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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Distrofi otot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 41 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spierdistrofie" title="Spierdistrofie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spierdistrofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سوء التغذية العضلي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سوء التغذية العضلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofi_otot" title="Distrofi otot – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distrofi otot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="মাসকুলার ডিসট্রফি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাসকুলার ডিসট্রফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87na_distrofija" title="Mišićna distrofija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mišićna distrofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Прогресивна мускулна дистрофия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прогресивна мускулна дистрофия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distr%C3%B2fia_muscular" title="Distròfia muscular – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Distròfia muscular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalov%C3%A1_dystrofie" title="Svalová dystrofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svalová dystrofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nychdod_cyhyrol" title="Nychdod cyhyrol – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nychdod cyhyrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskelsvind" title="Muskelsvind – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muskelsvind" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeldystrophie" title="Muskeldystrophie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muskeldystrophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihasd%C3%BCstroofia" title="Lihasdüstroofia – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lihasdüstroofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μυϊκή δυστροφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυϊκή δυστροφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Muscular dystrophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscular" title="Distrofia muscular – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Distrofia muscular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskola_distrofio" title="Muskola distrofio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muskola distrofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskulu-distrofia" title="Muskulu-distrofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muskulu-distrofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دیستروفی ماهیچه‌ای – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیستروفی ماهیچه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophie_musculaire" title="Dystrophie musculaire – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dystrophie musculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diostr%C3%B3ife_mhat%C3%A1nach" title="Diostróife mhatánach – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diostróife mhatánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="근디스트로피 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근디스트로피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पेशी अपविकास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेशी अपविकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscolare" title="Distrofia muscolare – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distrofia muscolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ניוון שרירים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניוון שרירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бұлшық ет дистрофиясы – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұлшық ет дистрофиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumen%C5%B3_distrofija" title="Raumenų distrofija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raumenų distrofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculaire_dystrofie" title="Musculaire dystrofie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Musculaire dystrofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="筋ジストロフィー – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="筋ジストロフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF" title="ମସ୍କୁଲାର ଡିସଟ୍ରୋଫି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍କୁଲାର ଡିସଟ୍ରୋଫି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrofie_mi%C4%99%C5%9Bniowe" title="Dystrofie mięśniowe – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dystrofie mięśniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrofia_muscular" title="Distrofia muscular – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Distrofia muscular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muscular dystrophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalov%C3%A1_dystrofia" title="Svalová dystrofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svalová dystrofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мишићна дистрофија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мишићна дистрофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihastaudit" title="Lihastaudit – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lihastaudit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskeldystrofi" title="Muskeldystrofi – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_perubatan" title="Wikipedia:Penafian perubatan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cross_green.png/38px-Cross_green.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cross_green.png/57px-Cross_green.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cross_green.png/76px-Cross_green.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b><span class="nowrap">PENAFIAN: <i>Untuk pengetahuan sahaja. Sila dapatkan nasihat doktor atau <br />pakar perubatan bertauliah mengenai kesihatan anda.</i></span></b><br /><div style="line-height:120%; font-size:85%;">Maklumat perubatan dan penjagaan kesihatan dalam laman ini tidak bertujuan menggantikan jagaan profesional, khidmat nasihat, diagnosis atau rawatan doktor/pakar perubatan bertauliah. Laman ini tidak mempunyai jawapan kepada semua masalah kesihatan dan perubatan yang dialami. Jawapan kepada masalah umum mungkin tiada kaitan langsung dengan keadaan kesihatan anda. Sekiranya anda menyedari tanda/gejala penyakit atau jatuh sakit, sila hubungi doktor/pakar perubatan bertauliah untuk rawatan segera.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/50px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/75px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/100px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">Distrofi otot</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Pengelasan dan sumber luaran</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G71.0">G71.