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concatenation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: concatenation"> <meta name="keywords" content="concatenation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="concatenation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 8</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: concatenation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Lowering Error Floors by Concatenation of Low-Density Parity-Check and Array Code</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cinna%20Soltanpur">Cinna Soltanpur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Ghamari"> Mohammad Ghamari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behzad%20Momahed%20Heravi"> Behzad Momahed Heravi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Zare"> Fatemeh Zare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been shown to deliver capacity approaching performance; however, problematic graphical structures (e.g. trapping sets) in the Tanner graph of some LDPC codes can cause high error floors in bit-error-ratio (BER) performance under conventional sum-product algorithm (SPA). This paper presents a serial concatenation scheme to avoid the trapping sets and to lower the error floors of LDPC code. The outer code in the proposed concatenation is the LDPC, and the inner code is a high rate array code. This approach applies an interactive hybrid process between the BCJR decoding for the array code and the SPA for the LDPC code together with bit-pinning and bit-flipping techniques. Margulis code of size (2640, 1320) has been used for the simulation and it has been shown that the proposed concatenation and decoding scheme can considerably improve the error floor performance with minimal rate loss. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concatenated%20coding" title="concatenated coding">concatenated coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%E2%80%93density%20parity%E2%80%93check%20codes" title=" low–density parity–check codes"> low–density parity–check codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=array%20code" title=" array code"> array code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error%20floors" title=" error floors"> error floors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60058/lowering-error-floors-by-concatenation-of-low-density-parity-check-and-array-code" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Hindi Speech Synthesis by Concatenation of Recognized Hand Written Devnagri Script Using Support Vector Machines Classifier</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saurabh%20Farkya">Saurabh Farkya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Govinda%20Surampudi"> Govinda Surampudi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optical Character Recognition is one of the current major research areas. This paper is focussed on recognition of Devanagari script and its sound generation. This Paper consists of two parts. First, Optical Character Recognition of Devnagari handwritten Script. Second, speech synthesis of the recognized text. This paper shows an implementation of support vector machines for the purpose of Devnagari Script recognition. The Support Vector Machines was trained with Multi Domain features; Transform Domain and Spatial Domain or Structural Domain feature. Transform Domain includes the wavelet feature of the character. Structural Domain consists of Distance Profile feature and Gradient feature. The Segmentation of the text document has been done in 3 levels-Line Segmentation, Word Segmentation, and Character Segmentation. The pre-processing of the characters has been done with the help of various Morphological operations-Otsu's Algorithm, Erosion, Dilation, Filtration and Thinning techniques. The Algorithm was tested on the self-prepared database, a collection of various handwriting. Further, Unicode was used to convert recognized Devnagari text into understandable computer document. The document so obtained is an array of codes which was used to generate digitized text and to synthesize Hindi speech. Phonemes from the self-prepared database were used to generate the speech of the scanned document using concatenation technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Character%20Recognition%20%28OCR%29" title="Character Recognition (OCR)">Character Recognition (OCR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Text%20to%20Speech%20%28TTS%29" title=" Text to Speech (TTS)"> Text to Speech (TTS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Support%20Vector%20Machines%20%28SVM%29" title=" Support Vector Machines (SVM)"> Support Vector Machines (SVM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Library%20of%20Support%20Vector%20Machines%20%28LIBSVM%29" title=" Library of Support Vector Machines (LIBSVM)"> Library of Support Vector Machines (LIBSVM)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19232/hindi-speech-synthesis-by-concatenation-of-recognized-hand-written-devnagri-script-using-support-vector-machines-classifier" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Building 1-Well-Covered Graphs by Corona, Join, and Rooted Product of Graphs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vadim%20E.%20Levit">Vadim E. Levit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eugen%20Mandrescu"> Eugen Mandrescu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A graph is well-covered if all its maximal independent sets are of the same size. A well-covered graph is 1-well-covered if deletion of every vertex of the graph leaves it well-covered. It is known that a graph without isolated vertices is 1-well-covered if and only if every two disjoint independent sets are included in two disjoint maximum independent sets. Well-covered graphs are related to combinatorial commutative algebra (e.g., every Cohen-Macaulay graph is well-covered, while each Gorenstein graph without isolated vertices is 1-well-covered). Our intent is to construct several infinite families of 1-well-covered graphs using the following known graph operations: corona, join, and rooted product of graphs. Adopting some known techniques used to advantage for well-covered graphs, one can prove that: if the graph G has no isolated vertices, then the corona of G and H is 1-well-covered if and only if H is a complete graph of order two at least; the join of the graphs G and H is 1-well-covered if and only if G and H have the same independence number and both are 1-well-covered; if H satisfies the property that every three pairwise disjoint independent sets are included in three pairwise disjoint maximum independent sets, then the rooted product of G and H is 1-well-covered, for every graph G. These findings show not only how to generate some more families of 1-well-covered graphs, but also that, to this aim, sometimes, one may use graphs that are not necessarily 1-well-covered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20independent%20set" title="maximum independent set">maximum independent