social, military, religious, or astronomical roles, as furnaces, or as tombs. Although the question has long been contentious among scholars, the modern consensus is that they were built as defensible homesites, and that included barns and silos.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg/220px-Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg/330px-Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg/440px-Nuraghe_Is_Paras_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tholos of <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Is_Paras" title="Nuraghe Is Paras">Nuraghe Is Paras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isili" title="Isili">Isili</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Nuraghe_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Graphic reconstruction of a nuragic village</figcaption></figure> <p>In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, archaeological studies have proved the increasing size of the settlements built around some of these structures, which were often located at the summit of hills. Perhaps for protection reasons, new towers were added to the original ones, connected by walls provided with slits forming a <i>complex nuraghe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG/220px-Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG/330px-Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG/440px-Torralba_San_Antine_61g.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Santu_Antine" title="Nuraghe Santu Antine">Nuraghe Santu Antine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torralba,_Sardinia" title="Torralba, Sardinia">Torralba</a>, internal corridor</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most famous of the numerous existing nuraghe, are the <a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Su Nuraxi">Su Nuraxi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Barumini" title="Barumini">Barumini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santu_Antine" class="mw-redirect" title="Santu Antine">Santu Antine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Torralba,_Sardinia" title="Torralba, Sardinia">Torralba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Losa" title="Nuraghe Losa">Nuraghe Losa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abbasanta" title="Abbasanta">Abbasanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Palmavera" title="Nuraghe Palmavera">Nuraghe Palmavera</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Genna_Maria" title="Nuraghe Genna Maria">Nuraghe Genna Maria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Villanovaforru" title="Villanovaforru">Villanovaforru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Seruci" title="Nuraghe Seruci">Nuraghe Seruci</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gonnesa" title="Gonnesa">Gonnesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Arrubiu" title="Nuraghe Arrubiu">Arrubiu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Orroli" title="Orroli">Orroli</a>. The biggest nuraghe, such as Nuraghe Arrubiu, could reach a height of about 25–30 meters and could be made up of 5 main towers, protected by multiple layers of walls, for a total of dozens of additional towers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that some of the current Sardinian villages trace their origin directly from Nuragic ones, including perhaps those containing the root <i>Nur-/Nor-</i> in their name like <a href="/wiki/Nurachi" title="Nurachi">Nurachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuraminis" title="Nuraminis">Nuraminis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurri" title="Nurri">Nurri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurallao" title="Nurallao">Nurallao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noragugume" title="Noragugume">Noragugume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon Sardinia, a land rich in mines, notably <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, saw the construction of numerous furnaces for the production of <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> which were traded across the Mediterranean basin. Nuragic people became skilled metal workers; they were among the main metal producers in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> objects. New weapons such as swords, daggers and axes preceded drills, pins, rings, bracelets, statuettes and the votive boats that show a close relationship with the sea. <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> may have drawn Bronze Age traders from the Aegean where copper is available but tin for bronze-making is scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first verifiable smelting slag has come to light, its appearance in a hoard of ancient tin confirms local smelting as well as casting.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usually cited <a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">tin sources and trade in ancient times</a> are those in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">Cornwall</a>. Markets included civilizations living in regions with poor metal resources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Crete</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, a fact that can explain the cultural similarities between them and the Nuraghe civilization and the presence in Nuragic sites of late Bronze Age Mycenaean, west and central Cretan and Cypriote ceramics, as well as locally made replicas, concentrated in half a dozen findspots that seem to have functioned as "gateway-communities".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_Peoples_connection">Sea Peoples connection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sea Peoples connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzetto_20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bronzetto_20.JPG/220px-Bronzetto_20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bronzetto_20.JPG/330px-Bronzetto_20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bronzetto_20.JPG/440px-Bronzetto_20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="3799" /></a><figcaption>Sardinian warrior figure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navicella_nuragica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/220px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/330px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/440px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Model of Nuragic ship from <a href="/wiki/Bultei" title="Bultei">Bultei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_archeologico_nazionale_(Cagliari)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo archeologico nazionale (Cagliari)">Museo archeologico nazionale (Cagliari)</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></div> <p>The late Bronze Age (14th–13th–12th centuries BC) saw a vast migration of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>, described in ancient Egyptian sources. They destroyed Mycenaean and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> sites and also attacked <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. According to Giovanni Ugas, the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a>, one of the most important tribes of the sea peoples, are to be identified with the Nuragic <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This identification has been also supported by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Taramelli" title="Antonio Taramelli">Antonio Taramelli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">Vere Gordon Childe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Tusa" title="Sebastiano Tusa">Sebastiano Tusa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vassos_Karageorghis" title="Vassos Karageorghis">Vassos Karageorghis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Carlos Roberto Zorea, from the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another hypothesis is that they came to the island around the 13th or 12th century after the failed invasion of Egypt; however, these theories remain controversial. <a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides of Ceos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> spoke of raids by <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> against the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, in the same period in which the Sea People invaded Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino2000119_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino2000119-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would at least confirm that Nuragic <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> frequented the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Further proofs come from 13th-century Nuragic ceramics found at <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kokkinokremnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokkinokremnos">Kokkinokremnos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hala_Sultan_Tekke" title="Hala Sultan Tekke">Hala Sultan Tekke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minet_el-Beida" title="Minet el-Beida">Minet el-Beida</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> area, along the sea route linking western to eastern Mediterranean; ceramics similar to those of late Bronze Age Sardinia have also been found in the Egyptian port of <a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matruh">Marsa Matruh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Mod._Bronzo_nuraghe_quadrilobato.gif" decoding="async" width="179" height="487" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Bronze model of nuraghe, 10th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zertal" title="Adam Zertal">Adam Zertal</a> has proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Harosheth_Haggoyim" title="Harosheth Haggoyim">Harosheth Haggoyim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, home of the biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Sisera" title="Sisera">Sisera</a>, is identifiable with the site of "<a href="/wiki/Ahwat" title="Ahwat">El-Ahwat</a>" and that it was a Nuragic site suggesting that he came from the people of the Sherden of Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influences of the Nuragic architecture at El-Ahwat have been noticed also by Bar Shay, from <a href="/wiki/Haifa_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Haifa University">Haifa University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists traditionally define the nuragic phase ranging from 900 BC to 500 BC (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>) as the <i>era of the aristocracies</i>. Fine ceramics were produced along with more and more elaborate tools and the quality of weapons increased. With the flourishing of trade, metallurgical products and other manufactured goods were exported to every corner of the Mediterranean, from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> to Spain and the Atlantic. The huts in the villages increased in number and there was generally a large increase in population. The construction of the nuraghes stopped, as many were abandoned or partially dismantled starting from 1150 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6_LOSCHIAVO_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_LOSCHIAVO-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and individual tombs replaced collective burials (Giant's Tombs).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu" title="Giovanni Lilliu">Giovanni Lilliu</a>, the real breakthrough of that period was the political organization which revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> of the village, composed by the heads and the most influential people, who gathered to discuss the most important issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carthaginian_and_Roman_conquest">Carthaginian and Roman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Carthaginian and Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica,_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro,_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_(NU),_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg/220px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg/330px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg/440px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_spade_votive_con_animali_infilzati_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3924" /></a><figcaption>Iron Age votive swords from Abini-<a href="/wiki/Teti,_Sardinia" title="Teti, Sardinia">Teti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 900 BC the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> began visiting Sardinia with increasing frequency. The most common ports of call were <a href="/wiki/Caralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Caralis">Caralis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bithia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosa" title="Bosa">Bosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>. The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> describes a Carthaginian expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Malchus_(general)" title="Malchus (general)">Malchus</a> in 540 BC against a still strongly Nuragic Sardinia. The expedition failed and this caused a political revolution in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Mago_I_of_Carthage" title="Mago I of Carthage">Mago</a> emerged. He launched another expedition against the island, in 509 BC, after the <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> attacked the Phoenicians' coastal cities. According to Piero Bartoloni, it was Carthage that attacked the Phoenician cities in the coasts, rather than the natives who lived in those cities with the Phoenicians, for the