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD" title="ICD">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/Senarai_kod_ICD-9" title="Senarai kod ICD-9">9</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=359.0">359.0</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=359.1">359.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001190.htm">001190</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/topic418.htm">orthoped/418</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tajuk_Subjek_Perubatan" title="Tajuk Subjek Perubatan">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2024/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D009136">D009136</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lightgrey; font-weight:bold"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia tidak memberikan nasihat perubatan"><img alt="Wikipedia tidak memberikan nasihat perubatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/24px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/36px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/48px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penafian_perubatan" title="Wikipedia:Penafian perubatan">Penafian perubatan</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Distrofi otot</b> (<i>muscular dystrophy</i>, MD) adalah sekelompok penyakit <a href="/wiki/Keturunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keturunan">keturunan</a> di mana <a href="/wiki/Otot" title="Otot">otot</a>-otot yang mengawal pergerakan (yang disebut otot sedar/voluntary muscle) secara perlahan-lahan menjadi lemah. Pada beberapa bentuk penyakit ini, jantung dan organ-organ tubuh lainnya juga terkena. </p><p>Ada 9 bentuk utama distrofi otot ini: </p> <ul><li>Myotonic</li> <li>Duchenne</li> <li>Becker</li> <li>Limb-girdle</li> <li>Facioscapulohumeral</li> <li>Congenital</li> <li>Oculopharyngeal</li> <li>Distal</li> <li>Emery-Dreifuss</li></ul> <p>Distrofi otot dapat terjadi pada usia yang berbeza-beza, mulai dari bayi sampai usia pertengahan atau tua. Jenis penyakit ini didasarkan pada bahagian bila distrofi otot ini terjadi dalam kehidupan seseorang. Penyakit ini juga tergantung pada berat tidaknya otot yang melemah, di mana otot-otot yang terkena, tingkat gejala, dan cara penyakit ini meningkat. Beberapa jenis distrofi otot hanya terkena pada lelaki; yang lain terkena pada lelaki dan wanita. Beberapa penderita masih dapat menikmati waktu hidup normal dengan gejala ringan yang berlangsung sangat lambat, sementara yang lain mengalami kelemahan otot yang cepat dan parah, meninggal di usia remaja sampai awal 20-an mereka. </p><p>Jenis-jenis distrofi otot yang berbeza mempengaruhi lebih dari 50,000 penduduk Amerika Syarikat. Namun berkat kemajuan dalam perawatan perubatan, kanak-kanak yang menderita distrofi otot dapat hidup lebih lama daripada sebelumnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (id)">(Indonesia)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scumdoctor.com/Indonesian/disease-prevention/genetic-disorders/muscular-dystrophy/Duchenne-Muscular-Dystrophy-And-Influenza.html">Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Dan Influenza</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput"><span title=" Pautan mati ditandakan pada September 2021">pautan mati kekal</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (ms)">(Melayu)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=8&ved=0CEYQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalera.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_myblog%26show%3Dmuscular-dystrophy.html%26Itemid%3D314&ei=kpINTLyBK4rGrAf57uD7DA&usg=AFQjCNG9fWW93HBFtuWy0JPFRBw20CeXbw">Medicalara</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mda.org/">Muscular Dystrophy Association</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org//Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Muscle_Diseases/Muscular_Dystrophies/">Muscular dystrophies</a> di <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=dbmd">dbmd</a></i> di <a href="/wiki/Institut_Kesihatan_Kebangsaan" title="Institut Kesihatan Kebangsaan">NIH</a>/<a href="/wiki/Universiti_Washington" title="Universiti Washington">UW</a> GeneTests</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:MedlinePlus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:MedlinePlus (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:MedlinePlus</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=musculardystrophyduchenneandbeckertypes">Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker types</a></i> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpustakaan_Perubatan_Kebangsaan_AS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpustakaan Perubatan Kebangsaan AS (laman tidak wujud)">NLM</a> Genetics Home Reference</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm">National Institute of Neurological Disoders and Stroke</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news166974009.html">physorg.com | Genetic source of muscular dystrophy neutralized</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&oldid=5309433">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distrofi_otot&oldid=5309433</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penyakit_genetik" title="Kategori:Penyakit genetik">Penyakit genetik</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Penyakit_rangka_otot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Penyakit rangka otot (laman tidak wujud)">Penyakit rangka otot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penyakit_dan_gangguan" title="Kategori:Penyakit dan gangguan">Penyakit dan gangguan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati" title="Kategori:Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati">Semua rencana dengan pautan luar mati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_dari_September_2021" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari September 2021">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati dari September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_luar_mati_kekal" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal">Rencana dengan pautan luar mati kekal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_dengan_pautan_Curlie" title="Kategori:Rencana dengan pautan Curlie">Rencana dengan pautan Curlie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:WPPER" title="Kategori:WPPER">WPPER</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 02:19, 26 September 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; 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