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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Form subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cauldron_figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cauldron_figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cauldron figurines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cauldron_figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tendrils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendrils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Tendrils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendrils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-knob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-knob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Top-knob </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-knob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Warts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_in_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_in_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Art in antiquity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_in_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art in antiquity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_in_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mesopotamia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_East_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_East_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Near East elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_East_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ancient parallels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Classical accounts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classical accounts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grecian_accounts_of_the_gryphon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grecian_accounts_of_the_gryphon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Grecian accounts of the gryphon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grecian_accounts_of_the_gryphon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Griffins_of_India_and_gold-digging_ants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Griffins_of_India_and_gold-digging_ants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Griffins of India and gold-digging ants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Griffins_of_India_and_gold-digging_ants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pliny_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pliny_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Pliny and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pliny_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_creature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_creature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Divine creature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_creature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Medieval accounts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medieval accounts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Christian symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claw,_egg,_feather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claw,_egg,_feather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Claw, egg, feather </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claw,_egg,_feather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Medieval iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In heraldry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_heraldry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In heraldry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Houses_and_cities_using_the_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houses_and_cities_using_the_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Houses and cities using the device </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houses_and_cities_using_the_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hippogriff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippogriff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Hippogriff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippogriff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldic_subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldic_subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Heraldic subtypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldic_subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wingless_griffin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wingless_griffin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Wingless griffin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wingless_griffin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea-griffin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea-griffin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Sea-griffin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-griffin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinicus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinicus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.3 Opinicus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinicus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Theories of origin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories of origin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_influence_by_dinosaurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_influence_by_dinosaurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Possible influence by dinosaurs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_influence_by_dinosaurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Modern culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Popular fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Modern art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logos,_mascots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logos,_mascots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Logos, mascots </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Logos,_mascots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Logos, mascots subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Logos,_mascots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_emblems_and_mascots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_emblems_and_mascots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 School emblems and mascots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_emblems_and_mascots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Police and military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Professional sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amusement_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amusement_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Amusement parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amusement_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran_Air_Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran_Air_Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Iran Air Logo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran_Air_Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Eponymy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eponymy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eponymy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Fauna names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Griffin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffioen" title="Griffioen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griffioen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greif" title="Greif – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Greif" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفتخاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفتخاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্ৰীফিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰীফিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifu" title="Grifu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grifu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrifon" title="Qrifon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrifon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Griffin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грыфон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыфон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifon" title="Grifon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grifon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripi_(mojenn)" title="Gripi (mojenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gripi (mojenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griu" title="Griu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Griu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryf" title="Gryf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gryf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif" title="Grif – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grif" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڭريفون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڭريفون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greif" title="Greif – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Greif" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greif" title="Greif – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Greif" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γρύπας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρύπας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifo" title="Grifo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grifo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifo" title="Grifo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grifo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifo" title="Grifo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grifo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شیردال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیردال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_(mythologie)" title="Griffon (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Griffon (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif%C3%B3n" title="Grifón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grifón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80" title="그리핀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리핀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE" title="Արծվառյուծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արծվառյուծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifon" title="Grifon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grifon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Griffin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifone_(mitologia)" title="Grifone (mitologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grifone (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גריפון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גריפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Griffin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გრიფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif" title="Grif – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grif" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AArdal" title="Şêrdal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şêrdal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryps" title="Gryps – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gryps" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifs_(mitolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Grifs (mitoloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grifs (mitoloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifonas" title="Grifonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grifonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff" title="Griff – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Griff" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗ്രിഫിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രിഫിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Griffin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffioen" title="Griffioen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griffioen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3" title="グリフォン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリフォン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff" title="Griff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Griff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff" title="Griff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Griff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifone" title="Grifone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Grifone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifon" title="Grifon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grifon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryf" title="Gryf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gryf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifo" title="Grifo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grifo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqbaba" title="Aqbaba – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aqbaba" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifon" title="Grifon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grifon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грифоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грифоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86" title="گریفن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گریفن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifini" title="Grifini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grifini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Griffin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryf" title="Gryf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gryf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifin" title="Grifin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grifin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifon" title="Grifon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grifon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarnikotka" title="Aarnikotka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aarnikotka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripon" title="Gripon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gripon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிறிப்பன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிப்பன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Грифоннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грифоннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82" title="గండభేరుండం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గండభేరుండం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กริฟฟอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กริฟฟอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Грифон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Грифон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon" title="Griffon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Griffon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Грифон (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грифон (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%86" title="گرفن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرفن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%83u_s%C6%B0" title="Điểu sư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điểu sư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary animal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gryphon" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Griffin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Griffin (disambiguation)">Griffin (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Griffon (disambiguation)">Griffon (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gryphon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gryphon (disambiguation)">Gryphon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG/220px-Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG/330px-Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG/440px-Knossos_fresco_in_throne_palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Restored griffin fresco. <div style="float:right;">—In the <a href="/wiki/Throne_Room,_Knossos" title="Throne Room, Knossos">Throne Room</a>, Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, original from <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg/220px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg/330px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg/440px-MIK_-_Sassaniden_Greifenschale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> bowl with sitting griffin, gilted silver, from Iran.</figcaption></figure> The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: γρύψ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: grýps; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>: grȳps or grȳpus;<a href="#cite_note-gaffiot-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>:<a href="#cite_note-dmlbs-2">[2]</a> gryphes, grypho etc.; <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>: griffon) is a <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> with the body, tail, and <a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">back legs</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, and the head and wings of an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> with its talons on the front legs. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts, and the eagle the king of the birds, by the Middle Ages, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, griffins were known for guarding treasures and priceless possessions.<a href="#cite_note-friar-3">[3]</a> In Greek and Roman texts, griffins and <a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspians</a> were associated with gold deposits of Central Asia. The earliest classical writings derive from <a href="/wiki/Aristeas" title="Aristeas">Aristeas</a> (7th cent. BC), preserved by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (mid 5th century BC), but the physical descriptions are not very explicit. Thus even though they are sharp-beaked, their being likened to "unbarking hounds of Zeus" has led to the speculation they were seen as wingless. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century) was the first to explicitly state that griffins were winged and long eared. But <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a> wrote that griffins did not have true bird wings, but only membranous webbed feet that only gave them capability of short-distanced flight. Writers after Aelian (3rd century AD) did not add new material to griffin lore, except for the later lore that griffins deposited <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> stone among the eggs in their nest. Pliny placed the griffins in <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Æthiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (5th century BC) in greater <a href="/wiki/India_(Herodotus)" title="India (Herodotus)">India</a>. Scholars have observed that legends about the <a href="/wiki/Gold-digging_ant" title="Gold-digging ant">gold-digging ants</a> of India may have contaminated griffin lore. In the Christian era, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (7th century AD) wrote that griffins were a great enemy of horses. This notion may have readily developed from the tradition that horseback-riding Arimaspians raided the griffin gold. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abderacoin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Griffin depicted on obverse side of coin. Silver tetradrachm. Greek city state of Abdera, Thrace (c. 450–430BC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abderacoin.png/220px-Abderacoin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abderacoin.png/330px-Abderacoin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Abderacoin.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Griffin depicted on obverse side of coin. <div style="float:right;">—Silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450–430BC).<a href="#cite_note-bement-no144-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></div></figcaption></figure> The derivation of this word remains uncertain. It could be related to the Greek word γρυπός (grypos), meaning 'curved', or 'hooked'. Greek γρύφ (gryph) from γρύφ 'hook-nosed' is suggested.<a href="#cite_note-isidore-tr-throop2015-6">[5]</a> It could also have been an Anatolian loan word derived from a Semitic language; compare the Hebrew word for <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a> כרוב kərúv.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_names">Persian names</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam-sasani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jam-sasani.jpg/220px-Jam-sasani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jam-sasani.jpg/330px-Jam-sasani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jam-sasani.jpg/440px-Jam-sasani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Shirdal on the silver cup, <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Iranian Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the modern <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, the griffin has come to be called šērdāl (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:شیردال">شیردال</a>), meaning 'lion-eagle'. However, the practice of referring to ancient Iranian griffin objects or monuments as sherdal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri2013-9">[8]</a> is not followed by other current archaeological scholarship (e.g., here<a href="#cite_note-asadi&darvishi2020-10">[9]</a>). Possible <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Old or Middle Iranian</a> names for the creature have been discussed. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Sēnmurw in <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> culture was a fabulous composite creature, and Russian archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Anatol%CA%B9evi%C4%8D_Litvinskij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Anatolʹevič Litvinskij (page does not exist)">Boris A. Litvinskij</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Литвинский, Борис Анатольевич">ru</a>] argued for the possibility that the application of this term may extend to the griffin.<a href="#cite_note-litvinskij&picikian1995-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-litvinskij2002-12">[11]</a> The term Sēnmurw is recognized as the etymological ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">simurgh</a>, which is generally regarded as a mythological bird (rather than a composite) in later medieval Persian literature,<a href="#cite_note-schmidt-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> though some argue that this bird may have originated from the Mesopotamian lion-griffin.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> term Paskuč (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: պասկուչ) that had been used to translate Greek gryp 'griffin' in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Hanns-Peter_Schmidt" title="Hanns-Peter Schmidt">H. P. Schmidt</a> characterized as the counterpart of the simurgh.<a href="#cite_note-schmidt-13">[12]</a> However, the cognate term Baškuč (glossed as 'griffin') also occurs in Middle Persian, attested in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> cosmological text <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a> XXIV (supposedly distinguishable from Sēnmurw which also appears in the same text).