set</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corona" title=" corona"> corona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concatenation" title=" concatenation"> concatenation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=join" title=" join"> join</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-covered%20graph" title=" well-covered graph"> well-covered graph</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86859/building-1-well-covered-graphs-by-corona-join-and-rooted-product-of-graphs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> New Practical and Non-Malleable Elgamal Encryption for E-Voting Protoco</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karima%20Djebaili">Karima Djebaili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamine%20Melkemi"> Lamine Melkemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Elgamal encryption is a fundamental public-key encryption in cryptography, which is based on the difficulty of discrete logarithm problem and the Diffie-Hellman problem. Supposing the Diffie–Hellman problem is computationally infeasible then Elgamal is secure under a chosen plaintext attack, where security indicates it is difficult for the attacker, given the ciphertext, to restore the whole of the plaintext. However, although it is secure against chosen plaintext attack, Elgamal is absolutely malleable i.e. is not secure against an adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, where the attacker can recover the plaintext. We present a extension on Elgamal encryption which result in non-malleability against adaptive chosen plaintext attack using concatenation and a cryptographic hash function, our evidence utilizes the device of plaintext aware. The algorithm proposed can be used in cryptography voting protocol given its level security. Our protocol protects the confidentiality of voters because each voter encrypts their choice before casting their vote, offers public verifiability using a signing algorithm, the final result is correctly computed using homomorphic property, and works even in the presence of an adversary due to the propriety of non-malleability. Moreover, the protocol prevents some parties colluding to fix the vote results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elgamal%20encryption" title="Elgamal encryption">Elgamal encryption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-malleability" title=" non-malleability"> non-malleability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plaintext%20aware" title=" plaintext aware"> plaintext aware</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-voting" title=" e-voting"> e-voting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21307/new-practical-and-non-malleable-elgamal-encryption-for-e-voting-protoco" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21307.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">451</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> A Method to Compute Efficient 3D Helicopters Flight Trajectories Based On a Motion Polymorph-Primitives Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konstanca%20Nikolajevic">Konstanca Nikolajevic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Belanger"> Nicolas Belanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Duvivier"> David Duvivier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabie%20Ben%20Atitallah"> Rabie Ben Atitallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhakim%20Artiba"> Abdelhakim Artiba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Finding the optimal 3D path of an aerial vehicle under flight mechanics constraints is a major challenge, especially when the algorithm has to produce real-time results in flight. Kinematics models and Pythagorian Hodograph curves have been widely used in mobile robotics to solve this problematic. The level of difficulty is mainly driven by the number of constraints to be saturated at the same time while minimizing the total length of the path. In this paper, we suggest a pragmatic algorithm capable of saturating at the same time most of dimensioning helicopter 3D trajectories’ constraints like: curvature, curvature derivative, torsion, torsion derivative, climb angle, climb angle derivative, positions. The trajectories generation algorithm is able to generate versatile complex 3D motion primitives feasible by a helicopter with parameterization of the curvature and the climb angle. An upper ”motion primitives’ concatenation” algorithm is presented based. In this article we introduce a new way of designing three-dimensional trajectories based on what we call the ”Dubins gliding symmetry conjecture”. This extremely performing algorithm will be soon integrated to a real-time decisional system dealing with inflight safety issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotics" title="robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerial%20robots" title=" aerial robots"> aerial robots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20primitives" title=" motion primitives"> motion primitives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=helicopter" title=" helicopter"> helicopter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25294/a-method-to-compute-efficient-3d-helicopters-flight-trajectories-based-on-a-motion-polymorph-primitives-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">616</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Cross Attention Fusion for Dual-Stream Speech Emotion Recognition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaode%20Yu">Shaode Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiajian%20Meng"> Jiajian Meng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bing%20Zhu"> Bing Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hang%20Yu"> Hang Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiurui%20Sun"> Qiurui Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speech emotion recognition (SER) is for recognizing human subjective emotions through audio data in-depth analysis. From speech audios, how to comprehensively extract emotional information and how to effectively fuse extracted features remain challenging. This paper presents a dual-stream SER framework that embraces both full training and transfer learning of different networks for thorough feature encoding. Besides, a plug-and-play cross-attention fusion (CAF) module is implemented for the valid integration of the dual-stream encoder output. The effectiveness of the proposed CAF module is compared to the other three fusion modules (feature summation, feature concatenation, and feature-wise linear modulation) on two databases (RAVDESS and IEMO-CAP) using different dual-stream encoders (full training network, DPCNN or TextRCNN; transfer learning network, HuBERT or Wav2Vec2). Experimental results suggest that the CAF module can effectively reconcile conflicts between features from different encoders and outperform the other three feature fusion modules on the SER task. In the future, the plug-and-play CAF module can be extended for multi-branch feature fusion, and the dual-stream SER framework can be widened for multi-stream data representation to improve the recognition performance and generalization capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20emotion%20recognition" title="speech emotion recognition">speech emotion recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-attention%20fusion" title=" cross-attention fusion"> cross-attention fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-stream" title=" dual-stream"> dual-stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-trained" title=" pre-trained"> pre-trained</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177683/cross-attention-fusion-for-dual-stream-speech-emotion-recognition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Identifying Pathogenic Mycobacterium Species Using Multiple Gene Phylogenetic Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lemar%20Blake">Lemar Blake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Oura"> Chris Oura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayanna%20C.