Phoenician cities destroyed, such as Sulcis or Monte Sirai, he postulated as being inhabited mostly by native <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoloni_2004_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoloni_2004-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Carthaginians, after a number of military campaigns in which Mago died and was replaced by his brother <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_I_of_Carthage" title="Hamilcar I of Carthage">Hamilcar</a>, overcame the Sardinians and conquered coastal Sardinia, the <a href="/wiki/Iglesiente" title="Iglesiente">Iglesiente</a> with its mines and the southern plains. The Nuragic culture may have survived in the mountainous interior of the island. In 238 BC, the Carthaginians, after their defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Punic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic War">Punic War</a>, surrendered Sardinia to Rome during the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>. Sardinia together with Corsica became a Roman province (<i><a href="/wiki/Corsica_et_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica et Sardinia">Corsica et Sardinia</a></i>), however the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> confirms the survival, in the interior of the island, of Nuragic culture at least into the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_(52499732729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg/220px-Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg/330px-Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg/440px-Figuras_nur%C3%A1gicas_%2852499732729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sculpture of a Nuragic chief with a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-shaped_hilt_dagger" title="Gamma-shaped hilt dagger">Gamma-shaped hilt dagger</a> on his chest, from <a href="/wiki/Uta,_Sardinia" title="Uta, Sardinia">Uta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Religion had a strong role in Nuragic society, which has led scholars to the hypothesis that the Nuragic civilization was a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>. Some Nuraghe bronzes clearly portray the figures of chief-kings, recognizable by their wearing a cloak and carrying a staff with bosses. Also depicted are other classes, including miners, artisans, musicians, wrestlers (the latter similar to those of the Minoan civilizations) and many fighting men, which has led scholars to think of a warlike society, with precise military divisions (<a href="/wiki/Archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Archers">archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantrymen">infantrymen</a>). Different uniforms could belong to different cantons or clans, or to different military units. The priestly role may have been fulfilled by women. Some small bronzes also give clues about Nuragic personal care and fashion. Women generally had long hair; men sported two long braids on each side of the face, while their head hair was cut very short or else covered by a leather cap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villages">Villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg/220px-AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg/330px-AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg/440px-AlgheroPalmaveraCapanne2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Hut near the <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe_Palmavera" title="Nuraghe Palmavera">Nuraghe Palmavera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">Alghero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nuragic civilization was probably based on clans, each led by a chief, who resided in the complex nuraghe,<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241">: 241 </span></sup> with common people living in the nearby villages of stone <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> with straw roofs, similar to the modern <i>pinnettas</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a> shepherds. </p><p>In the late final Bronze Age and in the Early Iron Age phases, the houses were built with a more complex plan, with multiple rooms often positioned around a courtyard; in the Nuragic settlement of Sant'Imbenia, located by the coast, some structures were not used for living purposes, but for the storing of precious metals, food and other goods and they were built around a huge square, interpreted by archaeologists as a marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of rectangular houses and structures built with dried bricks is attested in some sites across the island since the late Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg/220px-Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg/330px-Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg/440px-Nuraghendorf_von_Antas_Hinweisschild_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4258" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>Graphic reconstruction of the Nuragic village of Antas, <a href="/wiki/Fluminimaggiore" title="Fluminimaggiore">Fluminimaggiore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Water management was essential for the Nuragic people, most complex Nuraghi were provided with at least a well; Nuraghe Arrubiu, for example, presented a complex hydraulic implant for the drainage of water<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another testimony to the Nuragic prowess in the creation of hydraulic implants is the aqueduct of Gremanu, the only known Nuragic aqueduct yet.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the final phase of the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age Sardinia saw the development of proto urban settlements, with open spaces such as paved squares and streets, and structures devoted to specific functions such as metal workshops, the individual houses were provided with storing facilities and were served by infrastructures.<sup id="cite_ref-sardegnadigitallibrary.it_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardegnadigitallibrary.it-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes">Tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuragic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuragic tribes">List of Nuragic tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg/220px-Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg/330px-Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg/440px-Etnie_Nuragiche-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical distribution of the Nuragic tribes</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most celebrated peoples of this island are the Ilienses, the Balari, and the Corsi ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a><i>, </i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, Liber III</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Throughout the second millennium and into the first part of the 1st millennium BC, Sardinia was inhabited by the single extensive and uniform cultural group represented by the Nuragic people. Centuries later, Roman sources describe the island as inhabited by numerous tribes which had gradually merged culturally. They however maintained their political identities and the tribes often fought each other for control of the most valuable land. The most important Nuragic populations mentioned include the <i>Balares</i>, the <i>Corsi</i> and the <i>Ilienses</i>, the latter defying the Romanization process and living in what had been called <i>Civitatas Barbarie</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Barbagia" title="Barbagia">Barbagia</a>). </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ilienses" title="Ilienses">Ilienses</a></i> or <i>Iolaes</i> (later <i>Diagesbes</i>), identified by ancient writers as Greek colonists led by <a href="/wiki/Iolaus" title="Iolaus">Iolaus</a> (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> refugees, lived in what is now central-southern Sardinia. Greek historians reported also that they were repeatedly invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, but in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Balares" title="Balares">Balares</a></i> have been identified with the Beaker culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–32">: 22–32 </span></sup> They lived in what are now the <a href="/wiki/Nurra" title="Nurra">Nurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coghinas" title="Coghinas">Coghinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbara">Limbara</a> traditional subdivisions of Sardinia. They were probably of the same stock from which the <a href="/wiki/Talaiotic_culture" title="Talaiotic culture">Talaiotic culture</a> of the Balearic Islands originated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–32">: 22–32 </span></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Corsi_people" title="Corsi people">Corsi</a></i> lived in <a href="/wiki/Gallura" title="Gallura">Gallura</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. They have been identified as the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a>. In southern Corsica, in the 2nd millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Torrean_civilization" title="Torrean civilization">Torrean civilization</a> developed alongside the Nuragic one.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica,_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro,_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_(NU),_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi,_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg/220px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg/330px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg/440px-Civilt%C3%A0_nuragica%2C_prima_et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_bronzetti_dal_santuario_di_albini-teti_%28NU%29%2C_grande_demone_a_quattro_occhi%2C_quattro_braccia_e_due_scudi_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="4664" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sculpture of a warrior with four eyes and four arms</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The representations of animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a>, belong most likely to pre-Nuragic civilizations, however they kept their importance among the Nuraghe people, and were frequently depicted on ships, bronze vases, used in religious rites. Small bronze sculptures depicting half-man, half-bull figures have been found, as well as characters with four arms and eyes and two-headed deer: they probably had a mythological and religious significance. Another holy animal which was frequently depicted is the <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>. Also having a religious role were perhaps the small chiseled discs, with geometrical patterns, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pintadera" title="Pintadera">pintadera</a></i>, although their function has not been identified yet. </p><p>A key element of the Nuragic religion was that of fertility, connected to the male power of the Bull-<a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Sun</a> and the female one of Water-<a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Moon</a>. According to the scholars' studies, there existed a Mediterranean-type <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother Goddess</a> and a God-Father (<i>Babai</i>). An important role was that of mythological heroes such as <a href="/wiki/Norax" title="Norax">Norax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardus" title="Sardus">Sardus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolaos">Iolaos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristeus</a>, military leaders also considered to be divinities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg/220px-Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg/330px-Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg/440px-Arcu_e_is_Forros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>S'Arcu 'e Is Forros</figcaption></figure> <p>The excavations have indicated that the Nuragic people, in determinate periods of the year, gathered in common holy places, usually characterized by sitting steps and the presence of a holy pit. In some holy areas, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_sanctuary_of_Gremanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuragic sanctuary of Gremanu">Gremanu</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Fonni" title="Fonni">Fonni</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_complex_of_Serra_Orrios" title="Nuragic complex of Serra Orrios">Serra Orrios</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Dorgali" title="Dorgali">Dorgali</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_complex_of_S%27Arcu_%27e_Is_Forros" title="Nuragic complex of S'Arcu 'e Is Forros">S'Arcu 'e Is Forros</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Villagrande_Strisaili" title="Villagrande Strisaili">Villagrande Strisaili</a>, there were rectangular temples, with central holy room housing perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">holy fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deities worshipped are unknown but were perhaps connected to water, or to astronomical entities like Sun, Moon, and solstices. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_(05).