<a href="#cite_note-kiperwasser&shapira-17">[15]</a> Middle Persian Paškuč is also attested in <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> magical texts (Manichaean Middle Persian: pškwc), and this must have meant a "griffin or a monster like a griffin" according to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">W. B. Henning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-henning-18">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_names">Egyptian names</h3></div> The griffin was given names which were descriptive epithets, such as tštš<a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> or tesh-tesh<a href="#cite_note-griffith&newberry1895-20">[17]</a> meaning "Tearer[-in-pieces]"<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-griffith&newberry1895-20">[17]</a> inscribed on a griffin image found in a tomb at <a href="/wiki/Deir_El_Bersha" title="Deir El Bersha">Deir El Bersha</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> and sfr/srf "fiery one", attested at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186–187-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> The descriptive epithet "Tearer" is not uniquely applied to the griffin beast, and tštš (Teš-teš) has also been used to denote the god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942187-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Medieval_iconography">§ Medieval iconography</a>, and <a href="#Variants">§ Variants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg/220px-Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg/330px-Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg/440px-Bronzen_griffioen_ForumHadriani_198894_RMO_Leiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5172" data-file-height="4644" /></a><figcaption>Bronze figure of a griffin, Roman period (AD 50–270)</figcaption></figure> Most statuary representations of griffins depict them with bird-like forelegs and <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">talons</a>, although in some older illustrations griffins have a lion's forelegs (see bronze figure, right); they generally have a lion's hindquarters. Its eagle's head is conventionally given prominent <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>; these are sometimes described as the lion's ears, but are often elongated (more like a <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>'s), and are sometimes feathered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cauldron_figurines">Cauldron figurines</h3></div> The griffin of Greece, as depicted in cast<a href="#cite_note-33">[d]</a> bronze cauldron protomes (cf. below), has a squat face with short beaks<a href="#cite_note-34">[e]</a> that are open agape as if screaming, with the tongue showing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">[30]</a> There is also a "top-knob" on its head or between the brows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tendrils">Tendrils</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg/220px-Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg/330px-Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg/440px-Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Griffins and lions on cauldron. Etruscan. <div style="float:right;">—8th - 7th centuries B.C., from Barberini tomb. <a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">National Etruscan Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a>, Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c434-36">[31]</a></div></figcaption></figure> There may also be so-called "tendrils", or curled "spiral-locks" depicted, presumably representing either hair/mane or feather/crest locks dangling down. Single- or double-streaked tendrils hang down both sides and behind the griffin's neck, carven on some of the Greek protomes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantzen195520,_69–70-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[f]</a> The tendril motif emerged at the beginning of the first millennium, BC., in various parts of the Orient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960322-39">[33]</a> The "double spiral of hair running downwards from the base of the ear" is said to be a hallmark of Iranian (Uratrian) art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108-40">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> cauldron-griffins (e.g., from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barberini_tomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barberini tomb (page does not exist)">Barberini tomb</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomba_Barberini" class="extiw" title="it:Tomba Barberini">it</a>], figure right<a href="#cite_note-41">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[h]</a>) also bear the "curled tresses" that are the signature of Uratrian workmanship.<a href="#cite_note-chahin-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[i]</a> Even the ornate crests on Minoan griffins (such as the fresco of the Throne Room, figure top of page) may be a development of these curled tresses.<a href="#cite_note-47">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[j]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Top-knob">Top-knob</h4></div> One prominent characteristic of the cauldron griffins is the "top-knob between the brows"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">[30]</a> (seemingly situated at the top of the head<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a>). The top-knob feature has clear oriental origins.<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Leonard_Benson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Leonard Benson (page does not exist)">Jack Leonard Benson</a> says these appendages were "topknots" subsequently rendered as "knobs" in later development of the cauldron Griffins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196063-51">[41]</a> Benson's emphasis is that the Greeks attached a stylized "anorganic" topknot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196063-51">[41]</a> or an "inorganic" plug on the griffin's head (due to lack of information),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196063-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[k]</a> while in contrast, a known oriental example (stone protomes from <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) is simple but more "plausible" (naturalistic), resembling a forelock.<a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warts">Warts</h4></div> A cluster of "warts" between the eyes are also mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-54">[43]</a> One conjecture is that these derive from the bumps (furrows) on a lion's snout.<a href="#cite_note-55">[44]</a> Another view regards the wart as deriving from the bumpy <a href="/wiki/Cockscomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockscomb">cockscomb</a> on a rooster or other such fowls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196064-56">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_in_antiquity">Art in antiquity</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaporte(1920)-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Griffin seal impression. Susa, Iran. 4th millennium B.C.." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg/159px-Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg/239px-Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg/318px-Delaporte%281920%29-Catalogue_Louvres-pl45-n02-aigle-lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1242" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Griffin seal impression. <div style="float:right;">—Susa, Iran. 4th millennium B.C.). Louvres.<a href="#cite_note-delaporte1920-57">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106-58">[47]</a></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze griffins from ancient Luristan, Iran, 1st millennium BC. Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg/225px-VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg/338px-VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg/450px-VAM_-_Luristan_Greife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bronze griffins from ancient <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a>, Iran, 1st millennium BC.<div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin" title="Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin">Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin</a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3></div> Griffin-like animals were depicted on <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder seals">cylinder seals</a> in Mesopotamia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> perhaps as early as the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a> (4000–3100BC) and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a>) period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106-58">[47]</a> An example of a winged lion with beaks, unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> (cf. fig. right<a href="#cite_note-delaporte1920-57">[46]</a>) dates to the 4th millennium B.C., and is a unique example of a griffin-like animal with a male lion's <a href="/wiki/Mane_(lion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mane (lion)">mane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106-58">[47]</a> However, this monster then ceased to continue to be expressed after the Elamite culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106-58">[47]</a> What the <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a> portrayed instead were winged lions, and the lion-headed eagle (<a href="/wiki/Imdugud" class="mw-redirect" title="Imdugud">Imdugud</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107-60">[49]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> that succeeded Sumer, early examples (from early 3rd millennium BC<a href="#cite_note-fishbane-61">[50]</a>) of lions with bird heads appeared on cylinder seals, shown pulling the chariots for its rider, the weather god.<a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> The "lion-griffin" on Akkadian seals are also shown as fire-belching, and shaggy (at the neck) in particular examples.<a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-fishbane-61">[50]</a> The bronzeworks of <a href="/wiki/Luristan_bronze" title="Luristan bronze">Luristan</a>, the North and North West region of Iran in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, include examples of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid art">Achaemenid art</a> depicting both the "bird-griffin" and "lion-griffin" designs, such as are found on <a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">horse-bits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez-Mon2011320-67">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri2013-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Goldman" title="Bernard Goldman">Bernard Goldman</a> maintains the position that Luristan examples must be counted as developments of the "lion-griffin" type, even when it exhibits "stylization .. approaching the beak of a bird".<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> The Luristan griffin-like creatures resemble and perhaps are descended from Assyrian creatures, possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitannian</a> animals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960324-69">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> or perhaps there had been parallel development in both Assyrian and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez-Mon2011320-67">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> Bird-headed mammal images appeared in art of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenian">Achaemenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. Russian jewelry historian Elena Neva maintained that the Achaemenids considered the griffin "a protector from evil, witchcraft, and secret slander",<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a> but no writings exist from Achaemenid Persia to support her claim. <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">R.L. Fox</a> (1973) remarks that a "lion-griffin" attacks a stag in a pebble mosaic at <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, from the 4th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a> perhaps serving as an emblem of the kingdom of Macedon or a personal emblem of <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander" title="Alexander">Alexander</a>'s successors. A golden frontal half of a griffin-like animal from the <a href="/wiki/Ziwiye_hoard" title="Ziwiye hoard">Ziwiye hoard</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Saqqez" title="Saqqez">Saqqez</a> city) in <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan Province</a>, Iran resembles the western protomes in style.<a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[l]</a> They were of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> workmanship (neither Assyrian or Scythian),<a href="#cite_note-76">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108-40">[34]</a> though the hoard itself may have represented a Scythian burial.<a href="#cite_note-77">[64]</a> The animal is described as having a "<a href="/wiki/Visor_(armor)" title="Visor (armor)">visor</a>" (i.e., beaks) made by Urartian craftsmen, similar to what is found on Greek protomes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108-40">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> Representations of griffin-like hybrids with four legs and a beaked head appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> dating back to before 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-78">[65]</a> The oldest known depiction of a griffin-like animal in Egypt appears as a relief carving on <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_palette" title="Cosmetic palette">cosmetic palette</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hierakonpolis" title="Hierakonpolis">Hierakonpolis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[67]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Two_Dog_Palette" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Dog Palette">Two Dog Palette</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a> dated to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942184–185-82">[69]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–3100 BC.<a href="#cite_note-83">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_East_elsewhere">Near East elsewhere</h3></div> Griffin-type creatures combining raptor heads and mammalian bodies were depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[72]</a> dated at about 1950–1550 BC.<a href="#cite_note-86">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Divine_creature">§ Divine creature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripode.jpg/170px-Tripode.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripode.jpg/255px-Tripode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tripode.jpg/340px-Tripode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bronze griffin head fragment (of a <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldron</a> <a href="/wiki/Protome" title="Protome">protome</a>)<div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia, Greece</a>. 7th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Olympia_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympia museum">Olympia museum</a></div></figcaption></figure> Griffin-type animals appeared in the art of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Crete">ancient Crete</a> in the MM III Period (1650–1600 BC) in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">Minoan chronology</a>, found on sealings from <a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakro</a> and miniature frescos dated to this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937113-87">[74]</a> One early example of griffin-types in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a> occurs in the 15th century BC <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Throne_Room,_Knossos" title="Throne Room, Knossos">Throne Room</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, as restored by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>. The griffin-like hybrid became a fixture of Aegean culture since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196058-88">[75]</a> but the animal called the gryps, gryphon, or griffin in Greek writings did not appear in Greek art until about 700 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108-40">[34]</a> or rather, it was "rediscovered" as artistic motif in the 8th to 7th centuries BC, adapting the style of griffin current in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittite">Neo-Hittite</a> art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196058-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> It became quite popular in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, when the Greeks first began to record accounts of the "gryps" creature from travelers to Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Aristeas" title="Aristeas">Aristeas</a> of Proconnesus. A number of bronze griffin protomes on cauldrons have been unearthed in Greece (on <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, etc., cf. fig. right).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantzen1955-90">[77]</a> Early Greek and early Etruscan (e.g. the Barberini) examples of cauldron-griffins may have been of Syric-Urartian make, based on evidence (the "tendrils" or "tresses" motif was already touched upon, above), but "Vannic (Urartian) originals" have yet to be found (in the Orient).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960319–320-91">[78]</a> It has thus been controversially argued (by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulf_Jantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulf Jantzen (page does not exist)">Ulf Jantzen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Jantzen" class="extiw" title="de:Ulf Jantzen">de</a>]) that these attachments had always since the earliest times been crafted by Greek workshops,<a href="#cite_note-92">[n]</a> added to the plain cauldrons imported from the Near East.<a href="#cite_note-93">[o]</a> Detractors (notably <a href="/wiki/K._R._Maxwell-Hyslop" class="mw-redirect" title="K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop">K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop</a>) believe that (early examples of<a href="#cite_note-94">[79]</a>) the griffin-ornamented cauldron, in its entirely, were crafted in the East, though excavated finds from the Orient are scarce.<a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the griffin image was included in Scythian "animal style" artifacts of the 6th–4th centuries BC, but no writings explain their meaning.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Pectoral_from_Tovsta_Mohyla" title="Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla">Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla</a>, interred in Scythian king's burial site, perhaps commissioned to Greek <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, who engraved the image of a griffin attacking a horse. Other Scythian artifacts show griffins attacking horses, stags, and goats. Griffins are typically shown attacking horses, deer, and humans in Greek art. Nomads were said to steal griffin-guarded gold according to Scythian oral traditions reported by Greek and Roman travelers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg/220px-Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg/330px-Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Danam_letters_on_Sanchi_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Griffin inscription at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa">Sanchi Stupa</a> from 3rd century BCE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_parallels">Ancient parallels</h2></div> Several ancient mythological creatures are similar to the griffin. These include the <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Assyrian</a> protective deity, often depicted with a bull or lion's body, eagle's wings, and human's head. Sumerian and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature#Mythology" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian mythology</a> feature the demon <a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzu</a>, half man and half bird, associated with the chief sky god <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>. This was a divine storm-bird linked with the southern wind and the thunder clouds. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish mythology</a> speaks of the <a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a>, which resembles Anzu, as well as the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a>. The Bible mentions the Ziz in Psalms 50:11. This is also similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">cherub</a>. The cherub, or sphinx, was very popular in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> iconography. In ancient Crete, griffins became very popular, and were portrayed in various media. A similar creature is the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_Genius" title="Minoan Genius">Minoan Genius</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> religion, <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> is a large bird-like creature that serves as a <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">mount</a> (vahana) of the deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. It is also the name for the constellation <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_accounts">Classical accounts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grecian_accounts_of_the_gryphon">Grecian accounts of the gryphon</h3></div> Local lore on the gryps or griffin was gathered by <a href="/wiki/Aristeas" title="Aristeas">Aristeas</a> of Proconnesus, a Greek who traveled to the Altai region between Mongolia and NW China in the 7th century BC. Although Aristeas's original poem was lost, the gryps lore preserved in secondhand accounts by the playwright Aeschylus (ca. 460 BC), and later his contemporary, Herodotus the historian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161–163-98">[83]</a> Herodotus explains (via Aristeas) that the gold-guarding griffin supposedly dwelled further north from the one-eyed <a href="/wiki/Arimaspi" title="Arimaspi">Arimaspi</a> people<a href="#cite_note-100">[p]</a> who robbed the gold from the fabulous creatures. Aristeas is said to have been informed through the <a href="/wiki/Issedones" title="Issedones">Issedones</a> people neighboring region to the Arimaspi, in the northern extremes (of Central Asia).<a href="#cite_note-102">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161-103">[87]</a> Aeschylus also concurs that the Arimaspi robbed the gold which the griffins collected from various areas in the periphery (presumably including the Armaspi's territorial stream, the stream of Pluto "rolling with gold"). The equestrian Arimaspi would ride off with the loot, and the griffins would give pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-105">[89]</a> Aeschylus likened the gryps to "silent hounds of Zeus"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955163-106">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[q]</a> That they are called dogs or hounds here has led to the conjecture that Aeschylus considered them wingless or flightless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[r]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Griffins_of_India_and_gold-digging_ants">Griffins of India and gold-digging ants</h3></div> Whereas <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, had located the griffins in India, and more explicitly classed them as beaked, four-legged birds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">[82]</a> Herodotus also mentions elsewhere that there are <a href="/wiki/Gold-digging_ant" title="Gold-digging ant">gold-collecting ants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, India, and this has been interpreted by modern scholars as "doublets or garbled versions" of the lore of gold-hoarding griffins.<a href="#cite_note-109">[91]</a> It appears that the accounts of griffins given by Pliny had been admixed with the lore of these gold-guarding ants of India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955163-106">[90]</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> also inserted attributes of the ant into his description of griffins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney1993n9-99">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pliny_and_later">Pliny and later</h3></div> Later, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> became the first to explicitly state the griffins as having wings and long ears.<a href="#cite_note-110">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-pliny-tr-bostock07.2&10.70-111">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[s]</a> In one of the two passages, Pliny also located the "griffons" in <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Æthiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pliny-tr-bostock07.2&10.70-111">[93]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Adrienne Mayor</a>, Pliny also wrote, "griffins were said to lay eggs in burrows on the ground and these nests contained <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">gold nuggets</a>".<a href="#cite_note-113">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[t]</a> who was nearly coeval with Pliny, gave a somewhat unique account of the griffin, claiming them to be lion-sized, and having no true wings, and instead had paws "webbed with red membranes", that gave them ability to makes leaps of flight of only a short distance.<a href="#cite_note-philostratus-i.ii.xlvii-115">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[u]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> (fl. AD 43) wrote in his Book ii. 6: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Europe, constantly falling snow makes those places contiguous with the <a href="/wiki/Riphean_Mountains" title="Riphean Mountains">Riphaean Mountains</a>.. so impassable that, in addition, they prevent those who deliberately travel here from seeing anything. After that comes a region of very rich soil but quite uninhabitable because griffins, a savage and tenacious breed of wild beasts, love.. the gold that is mined from deep within the earth there, and because they guard it with an amazing hostility to those who set foot there.<a href="#cite_note-Mela-tr-romer_1998-118">[97]</a></blockquote> The aforementioned Aelian (<a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>, d. 235 AD) added certain other embellishments, such as its reputation of "black plumage on its back with a red chest and white wings".<a href="#cite_note-aelian-120">[99]</a> Aelian was the last source on the griffin to add fresh information on the griffin, and late writers (into medieval times) merely rehashed existing material on griffins, with the exception of the lore about their "agate eggs" which emerged at some indistinct time later on (cf. infra).