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<span>The letter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Goths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Goths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War with the Goths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_with_the_Goths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War with the Goths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Goths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jordanes,_Getica,_XLV.237–238" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordanes,_Getica,_XLV.237–238"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jordanes, Getica, XLV.237–238</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordanes,_Getica,_XLV.237–238-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gregory_of_Tours,_Historia_Francorum,_II.18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregory_of_Tours,_Historia_Francorum,_II.18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, II.18</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregory_of_Tours,_Historia_Francorum,_II.18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translation_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riothamus_as_King_Arthur_or_Ambrosius_Aurelianus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riothamus_as_King_Arthur_or_Ambrosius_Aurelianus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Riothamus as King Arthur or Ambrosius Aurelianus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riothamus_as_King_Arthur_or_Ambrosius_Aurelianus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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title="Riothamus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riotamo" title="Riotamo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Riotamo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riotamo" title="Riotamo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riotamo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Riothamus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riotamo" title="Riotamo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Riotamo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Риотам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Риотам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">5th-century Romano-British military leader</div> <p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Riothamus</i></span></b> (also spelled <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Riutimus</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Riotimus</i></span></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> military leader, who was active circa AD 470. He fought against the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> in alliance with the declining <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. He is called "<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Britons</a>" by the 6th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, but the extent of his realm is unclear. Some Arthurian scholars identify Riothamus as one of the possible sources of the legendary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Riothamus</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Latinization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> <span title="Common Brittonic-language text">*<i lang="cel">Rigotamos</i></span>, meaning 'Great King', 'Kingliest'. Alternatively, it may come from Brittonic <span title="Common Brittonic-language text">*<i lang="cel">Riiotamos</i></span>, meaning 'Freest'.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brittonic form survived into <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> as <span title="Old Welsh-language text"><i lang="owl">Riatav</i></span> (Modern Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Rhiadaf</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Old_Breton" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Breton">Old Breton</a> <span title="Old Breton-language text"><i lang="obt">Riat(h)am</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realm">Realm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not clear whether Jordanes' "Britons" refers to the Britons of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> itself, or of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>, which was undergoing significant <a href="/wiki/Brython" class="mw-redirect" title="Brython">British</a> settlement and later came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Old Breton</a> name <span title="Old Breton-language text"><i lang="obt">Riatam</i></span>, which (like Riothamus) is derived from Brittonic <span title="Common Brittonic-language text">*<i lang="cel">Rigotamos</i></span>, appears in medieval Breton records (primarily biographies of early Breton saints) as one of the Princes of Domnonée (a coastal region in Brittany which takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> in southern Britain). He is identified as a son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deroch_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deroch II (page does not exist)">Deroch II</a>. For chronological reasons, this Riatam is probably a different individual from Jordanes' Riothamus, who lived earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondence_with_Sidonius_Apollinaris">Correspondence with Sidonius Apollinaris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Correspondence with Sidonius Apollinaris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More secure information is provided by a letter which has survived that was written to Riothamus from <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Clermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Clermont">bishop of Clermont</a>, who requested his judgment for "an obscure and humble person" who had had his slaves enticed away by a group of armed Bretons.