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG/220px-Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG/330px-Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG/440px-Bitti_-_Complesso_nuragico_di_Romanzesu_%2805%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sacred "pool" of <a href="/wiki/Su_Romanzesu" title="Su Romanzesu">Su Romanzesu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some structures could have a federal Sardinian role, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_sanctuary_of_Santa_Vittoria" title="Nuragic sanctuary of Santa Vittoria">sanctuary of Santa Vittoria</a> near <a href="/wiki/Serri,_Sardinia" title="Serri, Sardinia">Serri</a>, which was one of the biggest Nuragic sanctuaries, spanning over 20 hectares,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including both religious and civil buildings.According to Italian historian Giovanni Lilliu, it was there that the main clans of the central island held their assemblies to sign alliances, decide wars, or to stipulate commercial agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spaces for trades were also present. At least twenty of such multirole structures are known, including those of Santa Cristina at Paulilatino and of <a href="/wiki/Siligo" title="Siligo">Siligo</a>; some have been re-used as Christian temples, such as the <i>cumbessias</i> of San Salvatore in Sinis at <a href="/wiki/Cabras,_Sardinia" title="Cabras, Sardinia">Cabras</a>. Some ritual pools and bathtubs were built in the sanctuaries such as the pool of Nuraghe Nurdole, which worked through a system of raceways.<sup id="cite_ref-sardegnadigitallibrary.it_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardegnadigitallibrary.it-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there are evidences of cults practiced in the caves in honor of a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic deity">chthonic deity</a>, as attested by the artefacts found in the Pirosu Cave of <a href="/wiki/Santadi" title="Santadi">Santadi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holy_wells">Holy wells</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Holy wells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg/220px-Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg/330px-Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg/440px-Pozzo_sacro_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>The holy well of Santa Cristina, <a href="/wiki/Paulilatino" title="Paulilatino">Paulilatino</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_holy_well" title="Nuragic holy well">Nuragic holy well</a></div> <p>The holy wells were structures dedicated to the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Water_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deity">water deity</a>. Though initially assigned to the 8th–6th century BC, due to their advanced building techniques, they most likely date to the earlier Bronze Age, when Sardinia had strong relationships with the Mycenaean kingdoms of Greece and Crete, around the 14–13th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6_LOSCHIAVO_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_LOSCHIAVO-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The architecture of the Nuragic holy wells follows the same pattern as that of the nuraghe, the main part consisting of a circular room with a tholos vault with a hole at the summit. A monumental staircase connected the entrance to this subterranean (<a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">hypogeum</a>) room, whose main role is to collect the water of the sacred spring. The exterior walls feature stone benches where offerings and religious objects were placed by the faithful. Some sites also had sacrificial altars. Some scholars think that these could be dedicated to Sardus, one of the main Nuragic divinities. A sacred pit similar to those of Sardinia has been found in western <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, near the village of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_pit_of_Garlo" title="Sacred pit of Garlo">Garlo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sos_Carros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sos_Carros.JPG/220px-Sos_Carros.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sos_Carros.JPG/330px-Sos_Carros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sos_Carros.JPG/440px-Sos_Carros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nuragic fountain at Sa Sedda e Sos Carros</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roundhouses_with_basin">Roundhouses with basin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roundhouses with basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting from the late Bronze Age, a peculiar type of circular structure with a central basin and benches located all around the circumference of the room start to appear in Nuragic settlements, the best example of this type of structure is the ritual fountain of <i><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_complex_of_Sa_Sedda_e_Sos_Carros" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuragic complex of Sa Sedda e Sos Carros">Sa Sedda e Sos Carros</a></i>, near <a href="/wiki/Oliena" title="Oliena">Oliena</a>, where thanks to a hydraulic implant of lead pipes water was poured down from the ram shaped protomes inside the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeologists interpreted these buildings, with ritual and religious function,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as thermal structures.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Megaron_temples">Megaron temples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Megaron temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg/220px-Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg/330px-Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg/440px-Esterzili_-_Tempio_di_Domu_de_Orgia_-_2023-09-17_21-08-17_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Megaron temple of Domu de Orgia</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in various parts of the Island and dedicated to the cult of the healthy waters, these unique buildings are an architectural manifestation that reflects the cultural vitality of the nuragic peoples and their interaction with the coeval mediterranean civilizations. In fact, many scholars see in these buildings foreign Aegean influences.<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_1982-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p><p>They have a rectilinear form with the side walls that extend outwardly. Some, like that of <i>Malchittu</i> at Arzachena, are apsidal while others such as the temple of <i>Sa Carcaredda</i> at <a href="/wiki/Villagrande_Strisaili" title="Villagrande Strisaili">Villagrande Strisaili</a> culminate with a circular room. They are surrounded by sacred precincts called <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a>. Sometimes multiple temples are found in the same location, such as in the case of the huge sanctuary of <i>S'Arcu 'e Is Forros</i>, where many megaron temples with a complex plant were excavated. The largest and best preserved Sardinian Mégara is that called <i><a href="/wiki/Megaron_temple_of_Domu_de_Orgia" title="Megaron temple of Domu de Orgia">Domu de Orgia</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Esterzili" title="Esterzili">Esterzili</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giant's_graves"><span id="Giant.27s_graves"></span>Giant's graves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Giant's graves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Lolghi_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Li_Lolghi_11.JPG/280px-Li_Lolghi_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Li_Lolghi_11.JPG/420px-Li_Lolghi_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Li_Lolghi_11.JPG/560px-Li_Lolghi_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Giant's grave at <a href="/wiki/Arzachena" title="Arzachena">Arzachena</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giants' grave</a></div> <p>The "giant's graves" were collective funerary structures whose precise function is still unknown, and which perhaps evolved from elongated <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>. They date to the whole Nuragic era up to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, when they were substituted by pit graves, and are more frequent in the central sector of the island. Their plan was in the shape of the head of a bull. </p><p>Large stone sculptures known as betili (a kind of slender menhir, sometimes featuring crude depiction of male sexual organs, or of female breasts) were erected near the entrance. Sometimes the tombs were built with an <i>opus isodomum</i> technique, where finely shaped stones were used, such as in the giant tombs of Madau or at Iloi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_statuettes">Bronze statuettes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bronze statuettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg/220px-Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg/330px-Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg/440px-Bronzetti_nuragici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Nuragic bronze statuettes, Archaeological and Ethnographic National museum G. A. Sanna (Sassari)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_bronze_statuettes" title="Nuragic bronze statuettes">Nuragic bronze statuettes</a></div><p> The <i>bronzetti</i> (<i>brunzittos</i> or <i>brunzittus</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a>) are small bronze statuettes obtained with the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> technique; they can measure up to 39 cm (15 in) and represent scenes of everyday life, characters from different social classes, animal figures, divinities, ships etc. Most of them had been discovered in various sites of Sardinia; however, a sizeable minority had also been found in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> sites, particularly tombs, of <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magione" title="Magione">Magione</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontecagnano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontecagnano">Pontecagnano</a>) and further south in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colony">greek colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Crotone</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg/220px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg/330px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg/440px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero_con_lo_scudo_o_Pugilatore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Boxer statue from Mont'e Prama</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg/220px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg/330px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg/440px-Gigante_di_Monte_Prama_-_Guerriero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Warrior statue from Mont'e Prama</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giants_of_Mont'e_Prama"><span id="Giants_of_Mont.27e_Prama"></span>Giants of Mont'e Prama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Giants of Mont'e Prama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Giants_of_Mont%27e_Prama" title="Giants of Mont'e Prama">Giants of Mont'e Prama</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Giants_of_Mont%27e_Prama" title="Giants of Mont'e Prama">Giants of Mont'e Prama</a> are a group of 32 (or 40) statues with a height of up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), found in 1974 near <a href="/wiki/Cabras,_Sardinia" title="Cabras, Sardinia">Cabras</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">province of Oristano</a>. They depict warriors, archers, wrestlers, models of nuraghe and boxers with shield and armed glove. Depending on the different hypotheses, the dating of the <i>Kolossoi</i> – the name that archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu" title="Giovanni Lilliu">Giovanni Lilliu</a> gave to the statues<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliu_2006_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliu_2006-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84–86">: 84–86 </span></sup> – varies between the 11th and the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Alice_Andreoli_(2007)_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alice_Andreoli_(2007)-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is further confirmed by archaeologists, like the C-14 analysis already did, they would be the most ancient <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> sculptures of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean area</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> statues, preceding the <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">kouroi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V.Leonelli_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.Leonelli-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They feature disc-shaped eyes and eastern-like garments. The statues probably depicted mythological heroes, guarding a sepulchre; according to another theory, they could be a sort of Pantheon of the typical Nuragic divinities. Their finding proved that the Nuragic civilization had maintained its peculiarities, and introduced new ones across the centuries, well into the Phoenician colonization of part of Sardinia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceramica_nuragica,_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe,_da_sardara,_s._anastasia_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg/220px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg/330px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg/440px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_vaso_con_finto_versatoio_e_decorazione_geometrica_a_forma_di_nuraghe%2C_da_sardara%2C_s._anastasia_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>Nuragic vase from <a href="/wiki/Sardara" title="Sardara">Sardara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the ceramics, the skill and taste of the Sardinian artisans are manifested mainly in decorating the surfaces of vessels, certainly used for ritual purposes in the course of complex ceremonies, perhaps in some cases even to be crushed at the end of the rite, as the jugs found in the bottom of the sacred wells.