<a href="#cite_note-121">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_creature">Divine creature</h3></div> The griffin has been associated with various deities (Apollo, Dionysus, Nemesis), in Greek <a href="/wiki/Mythography" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythography">mythography</a> but here, the identifiable attested "accounts" presented in scholarship are largely not literary, but artistic,<a href="#cite_note-122">[101]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatic</a>. The griffin was naturally linked to Apollo, given the existence of the cultus of <a href="/wiki/Apollo#Hyperborea" title="Apollo">Hyperborean Apollo</a>, with a cult center at the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Olbia" title="Pontic Olbia">Olbia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kuenzl-123">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hirst-124">[103]</a> And even the main <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi)" title="Temple of Apollo (Delphi)">Temple of Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> featured a statue of the god flanked by griffins, or so it can be presumed based on the representation struck on the <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> coinage of Attica.<a href="#cite_note-hirst-124">[103]</a> Apollo rode a griffin to Hyperboria each winter, leaving Delphi, or so it was believed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2009469-125">[104]</a> Apollo riding griffin is known from multiple examples of <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[108]</a> And Apollo hitched griffins to his chariot according to <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[110]</a> Dionysus was also depicted on a griffin-chariot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiefstahl19563-132">[111]</a> or mounting griffin; the motif was borrowed from the god Apollo due to "syncretism between the two gods".<a href="#cite_note-134">[113]</a> At the Temple of Hera at <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, a griffin-themed bronze "wine-cup"<a href="#cite_note-herodotus-tr-rawlinson-4.152-135">[114]</a> or "cauldron"<a href="#cite_note-herodotus-tr-godley-4.152-136">[115]</a> had been installed, according to Herodotus. The vessel was attached griffin heads around the rim (like the protomes,<a href="#cite_note-towne1994-137">[116]</a> described above): it was an <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argive</a> <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a>, according to the text,<a href="#cite_note-138">[v]</a> standing on a tripod shaped like colossal figures.<a href="#cite_note-herodotus-tr-rawlinson-4.152-135">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-herodotus-tr-godley-4.152-136">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_accounts">Medieval accounts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg/220px-A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg/330px-A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg/440px-A_Soldier_Fighting_A_Griffin_In_The_%27Alphonso%27_Psalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>A soldier fighting a griffin, 'Alphonso' Psalter, 1284</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonemasonry_with_Griffins,_late_11th-12th_c,_Gradina,_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png/220px-Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png/330px-Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png/440px-Stonemasonry_with_Griffins%2C_late_11th-12th_c%2C_Gradina%2C_Rakovac._National_Museum_of_Serbia.png 2x" data-file-width="4101" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Stonemasonry with Griffins, late 11th-12th c, Gradina, Rakovac. Serbia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneteppich_KGM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Minneteppich_KGM.jpg/220px-Minneteppich_KGM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Minneteppich_KGM.jpg/330px-Minneteppich_KGM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Minneteppich_KGM.jpg/440px-Minneteppich_KGM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Medieval tapestry, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 CE</figcaption></figure> The notion that griffins lay stones or agate instead of eggs was introduced "at some in the evolution of griffin lore".<a href="#cite_note-139">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (d. 1280) attributes to other writers the claim that "this bird places an '<a href="/wiki/Aetites" title="Aetites">eagle-stone</a>' (echytem) or agate (gagatem) among its eggs" to change the ambient temperature and enhance reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-albertus-ed-scanlan-140">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigg1999144-141">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_symbolism">Christian symbolism</h3></div> The account of the "gryphes" by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (d. 636) lacked any <a href="/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">Christian allegorical interpretation</a>, and the griffin is classified as a "beast of prey".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigg1999121-142">[120]</a> Thus Isidore (Etymologies xii.2 .17)<a href="#cite_note-isidore-tr-throop2015-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch1962122-143">[121]</a> gives: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Gryphes are so called because they are winged quadrupeds. This kind of wild beast is found in the <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborean</a> Mountains. In every part of their body they are lions, and in wings and heads are like eagles, and they are fierce enemies of horses. Moreover they tear men to pieces".<a href="#cite_note-brehaut-144">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENigg1999121-142">[120]</a></blockquote> Isidore's localization of the griffins in the mountains of Hyperborea derives from <a href="/wiki/Servius_(grammarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servius (grammarian)">Servius</a> (4th and 5th century).<a href="#cite_note-145">[123]</a> Griffins had already been localized <a href="/wiki/Riphean_Mountains" title="Riphean Mountains">Riphean Mountains</a> by Mela (1st century) as quoted above,<a href="#cite_note-Mela-tr-romer_1998-118">[97]</a> while the Hyperboreans are sometimes said to dwell further north than these mountains. The idea that griffins hated horses can be explained as an offshoot of the lore that griffins had their gold stolen by horseback-riding Arimaspians.<a href="#cite_note-146">[124]</a> The griffin were already being depicted attacking the horse in ancient art, as on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Pectoral_from_Tovsta_Mohyla" title="Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla">gold pectoral of the Scythian King</a> noted above.<a href="#cite_note-kuenzl-123">[102]</a> Despite Isidore passing on classical without religious connotation, the griffin, being a union of an aerial bird and a terrestrial beast, came to be regarded in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christendom</a> as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">both human and divine</a>, espoused by many commentators, who see this evidenced in the griffin that draws the chariot in Dante's Purgatorio (cf. <a href="#In_literature">§In literature</a> below).<a href="#cite_note-longfellow-147">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858277-148">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-friar-3">[3]</a> A slightly different interpretation was that the griffin symbolized the pope or papacy rather than Christ himself, as proposed by French critic <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Napoleon_Didron" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphe Napoleon Didron">Didron</a>, who built this interpretation upon the observation that <a href="/wiki/Herrad_of_Landsberg" title="Herrad of Landsberg">Herrad of Landsberg</a>'s manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Hortus_deliciarum" title="Hortus deliciarum">Hortus deliciarum</a>, completed c. 1185) clearly depicted the two-colored bird as symbolic of the Church.<a href="#cite_note-longfellow-147">[125]</a> At any rate, the griffin can be found sculpted at a number of Christian churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858277-148">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-friar-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claw,_egg,_feather">Claw, egg, feather</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Schongauer,_The_griffin_(15th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg/170px-Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg/255px-Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg/340px-Martin_Schongauer%2C_The_griffin_%2815th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Martin Schongauer: The griffin, 15th century</figcaption></figure> Alleged griffin's claws, eggs, and feathers were held as valuable objects, but actually derived from exotic animals, etc.<a href="#cite_note-bedingfeld-149">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–48-150">[128]</a> The eggs were often ostrich eggs, or in rare cases, fossilized dinosaur eggs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–44-151">[129]</a> The feather is a piece of forgery, an object crafted from <a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">raffia palm</a> fiber, with painted colors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244-152">[130]</a> The supposed claws were often turned into drinking cups<a href="#cite_note-bedingfeld-149">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202247-153">[131]</a> (and griffin egg artifacts were also used as goblets, according to heraldry scholars).<a href="#cite_note-bedingfeld-149">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278–279-154">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[133]</a> A number of medieval griffin's claws existed, sometimes purported to be very large.<a href="#cite_note-156">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Cuthbert">St. Cuthbert</a> is said to have obtained claw and egg: two claws and two eggs were registered in the 1383 inventory of the saint's shrine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202242–43,_47–48-157">[135]</a> but the two-feet claws that still remain on display have been identified as <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex</a> horns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202247-153">[131]</a> There is said to be a legend that a griffin's claw was made into a cup and dedicated to Cuthbert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278-158">[136]</a> As a matter of fact, griffin claws were frequently fashioned into goblets (drinking cups) in medieval Europe,<a href="#cite_note-bedingfeld-149">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202247-153">[131]</a> and specific examples can be given, such as Charlemagne's griffin-claw drinking horn, formerly at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a> and now housed in the Bibliothèque Nationale, is a drinking cup made of a bovine horn. Additional ornamentation were attached to it, such as a gilt copper leg for it to stand on, realistically resembling the <a href="/wiki/Talons" class="mw-redirect" title="Talons">taloned</a> foot of a <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">raptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244–45-159">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[w]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey" title="Kornelimünster Abbey">Kornelimünster Abbey</a> located in Charlemagne's former capital of Aix-la-Chapelle (now <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany) also houses a griffin horn of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Pope Cornelius</a>, made of Asian buffalo horn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202246-161">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_iconography">Medieval iconography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif/220px-11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif/330px-11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif/440px-11th_century_Byzantine_griffins.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Byzantine silk with griffins, 11th century, now in Sion, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> By the 12th century, the appearance of the griffin was substantially fixed: "All its bodily members are like a lion's, but its wings and mask are like an eagle's."<a href="#cite_note-white-162">[139]</a> It is not yet clear if its forelimbs are those of an eagle or of a lion. Although the description implies the latter, the accompanying illustration is ambiguous. It was left to the heralds to clarify that. Griffins also appear on a wide range of medieval luxury objects, such as textiles, and in these contexts are part of a shared visual language deployed by artisans in the Byzantine, western medieval, and Islamic worlds.<a href="#cite_note-163">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2></div> According to Stephen Friar's New Dictionary of Heraldry, a griffin's claw was believed to have <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicinal</a> properties and one of its feathers could restore <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">sight</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-friar-3">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Attestation of griffin's feather as cure for blindness does occur in an Italian folktale,<a href="#cite_note-hand2021-164">[141]</a> classed as "<a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Bone" title="The Singing Bone">The Singing Bone</a>" tale type (<a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">ATU</a> 780).<a href="#cite_note-lewis-165">[142]</a> There is also a study that considers the griffin's feather tale as a variant of "<a href="/wiki/The_Twa_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twa Sisters">The Twa Sisters</a>" ballad (<a href="/wiki/Child_Ballad" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Ballad">Child Ballad</a> 10), as the tale incorporates the song in Italian, supposedly sung by the bones of the murdered finder of the feather).<a href="#cite_note-brewster-166">[143]</a> It may not be a griffin's feather but another kind of avian plumage (peacock feather) that remedies blindness in other Italian variants of this folktale type.<a href="#cite_note-zipes&russo2009-167">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_heraldry">In heraldry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_griffins_as_mascots_and_in_heraldry" title="List of griffins as mascots and in heraldry">List of griffins as mascots and in heraldry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bevan_Crest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A heraldic griffin passant of the Bevan family crest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Bevan_Crest.jpg/170px-Bevan_Crest.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Bevan_Crest.jpg/255px-Bevan_Crest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Bevan_Crest.jpg/340px-Bevan_Crest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="374" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A heraldic griffin <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Passant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">passant</a> of the Bevan family crest.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Griffin segreant wearing the mural crown of Perugia, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg/134px-Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg/201px-Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg/268px-Griffin_of_Perugia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="773" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Griffin segreant wearing the <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">mural crown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, 13th century</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pomeranian coat-of-arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/120px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/180px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/240px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="844" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pomeranian coat-of-arms</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Greifswald.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Similarly, the coat of arms of Greifswald, Germany, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also shows a red griffin rampant – perched in a tree, reflecting a legend about the town's founding in the 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/104px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/156px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/208px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="615" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat-of-arms of <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, Germany, in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_COA_Gryf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gryf coat of arms of the Polish knighthood family Gryfici. Used since c. 1481" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/102px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/153px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/POL_COA_Gryf.svg/204px-POL_COA_Gryf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1019" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Gryf_coat_of_arms" title="Gryf coat of arms">Gryf coat of arms</a> of the knighthood family <a href="/wiki/Gryfici_(%C5%9Awiebodzice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryfici (Świebodzice)">Gryfici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[x]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Crimea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Coat of arms of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/122px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/183px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/244px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="451" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Crimea" title="Coat of arms of Crimea">Coat-of-arms of Crimea</a></div></div></div></div></div> Griffins in heraldry are usually portrayed with the rear body of a lion, an eagle's head with erect ears, a feathered breast, and the forelegs of an eagle, including claws.<a href="#cite_note-oliver-169">[145]</a> The heraldic griffin "denote[d] strength and military, courage and leadership", according to one source.<a href="#cite_note-oliver-169">[145]</a> That it became a Christian <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine power</a> and a guardian of the divine,<a href="#cite_note-von_volborth-170">[146]</a> was already touched upon above. Griffins may be shown in a variety of poses, but in British heraldry are never shown with their wings closed. Heraldic griffins use the same <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">attitude</a> terminology as the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, with the exception that where a lion would be described as rampant a griffin is instead described as <a href="/wiki/Segreant" class="mw-redirect" title="Segreant">segreant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-171">[147]</a> In British heraldry, a male griffin is shown without wings, its body covered in tufts of formidable spikes, with a short tusk emerging from the forehead, as for a <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[148]</a> In some blazons, this variant is termed a keythong.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/keythong">[1]</a>. This distinction is not found outside of British heraldry; even within it, male griffins are much rarer than winged ones, which are not given a specific name. One example is <a href="/wiki/John_Butler,_6th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond">John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond</a>, whose badge was described as featuring a "peyr [pair of] keythongs".<a href="#cite_note-173">[149]</a> It is possible that the male griffin/keythong originated as a derivation of the heraldic <a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">panther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-171">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houses_and_cities_using_the_device">Houses and cities using the device</h3></div> When <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> emerged as a major seafaring power in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, griffins commenced to be depicted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">republic's</a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, rearing at the sides of the shield bearing the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">Cross of St. George</a>. The red griffin rampant was the coat of arms of the dukes of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and survives today as the armorial of <a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> (historically, <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>) in Poland. It is also part of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">coat of arms of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, representing the historical region Vorpommern (<a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Hither Pommerania</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">hippogriff</a> is a related legendary creature, supposedly the offspring of a griffin and a mare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldic_subtypes">Heraldic subtypes</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wingless_griffin">Wingless griffin</h4></div> Infrequently, a griffin is portrayed without wings, or a wingless eagle-headed lion is identified as a griffin. In 15th-century and later <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, such a wingless griffin may be called an <a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">alke</a>, a keythong or a male griffin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">sea-griffin</a>, also termed the gryphon-marine, is a heraldic variant of the griffin possessing the head and legs of the more common variant and the hindquarters of a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaid</a>. Sea-griffins are present on the arms of a number of German noble families, including the Mestich family of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and the Barony of <a href="/wiki/Puttkamer" title="Puttkamer">Puttkamer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-171">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opinicus">Opinicus</h4></div> The opinicus or epimacus is another heraldic variety of griffin, which is depicted with the head and wings of an eagle, the body and legs of a lion, and the tail of a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>. It is sometimes wingless. The opinicus is rarely used in heraldry, but appears in the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Barbers" title="Worshipful Company of Barbers">Worshipful Company of Barbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_architecture">In architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Pisa Griffin, in the Pisa Cathedral Museum, 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg/245px-Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg/368px-Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg/490px-Psa-Opera_del_Duomo-Grifone_Islamico007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a> Museum, 11th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of a griffin at St Mark's Basilica in Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg/139px-Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg/209px-Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg/278px-Venice_-_Statue_of_a_griffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2628" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue of a griffin. <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a> is a large bronze sculpture that has been in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> in Italy since the Middle Ages, though it is of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> origin. It is the largest bronze medieval Islamic sculpture known, at over 3 feet tall (42.5 inches, or 1.08 m), and was probably created in the 11th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andaluz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Andaluz">Al-Andaluz</a> (Islamic Spain).<a href="#cite_note-177">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[154]</a> From about 1100 it was placed on a column on the roof of <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a> until replaced by a replica in 1832; the original is now in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo (Cathedral Museum), Pisa. In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> decoration the griffin is usually represented as a four-footed beast with wings and the head of an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> with <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>, or with the head and beak of an eagle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The statues that mark the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> are sometimes mistaken for griffins, but are in fact (Tudor) dragons, the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_City_of_London" title="Flag of the City of London">city's arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[155]</a> They are most easily distinguished from griffins by their membranous, rather than feathered, wings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div> <dl><dd>For fictional characters named Griffin, see <a href="/wiki/Griffin_(surname)" title="Griffin (surname)">Griffin (surname)</a></dd></dl> Griffins are used widely in <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian poetry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> is one such poet who writes in reference to griffins.