<sup id="cite_ref-cve_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cve-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to C.E.V. Nixon, the letter is evidence that Armorica at this time was becoming "like a magnet to peasants, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">coloni</i></span>, slaves and the hard-pressed" as Roman power weakened. Poorer subjects of Rome with no stake in land ownership found Breton territory to be a safe haven from the Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-cve_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cve-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_letter">The letter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sidonius Riothamo suo salutem.</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Servatur nostri consuetudo sermonis: namque miscemus cum salutatione querimoniam, non omnino huic rei studentes, ut stilus noster sit officiosus in titulis, asper in paginis, sed quod ea semper eveniunt, de quibus loci mei aut ordinis hominem constat inconciliari, si loquatur, peccare, si taceat. sed et ipsi sarcinam vestri pudoris inspicimus, cuius haec semper verecundia fuit, ut pro culpis erubesceretis alienis. Gerulus epistularum humilis obscurus despicabilisque etiam usque ad damnum innocentis ignaviae mancipia sua Britannis clam sollicitantibus abducta deplorat. incertum mihi est an sit certa causatio; sed si inter coram positos aequanimiter obiecta discingitis, arbitror hunc laboriosum posse probare quod obicit, si tamen inter argutos armatos tumultuosos, virtute numero contubernio contumaces, poterit ex aequo et bono solus inermis, abiectus rusticus, peregrinus pauper audiri. vale.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>To his friend Riothamus</dd> <dd></dd> <dd>I will write once more in my usual strain, mingling compliment with grievance. Not that I at all desire to follow up the first words of greeting with disagreeable subjects, but things seem to be always happening which a man of my order and in my position can neither mention without unpleasantness, nor pass over without neglect of duty. Yet I do my best to remember the burdensome and delicate sense of honour which makes you so ready to blush for others' faults. The bearer of this is an obscure and humble person, so harmless, insignificant, and helpless that he seems to invite his own discomfiture; his grievance is that the Bretons are secretly enticing his slaves away. Whether his indictment is a true one, I cannot say; but if you can only confront the parties and decide the matter on its merits, I think the unfortunate man may be able to make good his charge, if indeed a stranger from the country unarmed, abject and impecunious to boot, has ever a chance of a fair or kindly hearing against adversaries with all the advantages he lacks, arms, astuteness, turbulences, and the aggressive spirit of men backed by numerous friends. Farewell.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_the_Goths">War with the Goths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War with the Goths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jordanes states that Riothamus supported the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a> (who lived c. 440 – 484). In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_and_Deeds_of_the_Goths" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origin and Deeds of the Goths">The Origin and Deeds of the Goths</a></i>, he states that Riothamus brought a British army to supplement Roman forces but suffered defeat fighting against overwhelming odds when the Goths intercepted his force: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordanes,_Getica,_XLV.237–238"><span id="Jordanes.2C_Getica.2C_XLV.237.E2.80.93238"></span>Jordanes, Getica, XLV.237–238</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jordanes, Getica, XLV.237–238"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Euricus ergo, Vesegotharum rex, crebram mutationem Romanorum principum cernens Gallias suo iure nisus est occupare. Quod conperiens Anthemius imperator Brittonum solacia postulavit. Quorum rex Riotimus cum duodecim milia veniens in Beturigas civitate Oceano e navibus egresso susceptus est. Vad quos rex Vesegotharum Eurichus innumerum ductans advenit exercitum diuque pugnans Riutimum Brittonum rege, antequam Romani in eius societate coniungerentur, effugavit. Qui amplam partem exercitus amissam cum quibus potuit fugiens ad Burgundzonum gentem vicinam Romanisque in eo tempore foederatam advenit. Eurichus vero rex Vesegotharum Arevernam Galliae civitatem occupavit Anthemio principe iam defuncto....</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translation_2">Translation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Now <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, perceived the frequent change of Roman Emperors and strove to hold <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> by his own right. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> heard of it and asked the Brittones for aid. Their King Riotimus came with twelve thousand men into the state of the <a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges</a> by the way of Ocean, and was received as he disembarked from his ships. (238) Euric, king of the Visigoths, came against them with an innumerable army, and after a long fight he routed Riotimus, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Britons" title="King of the Britons">King of the Britons</a>, before the Romans could join him. So when he had lost a great part of his army, he fled with all the men he could gather together, and came to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a>, a neighboring tribe then allied to the Romans. But Euric, king of the Visigoths, seized the Gallic city of <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Arvernum</a>; for the Emperor Anthemius was now dead."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>A letter from <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> to his friend Vincentius, written circa 468 AD, records that Roman officials intercepted a letter written by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvandus" title="Arvandus">Arvandus</a>, to the Visigothic king <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a> stating that "the Britons stationed beyond the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> should be attacked" and that the Visigoths and Burgundians (who were at the time clients of the Romans) should divide Gaul between them; this has led some scholars (such as Geoffrey Ashe) to suggest that Arvandus betrayed Riothamus. This letter does not mention Riothamus by name, however, and (based on the reconstruction of the chronology of Sidonius' letters), it is possible that Riothamus and his forces were not the direct subject of Arvandus' message to Euric, as Arvandus was already under arrest and on his way to Rome before Riothamus had even entered the fray against the Visigoths, sometime between 470 and 472 AD (the latter being the year of emperor Anthemius' death).