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramics also display geometric patterns on lamps, pear-shaped vessels (exclusive of Sardinia), and the <a href="/wiki/Askos_(pottery_vessel)" title="Askos (pottery vessel)">askos</a>. Imported (e.g. Mycenaeans) and local forms were found in several sites all over the island. Also found in the Italian peninsula, Sicily, in Spain and in Crete everything points to Sardinia being very well integrated in the ancient trade of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian language</a></div> <p>The language or languages spoken in Sardinia during the Bronze Age are unknown since there are no written records from the period, although recent research suggests that around the 8th century BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the Nuragic populations may have adopted an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Euboean" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">"red" (western) type</a>, similar to that used in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ug_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ug-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Blasco_Ferrer" title="Eduardo Blasco Ferrer">Eduardo Blasco Ferrer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian language</a> was akin to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">ancient Iberian</a> with faint <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> traces,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others believe it was related to <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>. Giovanni Ugas theorize that there were actually various linguistic areas (two or more) in Nuragic Sardinia, possibly <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-Europeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-Europeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241–254">: 241–254 </span></sup> </p><p>Several scholars, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hubschmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Hubschmid (page does not exist)">Johannes Hubschmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Leopold_Wagner" title="Max Leopold Wagner">Max Leopold Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emidio_De_Felice" title="Emidio De Felice">Emidio De Felice</a>, distinguished different pre-Roman linguistic <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrates</a> in Sardinia. The oldest, pan-Mediterranean, widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Sardinia and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, a second, Hispano-Caucasian substrate, which would explain the similarities between Basque and Paleo-Sardinian,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, finally, a <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a> substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceramica_nuragica,_brocca_askoide,_da_vetulonia,_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg/220px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg/330px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg/440px-Ceramica_nuragica%2C_brocca_askoide%2C_da_vetulonia%2C_poggio_alla_guardia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Nuragic pottery from Vetulonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nuragic economy, at least at the origins, was mostly based on agriculture (new studies suggest that they were the first to practice <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> in the western Mediterranean<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and animal husbandry, as well as on fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Montalbano_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcoholic beverages like wine and beer were also produced, the cultivation of melons, probably imported from the Eastern Mediterranean, proves the practice of horticulture.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in modern Sardinia, 60% of the soil was suitable only for breeding cattle and sheep. Probably, as in other human communities that have the cattle as traditional economic base, the property of this established social hierarchies. The existence of roads for wagons dating back to the 14th century BC gives the impression of a well organized society.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signs found in the metal ingots testify the existence of a number system used for accounting among the Nuragic people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg/220px-Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg/330px-Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg/440px-Lingotto_pelle_di_bue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oxhide_ingot" title="Oxhide ingot">Oxhide ingot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuragus" title="Nuragus">Nuragus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Navigation had an important role: historian Pierluigi Montalbano mentions the finding of nuragic anchors along the coast, some weighing 100 kg (220 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Montalbano_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montalbano-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has suggested that the Nuragic people used efficient ships, which could perhaps reach lengths up to 15 meters (49 ft). These allowed them to travel the whole Mediterranean, establishing commercial links with the Mycenaean civilization (attested by the common <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">tholos</a> tomb shape, and the adoration of bulls), Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Lebanon. Items such as Cyprus-type copper ingots have been found in Sardinia, while bronze and early Iron Age Nuragic ceramics and other artifacts have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean sea">Aegean</a> region, Cyprus,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Spain (<a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar strait">Gibraltar strait</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-villanovan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-villanovan culture">Protovillanovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a><sup id="cite_ref-LoSchiavo_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoSchiavo-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> centers of the Italian peninsula such as <a href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a> (known in the 9th to 6th centuries from Nuragic statuettes found in their tombs). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_idda_spada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monte_idda_spada.png/106px-Monte_idda_spada.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monte_idda_spada.png/159px-Monte_idda_spada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Monte_idda_spada.png/212px-Monte_idda_spada.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="928" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monte_Idda_spada_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monte_Idda_spada_02.png/100px-Monte_Idda_spada_02.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monte_Idda_spada_02.png/150px-Monte_Idda_spada_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Monte_Idda_spada_02.png/200px-Monte_Idda_spada_02.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Swords from the Monte Idda <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Decimoputzu" title="Decimoputzu">Decimoputzu</a>)</div></div></div></div> <p>Sardinia was rich in metals such as lead and copper. Archaeological findings have proven the good quality of Nuragic metallurgy, including numerous bronze weapons. The so-called "golden age" of the Nuragic civilization (late 2nd millennium BC, early 1st millennium BCE) coincided perhaps with the apex of the mining of metals in the island. The widespread use of bronze, an alloy which used tin, a metal which however was not present in Sardinia except perhaps in a single deposit, further proves the capability of the Nuragic people to trade in the resources they needed. </p><p>A 2013 study of 71 ancient <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> bronze objects dated to <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, revealed that most of the copper utilized at that time in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> came from Sardinia and the Iberian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron working is attested on the island since the 13th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2024 survey about Late Bronze Age swords from the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic islands">Balearic islands</a> showed that metal used for their production also came from Sardinia, besides Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG/220px-Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG/330px-Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG/440px-Collana_e_vago_in_ambra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Necklace made of amber from the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_complex_of_sa_Sedda_%27e_sos_Carros" title="Nuragic complex of sa Sedda 'e sos Carros">Nuragic complex of sa Sedda 'e sos Carros</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oliena" title="Oliena">Oliena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the Late Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, both from the Baltic and of unknown origin, appeared in Sardinia, coming via commercial traffic with continental Europe. Ambers, also worked locally, have been found both in residential contexts and in burials, sanctuaries and hoards.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogenetics">Paleogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Paleogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railway</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline</a><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i> in February 2020 examined the remains of 17 individuals identified with Nuragic civilization. The samples of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> extracted belonged to haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2a1b1</a> (2 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b1b2a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2a2b2b1a1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b1b</a> (4 samples), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2b2a1</a> (3 samples) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G2a2b2b1a1a</a>, while the samples of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> extracted belonged to various types of haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup V (mtDNA)">V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.2020Supplementary_Data_1,_A_Master_Table_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.2020Supplementary_Data_1,_A_Master_Table-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found strong evidence of genetic continuity between Nuragic civilization and earlier Neolithic inhabitants of Sardinia, who were genetically similar to Neolithic peoples of <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20205–6_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20205–6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were determined to be of about 80% <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European Farmer">Early European Farmer</a> (EEF) ancestry and 20% <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherer</a> (WHG) ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20203_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20203-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were predicted to be largely descended from peoples of the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Cardial_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardial Ware">Cardial Ware</a> culture, which spread throughout the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> c. 5500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20202,_9_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20202,_9-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nuragic people were differentiated from many other Bronze Age peoples of Europe by the near absence of <a href="/wiki/Steppe-related_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe-related ancestry">steppe-related ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20205–6_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus_et_al.20205–6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study by Villalba-Mouco et al. has identified a possible <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> originating from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> starting from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>. In prehistoric Sardinia, the component associated with Iranian farmers, or <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasus</a>-related ancestry, present in Mainland Italy since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (together with the EEF and WHG components), gradually increases from 0% in the Early Chalcolithic to about 5.8% in the Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Mouco_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouco-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of the component linked to the <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenians</a> would instead exclude contributions from the Chalcolithic of the south of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mouco_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouco-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2022 study by Manjusha Chintalapati et al., "In Sardinia, a majority of the Bronze Age samples do not have Steppe pastoralist-related ancestry. In a few individuals, we found evidence for steppe ancestry", which would arrive in ~2600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Chintalapati_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chintalapati-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are the proportions of the ancestral components of a group of Nuragic individuals from Su Asedazzu (SUA), <a href="/wiki/Seulo" title="Seulo">Seulo</a> and S'Orcu 'e Tueri (ORC), <a href="/wiki/Perdasdefogu" title="Perdasdefogu">Perdasdefogu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chintalapati_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chintalapati-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: centro"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e8e8e8;"> <th>Sample </th> <th>Western-Hunter-Gatherer </th> <th>Early European Farmers </th> <th>Western Steppe Herders </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">SUA003 </td> <td>16,8%</td> <td>72,5%</td> <td>10,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">SUA006 </td> <td>18,6%</td> <td>74,1%</td> <td>7,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">ORC003 </td> <td>8,8%</td> <td>83,6%</td> <td>7,6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">ORC004 </td> <td>12,8%</td> <td>84,7%</td> <td>2,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">ORC005 </td> <td>13,9%</td> <td>77,2%</td> <td>8,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">ORC006 </td> <td>15,2%</td> <td>79,3%</td> <td>5,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">ORC007 </td> <td>19,5%</td> <td>75,7%</td> <td>4,8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>(1)</sup> - <small>Data from Manjusha Chintalapati, Nick Patterson, Priya Moorjani (2022). Table J: qpAdm analysis of Neolithic Bronze Age groups per individual.