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman-180">[156]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> story <a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a>, after Dante and Virgil's journey through Hell and Purgatory has concluded, Dante meets a chariot dragged by a griffin in Earthly Paradise. Immediately afterwards, Dante is reunited with Beatrice. Dante and Beatrice then start their journey through Paradise. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png/220px-The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png/330px-The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png/440px-The_red_animal_story_book_-_plate_facing_page_004.png 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for Mandeville's legend by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Justice_Ford" title="Henry Justice Ford">H. J. Ford</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Mandeville">Sir John Mandeville</a> wrote about them in his 14th century book of travels: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In that country be many griffins, more plenty than in any other country. Some men say that they have the body upward as an eagle and beneath as a lion; and truly they say sooth, that they be of that shape. But one griffin hath the body more great and is more strong than eight lions, of such lions as be on this half, and more great and stronger than an hundred eagles such as we have amongst us. For one griffin there will bear, flying to his nest, a great horse, if he may find him at the point, or two oxen yoked together as they go at the plough. For he hath his talons so long and so large and great upon his feet, as though they were horns of great oxen or of bugles or of kine, so that men make cups of them to drink of. And of their ribs and of the pens of their wings, men make bows, full strong, to shoot with arrows and quarrels.<a href="#cite_note-Mandeville-181">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278-158">[136]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_griffin,_rabbithole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg/220px-Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg/330px-Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg/440px-Alice_griffin%2C_rabbithole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Griffin <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon Cathedral</a>, alleged inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Gryphon_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Gryphon (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Gryphon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> he mentions the griffin as an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2005100-182">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As when a Gryfon through the Wilderness With winged course ore Hill or moarie Dale, Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stelth Had from his wakeful custody purloind The guarded Gold [...]</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_origin">Theories of origin</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_influence_by_dinosaurs">Possible influence by dinosaurs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg/220px-Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg/330px-Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg/440px-Hyperborean-gryphon-persepolis-protoceratops-psittacosaurus-skeletons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Early historic references to the gryphon describe the area of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungarian_Gate" title="Dzungarian Gate">Dzungarian Gate</a>, a region where Protoceratops and <a href="/wiki/Psittacosaurus" title="Psittacosaurus">Psittacosaurus</a> skeletons are very common.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Adrienne Mayor</a>, a classical folklorist and historian of science, has speculated that the way the Greeks imagined griffins from the seventh century BC onwards may have been influenced in part by the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilized</a> remains of beaked dinosaurs such as <a href="/wiki/Protoceratops" title="Protoceratops">Protoceratops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psittacosaurus" title="Psittacosaurus">Psittacosaurus</a> observed on the way to gold deposits by nomadic prospectors of ancient Scythia (Central Asia).<a href="#cite_note-183">[159]</a> This speculation is based on Greek and Latin literary sources and related artworks in a specific time frame, beginning with the first written descriptions of griffins as real animals of Asia in a lost work by Aristeas (referenced by Herodotus, ca. 450 BC) and ending with Aelian (3rd century AD), the last ancient author to report any "new" details about the griffin. Mayor took a paleo-cryptozoological approach, trying to identify the unknown creature by its features: body like a mammal but head with raptor's beak, dwelling in Eastern deserts on way to gold deposits, lays eggs in nest on the ground. No living animal has these characteristics, but some dinosaurs had all of these features, leading to the question of whether ancient nomads who first told Greeks about griffins could have observed fossil skeletons of beaked dinosaurs and nests with eggs. Traffic went both ways on the ancient trade routes; this means that tales related to strange creatures with four legs and beaks, and nests and eggs on the ground, were recounted by traders and gold seekers traveling west from China, and transmitted to the Greco-Roman world through translators. On their way to the gold-dust-bearing gullies of the Altai ("Gold") Mountains and Tien Shan gold belts, travelers from the east would pass through the Gobi and then arrive in Issedonian territory (Issedon Serica and Issedon Scythica, desert stations where the griffin was first described to Greeks), having observed or heard garbled descriptions of strange beaked quadrupeds east of those points.<a href="#cite_note-184">[160]</a> Mayor argues that Protoceratops and other fossils, seen by ancient observers, may have been interpreted as evidence of a half-bird-half-mammal creature.<a href="#cite_note-185">[161]</a> She argues that repeated oral descriptions and artistic attempts to illustrate a bony neck frill (which is rather fragile and may have been frequently broken or entirely weathered away) may have been rendered as large mammal-type external ears, and its beak may be treated as evidence of a part-bird nature and led to stylized wings being added to accord with the creature's avian-like attributes.The narrow, elongated scapula of beaked dinosaurs resembles that of birds and this avian feature may have suggested to ancient observers that the creature had wings.<a href="#cite_note-186">[162]</a> Paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Mark_P._Witton" title="Mark P. Witton">Mark P. Witton</a> has contested this hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-187">[163]</a> Witton and Richard A. Hing argue that it ignores the existence of depictions of hybrid creatures bird's heads on mammal bodies throughout the Near East dating to long before the time when Mayor posits the Greeks became aware of Protoceratops fossils in Scythia. They further argue that the anatomies of griffins in Greek art are clearly based on those of living creatures, especially lions and eagles, and that there are no features of griffins in Greek art that can only be explained by the hypothesis that the griffins were based on fossils. they note that Greek accounts of griffins describe them as living creatures, not ancient skeletons, and that some of the details of these accounts suggest griffins are purely imaginary, not inspired by fossils.<a href="#cite_note-188">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_culture">Modern culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_fiction">Popular fiction</h3></div> Griffins, like many other fictional creatures, frequently appear within works under the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre. Examples of fantasy-oriented franchises that feature griffins include <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Warhammer Fantasy Battle">Warhammer Fantasy Battle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warcraft" title="Warcraft">Warcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Might_and_Magic" title="Heroes of Might and Magic">Heroes of Might and Magic</a>, the Griffon in <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragnarok_Online" title="Ragnarok Online">Ragnarok Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spiderwick_Chronicles" title="The Spiderwick Chronicles">The Spiderwick Chronicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_is_Magic" class="mw-redirect" title="My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic">My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Wesnoth" title="The Battle for Wesnoth">The Battle for Wesnoth</a>. Griffins appear in the fairy tales "<a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Giant_Killer" title="Jack the Giant Killer">Jack the Giant Killer</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_Griffin_(fairy_tale)" title="The Griffin (fairy tale)">The Griffin</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Singing,_Springing_Lark" title="The Singing, Springing Lark">The Singing, Springing Lark</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Digimon" title="Digimon">Digimon</a>, there is a Digimon called Gryphomon who is based on the depiction of a griffin that has a snake-headed tail. In <a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_Neptune" title="The Son of Neptune">The Son of Neptune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Jackson" title="Percy Jackson">Percy Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Levesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazel Levesque">Hazel Levesque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Zhang">Frank Zhang</a> are attacked by griffins in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series, the character <a href="/wiki/Albus_Dumbledore" title="Albus Dumbledore">Albus Dumbledore</a> has a griffin-shaped knocker. Also, the character <a href="/wiki/Godric_Gryffindor" class="mw-redirect" title="Godric Gryffindor">Godric Gryffindor</a>'s surname is a variation on the French griffon d'or ("golden griffon"), and the school house named after him uses the symbol of a Griffin as their house mascot. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_art">Modern art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg/220px-%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg/330px-%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg/440px-%22Griff%22_Statue_in_the_forecourt_of_the_Farkasr%C3%A9ti_Cemetery_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>"Griff" Statue in the forecourt of the Farkashegyi Cemetery Budapest, 2007</figcaption></figure> The griffin is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> castings of them perch on each corner of the <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a>'s roof, protecting its collection.<a href="#cite_note-189">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-glasssteelandstone.com-190">[166]</a> The "Griff" statue by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veres_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veres Kálmán (page does not exist)">Veres Kálmán</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veres_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="hu:Veres Kálmán">hu</a>] was erected in 2007 at the forecourt of the Farkashegyi cemetery in Budapest, Hungary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logos,_mascots">Logos, mascots</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Heraklion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="modern unicipal seal of Heraklion, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_Heraklion.svg/144px-Seal_of_Heraklion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_Heraklion.svg/216px-Seal_of_Heraklion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_Heraklion.svg/288px-Seal_of_Heraklion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="260" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Municipal official seal (modern) of <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, Greece</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MervGriffinEntertainment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Company logo for Merv Griffin Entertainment, using a silver griffin statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/MervGriffinEntertainment.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="113" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Merv Griffin Entertainment logo</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Eponymy">§ Eponymy</a></div> An archaic griffin design, created by artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Fanourakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Fanourakis (page does not exist)">Thomas Fanourakis</a> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Θωμάς Φανουράκης">el</a>] (1915–1993), was adopted as the official symbol of the city of Heraklion on 22 March 1961 (cf. figure right).<a href="#cite_note-191">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-creatalive-192">[167]</a> Film and television company <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin_Entertainment" title="Merv Griffin Entertainment">Merv Griffin Entertainment</a> uses a griffin for its production company. Merv Griffin Entertainment was founded by entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin" title="Merv Griffin">Merv Griffin</a> and is based in <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>. His former company <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin_Enterprises" title="Merv Griffin Enterprises">Merv Griffin Enterprises</a> also used a griffin for its logo. The griffin is used in the logo of <a href="/wiki/UPM_(company)" title="UPM (company)">United Paper Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall Motors</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Scania_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania (company)">Scania</a> and its former partners <a href="/wiki/Saab_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab Group">Saab Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab Automobile</a>. Similarly, prior to the mid-1990s a griffin formed part of the logo of <a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a> (now <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>). <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab Automobile</a> previously used the griffin in their logo (Cf. Saab fighter <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Gripen</a>) Information security firm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halock.com">Halock</a> uses a griffin to represent protecting data and systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_emblems_and_mascots">School emblems and mascots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_griffins_as_mascots_and_in_heraldry" title="List of griffins as mascots and in heraldry">List of griffins as mascots and in heraldry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Griffin" title="Special:EditPage/Griffin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Griffin%22">"Griffin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Griffin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Griffin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Griffin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Griffin%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Griffin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg/220px-FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg/330px-FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg/440px-FASTW%C3%9CRMS_-_Gryphon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Gryphon is the emblem and mascot of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a></figcaption></figure> Three gryphons form the crest of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College, Oxford</a> (founded 1555), originating from the family crest of founder <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Pope">Sir Thomas Pope</a>. The college's debating society is known as the Gryphon, and the notes of its master emeritus show it to be one of the oldest debating institutions in the country, significantly older than the more famous <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Union Society">Oxford Union Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[168]</a> Griffins are also mascots for <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrije Universiteit">VU University Amsterdam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College" title="Sarah Lawrence College">Sarah Lawrence College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[171]</a> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canisius_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Canisius College">Canisius College</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Gryphon is the official school mascot for <a href="/wiki/Raffles_Institution" title="Raffles Institution">Raffles Institution</a>, appearing also on the top of the school crest. The official seal of <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> was adopted during the university's centennial in 1969. The seal, approved by the Board of Trustees, was designed by Prof. Al Gowan, formerly at Purdue. It replaced an unofficial one that had been in use for 73 years.<a href="#cite_note-197">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> in Virginia changed its mascot to <a href="/wiki/Griffin_(mascot)" title="Griffin (mascot)">Griffin</a> in April 2010.<a href="#cite_note-198">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[174]</a> The griffin was chosen because it is the combination of the British lion and the American eagle. The <a href="/wiki/367th_Training_Support_Squadron" title="367th Training Support Squadron">367th Training Support Squadron</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/12th_Combat_Aviation_Brigade" title="12th Combat Aviation Brigade">12th Combat Aviation Brigade</a> feature griffins in their unit patches. The emblem of the Greek <a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" title="15th Infantry Division (Greece)">15th Infantry Division</a> features an ax-wielding griffin on its unit patch. The English <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_College,_Gloucestershire" title="Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire">Wycliffe College</a> features a griffin on its school crest. The mascot of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Durham" title="St Mary's College, Durham">St Mary's College</a>, one of the 16 colleges in Durham University, is a griffin. The mascot of <a href="/wiki/Glebe_Collegiate_Institute" title="Glebe Collegiate Institute">Glebe Collegiate Institute</a> in Ottawa is the gryphon, and the team name is the Glebe Gryphons. The griffin is the official mascot of <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College" title="Chestnut Hill College">Chestnut Hill College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd_Mercy_University" title="Gwynedd Mercy University">Gwynedd Mercy University</a>, both in Pennsylvania. The mascot of <a href="/wiki/Leadership_High_School" title="Leadership High School">Leadership High School</a> in San Francisco, CA was chosen by the student body by popular vote to be the griffin after the Golden Gate University Griffins, where they operated out of from 1997 to 2000. The Gryphon is the school mascot for <a href="/wiki/Glenlyon_Norfolk_School" title="Glenlyon Norfolk School">Glenlyon Norfolk School</a>, an independent, co-ed, university preparatory day school in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak_Bay,_British_Columbia" title="Oak Bay, British Columbia">Oak Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_military">Police and military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yellow griffin pictured in the logo of the Estonian Internal Security Service." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg/111px-Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg/167px-Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg/222px-Estonian_Security_Police_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="415" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Yellow griffin pictured in the logo of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">Estonian Internal Security Service</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the Utti Jaeger Regiment of the Finnish Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg/113px-Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg/170px-Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg/226px-Utin_j%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4rirykmentin_lippu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="686" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Utti_Jaeger_Regiment" title="Utti Jaeger Regiment">Utti Jaeger Regiment</a> of the Finnish Army</div></div></div></div></div> A griffin appears in the official seal of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Police_Department_(Iowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Police Department (Iowa)">Waterloo Police Department (Iowa)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Police" title="Royal Air Force Police">Royal Air Force Police</a> depicts a griffin for their unit badge. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> Police depicts a griffin holding a <a href="/wiki/Taiaha" title="Taiaha">taiaha</a> for their unit badge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Griffins" title="Grand Rapids Griffins">Grand Rapids Griffins</a> professional ice hockey team of the <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suwon_Samsung_Bluewings" title="Suwon Samsung Bluewings">Suwon Samsung Bluewings</a>'s mascot "Aguileon" is a griffin. The name "Aguileon" is a compound using two <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> words; "aguila" meaning "<a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>" and "leon" meaning "<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amusement_parks">Amusement parks</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Williamsburg" title="Busch Gardens Williamsburg">Busch Gardens Williamsburg</a>'s highlight attraction is a dive coaster called the "Griffon", which opened in 2007. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point_Amusement_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar Point Amusement Park">Cedar Point Amusement Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky, Ohio</a> opened the "<a href="/wiki/GateKeeper_(roller_coaster)" title="GateKeeper (roller coaster)">GateKeeper</a>" steel roller coaster, which features a griffin as its mascot. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran_Air_Logo">Iran Air Logo</h3></div> The logo design of <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a> features a griffin. The pattern of this design, created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Zahrabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Zahrabian (page does not exist)">Edward Zahrabian</a>, is based on a griffin statue found in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>. A common mistake regarding this is the assumption that the griffin is the same as the mythical bird <a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Homa</a>, but this is incorrect. This mistake has arisen because the acronym for the National Airline of Iran in Persian is "Homa". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Griffin" title="Special:EditPage/Griffin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Griffin%22">"Griffin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Griffin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Griffin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Griffin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Griffin%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Griffin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Griffins appear in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian">The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian</a>. Griffins are also present in various animated series such as <a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic">My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_of_Quest" title="World of Quest">World of Quest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yang_Yo!" title="Yin Yang Yo!">Yin Yang Yo!</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[175]</a> A griffin appeared in the 1974 film <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Voyage_of_Sinbad" title="The Golden Voyage of Sinbad">The Golden Voyage of Sinbad</a>. In the 1969 movie <a href="/wiki/Latitude_Zero_(film)" title="Latitude Zero (film)">Latitude Zero</a>, a creature called "Griffin" is made by inserting a woman's <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> into a lion–<a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condor</a> hybrid. In an episode of the <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Cooper" title="Sheldon Cooper">Sheldon Cooper</a> mentions that he attempted to create a griffin but could not obtain the "necessary eagle eggs and lion semen".