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregory_of_Tours,_Historia_Francorum,_II.18"><span id="Gregory_of_Tours.2C_Historia_Francorum.2C_II.18"></span>Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, II.18</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, II.18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> seems to react to the outcome of the battle between the Visigoths and Britons:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>II.18. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quod Childericus Aurilianus et Andecavo venit Odovacrius. Igitur Childericus Aurilianis pugnas egit, <a href="/wiki/Adovacrius" title="Adovacrius">Adovacrius</a> vero cum Saxonibus Andecavo venit. Magna tunc lues populum devastavit. Mortuus est autem Egidius et reliquit filium Syagrium nomine. Quo defuncto, Adovacrius de Andecavo vel aliis locis obsedes accepit. <b>Brittani de Bituricas a Gothis expulsi sunt, multis apud Dolensim vicum peremptis</b>. Paulos vero comes cum Romanis ac Francis Gothis bella intulit et praedas egit. Veniente vero Adovacrio Andecavus, Childericus rex sequenti die advenit, interemptoque Paulo comite, civitatem obtinuit. Magnum ea die incendio domus aeclesiae concremata est.</i></span></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translation_3">Translation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>II.18. How Childeric went to Orleans and Odoacer to Angers. Now <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a> fought at <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and Odoacer came with the Saxons to <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>. At that time a great plague destroyed the people. <a href="/wiki/Aegidius" title="Aegidius">Aegidius</a> died and left a son, <a href="/wiki/Syagrius" title="Syagrius">Syagrius</a> by name. On his death Odoacer received hostages from Angers and other places. <b>The Britanni were driven from <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> by the Goths, and many were slain at the village of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9ols" title="Déols">Déols</a></b>. Count Paul with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths and took booty. When Odoacer came to Angers, king Childeric came on the following day, and slew count Paul, and took the city. In a great fire on that day the house of the bishop was burned.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riothamus_as_King_Arthur_or_Ambrosius_Aurelianus">Riothamus as King Arthur or Ambrosius Aurelianus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Riothamus as King Arthur or Ambrosius Aurelianus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riothamus has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_basis_for_King_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical basis for King Arthur">candidate for the historical King Arthur</a> by several scholars over the centuries, notably the historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ashe" title="Geoffrey Ashe">Geoffrey Ashe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily due to Riothamus's activities in Gaul, which bear a casual resemblance to King Arthur's Gallic campaign as first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> in his <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i></span>. Geoffrey Ashe has suggested a link between Riothamus' alleged betrayal by <a href="/wiki/Arvandus" title="Arvandus">Arvandus</a> and Arthur's betrayal by <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a> in the <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historia Regum Britanniae</i></span>, and proposes that Riothamus' last known position was near the Burgundian town of <a href="/wiki/Avallon" title="Avallon">Avallon</a> (not noted by any ancient source mentioning Riothamus), which he suggests is the basis for the Arthurian connection to <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a>. </p><p>Academic historian <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fleuriot" title="Léon Fleuriot">Léon Fleuriot</a> argued that Riothamus is identical to <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a>, a historical figure in Britain around this time who, in the early narratives containing Arthur, preceded Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-leo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleuriot suggested that "Riothamus" was Aurelianus' title as overlord of all Brythonic territories. He noted that "Riothamus" and Aurelianus are contemporaneous and that Aurelianus is the only British leader of the time who is identified (much later) as ruling both Brythons and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, which could only be the case if he ruled territory in Brittany. He also suggested that the name "Abros" in Breton genealogies is a contraction of "Ambrosius" and that <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> indicates that Ambrosius was supreme ruler of the Britons, which, Fleuriot argues, would translate as "Riothamus".<sup id="cite_ref-leo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleuriot suggested that Ambrosius led the Britons in the battle against the Goths, but then returned to Britain to continue the war against the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-leo_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Riothamus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <i>Epistulae</i> III, 9); <i>Riutimus</i> or <i>Riotimus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <i>Getica</i> 237-8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a>. <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i>. Paris, éditions Errance, 2003. p. 29. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-237-6">2-87772-237-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cve-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cve_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cve_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.E.V. Nixon, "Relations Between Visigoths and Romans in Fifth Century Gaul", in John Drinkwater, Hugh Elton (eds) <i>Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luetjohann, Christian (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi Vol VIII, Apollinaris Sidonii Epistulae et Carmina, Weidmann, Berlin, 1887, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalton, O. M. (ed., trans.), The Letters of Sidonius, Volume I, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1915, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mommsen, Theodor, Jordanis Romana et Gethica, Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 5.1. Berlin, Weidmann, 1882, p. 118-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History: The Early Middle Ages, University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <i>Epistulae</i> I, 7, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, <i>Decem libri historiarum</i> ii, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brehaut, E. (trans.), Gregory of Tours: History of the Franks, Columbia University Press, 1916, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Discovery of King Arthur,</i> Guild Publishing, London, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Polidoro, Massimo (March–April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/03/king-arthur-found/">"Notes on a Strange World: King Arthur Found?"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>44</b>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+Strange+World%3A+King+Arthur+Found%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2020-03%2F2020-04&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2020%2F03%2Fking-arthur-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leo_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Léon Fleuriot, <i>Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration</i>, Paris, Payot, 1980, p. 170</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshe1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ashe, Geoffrey (1981). "A Certain Very Ancient Book: Traces of an Arthurian Source in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">301–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846937">10.2307/2846937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=A+Certain+Very+Ancient+Book%3A+Traces+of+an+Arthurian+Source+in+Geoffrey+of+Monmouth%27s+History&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2846937&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshe1985" class="citation book cs1">Ashe, Geoffrey (1985). <i>The Discovery of King Arthur</i>. London: Guild Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3036-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3036-5"><bdi>0-7509-3036-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+King+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7509-3036-5&rft.aulast=Ashe&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span> (Geoffrey Ashe in Association with Debrett's Peerage.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalton1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ormonde_Maddock_Dalton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormonde Maddock Dalton">Dalton, O. M. (ed., trans.)</a> (1915). <i>The Letters of Sidonius</i>. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Sidonius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=O.+M.+%28ed.%2C+trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleuriot1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleuriot, Léon (1980). <i>Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration</i> (in French). Paris: Payot. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+de+la+Bretagne%3A+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9migration&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fleuriot&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuetjohann1887" class="citation book cs1">Luetjohann, Christian, ed. (1887). <i>Apollinaris Sidonii Epistulae et Carmina</i>. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi. Vol. VIII. Weidmann, Berlin. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollinaris+Sidonii+Epistulae+et+Carmina&rft.series=Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica%2C+Auctores+antiquissimi&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Weidmann%2C+Berlin&rft.date=1887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNixon2002" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, C.E.V. (2002). "Relations Between Visigoths and Romans in Fifth Century Gaul". In Drinkwater, John; Elton, Hugh (eds.). <i>Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52933-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+Between+Visigoths+and+Romans+in+Fifth+Century+Gaul&rft.btitle=Fifth-Century+Gaul%3A+A+Crisis+of+Identity%3F&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52933-4&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=C.E.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiothamus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <i>Epistulae</i> III, 9 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2011)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, <i>Getica</i> 237–8. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2011)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, <i>Epistulae</i> I, 7, 5.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2011)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, <i>Decem libri historiarum</i> ii, 18.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2011)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riothamus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/sidonius.html">Letter to Riothamus from Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, introduction and text from Britannia.com</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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