%20N.%20Phillips%20Savage"> Ayanna C. N. Phillips Savage</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Improved DNA sequencing technology has greatly enhanced bacterial identification, especially for organisms that are difficult to culture. Mycobacteriosis with consistent hyphema, bilateral exophthalmia, open mouth gape and ocular lesions, were observed in various fish populations at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Aquaculture/Aquatic Animal Health Unit. Objective: To identify the species of Mycobacterium that is affecting aquarium fish at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Aquaculture/Aquatic Animal Health Unit. Method: A total of 13 fish samples were collected and analyzed via: Ziehl-Neelsen, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. These tests were carried out simultaneously for confirmation. The following combination of conventional primers: 16s rRNA (564 bp), rpoB (396 bp), sod (408 bp) were used. Concatenation of the gene fragments was carried out to phylogenetically classify the organism. Results: Acid fast non-branching bacilli were detected in all samples from homogenized internal organs. All 13 acid fast samples were positive for Mycobacterium via real-time PCR. Partial gene sequences using all three primer sets were obtained from two samples and demonstrated a novel strain. A strain 99% related to Mycobacterium marinum was also confirmed in one sample, using 16srRNA and rpoB genes. The two novel strains were clustered with the rapid growers and strains that are known to affect humans. Conclusions: Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated two novel Mycobacterium strains with the potential of being zoonotic and one strain 99% related to Mycobacterium marinum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymerase%20chain%20reaction" title="polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phylogenetic" title=" phylogenetic"> phylogenetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20sequencing" title=" DNA sequencing"> DNA sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zoonotic" title=" zoonotic "> zoonotic </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124273/identifying-pathogenic-mycobacterium-species-using-multiple-gene-phylogenetic-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> The Markers -mm and dämmo in Amharic: Developmental Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hayat%20Omar">Hayat Omar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Languages provide speakers with a wide range of linguistic units to organize and deliver information. There are several ways to verbally express the mental representations of events. According to the linguistic tools they have acquired, speakers select the one that brings out the most communicative effect to convey their message. Our study focuses on two markers, -mm and dämmo, in Amharic (Ethiopian Semitic language). Our aim is to examine, from a developmental perspective, how they are used by speakers. We seek to distinguish the communicative and pragmatic functions indicated by means of these markers. To do so, we created a corpus of sixty narrative productions of children from 5-6, 7-8 to 10-12 years old and adult Amharic speakers. The experimental material we used to collect our data is a series of pictures without text 'Frog, Where are you?'. Although -mm and dämmo are each used in specific contexts, they are sometimes analyzed as being interchangeable. The suffix -mm is complex and multifunctional. It marks the end of the negative verbal structure, it is found in the relative structure of the imperfect, it creates new words such as adverbials or pronouns, it also serves to coordinate words, sentences and to mark the link between macro-propositions within a larger textual unit. -mm was analyzed as marker of insistence, topic shift marker, element of concatenation, contrastive focus marker, 'bisyndetic' coordinator. On the other hand, dämmo has limited function and did not attract the attention of many authors. The only approach we could find analyzes it in terms of 'monosyndetic' coordinator. The paralleling of these two elements made it possible to understand their distinctive functions and refine their description. When it comes to marking a referent, the choice of -mm or dämmo is not neutral, depending on whether the tagged argument is newly introduced, maintained, promoted or reintroduced. The presence of these morphemes explains the inter-phrastic link. The information is seized by anaphora or presupposition: -mm goes upstream while dämmo arrows downstream, the latter requires new information. The speaker uses -mm or dämmo according to what he assumes to be known to his interlocutors. The results show that -mm and dämmo, although all the speakers use them both, do not always have the same scope according to the speaker and vary according to the age. dämmo is mainly used to mark a contrastive topic to signal the concomitance of events. It is more commonly used in young children’s narratives (F(3,56) = 3,82, p < .01). Some values of -mm (additive) are acquired very early while others are rather late and increase with age (F(3,56) = 3,2, p < .03). The difficulty is due not only because of its synthetic structure but primarily because it is multi-purpose and requires a memory work. It highlights the constituent on which it operates to clarify how the message should be interpreted. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acquisition" title="acquisition">acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cohesion" title=" cohesion"> cohesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=connection" title=" connection"> connection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrastive%20topic" title=" contrastive topic"> contrastive topic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrastive%20focus" title=" contrastive focus"> contrastive focus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse%20marker" title=" discourse marker"> discourse marker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pragmatics" title=" pragmatics"> pragmatics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96292/the-markers-mm-and-dammo-in-amharic-developmental-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul 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