<a href="#cite_note-201">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponymy">Eponymy</h2></div> The latest fighter produced by the Saab Group bears the name "<a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Gripen</a>" (Griffin), as a result of public competition. During World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a> firm named its heavy bomber design for the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> after the legendary animal, as the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_177" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 177">Heinkel He 177</a> Greif, the German form of "griffin". <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> has used the term "Griffin Eye" for its intelligence surveillance platform based on a Hawker Beechcraft King Air 35ER civilian aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-202">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna_names">Fauna names</h3></div> Some large species of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_vulture" title="Old World vulture">Old World vultures</a> are called griffines, including the <a href="/wiki/Griffon_vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffon vulture">griffon vulture</a> (Gyps fulvus). The scientific name for the <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Andean condor</a> is Vultur gryphus, Latin for "griffin-vulture". The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Douay_Rheims_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douay Rheims Bible">Douay-Rheims</a> version of the Bible uses griffon for a creature referred to as vulture or ossifrage in other English translations (Leviticus 11:13). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffin in Johann Vogel: Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae, 1649"><img alt="Griffin in Johann Vogel: Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae, 1649" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif/lossy-page1-138px-Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif/lossy-page1-207px-Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif/lossy-page1-276px-Johann-Vogel-Meditationes-emblematicae-de-restaurata-pace-Germaniae_MGG_1034.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3603" data-file-height="5216" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Griffin in Johann Vogel: Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae, 1649</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffioen,_Kasteel_de_Haar,_juli_2003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic guardian griffin at Kasteel de Haar, Netherlands, 1892–1912"><img alt="Heraldic guardian griffin at Kasteel de Haar, Netherlands, 1892–1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Griffioen%2C_Kasteel_de_Haar%2C_juli_2003.JPG/200px-Griffioen%2C_Kasteel_de_Haar%2C_juli_2003.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Griffioen%2C_Kasteel_de_Haar%2C_juli_2003.JPG/300px-Griffioen%2C_Kasteel_de_Haar%2C_juli_2003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Griffioen%2C_Kasteel_de_Haar%2C_juli_2003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heraldic guardian griffin at <a href="/wiki/Kasteel_de_Haar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasteel de Haar">Kasteel de Haar</a>, Netherlands, 1892–1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuffed_griffin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rogue taxidermy griffin, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen"><img alt="Rogue taxidermy griffin, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stuffed_griffin.jpg/200px-Stuffed_griffin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stuffed_griffin.jpg/300px-Stuffed_griffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stuffed_griffin.jpg/400px-Stuffed_griffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="446" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_taxidermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue taxidermy">Rogue taxidermy</a> griffin, <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Museum,_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological Museum, Copenhagen">Zoological Museum, Copenhagen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A griffin portrayed in a mythical land located south of the world's known continents, from Urbano Monti's map (1587)."><img alt="A griffin portrayed in a mythical land located south of the world's known continents, from Urbano Monti's map (1587)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg/200px-Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg/300px-Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg/400px-Griffin_of_Monti%27s_Planisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="381" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A griffin portrayed in a mythical land located south of the world's known continents, from <a href="/wiki/Urbano_Monti" title="Urbano Monti">Urbano Monti</a>'s map (1587).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarnikotka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UPM (company) Finnish forest industry company. Symbol came into use in 1899."><img alt="UPM (company) Finnish forest industry company. Symbol came into use in 1899." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aarnikotka.jpg/200px-Aarnikotka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aarnikotka.jpg/300px-Aarnikotka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aarnikotka.jpg/400px-Aarnikotka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1588" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/UPM_(company)" title="UPM (company)">UPM (company)</a> Finnish <a href="/wiki/Forest_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest industry">forest industry</a> company. Symbol came into use in 1899.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a>, Greek mythological hybrid monster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_billed_platypus" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck billed platypus">Duck billed platypus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">egg-producing mammal</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological hybrid">Hybrid creatures in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hybrid creatures in mythology">List of hybrid creatures in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nue" title="Nue">Nue</a>, Japanese legendary creature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a>, winged stallion in Greek mythology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixiu" title="Pixiu">Pixiu</a> or Pi Yao, Chinese mythical creature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha" title="Sharabha">Sharabha</a>, Hindu mythology: lion-bird hybrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Lion" title="Snow Lion">Snow Lion</a>, Tibetan mythological celestial animal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yali (Hindu mythology)">Yali</a>, Hindu mythological lion-elephant-horse hybrid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Abdera minted coins since it was founded in 544 BC as a colony of <a href="/wiki/Teos" title="Teos">Teos</a>, which also used the griffin motif. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Also, Sēnmurw etymological root was <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> mərəγō saēnō (marəya saēna) which also denoted a bird (falcon or eagle),<a href="#cite_note-schmidt-13">[12]</a> and not a composite, as conceded by Litvinskij.<a href="#cite_note-litvinskij2002-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> tštš: <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N37.png?33374" height="12" title="N37 [S]" alt="S" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N37.png?33374" height="12" title="N37 [S]" alt="S" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The "š" glyph seems to be 𓈚 rathe than 𓈙 and are thus superposed in Leibovitch's inline text; however the glyps are juxtaposed and seemingly the plain bar "š" is used on his Fig. 5 line sketch. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The cast pieces could also have additional hammered details.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The "cast protomes" are grouped by Jantzen.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The beaks on the Greeks are identified as "<a href="/wiki/Visor_(armor)" title="Visor (armor)">visor</a>" of beasts such as seen in Urartian art, by <a href="#CITEREFGhirshman1964c">Ghirshman (1964c)</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> The example on figure right is the broken off head, and it is not certain whether the paired spiral-locks ran down its neck, as in other examples of griffin protomes from Olympia (Jantzen, GG no. 80, p. 20). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> See the cover photo of this cauldron in <a href="#CITEREFPapalexandrou2021">Papalexandrou (2021)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNgkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT211">Fig. 3.2</a>. The lateral side of the griffins are hard to see on <a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Poniatowski_63.jpg" title="File:Villa Poniatowski 63.jpg">this picture</a> shown right; the lions do not have these hanging tresses. Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNgkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT213">Fig. 3.3</a> for another cauldron, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardini_tomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardini tomb (page does not exist)">Bernardini tomb</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomba_Bernardini" class="extiw" title="it:Tomba Bernardini">it</a>]. Both are bronze cauldrons on a conical stand. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> An additional example of Etruscan griffin is the one found in Vetulonia, Italy.<a href="#cite_note-chahin-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> While Maxwell-Hyslop, thought early griffin protomes were made in the east, she regarded later Etruscan examples as being made locally, imitating the Eastern originals, but such "Vannic (Urartrians) originals" are yet to be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960320–321-45">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> In addition to the Throne Room, Goldman provides the following Mycenaean examples: the "ivory plaque of Mycenae" (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Demargne" title="Pierre Demargne">Demargne, Pierre</a> (1947), La Crète dédalique, fig. 24); the "gold cylinder seal from Pylos" (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Blegen" title="Carl Blegen">Blegen, Carl W.</a> (5 December 1953). "A Royal Tomb of Homeric Times", Illustrated London News, fig. 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Benson thinks using a simplified "plug" shape was the Greek "solution" to the problem of not knowing exactly what 3-dimensional shape to use, having only access to 2-dimensional renderings from the East. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Ghirshman (and others, cf. <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956">Maxwell-Hyslop (1956)</a>, p. 160, citing <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godard" title="André Godard">André Godard</a>.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the animal is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Godard" title="André Godard">Godard, André</a> (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956">Maxwell-Hyslop (1956)</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> That later griffin protomes are Greek-made is "without question" (<a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 321). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_M._A._Hanfmann" title="George M. A. Hanfmann">George M. A. Hanfmann</a> agreed with Jantzen that the protomes were always Greek, but disagreed with Jantzen on the caudron, and doubted cauldrons were separately made in the East. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> But "Herdotus doubted that Arimaspeans were monocular".The Scythian word "arimasp" signifies "rich in horses rather than one-eyed <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney1993n9-99">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> To distinguish from the (screaming) <a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">harpies</a>, referred as "dogs of Zeus" (by <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, II.289).<a href="#cite_note-aeschylus-ed-watson1870-104">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Mayor's reasoning being that Aeschylus elsewhere refers to eagles as "winged dogs of Zeus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">[82]</a> However this seems contradictory to Apollonius being able to refer to winged harpies as "Zeus' dogs",<a href="#cite_note-aeschylus-ed-watson1870-104">[88]</a> as noted previously. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> The word for "eared" in the text is aurita in declined form. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=auritus">auritus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. gives the definition: "Furnished with ears (acc. to auris, l.), having long or large ears". </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Apollonius of Tyana's writings, as recorded in his biography by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Philostratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Philostratus">Flavius Philostratus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Apollonius also compares the griffins to gold-gathering ants, though he places the ants not in India but in Africa (<a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> κρητῆρος Ἀργολικοῦ. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Mayor seems to suggest it may have been the "carved ivory horn" obtained as a gift from <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>, who also gave Charlemagne the live elephant <a href="/wiki/Abul-Abbas" title="Abul-Abbas">Abul-Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244–45-159">[137]</a> However, the ivory horn given by the caliph seems more likely to be Charlemagne's <a href="/wiki/Olifant_(instrument)" title="Olifant (instrument)">olifant</a>, perhaps the one held in Aachen. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Used since c. 1481 <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish noble</a> families. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> The design of the griffin is a mock-up of Minoan art, but the inscription language is archaicized Greek, not <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan hieroglyphs</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gaffiot-1"><a href="#cite_ref-gaffiot_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFélix_Gaffiot1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaffiot" title="Félix Gaffiot">Félix Gaffiot</a> (1934). <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Illustr%C3%A9_Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français">Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Illustr%C3%A9+Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1934&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix+Gaffiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmlbs-2"><a href="#cite_ref-dmlbs_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Edward_LathamDavid_Robert_HowlettRichard_Ashdowne1975–2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Latham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Edward Latham">Ronald Edward Latham</a>; David Robert Howlett; Richard Ashdowne (1975–2013). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Medieval_Latin_from_British_Sources" title="Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources">Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Medieval+Latin+from+British+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=1975%2F2013&rft.au=Ronald+Edward+Latham&rft.au=David+Robert+Howlett&rft.au=Richard+Ashdowne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friar-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-friar_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friar_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friar_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-friar_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriar1987" class="citation book cs1">Friar, Stephen (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry. London: Alphabooks/A & C Black. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906670-44-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906670-44-6"><bdi>978-0-906670-44-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Alphabooks%2FA+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-906670-44-6&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bement-no144-4"><a href="#cite_ref-bement-no144_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBement1921" class="citation book cs1">Bement, Clarence S. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8MGwpK7NZYC&pg=RA1-PA43">Descriptive Catalogue of Greek Coins selected from the cabinet</a>. Philadelphia: American Numismatic Society. p. 43 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/content?id=_8MGwpK7NZYC&pg=RA1-PT30">Plate X, 144</a>. <q>144 AR [silver] Phoenician Tetradrachm; 14.94 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin seated l. on a fish, with rounded, feathered wing; around, magistrate's name Καλλιδαμασ; around, circle of dots. Rev. → Αβδηριτων on border of an incuse square; within, smaller linear square in four compartments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Catalogue+of+Greek+Coins+selected+from+the+cabinet&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=p.+43+and+Plate+X%2C+144&rft.pub=American+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Bement&rft.aufirst=Clarence+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8MGwpK7NZYC%26pg%3DRA1-PA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isidore-tr-throop2015-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isidore-tr-throop2015_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isidore-tr-throop2015_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore_of_Seville2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jjsJ9NP6hYC&q=griffin&pg=PT45">Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation</a>. Vol. 2. Translated by Throop, Priscilla. MedievalMS. xii.2.17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411665262" title="Special:BookSources/9781411665262"><bdi>9781411665262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isidore+of+Seville%27s+Etymologies%3A+Complete+English+Translation&rft.pages=xii.2.17&rft.pub=MedievalMS&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781411665262&rft.au=Isidore+of+Seville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jjsJ9NP6hYC%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> William H. C. Propp, Exodus 19–40, volume 2A of <a href="/wiki/The_Anchor_Bible_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Bible</a>, New York: Doubleday, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24693-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24693-5">0-385-24693-5</a>, p. 386; citing <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_zur_Geschichte_Israels" title="Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels">Prolegomena to the History of Israel</a>, Edinburgh: Black, 1885, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Also see <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a>, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, volume 1, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17420-7">978-90-04-17420-7</a>, p. 289, entry for γρυπος, "From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaheri2013-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri2013_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaheri2013_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaheri2013">Taheri (2013)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-asadi&darvishi2020-10"><a href="#cite_ref-asadi&darvishi2020_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsadiDarvishi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Asadi, Arezoo; Darvishi, Farangis (Winter 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/187039592-Journal-of-iranian-studies-faculty-of-literature-and-humanities-shahid-bahonar-university-of-kerman-year-18-no-36-winter-2020.html">"The Reflection of Mythological Concepts in Achaemenid Jewelry Art"</a>. Journal of Iranian Studies. 18 (36). Faculty of Literature and Humanities Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman: 21–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Reflection+of+Mythological+Concepts+in+Achaemenid+Jewelry+Art&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=21-41&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Asadi&rft.aufirst=Arezoo&rft.au=Darvishi%2C+Farangis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F187039592-Journal-of-iranian-studies-faculty-of-literature-and-humanities-shahid-bahonar-university-of-kerman-year-18-no-36-winter-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-litvinskij&picikian1995-11"><a href="#cite_ref-litvinskij&picikian1995_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskijPičikian1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Литвинский, Борис Анатольевич">Litvinskij, Boris A.</a> [in Russian]; Pičikian, Igor R. (1995), Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), "An Achaemenian griffin handle from the Temple of the Oxus: the makhaira in Northern Bactria", In the Land of the Gryphons: Papers on Central Asian Archaeology in Antiquity, Le lettere, p. 123, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788871662480" title="Special:BookSources/9788871662480"><bdi>9788871662480</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+the+Land+of+the+Gryphons%3A+Papers+on+Central+Asian+Archaeology+in+Antiquity&rft.atitle=An+Achaemenian+griffin+handle+from+the+Temple+of+the+Oxus%3A+the+makhaira+in+Northern+Bactria&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788871662480&rft.aulast=Litvinskij&rft.aufirst=Boris+A.&rft.au=Pi%C4%8Dikian%2C+Igor+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-litvinskij2002-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-litvinskij2002_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-litvinskij2002_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskij2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Литвинский, Борис Анатольевич">Litvinskij, Boris A.</a> [in Russian] (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkMTAQAAMAAJ&q=%22mythical%20bird%22">"Copper cauldrons from Gilgit and Central Asia: more about Saka and Dards and related problems"</a>. 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Encyclopedia Iranica. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Simorg&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda+Pub&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hanns-Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsimorg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1961" class="citation cs2">Harper, P. O. (1961), "The Sēnmurw", Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Series 2, 20 (3): 95–101, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3257932">10.2307/3257932</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3257932">3257932</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+S%C4%93nmurw&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=95-101&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3257932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3257932%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=P.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> apud Schmidt.<a href="#cite_note-schmidt-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1918" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Marr" title="Nikolai Marr">Marr, N. Ya.</a> (1918), "Ossetica-Japhetica", Izvestiya Rossiskoi Akademii Nauk <bdi lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук</bdi>: 2087, n. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestiya+Rossiskoi+Akademii+Nauk&rft.atitle=Ossetica-Japhetica&rft.pages=2087%2C+n.+2&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=N.+Ya.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> apud Schmidt.<a href="#cite_note-schmidt-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiperwasser&shapira-17"><a href="#cite_ref-kiperwasser&shapira_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiperwasserShapira2012" class="citation cs2">Kiperwasser, Reuven; Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2012), Secunda, Shai; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Fine" title="Steven Fine">Fine, Steven</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgyAQAAQBAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA209">"Irano-Talmudica II: Leviathan, Behemoth and the 'Domestication' of Iranian Mythological Creatures in Eschatological Narratives of the Babylonian Talmud"</a>, Shoshannat Yaakov: Jewish and Iranian studies in honor of Yaakov Elman, Brill, p. 209 and n22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004235458" title="Special:BookSources/9789004235458"><bdi>9789004235458</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shoshannat+Yaakov%3A+Jewish+and+Iranian+studies+in+honor+of+Yaakov+Elman&rft.atitle=Irano-Talmudica+II%3A+Leviathan%2C+Behemoth+and+the+%27Domestication%27+of+Iranian+Mythological+Creatures+in+Eschatological+Narratives+of+the+Babylonian+Talmud&rft.pages=209+and+n22&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004235458&rft.aulast=Kiperwasser&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rft.au=Shapira%2C+Dan+D.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSgyAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-henning-18"><a href="#cite_ref-henning_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Henning, W. B.