</small> </p><p>Genetic data appears to support the hypothesis of a <a href="/wiki/Patrilocality" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilocality">patrilocal</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following results were obtained concerning <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye pigmentation</a>, as well as of <a href="/wiki/Hair_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair color">hair follicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin color">skin</a>, from the study on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> of 44 individuals who had lived during the Nuragic period, coming from central and north-western Sardinia. The eye color is blue in 16% of the examined samples and dark in the remaining 84%. Hair color is 9% <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> or dark blond and 91% dark brown or black. The skin color is intermediate for 50%, intermediate or dark for 16%, and dark or very dark for the remaining 34%.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cinema and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Nuraghes S'Arena</i> (2017) <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short film</a> inspired by the Nuragic civilization featuring the Italian <a href="/wiki/Rapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper">rapper</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmo_(rapper)" title="Salmo (rapper)">Salmo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Shardana" title="I Shardana">I Shardana</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> written by the Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Porrino" title="Ennio Porrino">Ennio Porrino</a> in 1959 set in Sardinia in the Nuragic period.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Black_Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric Black Metal">Atmospheric black metal</a> project <a href="/w/index.php?title=Downfall_of_Nur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downfall of Nur (page does not exist)">Downfall of Nur</a> describes the collapse of Nuragic civilization in his albums.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f8eaba;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">The Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#Ancient_Europe" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrean_civilization" title="Torrean civilization">Torrean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaiotic_culture" title="Talaiotic culture">Talaiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerma_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerma kingdom">Kerma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Simien" title="Kingdom of Simien">Kingdom of Simien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_kingdom" title="Harla kingdom">Harla kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(region)" title="Barbaria (region)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Mundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toniki" title="Toniki">Toniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromata" title="Aromata">Aromata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauso" title="Rauso">Rauso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battiadae" title="Battiadae">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ouarsenis" title="Kingdom of Ouarsenis">Kingdom of Ouarsenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal kingdom">Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Capsus" title="Kingdom of Capsus">Kingdom of Capsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Kingdom of Masuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Kingdom of Makuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodna" title="Hodna">Kingdom of Hodna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemencha" title="Nemencha">Nemencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Laguatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe#History" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Huns" title="Iranian Huns">Iranian Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(people)" title="Hu (people)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Siberia" title="History of Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Yavana kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley#History" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin#History" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Prehistoric_and_ancient_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea#Prehistoric_and_Antiquity_period" title="History of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia#Ancient_period" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Dorset" title="Pre-Dorset">Pre-Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerica</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_culture" title="Mixtec culture">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Gran Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac_culture" title="Totonac culture">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">Andes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ortoiroid_people" title="Ortoiroid people">Ortoiroid people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafaring_in_the_Pre-Columbian_Caribbean" title="Seafaring in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean">Seafaring</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kintampo_Complex" title="Kintampo Complex">Kintampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Oualata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_civilisation" title="Sao civilisation">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambia megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-imperial_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-imperial Mali">Pre-imperial Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igodomigodo" title="Igodomigodo">Igodomigodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">African kingdoms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia#History" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia#History" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia#History" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Batu" title="Sungai Batu">Sungai Batu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_kingdom" title="Thaton kingdom">Thaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaung_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaung kingdom">Tagaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ksetra kingdom">Sri Ksetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p" title="Lâm Ấp">Lâm Ấp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quduqian" title="Quduqian">Quduqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rakhine" title="History of Rakhine">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitu" title="Xitu">Xitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_kingdom" title="Old Pahang kingdom">Mueang Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavo kingdom">Lavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_Timor" title="Pre-colonial Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:1px solid #ccc;background:#efefef;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history" title="Category:Ancient history">Category</a></li> <li>Followed by <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_history" title="Template:Ancient history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_history" title="Template talk:Ancient history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuragic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuragic tribes">List of Nuragic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_bronze_statuettes" title="Nuragic bronze statuettes">Nuragic bronze statuettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">List of ancient peoples of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although there is no complete census, the figure of 7,000 in E. Contu, "L'architettura nuraghica", in Atzeni <i>et al</i>. (1985),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often repeated, and the Provincia di Cagliari website estimates more than 7,000.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/ac/The%20nuragic%20period%20for%20EFI.pdf"><i>The Nuragic Civilization in Sardinia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 2 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nuragic+Civilization+in+Sardinia&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fefi.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fac%2FThe%2520nuragic%2520period%2520for%2520EFI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_Melis2003" class="citation cs2">Paolo Melis (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/90187824"><i>The nuragic civilization</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nuragic+civilization&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Paolo+Melis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fresource%2Fwork%2F90187824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster,_Gary_S.201512–39-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster,_Gary_S.201512–39_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster,_Gary_S.2015">Webster, Gary S. 2015</a>, pp. 12–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2022" class="citation journal cs1">Leighton, Robert (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopar-2022-0224">"Nuraghi as Ritual Monuments in the Sardinian Bronze and Iron Ages (circa 1700–700BC)"</a>. <i>Open Archaeology</i>. <b>8</b>: 229–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopar-2022-0224">10.1515/opar-2022-0224</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fcdeed7fc-54f3-48f6-9ee4-c27eaa4b2a35">20.500.11820/cdeed7fc-54f3-48f6-9ee4-c27eaa4b2a35</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248800046">248800046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Nuraghi+as+Ritual+Monuments+in+the+Sardinian+Bronze+and+Iron+Ages+%28circa+1700%E2%80%93700BC%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=229-255&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fcdeed7fc-54f3-48f6-9ee4-c27eaa4b2a35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248800046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopar-2022-0224&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fopar-2022-0224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicilloniCabras2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cicilloni, Riccardo; Cabras, Marco (22 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quaderniarcheocaor.beniculturali.it/index.php/qua/article/view/116/115">"Aspetti insediativi nel versante orientale del Monte Arci (Oristano -Sardegna) tra il bronzo medio e la prima età del ferro"</a>. <i>Quaderni</i> (in Italian) (25). Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna: 84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2284-0834">2284-0834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni&rft.atitle=Aspetti+insediativi+nel+versante+orientale+del+Monte+Arci+%28Oristano+-Sardegna%29+tra+il+bronzo+medio+e+la+prima+et%C3%A0+del+ferro&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft.issn=2284-0834&rft.aulast=Cicilloni&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft.au=Cabras%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquaderniarcheocaor.beniculturali.it%2Findex.php%2Fqua%2Farticle%2Fview%2F116%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterWebster1998" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Gary; Webster, Maud (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30484003">"The chronological and cultural definition of Nuragic VII, AD 456-1015"</a>. <i>Sardinian and Aegean Chronology</i>: 383–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1900188821" title="Special:BookSources/1900188821"><bdi>1900188821</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860467990">860467990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sardinian+and+Aegean+Chronology&rft.atitle=The+chronological+and+cultural+definition+of+Nuragic+VII%2C+AD+456-1015&rft.pages=383-398&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860467990&rft.isbn=1900188821&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Webster%2C+Maud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30484003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Lilliu (1999) p. 11<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. No such document in sources section; perhaps 1966 intended. (December 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelmuth2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Belmuth, Miriam S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&q=Nuragic+civilization&pg=PA535">"Nuragic Culture"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, Brian M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>. Vol. 1: ‘Ache’—‘Hoho’. Oxford University Press. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195076189" title="Special:BookSources/9780195076189"><bdi>9780195076189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuragic+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195076189&rft.aulast=Belmuth&rft.aufirst=Miriam+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DystMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNuragic%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chesworth-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chesworth_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniChesworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Martini, I. Peter; Chesworth, Ward (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1tcUc293W8C&q=Nuragic+civilization&pg=PA166"><i>Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048194131" title="Special:BookSources/9789048194131"><bdi>9789048194131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes+and+Societies%3A+Selected+Cases&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048194131&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=I.+Peter&rft.au=Chesworth%2C+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1tcUc293W8C%26q%3DNuragic%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ugas_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgas2016" class="citation book cs1">Ugas, Giovanni (2016). "Shardana e Sardegna. I popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni". <i>Cagliari, Edizioni Della Torre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shardana+e+Sardegna.+I+popoli+del+mare%2C+gli+alleati+del+Nordafrica+e+la+fine+dei+Grandi+Regni&rft.btitle=Cagliari%2C+Edizioni+Della+Torre&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ugas&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowland, R. J. “When Did the Nuragic Period in Sardinia End.” Sardinia Antiqua. Studi in Onore Di Piero Meloni in Occasione Del Suo Settantesimo Compleanno, 1992, 165–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasula2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Casula, Francesco Cèsare</a> (2017). "Evo Antico Sardo: Dalla Sardegna Medio-Nuragica (100 a.C. c.) alla Sardegna Bizantina (900 d.C. c.)". <i>La storia di Sardegna</i>. Vol. I. p. 281. <q>Da parte imperiale era dunque implicito il riconoscimento di una Sardegna barbaricina indomita se non libera e già in qualche modo statualmente conformata, dove continuava a esistere una civiltà o almeno una cultura d'origine nuragica, certo mutata ed evoluta per influenze esterne romane e vandaliche di cui nulla conosciamo tranne alcuni tardi effetti politici.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evo+Antico+Sardo%3A+Dalla+Sardegna+Medio-Nuragica+%28100+a.C.+c.%29+alla+Sardegna+Bizantina+%28900+d.C.+c.%29&rft.btitle=La+storia+di+Sardegna&rft.pages=281&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Casula&rft.aufirst=Francesco+C%C3%A8sare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterWebster1998" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Gary S.; Webster, Maud R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530578">"The Duos Nuraghes Project in Sardinia: 1985-1996 Interim Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Field_Archaeology" title="Journal of Field Archaeology">Journal of Field Archaeology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (2): 183–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F530578">10.2307/530578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-4690">0093-4690</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/530578">530578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Duos+Nuraghes+Project+in+Sardinia%3A+1985-1996+Interim+Report&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-201&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0093-4690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F530578&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Maud+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nel BF numerosi indizi portano a supporre che i caratteri e l’assetto territoriale formatisi nel BM e BR, con l’edificazione dei nuraghi, subiscano mutamenti sostanziali che portano alla fine del fenomeno di costruzione di tali monumenti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepalmas,_Anna2009" class="citation journal cs1">Depalmas, Anna (2009). "Il Bronzo finale della Sardegna". <i>Atti della XLIV Riunione Scientifica: La Preistoria e la Protostoria della Sardegna: Cagliari, Barumini, Sassari 23-28 Novembre 2009, Vol. 1: Relazioni Generali</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 141–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atti+della+XLIV+Riunione+Scientifica%3A+La+Preistoria+e+la+Protostoria+della+Sardegna%3A+Cagliari%2C+Barumini%2C+Sassari+23-28+Novembre+2009%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Relazioni+Generali&rft.atitle=Il+Bronzo+finale+della+Sardegna&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=141-154&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Depalmas%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No more new nuraghi were built after this period. Usai proposed that time and effort spent on their construction were no longer deemed proportional to their practical and symbolic use <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez,_Ralph_Araque2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzalez, Ralph Araque (2014). "Social Organization in Nuragic Sardinia: Cultural Progress Without 'Elites'?". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (24): 141–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS095977431400002X">10.1017/S095977431400002X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Social+Organization+in+Nuragic+Sardinia%3A+Cultural+Progress+Without+%27Elites%27%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=141-161&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS095977431400002X&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Ralph+Araque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10814-021-09165-1"><i>Establishing the Middle Sea: The Late Bronze Age of Mediterranean Europe (1700–900 BC).</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+the+Middle+Sea%3A+The+Late+Bronze+Age+of+Mediterranean+Europe+%281700%E2%80%93900+BC%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10814-021-09165-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Lilliu2006" class="citation web cs1">Giovanni Lilliu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205232/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2008040218311700023.pdf">"Sardegna Nuragica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(December 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529205540/http://www.provinciadelsole.it/nuragica.html">"La civiltà Nuragica"</a>. <i>Privincia del Sole</i> (in Italian). 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provinciadelsole.it/nuragica.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Privincia+del+Sole&rft.atitle=La+civilt%C3%A0+Nuragica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provinciadelsole.it%2Fnuragica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonoja,_M.Cossu,_C.Migaleddu,_M.2012" class="citation book cs1">Monoja, M.; Cossu, C.; Migaleddu, M. (2012). <i>Parole di segni, L'alba della scrittura in Sardegna</i>. Sardegna Archeologica, Guide e Itinerari. Sassari: Carlo Delfino Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parole+di+segni%2C+L%27alba+della+scrittura+in+Sardegna&rft.place=Sassari&rft.series=Sardegna+Archeologica%2C+Guide+e+Itinerari&rft.pub=Carlo+Delfino+Editore&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Monoja%2C+M.&rft.au=Cossu%2C+C.&rft.au=Migaleddu%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ug-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ug_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ug_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgas2013" class="citation book cs1">Ugas, Giovanni (2013). "I segni numerali e di scrittura in Sardegna tra l'Età del Bronzo e il i Ferro". In Mastino, Attilio; Spanu, Pier Giorgio; Zucca, Raimondo (eds.). <i>Tharros Felix</i>. Vol. 5. Roma: Carocci. pp. 295–377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+segni+numerali+e+di+scrittura+in+Sardegna+tra+l%27Et%C3%A0+del+Bronzo+e+il+i+Ferro&rft.btitle=Tharros+Felix&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=295-377&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ugas&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttilio_Mastino2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Attilio Mastino (2004). "I miti classici e l'isola felice". In Raimondo Zucca (ed.). <i>Le fonti classiche e la Sardegna. Atti del Convegno di Studi - Lanusei - 29 dicembre 1998</i> (in Italian). Vol. I. Roma: Carocci. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-430-3228-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-430-3228-3"><bdi>88-430-3228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+miti+classici+e+l%27isola+felice&rft.btitle=Le+fonti+classiche+e+la+Sardegna.+Atti+del+Convegno+di+Studi+-+Lanusei+-+29+dicembre+1998&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=88-430-3228-3&rft.au=Attilio+Mastino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerra,_M.1993" class="citation book cs1">Perra, M. (1993). <i>La Sardegna nelle fonti classiche</i>. Oristano: S'Alvure editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sardegna+nelle+fonti+classiche&rft.place=Oristano&rft.pub=S%27Alvure+editrice&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Perra%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ugas_2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ugas_2005_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgas2005" class="citation book cs1">Ugas, Giovanni (2005). <i>L'Alba dei Nuraghi</i>. Cagliari: Fabula editrice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89661-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89661-00-0"><bdi>978-88-89661-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alba+dei+Nuraghi&rft.place=Cagliari&rft.pub=Fabula+editrice&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-89661-00-0&rft.aulast=Ugas&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelis2014" class="citation conference cs1">Melis, Maria Grazia (2014). Meller, H.; Pernicka, E.; Risch, R. Risch (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9860173"><i>Silver in Neolithic and Eneolithic Sardinia</i></a>. Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber. 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2013 in Halle. Halle: Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Silver+in+Neolithic+and+Eneolithic+Sardinia&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Landesmuseums+f%C3%BCr+Vorgeschichte+Halle&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Melis&rft.aufirst=Maria+Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9860173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lai2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lai2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Lai2008" class="citation book cs1">Luca Lai (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLNahHXQunAC&pg=PA119"><i>The Interplay of Economic, Climatic and Cultural Change Investigated Through Isotopic Analyses of Bone Tissue: The case of Sardinia 4000–1900 BC</i></a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-77286-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-77286-6"><bdi>978-0-549-77286-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interplay+of+Economic%2C+Climatic+and+Cultural+Change+Investigated+Through+Isotopic+Analyses+of+Bone+Tissue%3A+The+case+of+Sardinia+4000%E2%80%931900+BC&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-77286-6&rft.au=Luca+Lai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLNahHXQunAC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ercole Contu, <i>Sardegna Archeologica – L'Altare preistorico di Monte D'Accoddi</i>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Lilliu, <i>Arte e religione della Sardegna prenuragica</i>, p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201715/http://www.sardegnacultura.it/documenti/7_4_20060402100606.pdf">"Alberto Moravetti, il complesso nuragico di Palmavera"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sardegnacultura.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnacultura.it/documenti/7_4_20060402100606.