</a> (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0007988X">10.1017/S0041977X0007988X</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/608983">608983</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194111905">194111905</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Two+Manich%C3%A6an+Magical+Texts+with+an+Excursus+on+the+Parthian+Ending+-%C4%93nd%C4%93h&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41%2C+42&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194111905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F608983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X0007988X&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988">; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWsMAQAAMAAJ&q=griffin">pp. 274–275</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffith&newberry1895-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffith&newberry1895_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith&newberry1895_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffith&newberry1895_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithNewberry1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Llewellyn_Griffith" title="Francis Llewellyn Griffith">Griffith, F. Ll</a>; <a href="/wiki/Percy_Edward_Newberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Edward Newberry">Newberry, Percy Edward</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vn4DUtFC18C&pg=PA34">El Bersheh</a>. Vol. 2. Appended by <a href="/wiki/George_Willoughby_Fraser" title="George Willoughby Fraser">George Willoughby Fraser</a>. Sold at the Offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund. pp. 34–35 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Vn4DUtFC18C&pg=PT31">Pl. XVI</a>, tomb no. 5. <q>Another monster is seen just above; a lion with the head of a hawk, the wings of an eagle, and the horns and feathers of a god... called tesh-tesh, "the tearer-in-pieces"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Bersheh&rft.pages=pp.+34-35+and+Pl.+XVI%2C+tomb+no.+5&rft.pub=Sold+at+the+Offices+of+the+Egypt+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=F.+Ll&rft.au=Newberry%2C+Percy+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Vn4DUtFC18C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiefstahl1956">Riefstahl (1956)</a>, p. 2 citing Leibovitch. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, pp. 186–187 and Fig. 5: "tštš.. signifie déchirer, triturer, couper, metter en pièces [tštš.. denotes tearing, grind up, chopping, ripping to pieces]". Citing <a href="#CITEREFGriffithNewberry1895">Griffith & Newberry (1895)</a> El-Bersheh 2: Pl. XVI, tomb no. 5.<a href="#cite_note-griffith&newberry1895-20">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-david2023-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-david2023_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-david2023_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2016" class="citation cs2">David, Arlette (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPXAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"3. Hybridism as a Visual Mark of Divinity: The Case of Akhenaten"</a>, in David, Arlette; Milstein, Rachel; Ornan, Tallay (eds.), Picturing Royal Charisma: Kings and Rulers in the Near East from 3000 BCE to 1700 CE, Archaeopress Publishing Limited, pp. 52–53 and Table 3.1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803271613" title="Special:BookSources/9781803271613"><bdi>9781803271613</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Hybridism+as+a+Visual+Mark+of+Divinity%3A+The+Case+of+Akhenaten&rft.btitle=Picturing+Royal+Charisma%3A+Kings+and+Rulers+in+the+Near+East+from+3000+BCE+to+1700+CE&rft.pages=pp.+52-53+and+Table+3.1&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781803271613&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Arlette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPXAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> David glosses tštš as "Crusher",<a href="#cite_note-david2023-23">[20]</a> which is consistent with one of Leibovitch's several glosses.<!!-- But David note 8 indicates the source to be Newberry 1893b (Beni Hasan II), Pl. 16, which probably should by Griffith & Newberry (El-Bersheh II)0, Pl. 16--> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186–187-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186–187_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, pp. 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> David,<a href="#cite_note-david2023-23">[20]</a> citing Newberry (1893a, 1893b recte [1893], [1894]). Beni Hasan. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942187-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942187_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, pp. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-prakash-29"><a href="#cite_ref-prakash_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2022" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Tara (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WchDAgAAQBAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA50">Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues: Fragments of the Late Old Kingdom</a>. Lockwood Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892362233" title="Special:BookSources/9780892362233"><bdi>9780892362233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Prisoner+Statues%3A+Fragments+of+the+Late+Old+Kingdom&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780892362233&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWchDAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The epithet "the Crusher" (or "Trampler") is also given by <a href="#CITEREFRiefstahl1956">Riefstahl (1956)</a>, p. 2 citing Leibovitch, but the words do not actually occur as names/epithets in Leibovitch's reading of the inscription: "Spdw le seigneur des pays montagne, qui écrase (en les piétinant)　<a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a> the lord of the mountain countries, who crushes (trampling them)". The inscription is from <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> (pharaoh of Fifth Dynasty of Egypt).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942186-28">[25]</a> A relief represents Sahure as an enemy-trampling griffin in the reliefs work found in his pyramid complex.<a href="#cite_note-prakash-29">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 60 et passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Third Group GG, p. 56 apud <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321_35-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c434-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c434_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhirshman1964c">Ghirshman (1964c)</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantzen195520,_69–70-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJantzen195520,_69–70_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJantzen1955">Jantzen (1955)</a>, pp. 20, 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960322-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960322_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhirshman1964c108_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhirshman1964c">Ghirshman (1964c)</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-chahin-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chahin_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chahin_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chahin, Mack (2001) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_PHoKZ6ycC&q=tresses">The Kingdom of Armenia</a>. Curzon. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700714520" title="Special:BookSources/9780700714520"><bdi>9780700714520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Armenia&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780700714520&rft.aulast=Chahin&rft.aufirst=Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR_PHoKZ6ycC%26q%3Dtresses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapalexandrou2021">Papalexandrou (2021)</a>, Fig. 3.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960320–321-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960320–321_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 322 and note 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The positioning is between the brows, yet looks to be at the top of the head, as seen on the example <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 324 provides: Plate 90, fig. 1 (adapted from GG 75). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 321: "the top-knob on the cauldron griffin is a straight-forward carryover from its oriental counterparts". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196063-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196063_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196063_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196063_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 62 and Fig. 5, griffin protome of stone, from Nimrud. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Examples of GG no. 14,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960321-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 321: "wart-like protuberances between the eyes..natural property of the lion". An example from the east is given as Fig. 10: "Lion-griffin. Middle Assyrian (after Corpus 596)". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196064-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196064_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-delaporte1920-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-delaporte1920_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-delaporte1920_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaporte1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Delaporte" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Joseph Delaporte">Delaporte, Louis-Joseph</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPpKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49">Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental : Musée du Louvre</a>. Paris: Hachette. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+des+cylindres%2C+cachets+et+pierres+grav%C3%A9es+de+style+oriental+%3A+Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Delaporte&rft.aufirst=Louis-Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPpKAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> Items S. 366 (Pl. 44, fig. 10); S. 367 (Pl. 44, fig. 11); S. 368 (Pl. 45, fig. 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6283200h/f59.item.r=lion.zoom">BnF copy</a>. The "S" indicates Susa expedition, under the direction of J. de Morgan (1897–1912). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937106_58-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937">Frankfort (1936–1937)</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granger.com/results.asp?image=0018458&screenwidth=977">Image of Persian griffin</a>. granger.com (picture). The Granger Collection. Retrieved 26 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+of+Persian+griffin&rft.pub=The+Granger+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.granger.com%2Fresults.asp%3Fimage%3D0018458%26screenwidth%3D977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937">Frankfort (1936–1937)</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-fishbane-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fishbane_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fishbane_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fishbane_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbane2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fishbane" title="Michael Fishbane">Fishbane, Michael A.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qZg42W9EFcC&pg=PA45">Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199284207" title="Special:BookSources/9780199284207"><bdi>9780199284207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Myth+and+Rabbinic+Mythmaking&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199284207&rft.aulast=Fishbane&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qZg42W9EFcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgan_seal_220-62"><a href="#cite_ref-morgan_seal_220_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themorgan.org/seals-and-tablets/83843">"Worshiper pouring libation before goddess standing on lion-griffin that draws chariot driven by weather god"</a>. Morgan Library & Museum. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morgan+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Worshiper+pouring+libation+before+goddess+standing+on+lion-griffin+that+draws+chariot+driven+by+weather+god&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themorgan.org%2Fseals-and-tablets%2F83843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Fishbane's example from early 3rd millennium BC is a four-wheeled chariot, citing Pritchard.<a href="#cite_note-fishbane-61">[50]</a> There is another four-wheeled chariot which generally match the description, held by the Morgan Library (shelfmark Morgan Seal 220), dated to between 2340 and 2150 BC.<a href="#cite_note-morgan_seal_220-62">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Frankfort's example is a two-wheeled chariot in the seal-impression image shown on Fig. 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107-60">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 324 and pl. 90, fig. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Frankfort classed it as a "winged, tailed, and taloned dragon which spat fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937107-60">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez-Mon2011320-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez-Mon2011320_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁlvarez-Mon2011320_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2011">Álvarez-Mon (2011)</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 324 and Pl. 90, Fig. 12 "Luristan lion head" (which has the beak-like feature) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960324-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960324_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Cf. <a href="#CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937">Frankfort (1936–1937)</a>, p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources". </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeva2008" class="citation web cs1">Neva, Elena (12 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725171007/http://www.artwis.com/articles/central-asian-jewelry-and-their-symbols-in-ancient-time/">"Central Asian Jewelry and their Symbols in Ancient Time"</a>. Artwis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artwis.com/articles/central-asian-jewelry-and-their-symbols-in-ancient-time/">the original</a> on 25 July 2014;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artwis&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+Jewelry+and+their+Symbols+in+Ancient+Time&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.aulast=Neva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artwis.com%2Farticles%2Fcentral-asian-jewelry-and-their-symbols-in-ancient-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> who cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugachenkova1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Galina_Pugachenkova" title="Galina Pugachenkova">Pugachenkova, G.</a> (1959). "Grifon v drevnem iskusstve central'noi Azii" <bdi lang="ru">Грифон в древнем искусстве центральной Азии</bdi> [Griffin in the ancient art of Central Asia]. Sovetskya Arheologia. 2: 70, 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sovetskya+Arheologia&rft.atitle=Grifon+v+drevnem+iskusstve+central%27noi+Azii+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=70%2C+83&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Pugachenkova&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, R.L.</a> (1973). Alexander the Great. p. 31, & notes on p. 506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=31%2C+%26+notes+on+p.-506&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greecefsp2009.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/dsc_0175.jpg">"Dartmouth College expedition to Greece"</a> (image). May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dartmouth+College+expedition+to+Greece&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreecefsp2009.files.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fdsc_0175.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 63 and Pl. 2, #3 (monochrome photograph) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Ghirshman (1958) BibO 15 p. 259, apud <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 319, note 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buffaloah.com/a/archsty/egypt/illus/illus.html#Griffin">"Griffin"</a>. Buffaloah.com. Illustrated Dictionary of Egyptian Mythology. Retrieved 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffaloah.com&rft.atitle=Griffin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuffaloah.com%2Fa%2Farchsty%2Fegypt%2Fillus%2Fillus.html%23Griffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quibell&green1902-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quibell&green1902_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quibell&green1902_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuibellGreen1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Quibell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Edward Quibell">Quibell, James Edward</a>; Green, Frederick Wastie (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TcWAAAAYAAJ&q=griffon&pg=PA41">Hierakonpolis ...: Plates of discoveries, 1898-99, with Description of the site in detail</a>. Vol. Part II. B. Quaritch. p. 41 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT8">Pl. XXVIII</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hierakonpolis+...%3A+Plates+of+discoveries%2C+1898-99%2C+with+Description+of+the+site+in+detail&rft.pages=p.+41+and+Pl.+XXVIII&rft.pub=B.+Quaritch&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Quibell&rft.aufirst=James+Edward&rft.au=Green%2C+Frederick+Wastie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TcWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dgriffon%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, pp. 184–185 and Fig 3 (detail of griffin-like beast), citing <a href="#CITEREFQuibellGreen1902">Quibell & Green (1902)</a><a href="#cite_note-quibell&green1902-79">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937">Frankfort (1936–1937)</a>, p. 110, also citing <a href="#CITEREFQuibellGreen1902">Quibell & Green (1902)</a><a href="#cite_note-quibell&green1902-79">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942184–185-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeibovitch1942184–185_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeibovitch1942">Leibovitch (1942)</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatch2012" class="citation book cs1">Patch, Diana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfkvlD4Pi20C&pg=PA140">Dawn of Egyptian Art</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300179521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300179521"><bdi>978-0300179521</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+Egyptian+Art&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0300179521&rft.aulast=Patch&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfkvlD4Pi20C%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeissier1996" class="citation book cs1">Teissier, Beatrice (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA88">Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 88–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525538920" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525538920"><bdi>978-3525538920</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Iconography+on+Syro-Palestinian+Cylinder+Seals+of+the+Middle+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=88-90&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3525538920&rft.aulast=Teissier&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiSoxUE_Vn0C%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruzBenzelEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC">Beyond Babylon: Art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C.</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC/page/n163">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588392954" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588392954"><bdi>978-1588392954</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Babylon%3A+Art%2C+trade%2C+and+diplomacy+in+the+second+millennium+B.C.&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+and+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1588392954&rft.aulast=Aruz&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Benzel%2C+Kim&rft.au=Evans%2C+Jean+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeissier1996" class="citation book cs1">Teissier, Beatrice (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiSoxUE_Vn0C&pg=PA5">Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525538920" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525538920"><bdi>978-3525538920</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Iconography+on+Syro-Palestinian+Cylinder+Seals+of+the+Middle+Bronze+Age&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3525538920&rft.aulast=Teissier&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiSoxUE_Vn0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937113-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfort1936–1937113_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937">Frankfort (1936–1937)</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson196058-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196058_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenson196058_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 326: "the griffin-headed bird appears in the orientalizing phase of seventh century B.C. Greek art". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJantzen1955-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJantzen1955_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJantzen1955">Jantzen (1955)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960319–320-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1960319–320_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, pp. 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956">Maxwell-Hyslop (1956)</a>, p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Jantzen (1951). "Die Bedeutung der Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos". Festschrift für Hans Jantzen; also <a href="#CITEREFJantzen1955">Jantzen (1955)</a> GG. Cited by <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1960">Goldman (1960)</a>, p. 319 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenson1960">Benson (1960)</a>, p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing <a href="#CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956">Maxwell-Hyslop (1956)</a>, pp. 150ff. and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Amandry" title="Pierre Amandry">Pierre Amandry</a> (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney199342_97-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161–163-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161–163_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips1955">Phillips (1955)</a>, pp. 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney1993n9-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney1993n9_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayorHeaney1993n9_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, n9. </li> <li id="cite_note-herodotus-tr-rawlinson1909-101"><a href="#cite_ref-herodotus-tr-rawlinson1909_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotusRawlinson_tr.1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N084AQAAMAAJ&q=griffins">The History of Herodotus</a>. Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">Rawlinson, George</a>. New York: Tandy-Thomas. III.16, IV.13 (pp. 146, 192).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=III.16%2C+IV.13+%28pp.+146%2C+192%29&rft.pub=Tandy-Thomas&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN084AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Herodotus III.116, IV.13.<a href="#cite_note-herodotus-tr-rawlinson1909-101">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955161_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips1955">Phillips (1955)</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-aeschylus-ed-watson1870-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aeschylus-ed-watson1870_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aeschylus-ed-watson1870_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aeschylus-ed-watson1870_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAeschylus1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (1870). <a href="/wiki/John_Selby_Watson" title="John Selby Watson">Watson, John Selby</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VX4CAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA115">Aischulou Promētheus desmōtēs. The Prometheus vinctus, from the text of Dindorf</a>. vv. 802–806, and endnotes, pp. 115–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aischulou+Prom%C4%93theus+desm%C5%8Dt%C4%93s.+The+Prometheus+vinctus%2C+from+the+text+of+Dindorf&rft.pages=vv.+802-806%2C+and+endnotes%2C+pp.+115-116&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Aeschylus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVX4CAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound vv. 805–806, and notes by Watson.<a href="#cite_note-aeschylus-ed-watson1870-104">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955163-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955163_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1955163_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips1955">Phillips (1955)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, n9, citing <a href="#CITEREFBolton1962">Bolton (1962)</a>, p. 81 and <a href="#CITEREFCostello1979">Costello (1979)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, p. 42 and n11, citing Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny-tr-bostock07.2&10.70-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pliny-tr-bostock07.2&10.70_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pliny-tr-bostock07.2&10.70_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwZAAAAYAAJ&q=Griffins&pg=PA123">The Natural History of Pliny</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Henry Thomas Riley</a>, H. G. Bohn, VII.2 (p. 123); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwZAAAAYAAJ&q=griffons&pg=PA539">X.70 (p.539)</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598910769" title="Special:BookSources/9780598910769"><bdi>9780598910769</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Pliny&rft.pages=VII.2+%28p.+123%29%3B+X.70+%28p.539%29&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1855&rft.isbn=9780598910769&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDwZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGriffins%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, pp. 40, 42 : "Pliny wrote: 'Arimaspeans... are always fighting for gold with the griffins, winged animals whose appearance is well known. The griffins toss up gold when they make their burrows.'" and n11, citing 11. Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-philostratus-i.ii.xlvii-115"><a href="#cite_ref-philostratus-i.ii.xlvii_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilostratusConybeare_tr.1912" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci4jAQAAMAAJ&q=griffins&pg=PA333">The Life of Apollonius of Tyana</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/F._C._Conybeare" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Conybeare">F. C. Conybeare</a>. W. Heinemann. 1912. volume I, book III. Chapter XLVIII, p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Apollonius+of+Tyana&rft.pages=volume+I%2C+book+III.+Chapter+XLVIII%2C+p.+333&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci4jAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffins%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As to the gold which the griffins dig up, there are rocks which are spotted with drops of gold as with sparks, which this creature can quarry because of the strength of its beak. "For these animals do exist in India" he said, "and are held in veneration as being sacred to the Sun ; and the Indian artists, when they represent the Sun, yoke four of them abreast to draw the images ; and in size and strength they resemble lions, but having this advantage over them that they have wings, they will attack them, and they get the better of elephants and of dragons. But they have no great power of flying, not more than have birds of short flight; for they are not winged as is proper with birds, but the palms of their feet are webbed with red membranes, such that they are able to revolve them, and make a flight and fight in the air; and the tiger alone is beyond their powers of attack, because in swiftness it rivals the winds".</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhilostratusConybeare_tr.1912">Philostratus & Conybeare tr. (1912)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana/vntFAQAAMAAJ?&gbpv=1&bsq=griffins&pg=PA5">vol. II, book VI.I., p. 5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And the griffins of the Indians and the ants of the Ethiopians, though they are dissimilar in form, yet, from what we hear, play similar parts; for in each country they are, according to the tales of poets, the guardians of gold, and devoted to the gold reefs of the two countries.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mela-tr-romer_1998-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mela-tr-romer_1998_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mela-tr-romer_1998_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomponius_Mela1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> (1998). Romer, Frank E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AplSod8IDcC&q=griffins&pg=PA68">Pomponius Mela's Description of the World</a>. University of Michigan Press. Book 2.1, p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472084526" title="Special:BookSources/0472084526"><bdi>0472084526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pomponius+Mela%27s+Description+of+the+World&rft.pages=Book+2.1%2C+p.+68&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0472084526&rft.au=Pomponius+Mela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AplSod8IDcC%26q%3Dgriffins%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aelian-ed-jacobs1832-119"><a href="#cite_ref-aelian-ed-jacobs1832_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudius_Aelianus1832" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> (1832), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vwOAQAAIAAJ&q=Gryphem&pg=RA1-PA53">Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii</a>, vol. 1, Impensis Friderici Frommanni, pp. 53–54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeliani+de+natura+animalium+libri+xvii&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Impensis+Friderici+Frommanni&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Claudius+Aelianus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vwOAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DGryphem%26pg%3DRA1-PA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aelian-120"><a href="#cite_ref-aelian_120-0">^</a> Aelian De natura animaliumIV , 27:"Gryphem, Indicum animal, audio similiter quadrupedem, ut leonem,.."<a href="#cite_note-aelian-ed-jacobs1832-119">[98]</a> Quoted in English translation by <a href="#CITEREFMayor2011">Mayor (2011)</a>, p. 33 and excerpted with somewhat different phrasing in <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, n14: "Aelian is the last literary text dealing with the griffin considered here; after his account,.. no new information about the gryps was added, except for 'agate eggs'" </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Cf. <a href="#CITEREFRiefstahl1956">Riefstahl (1956)</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-kuenzl-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuenzl_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuenzl_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKünzl2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C3%BCnzl" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Künzl">Künzl, Ernst</a> [in German] (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7C1WDwAAQBAJ&q=griffins&pg=PA331">"13 Life on Earth and Death from Heaven: The Golden Pectoral of the Scythian King from the Tolstaya Mogila (Ukraine)"</a>, in Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. K. (eds.), Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Image, Text and Context. Studies In Honour of Anthony Snodgrass, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 331–332, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474417105" title="Special:BookSources/9781474417105"><bdi>9781474417105</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+Life+on+Earth+and+Death+from+Heaven%3A+The+Golden+Pectoral+of+the+Scythian+King+from+the+Tolstaya+Mogila+%28Ukraine%29&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Image%2C+Text+and+Context.+Studies+In+Honour+of+Anthony+Snodgrass&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474417105&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCnzl&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7C1WDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffins%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirst-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hirst_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirst_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Mary_Hirst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Mary Hirst">Hirst, G. M.</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPlMAQAAMAAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA259">The Cults of Olbia</a>. Columbia University. pp. 259–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cults+of+Olbia&rft.pages=259-260&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPlMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2009469-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2009469_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks2009">Franks (2009)</a>, p. 469. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks2009">Franks (2009)</a>, p. 469, n56, Fig. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranks2009">Franks (2009)</a>, p. 469, n56 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum 202, red-figure cup/<a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a>, ca. 400–300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-126">[105]</a> London, British Museum E 543. red-figure <a href="/wiki/Oinochoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinochoe">oinochoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/41990">"Red-figure hydria with Apollo riding a griffin, ca. 380–360 B.C. (Object number: 2003-92)"</a>. Princeton University Art Museum. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Red-figure+hydria+with+Apollo+riding+a+griffin%2C+ca.+380%E2%80%93360+B.C.+%28Object+number%3A+2003-92%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobjects%2F41990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gualandri-130"><a href="#cite_ref-gualandri_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGualandri2020" class="citation book cs1">Gualandri, Isabella (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6QxEAAAQBAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA296">"8. Sidonius' Intersexuality"</a>. In Kelly, Gavin (ed.). Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris. Edinburgh University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474461702" title="Special:BookSources/9781474461702"><bdi>9781474461702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Sidonius%27+Intersexuality&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Companion+to+Sidonius+Apollinaris&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474461702&rft.aulast=Gualandri&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6QxEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Claudian, VI Honorii 30–31: at si Phoebus adest et frenis grypha iugalem / Riphaeo tripodas repetens detorsit ab axe.<a href="#cite_note-gualandri-130">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiefstahl19563-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiefstahl19563_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiefstahl1956">Riefstahl (1956)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-westgate-133"><a href="#cite_ref-westgate_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestgate2011" class="citation book cs1">Westgate, Ruth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EflODgAAQBAJ&q=Apollo+griffin&pg=PA298">"14. Party animals: the imagery of status, power and masculinity in Greek mosaics"</a>. In Lambert, S. D. (ed.). Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher. Classical Press of Wales. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910589212" title="Special:BookSources/9781910589212"><bdi>9781910589212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Party+animals%3A+the+imagery+of+status%2C+power+and+masculinity+in+Greek+mosaics&rft.btitle=Sociable+Man%3A+Essays+on+Ancient+Greek+Social+Behaviour+in+Honour+of+Nick+Fisher&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Classical+Press+of+Wales&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781910589212&rft.aulast=Westgate&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEflODgAAQBAJ%26q%3DApollo%2Bgriffin%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestgate2011">Westgate (2011)</a>, p. 298<a href="#cite_note-westgate-133">[112]</a> citing <a href="#CITEREFDelplace1980">Delplace (1980)</a>, pp. 372–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-herodotus-tr-rawlinson-4.152-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herodotus-tr-rawlinson-4.152_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herodotus-tr-rawlinson-4.152_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerodotusRawlinson_tr.1909">Herodotus & Rawlinson tr. (1909)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Herodotus/N084AQAAMAAJ?bsq=Argive&gbpv=1&pg=PA284">IV.152 (p. 284)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-herodotus-tr-godley-4.152-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-herodotus-tr-godley-4.152_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-herodotus-tr-godley-4.152_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotusGodley_tr.1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1921). <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Denis_Godley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denis Godley">Godley, A. D. (ed., tr.)</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bR0MAAAAIAAJ&q=argolic&pg=PA355">The History of Herodotus</a>. Vol. 2. W. Heinemann. IV.152 (2: 355). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674991309" title="Special:BookSources/9780674991309"><bdi>9780674991309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.pages=IV.152+%28%27%27%272%27%27%27%3A+355%29&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=9780674991309&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbR0MAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dargolic%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-towne1994-137"><a href="#cite_ref-towne1994_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowne1994" class="citation book cs1">Towne, Elana B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WchDAgAAQBAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA50">"13. Griffin protome"</a>. In J. Paul Getty Museum; Cleveland Museum of Art (eds.). A Passion for Antiquities: Ancient Art from the Collection of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892362233" title="Special:BookSources/9780892362233"><bdi>9780892362233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+Griffin+protome&rft.btitle=A+Passion+for+Antiquities%3A+Ancient+Art+from+the+Collection+of+Barbara+and+Lawrence+Fleischman&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780892362233&rft.aulast=Towne&rft.aufirst=Elana+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWchDAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayorHeaney1993">Mayor & Heaney (1993)</a>, n4 citing <a href="#CITEREFNigg1982">Nigg (1982)</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-albertus-ed-scanlan-140"><a href="#cite_ref-albertus-ed-scanlan_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertus_Magnus1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (1987), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOgmAAAAMAAJ&q=grifes">Man and the Beasts (De Animalibus, Books 22-26)</a>, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, p. 290, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780866980326" title="Special:BookSources/9780866980326"><bdi>9780866980326</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+the+Beasts+%28De+Animalibus%2C+Books+22-26%29&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Texts+%26+Studies&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780866980326&rft.au=Albertus+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOgmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgrifes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENigg1999144-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigg1999144_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNigg1999">Nigg (1999)</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENigg1999121-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigg1999121_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENigg1999121_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNigg1999">Nigg (1999)</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch1962122-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch1962122_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch1962">McCulloch (1962)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-brehaut-144"><a href="#cite_ref-brehaut_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore_of_Seville1912" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (1912), Brehaut, Ernest (tr.) (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBcOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA225">An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville</a>, Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences, 48, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 225</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedist+of+the+Dark+Ages%3A+Isidore+of+Seville&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Columbia+Studies+in+the+Social+Sciences%2C+48&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Isidore+of+Seville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBcOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaudrey.com/myth/griffin.htm">"Griffin"</a>@eaudrey.com </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Servius's commentary on Virgil's eighth <a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogue</a> (1. 27), accord. to <a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch1962">McCulloch (1962)</a>, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouth1987">South (1987)</a>, p. 89 citing <a href="#CITEREFCostello1979">Costello (1979)</a>, pp. 73–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-longfellow-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longfellow_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-longfellow_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K9Q-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA338">The Writings of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, with Bibliographical and Critical Notes</a>. Vol. 10. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. pp. 338, 351–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Henry+Wadsworth+Longfellow%2C+with+Bibliographical+and+Critical+Notes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=338%2C+351-352&rft.pub=Riverside+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wadsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK9Q-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858277-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington1858277_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington1858277_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington1858">Millington (1858)</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-bedingfeld-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bedingfeld_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedingfeld_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedingfeld_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedingfeld_149-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedingfeldGwynn-Jones1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bedingfeld" title="Henry Bedingfeld">Bedingfeld, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gwynn-Jones" title="Peter Gwynn-Jones">Gwynn-Jones, Peter</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiiqxdVU5T0C&q=goblets">Heraldry</a>. Wigston: Magna Books. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85422-433-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85422-433-6"><bdi>1-85422-433-6</bdi></a>. <q>Goblets in the shape of gryphon's claws or eggs were highly prized in the courts of medieval Europe, and were usually made from antelope horns and ostrich eggs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry&rft.place=Wigston&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Magna+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85422-433-6&rft.aulast=Bedingfeld&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Gwynn-Jones%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiiqxdVU5T0C%26q%3Dgoblets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–48-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–48_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, pp. 43–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–44-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202243–44_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202244_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202244_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202244_152-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202247-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202247_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202247_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202247_153-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278–279-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278–279_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington1858">Millington (1858)</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> London, Hugh Stanford (1956). Royal Beasts. p. 17 n5 apud <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards (2005)</a>, p. 225 n10 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Gerald Leigh, in his work on heraldry (1563), surmised from his claw that the original griffin must have been as "bigge as two lyons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244-152">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montague" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montague">Lady Mary Wortley Montague</a> (1716) observed a gilded "prodigious claw" referred to as a griffin's claw while touring the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244-152">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202242–43,_47–48-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202242–43,_47–48_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, pp. 42–43, 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington1858278_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington1858">Millington (1858)</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202244–45-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202244–45_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202244–45_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayor202246-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayor202246_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayor2022">Mayor (2022)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-white-162"><a href="#cite_ref-white_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">White, T. H.</a> (1992) [1954]. The Book of Beasts: Being a Translation From a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century. Stroud: Alan Sutton. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0206-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-0206-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-0206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Beasts%3A+Being+a+Translation+From+a+Latin+Bestiary+of+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-0206-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClanan2019" class="citation journal cs1">McClanan, A (2019). "Illustrious Monsters: Representations of Griffins on Byzantine Textiles". Animals in Text and Textile: Storytelling in the Medieval World, Riggisberger Berichte. 23: 133–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animals+in+Text+and+Textile%3A+Storytelling+in+the+Medieval+World%2C+Riggisberger+Berichte&rft.atitle=Illustrious+Monsters%3A+Representations+of+Griffins+on+Byzantine+Textiles&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=133-45&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=McClanan&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hand2021-164"><a href="#cite_ref-hand2021_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayland_D._Hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland D. Hand">Hand, Wayland D.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CODrDwAAQBAJ&dq=griffin+feather&pg=PA298">Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine in the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America</a>. University of California Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520306783" title="Special:BookSources/9780520306783"><bdi>9780520306783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magical+Medicine%3A+The+Folkloric+Component+of+Medicine+in+the+Folk+Belief%2C+Custom%2C+and+Ritual+of+the+Peoples+of+Europe+and+America&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780520306783&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Wayland+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCODrDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgriffin%2Bfeather%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-165"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2021" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Thomas P. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAM8AQAAIAAJ&q=griffin">"Singing Bone"</a>. The Pro/Am Book of Music and Mythology. Pro/Am Music Resources. pp. 721–723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912483511" title="Special:BookSources/9780912483511"><bdi>9780912483511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Singing+Bone&rft.btitle=The+Pro%2FAm+Book+of+Music+and+Mythology&rft.pages=721-723&rft.pub=Pro%2FAm+Music+Resources&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780912483511&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAM8AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewster-166"><a href="#cite_ref-brewster_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster1953" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, Paul G. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATRLAAAAYAAJ&q=griffins">The Two Sisters</a>. FF Communications, 147. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Sisters&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=FF+Communications%2C+147&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Academia+Scientiarum+Fennica&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATRLAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dgriffins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zipes&russo2009-167"><a href="#cite_ref-zipes&russo2009_167-0">^</a> Endnotes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIskVVNHEXoC&pg=PA869">volume 2, p. 869</a>, to : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipesRusso2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Zipes" title="Jack Zipes">Zipes, Jack</a>; Russo, Joseph, eds. (2009), "79. The King of Naples—Lu Re di Napuli", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRgjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348">The Collected Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Giuseppe Pitrè</a>, vol. 1&2, Routledge, pp. 348–349, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135861377" title="Special:BookSources/9781135861377"><bdi>9781135861377</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=79.+The+King+of+Naples%E2%80%94Lu+Re+di+Napuli&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Sicilian+Folk+and+Fairy+Tales+of+Giuseppe+Pitr%C3%A8&rft.pages=348-349&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135861377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRgjAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliver-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oliver_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oliver_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1997" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Stefan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwWY0qvXoDIC&q=lion%20eagle">Introduction to Heraldry</a>. Quantum Books. pp. 44, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861601433" title="Special:BookSources/1861601433"><bdi>1861601433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Heraldry&rft.pages=44%2C+69&rft.pub=Quantum+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1861601433&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwWY0qvXoDIC%26q%3Dlion%2520eagle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988">; Reprint: David & Charles 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-von_volborth-170"><a href="#cite_ref-von_volborth_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Volborth1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl-Alexander_von_Volborth" title="Carl-Alexander von Volborth">von Volborth, Carl-Alexander</a> (1981). Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles. Poole: New Orchard Editions. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85079-037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85079-037-2"><bdi>978-1-85079-037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+Customs%2C+Rules+and+Styles&rft.place=Poole&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=New+Orchard+Editions&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-85079-037-2&rft.aulast=von+Volborth&rft.aufirst=Carl-Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_171-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fox-Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft/page/222/mode/2up">A Complete Guide to Heraldry</a>. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack. pp. 222–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=222-224&rft.pub=T.C.+and+E.C.+Jack&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetoh00foxduoft%2Fpage%2F222%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Male griffin depicted in Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p. 222, <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">sinister</a> supporter of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick_(Ireland)" title="Earl of Carrick (Ireland)">Earl of Carrick (Ireland)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ[ames]_R[obinson]_Planché1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Planch%C3%A9" title="James Planché">J[ames] R[obinson] Planché</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planchepursuivantofarms/page/183/mode/1up">"Badges"</a>. The Pursuivant of Arms, or Heraldry Founded upon Facts. London: W. N. Wright [Bookseller to the Queen, 60, Pall Mall]. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Badges&rft.btitle=The+Pursuivant+of+Arms%2C+or+Heraldry+Founded+upon+Facts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=W.+N.+Wright+%5BBookseller+to+the+Queen%2C+60%2C+Pall+Mall%5D&rft.date=1852&rft.au=J%5Bames%5D+R%5Bobinson%5D+Planch%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanchepursuivantofarms%2Fpage%2F183%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fox-Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fox-Davies">Arthur Fox-Davies</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxduoft">A Complete Guide to Heraldry</a>, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2001" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Carol (2001). Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: an Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393322114" title="Special:BookSources/0393322114"><bdi>0393322114</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48798119">48798119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giants%2C+Monsters%2C+and+Dragons%3A+an+Encyclopedia+of+Folklore%2C+Legend%2C+and+Myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48798119&rft.isbn=0393322114&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinycomb1906" class="citation book cs1">Vinycomb, John (1906). Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art: With Special Reference to Their Use In British Heraldry. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fictitious+and+Symbolic+Creatures+in+Art%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Their+Use+In+British+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Vinycomb&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326172719/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1141&lang=en">"The griffon of Pisa"</a>. Quantara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1141&lang=en">the original</a> on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quantara&rft.atitle=The+griffon+of+Pisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1141%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Hoffman, 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040302214758/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/leisure_heritage/libraries_archives_museums_galleries/clro/pdf/cityarms.PDF">The City Arms</a>, City of London Corporation, hosted by webarchive </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_180-0">^</a> The Essential Rumi, translated from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Barks" title="Coleman Barks">Coleman Barks</a>, p 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandeville-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Mandeville_181-0">^</a> The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Chapter XXIX, Macmillan and Co. edition, 1900. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2005100-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2005100_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2005">Edwards (2005)</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mayor, Adrienne (November–December 1994). "Guardians of The Gold". 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Golden Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Ancient+Iran%3A+From+Its+Origins+to+the+Time+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pub=Golden+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ghirshman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFgkAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Goldman" title="Bernard Goldman">Goldman, Bernard</a> (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F501330">10.2307/501330</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/501330">501330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Lion-Griffin&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-328&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F501330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F501330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Jantzen" class="extiw" title="de:Ulf Jantzen">Jantzen, Ulf</a> [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechische+Greifenkessel&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jantzen&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>), abbreviated GG.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibovitch1942" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leibovitch, J. (1942). "Quelques éléments de la décoration égyptienne sous le Nouvel Empire : Le Griffon". Bulletin de l'institut d'Égypte (in French). 25: 183–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27institut+d%27%C3%89gypte&rft.atitle=Quelques+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+de+la+d%C3%A9coration+%C3%A9gyptienne+sous+le+Nouvel+Empire+%3A+Le+Griffon&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=183-203&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Leibovitch&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maxwell-Hyslop" title="Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop">Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R.</a> (Autumn 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgrKlM3XWpkC&q=griffin">"Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs"</a>. Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4199609">10.2307/4199609</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/419960">419960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163723570">163723570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=Urartian+Bronzes+in+Etruscan+Tombs&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150-167&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163723570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F419960%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4199609&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Hyslop&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgrKlM3XWpkC%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2011) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmCLOcvMnqwC&q=griffin">The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691150130"><bdi>978-0691150130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fossil+Hunters%3A+Dinosaurs%2C+Mammoths%2C+and+Myth+in+Greek+and+Roman+Times&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691150130&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmCLOcvMnqwC%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayorHeaney1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a>; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1993.9715853">10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260795">1260795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Griffins+and+Arimaspeans&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=40-66&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1993.9715853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft.au=Heaney%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Mayor, Adrienne</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQpUEAAAQBAJ&q=griffin&pg=PA46">Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691211183" title="Special:BookSources/0691211183"><bdi>0691211183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Snakes+and+Griffin+Claws&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=0691211183&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQpUEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch1962" class="citation book cs1">McCulloch, Florence (1962) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJzfAAAAMAAJ&q=griffin">Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries</a>. North Carolina Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures 33 (revised ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807890332" title="Special:BookSources/9780807890332"><bdi>9780807890332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Latin+and+French+Bestiaries&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.series=North+Carolina+Studies+in+Romance+Languages+and+Literatures+33&rft.pages=122-123&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780807890332&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJzfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"> [ Reprint], C. N. Potter, 1976</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington1858" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Ellen J. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPRsAAAAMAAJ">Heraldry in History, Poetry, and Romance</a>. Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry+in+History%2C+Poetry%2C+and+Romance&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPRsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigg1982" class="citation book cs1">Nigg, Joe (1982). The Book of Gryphons: A History of the Most Majestic of All Mythical Creatures. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Applewood_Books" title="Applewood Books">Applewood Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0918222374" title="Special:BookSources/978-0918222374"><bdi>978-0918222374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Gryphons%3A+A+History+of+the+Most+Majestic+of+All+Mythical+Creatures&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Applewood+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0918222374&rft.aulast=Nigg&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigg1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qonfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Christian+allegory%22+griffin">The Book of Fabulous Beasts: A Treasury of Writings from Ancient Times to the Present</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195095616" title="Special:BookSources/9780195095616"><bdi>9780195095616</bdi></a>. <q>Isidore's entries contain traditional folkloric material, but without Christian allegory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Fabulous+Beasts%3A+A+Treasury+of+Writings+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195095616&rft.aulast=Nigg&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqonfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Christian%2Ballegory%2522%2Bgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapalexandrou2021" class="citation book cs1">Papalexandrou, Nassos (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNgkEAAAQBAJ&q=griffin">Bronze Monsters and the Cultures of Wonder: Griffin Cauldrons in the Preclassical Mediterranean</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477323632" title="Special:BookSources/9781477323632"><bdi>9781477323632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Monsters+and+the+Cultures+of+Wonder%3A+Griffin+Cauldrons+in+the+Preclassical+Mediterranean&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781477323632&rft.aulast=Papalexandrou&rft.aufirst=Nassos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNgkEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1955" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3248792">10.2307/3248792</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248792">3248792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Aristeas%3A+Fact+and+Fancy+in+Early+Greek+Notions+of+East+Russia%2C+Siberia%2C+and+Inner+Asia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3248792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3248792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiefstahl1956" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Titzel_Riefstahl" title="Elizabeth Titzel Riefstahl">Riefstahl, Elizabeth</a> (Spring 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jFvVAAAAIAAJ&q=Griffin">"Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate"</a>. Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26458409">26458409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Nemesis+and+the+Wheel+of+Fate&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26458409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Riefstahl&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjFvVAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DGriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth1987" class="citation book cs1">South, Malcolm (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2o3fAAAAMAAJ&q=griffin">Mythical and Fabulous Creatures: A Source Book and Research</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313243387" title="Special:BookSources/9780313243387"><bdi>9780313243387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythical+and+Fabulous+Creatures%3A+A+Source+Book+and+Research&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780313243387&rft.aulast=South&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2o3fAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgriffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaheri2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taheri, Sadreddin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfava.ut.ac.ir/article_30063_5abcc4dbcc0615f8499fb069c0ffb4a7.pdf?lang=en">"Gopat and Shirdal in the Ancient Middle East"</a> (PDF). Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi <bdi lang="ar">نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی</bdi> (in Persian). 17 (4): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22059%2Fjfava.2013.30063">10.22059/jfava.2013.30063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba%3A+Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi&rft.atitle=Gopat+and+Shirdal+in+the+Ancient+Middle+East&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22059%2Fjfava.2013.30063&rft.aulast=Taheri&rft.aufirst=Sadreddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfava.ut.ac.ir%2Farticle_30063_5abcc4dbcc0615f8499fb069c0ffb4a7.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Bisi" title="Anna Maria Bisi">Bisi, Anna Maria</a>, Il grifone: Storia di un motivo iconografico nell'antico Oriente mediterraneo. Rome: Centro di studi semitici, Istituto di studi del Vicino Oriente, <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_Universit%C3%A0_di_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapienza Università di Roma">Sapienza Università di Roma</a>, 1965.</li> <li>McClallen, Anne L. Griffinology: The Griffin’s Place in Myth, History and Art. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktion">Reaktion</a>, 2024.</li> <li>Wild, Friedrich. Gryps-Greif-Gryphon (Griffon). Eine sprach-, kultur- und stoffgeschichtliche Studie Wien: Herman Böhlaus, 1963. (Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungberichte, 241).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Griffins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Griffins">Griffins</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/griffin-bones">Griffin bones</a> at amnh.org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Griffin">"Griffin" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Griffin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=195&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gryphonpages.com/">The Gryphon Pages</a>, a repository of griffin lore and information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast151.htm">The Medieval Bestiary: Griffin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griffinfantasy.com/four-footed-winged-raptors-gryphons-of-greece-europe-and-the-near-east1.html">Four Footed Winged Raptors Gryphons of Greece, Europe and the Near East</a>, source texts in Greek, Hebrew, and Old English, with new English translations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupt2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Haupt, Ryan</a> (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4442">"Skeptoid #442: Griffins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23442%3A+Griffins&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGriffin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>   <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li>   <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare metals1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare colours1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;">  <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realistic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130223#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4158130-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057343">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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205.000 35 Template:Refn"," 7.50% 166.583 1 Template:Heraldic_creatures"," 5.80% 128.762 3 Template:Langx"," 5.03% 111.777 14 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.322","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18336173,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAeschylus1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbertus_Magnus1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAruzBenzelEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsadiDarvishi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaynesSmith1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedingfeldGwynn-Jones1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBement1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewster1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaudius_Aelianus1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostello1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelaporte1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelplace1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishbane2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankfort1936–1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFélix_Gaffiot1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhirshman1964c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithNewberry1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGualandri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHand2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenning1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotusGodley_tr.1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotusRawlinson_tr.1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsidore_of_Seville1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsidore_of_Seville2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ\u0026#91;ames\u0026#93;_R\u0026#91;obinson\u0026#93;_Planché1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJantzen1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiperwasserShapira2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKünzl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibovitch1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinskij2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvinskijPičikian1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongfellow1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxwell-Hyslop1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayorHeaney1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClanan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCulloch1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillington1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigg1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNigg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapalexandrou2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilostratusConybeare_tr.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPomponius_Mela1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugachenkova1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuibellGreen1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiefstahl1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Edward_LathamDavid_Robert_HowlettRichard_Ashdowne1975–2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouth1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaheri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeissier1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTowne1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinycomb1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestgate2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittonHing2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZipesRusso2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Volborth1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Additional citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 17,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 12,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 58,\n [\"Heraldic creatures\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 6,\n [\"L\u0026S\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 35,\n [\"Right\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 73,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Skeptoid\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"URL\"] = 6,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","19.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","12.1"],["recursiveClone 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