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sardegnacultura.it&rft.atitle=Alberto+Moravetti%2C+il+complesso+nuragico+di+Palmavera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacultura.it%2Fdocumenti%2F7_4_20060402100606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_Melis2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paolo Melis (January 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/558449"><i>Una nuova sepoltura della cultura di Bonnanaro da Ittiri (Prov. di Sassari, Sardegna) ed i rapporti fra la Sardegna settentrionale e la Corsica nell'antica età del Bronzo</i></a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+nuova+sepoltura+della+cultura+di+Bonnanaro+da+Ittiri+%28Prov.+di+Sassari%2C+Sardegna%29+ed+i+rapporti+fra+la+Sardegna+settentrionale+e+la+Corsica+nell%27antica+et%C3%A0+del+Bronzo&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=Paolo+Melis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fresource%2Fwork%2F558449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lilliu_2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lilliu_2004_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilliu2004" class="citation book cs1">Lilliu, Giovanni (2004). <i>La civiltà dei Sardi dal paleolitico all'età dei nuraghi</i>. Nuoro: Il Maestrale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilt%C3%A0+dei+Sardi+dal+paleolitico+all%27et%C3%A0+dei+nuraghi&rft.place=Nuoro&rft.pub=Il+Maestrale&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lilliu&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lilliu_1982-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lilliu_1982_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilliu1982" class="citation book cs1">Lilliu, Giovanni (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514105206/http://www.sardegnacultura.it/documenti/7_26_20060401123725.pdf"><i>La Civiltà Nuragica</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sassari: Delfino. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnacultura.it/documenti/7_26_20060401123725.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2012 – via Book on line from Sardegnadigiltallibrary.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilt%C3%A0+Nuragica&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pub=Delfino&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Lilliu&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnacultura.it%2Fdocumenti%2F7_26_20060401123725.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, E.W., McLaughlin, T.R., Esposito, C. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S10963-021-09158-4">Radiocarbon Dated Trends and Central Mediterranean Prehistory</a>. J World Prehist 34, 317–379 (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-021-09158-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-021-09158-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The strict patterning in the landscape of tombs and nuraghes was analyzed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2001" class="citation journal cs1">Blake, Emma (April 2001). "Constructing a Nuragic Locale: The Spatial Relationship between tombs and towers in Bronze Age Sardinia". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>105</b> (2): 145–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F507268">10.2307/507268</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/507268">507268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155610104">155610104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Constructing+a+Nuragic+Locale%3A+The+Spatial+Relationship+between+tombs+and+towers+in+Bronze+Age+Sardinia&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-161&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155610104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F507268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F507268&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilliu" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lilliu" title="Giovanni Lilliu">Lilliu, Giovanni</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205232/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2008040218311700023.pdf">"Sardegna Nuragica"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sardegnadigitallibrary.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2008040218311700023.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sardegnadigitallibrary.it&rft.atitle=Sardegna+Nuragica&rft.aulast=Lilliu&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnadigitallibrary.it%2Fmmt%2Ffullsize%2F2008040218311700023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museoarcheologiconuoro.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/32/siti-e-monumenti/14/il-sarcidano-orroli-nuraghe-arrubiu">Museo Nazionale Archeologico di Nuoro, <i>Il Sarcidano: Orroli, Nuraghe Arrubiu</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630132832/http://www.museoarcheologiconuoro.beniculturali.it/index.php?it%2F32%2Fsiti-e-monumenti%2F14%2Fil-sarcidano-orroli-nuraghe-arrubiu">Archived</a> 2015-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cesare_Casula" title="Francesco Cesare Casula">Francesco Cesare Casula</a>, <i>Breve storia di Sardegna</i>, p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7138-065-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-7138-065-7">88-7138-065-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provinciadelsole.it/eng/nuragica.html">"provinciadelsole.it"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=provinciadelsole.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provinciadelsole.it%2Feng%2Fnuragica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tin as a draw for traders was first suggested in the essay on Sardinian metallurgy by N. Gale and Z. Gale in Miriam S. Balmuth, ed. <i>Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 3</i> (Oxford, 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Tylecote, M. S. Balmuth, R. Massoli-Novelli (1983). "Copper and Bronze Metallurgy in Sardinia". <i>Historia Metallica</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 63–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miriam S. Balmuth, ed. <i>Studies in Sardinian Archaeology 3: Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean World</i> (Oxford, 1987) presents papers from a colloquium in Rome, September 1986; the view of "gateway-communities" from the Mycenaean direction is explored in T.R. Smith, <i>Mycenaean Trade and Interaction in the West Central Mediterranean, 1600–100 B.C.</i>, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405144452/http://www.sardiniapoint.it/5085.html">"Giovanni Ugas: Shardana"</a>. Sp Intervista. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardiniapoint.it/5085.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giovanni+Ugas%3A+Shardana&rft.series=Sp+Intervista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardiniapoint.it%2F5085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardiniapost.it/culture/nuovo-studio-dellarcheologo-ugas-e-certo-i-nuragici-erano-gli-shardana/">"Nuovo studio dell'archeologo Ugas"</a>. 3 February 2017. <q>È certo, i nuragici erano gli Shardana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuovo+studio+dell%27archeologo+Ugas&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardiniapost.it%2Fculture%2Fnuovo-studio-dellarcheologo-ugas-e-certo-i-nuragici-erano-gli-shardana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaramelli1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taramelli, Antonio (1982). <i>Scavi e scoperte. 1903-1910</i> (in Italian). Sassari: Carlo Delfino editore. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643856632">643856632</a>. <q>Ma io ritengo che le conseguenze della nostra osservazione sulla continuità degli elementi eneolitici in quelli della civiltà nuragica abbiano una portata maggiore di quella veduta dal collega mio; che cioè la civiltà degli Shardana siasi qui elaborata completamente, dai suoi germi iniziali, sia qui cresciuta, battagliera, vigorosa, e che lungi dal vedere nella Sardegna l'estremo rifugio di una razza dispersa, inseguita, come una fiera fuggente, dall'elemento semitico che venne qui ad azzannarla e a soggiogarla, noi dobbiamo vedere il nido donde essa spiegò un volo ardito, dopo aver lasciato una impronta di dominio, di lotta, di tenacia, sul suolo da lei guadagnato alla civiltà.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scavi+e+scoperte.+1903-1910&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pub=Carlo+Delfino+editore&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643856632&rft.aulast=Taramelli&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Childe1930" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Childe, Vere (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/childe/1930/bronzeage/ch06.htm"><i>The Bronze Age</i></a>. <q>In the nuragic sanctuaries and hoards we find an extraordinary variety of votive statuettes and models in bronze. Figures of warriors, crude and barbaric in execution but full of life, are particularly common. The warrior was armed with a dagger and bow-and-arrows or a sword, covered with a two-horned helmet and protected by a circular buckler. The dress and armament leave no doubt as to the substantial identity of the Sardinian infantryman with the raiders and mercenaries depicted on Egyptian monuments as "Shardana". At the same time numerous votive barques, also of bronze, demonstrate the importance of the sea in Sardinian life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Age&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Gordon+Childe&rft.aufirst=Vere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fchilde%2F1930%2Fbronzeage%2Fch06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusa2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Tusa" title="Sebastiano Tusa">Tusa, Sebastiano</a> (2018). <i>I popoli del Grande Verde: il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni</i> (in Italian). Ragusa: Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788899168308" title="Special:BookSources/9788899168308"><bdi>9788899168308</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038750254">1038750254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+popoli+del+Grande+Verde%3A+il+Mediterraneo+al+tempo+dei+faraoni&rft.place=Ragusa&rft.pub=Edizioni+Storia+e+Studi+Sociali&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038750254&rft.isbn=9788899168308&rft.aulast=Tusa&rft.aufirst=Sebastiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/MVOEM/videos/1998695170385144/"><i>Presentazione del libro "I Popoli del Grande Verde" di Sebastiano Tusa presso il Museo del Vicino Oriente, Egitto e Mediterraneo della Sapienza di Roma</i></a> (in Italian). 21 March 2018. Event occurs at 12:12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentazione+del+libro+%22I+Popoli+del+Grande+Verde%22+di+Sebastiano+Tusa+presso+il+Museo+del+Vicino+Oriente%2C+Egitto+e+Mediterraneo+della+Sapienza+di+Roma&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMVOEM%2Fvideos%2F1998695170385144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarageorghis2011" class="citation book cs1">Karageorghis, Vassos (2011). "Handmade Burnished Ware in Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean". <i>On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in bronze age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: an international archaeological symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th, 2010</i>. A.G. Leventis Foundation. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9963-560-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9963-560-93-6"><bdi>978-9963-560-93-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769643982">769643982</a>. <q>It is most probable that among the Aegean immigrants there were also some refugees from Sardinia. This may corroborate the evidence from Medinet Habu that among the Sea Peoples there were also refugees from various part of the Mediterranean, some from Sardinia, the Shardana or Sherden. [...] It is probable that these Shardana went first to Crete and from there they joined a group of Cretans for an eastward adventure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handmade+Burnished+Ware+in+Cyprus+and+elsewhere+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=On+cooking+pots%2C+drinking+cups%2C+loomweights+and+ethnicity+in+bronze+age+Cyprus+and+neighbouring+regions%3A+an+international+archaeological+symposium+held+in+Nicosia%2C+November+6th-7th%2C+2010&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=A.G.+Leventis+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769643982&rft.isbn=978-9963-560-93-6&rft.aulast=Karageorghis&rft.aufirst=Vassos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorea2021" class="citation book cs1">Zorea, Carlos Roberto (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65302/1/T42277.pdf"><i>Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+peoples+in+Canaan%2C+Cyprus+and+Iberia+%2812th+to+10th+centuries+BC%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Complutense+University+of+Madrid&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zorea&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucm.es%2Fid%2Feprint%2F65302%2F1%2FT42277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino2000119-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino2000119_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPallottino2000">Pallottino 2000</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.uniss.it/7075/1/Ruggeri_P_Talos_automa_bronzeo_contro.pdf">"Paola Ruggeri - Talos, l'automa bronzeo contro i Sardi: le relazioni più antiche tra Creta e la Sardegna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>uniss.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uniss.it&rft.atitle=Paola+Ruggeri+-+Talos%2C+l%27automa+bronzeo+contro+i+Sardi%3A+le+relazioni+pi%C3%B9+antiche+tra+Creta+e+la+Sardegna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.uniss.it%2F7075%2F1%2FRuggeri_P_Talos_automa_bronzeo_contro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095944/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/documenti/17_81_20080325121003.pdf">"Ceramiche. Storia, linguaggio, e prospettive in Sardegna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/documenti/17_81_20080325121003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ceramiche.+Storia%2C+linguaggio%2C+e+prospettive+in+Sardegna&rft.pages=34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardegnadigitallibrary.it%2Fdocumenti%2F17_81_20080325121003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale,_N.H.2011" class="citation book cs1">Gale, N.H. (2011). "Source of the Lead Metal used to make a Repair Clamp on a Nuragic Vase recently excavated at Pyla-Kokkinokremos on Cyprus". In V. Karageorghis; O. Kouka (eds.). <i>On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions</i>. Nicosia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Source+of+the+Lead+Metal+used+to+make+a+Repair+Clamp+on+a+Nuragic+Vase+recently+excavated+at+Pyla-Kokkinokremos+on+Cyprus&rft.btitle=On+Cooking+Pots%2C+Drinking+Cups%2C+Loomweights+and+Ethnicity+in+Bronze+Age+Cyprus+and+Neighbouring+Regions&rft.place=Nicosia&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Gale%2C+N.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradoliWaiman-BarakBürgeDunseth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gradoli, Maria G.; Waiman-Barak, Paula; Bürge, Teresa; Dunseth, Zachary C.; Sterba, Johannes H.; Schiavo, Fulvia Lo; Perra, Mauro; Sabatini, Serena; Fischer, Peter M. 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Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/opencms/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Luogo/MibacUnif/Luoghi-della-Cultura/visualizza_asset.html?id=153026&pagename=57">the original</a> on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039977">"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>11</b> (939). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 939. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11..939M">2020NatCo..11..939M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-14523-6">10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7039977">7039977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32094358">32094358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Genetic+history+from+the+Middle+Neolithic+to+present+on+the+Mediterranean+island+of+Sardinia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=939&rft.pages=939&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7039977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32094358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-14523-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11..939M&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7039977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelis2003" class="citation book cs1">Melis, Paolo (2003). <i>Civiltà nuragica</i>. Sassari: Delfino Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilt%C3%A0+nuragica&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pub=Delfino+Editore&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Melis&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontalbano2009" class="citation book cs1">Montalbano, Pierluigi (July 2009). <i>SHRDN, Signori del mare e del metallo</i>. Nuoro: Zenia Editrice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-904157-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-904157-1-5"><bdi>978-88-904157-1-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SHRDN%2C+Signori+del+mare+e+del+metallo&rft.place=Nuoro&rft.pub=Zenia+Editrice&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=978-88-904157-1-5&rft.aulast=Montalbano&rft.aufirst=Pierluigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro_i_Barba2010" class="citation book cs1">Navarro i Barba, Gustau (2010). <i>La Cultura Nuràgica de Sardenya</i>. Barcelona: Edicions dels A.L.I.LL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-613-9278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-613-9278-0"><bdi>978-84-613-9278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Cultura+Nur%C3%A0gica+de+Sardenya&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Edicions+dels+A.L.I.LL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-613-9278-0&rft.aulast=Navarro+i+Barba&rft.aufirst=Gustau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallottino2000" class="citation book cs1">Pallottino, Massimo (2000). <i>La Sardegna nuragica</i>. Nuoro: edizioni Ilisso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87825-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87825-10-7"><bdi>978-88-87825-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sardegna+nuragica&rft.place=Nuoro&rft.pub=edizioni+Ilisso&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-87825-10-7&rft.aulast=Pallottino&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerra1997" class="citation book cs1">Perra, Mario (1997). <i>ΣΑΡΔΩ, Sardinia, Sardegna</i>. Oristano: S'Alvure. <q>3 Volumes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%94%CE%A9%2C+Sardinia%2C+Sardegna&rft.place=Oristano&rft.pub=S%27Alvure&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Perra&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittau2001" class="citation book cs1">Pittau, Massimo (2001). <i>La lingua sardiana o dei protosardi</i>. Cagliari: Ettore Gasperini editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lingua+sardiana+o+dei+protosardi&rft.place=Cagliari&rft.pub=Ettore+Gasperini+editore&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pittau&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittau2007" class="citation book cs1">Pittau, Massimo (2007). <i>Storia dei sardi nuragici</i>. Selargius: Domus de Janas editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+dei+sardi+nuragici&rft.place=Selargius&rft.pub=Domus+de+Janas+editrice&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pittau&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittau2008" class="citation book cs1">Pittau, Massimo (2008). <i>Il Sardus Pater e i Guerrieri di Monte Prama</i>. Sassari: EDES.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Sardus+Pater+e+i+Guerrieri+di+Monte+Prama&rft.place=Sassari&rft.pub=EDES&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pittau&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittau2011" class="citation book cs1">Pittau, Massimo (2011). <i>Gli antichi sardi fra I "Popoli del mare"</i>. Selargius: Domus de Janas editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+antichi+sardi+fra+I+%22Popoli+del+mare%22&rft.place=Selargius&rft.pub=Domus+de+Janas+editrice&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pittau&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittau2013" class="citation book cs1">Pittau, Massimo (2013). <i>La Sardegna nuragica</i>. Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sardegna+nuragica&rft.place=Cagliari&rft.pub=Edizioni+della+Torre&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pittau&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScintu2003" class="citation book cs1">Scintu, Danilo (2003). <i>Le Torri del cielo, Architettura e simbolismo dei nuraghi di Sardegna</i>. Mogoro: PTM editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Torri+del+cielo%2C+Architettura+e+simbolismo+dei+nuraghi+di+Sardegna&rft.place=Mogoro&rft.pub=PTM+editrice&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Scintu&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVacca1994" class="citation book cs1">Vacca, E.B. (1994). <i>La civiltà nuragica e il mare</i>. Quartu Sant'Elena: ASRA editrice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilt%C3%A0+nuragica+e+il+mare&rft.place=Quartu+Sant%27Elena&rft.pub=ASRA+editrice&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Vacca&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1996" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Gary S. (1996). <i>A Prehistory of Sardinia 2300-500 BCE</i>. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850755081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850755081"><bdi>978-1850755081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prehistory+of+Sardinia+2300-500+BCE&rft.series=Monographs+in+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1850755081&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Gary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster,_Gary_S.2015" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Gary S. (2015). <i>The Archaeology of Nuragic Sardinia</i>. Bristol, CT: Equinox Publishing Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Nuragic+Sardinia&rft.place=Bristol%2C+CT&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Webster%2C+Gary+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_civilization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Nuragic civilization</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nuragic+civilization">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nuragic+civilization&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmuth,_Miriam_S.1987" class="citation book cs1">Balmuth, Miriam S. (1987). <i>Nuragic Sardinia and the Mycenaean World</i>. Oxford, England: B.A.R.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuragic+Sardinia+and+the+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Balmuth%2C+Miriam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedda,_Mauro_Peppino2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zedda, Mauro Peppino (2016). "Orientation of the Sardinian Nuragic 'meeting huts'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 195–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Archaeology+%26+Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Orientation+of+the+Sardinian+Nuragic+%27meeting+huts%27&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=195-201&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Zedda%2C+Mauro+Peppino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuragic+civilization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Framed_boat" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Frame-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Frame-first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques#Shell-first" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Shell-first</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician joints">Phoenician joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)#Navigation" title="Swell (ocean)">Ocean swell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick chart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus" title="Periplus">Periplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Qal'at al-Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_Museum,_Kolkata" title="Boat Museum, Kolkata">Boat Museum, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sardinia" title="Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sardinia" title="Template talk:Sardinia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sardinia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sardinia&#124;link=Sardinia_Sardinia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"><img alt="Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Sardinia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sardinia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Sardinia">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Cagliari" title="Metropolitan City of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">Nuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Sassari" title="Province of Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Sardinia" title="Province of South Sardinia">South Sardinia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/100px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/150px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sardegna-Stemma.svg/200px-Sardegna-Stemma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">Viceroys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Sardinia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia" title="History of mining in Sardinia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sardinia" title="Politics of Sardinia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sardinia" title="Elections in Sardinia">Elections in Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sardinia" title="List of presidents of Sardinia">List of presidents of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia" title="List of political parties in Sardinia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sardinia" title="Flag of Sardinia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sardinia" title="Music of Sardinia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Su_patriottu_sardu_a_sos_feudatarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Su patriottu sardu a sos feudatarios">Anthem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_die_de_sa_Sardigna" title="Sa die de sa Sardigna">Sa die de sa Sardigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sardinia" title="List of tourist attractions in Sardinia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_and_artistic_sites_of_Sardinia" title="List of archaeological and artistic sites of Sardinia">Archaeological and artistic sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Demographics" title="Sardinia">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia_national_football_team" title="Sardinia national football team">National football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Sardinia" title="Category:Languages of Sardinia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Logudorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corso-Sardinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese language">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sardinia" title="Category:Sardinia">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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