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href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Healthcare in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png/330px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png/440px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy at birth</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Health in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b> was impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan War">Balkan War</a> of the early 1990s, during which Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their independence. Bosnia faced many challenges during the war, including bombings throughout the country that ruined much of the infrastructure. Parallel regimes took over Bosnia and flipped the country upside down with land mines, bullets, and bombings. The war displaced over 800,000 refugees and killed over 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war in Bosnia also consisted of an ethnic "cleanse" of Bosnian Muslims initiated by Bosnian Serbs, which included containment of Bosniaks in concentration camps. The war ended with NATO involvement and the Dayton Agreement in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dayton Agreement acknowledges Bosnia and Herzegovina as a democratic country and the country is moving toward the basic principals that accompany that, such as civil rights and equality. During the war there was minimal attention given to the standard of health and major public health concerns, such as pest control, hygiene, disinfection, and import and export programs, were all interrupted or stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war affected Bosnia in many ways. The war torn country not only lost much of the infrastructure, but the economy and the governmental system were also affected. It is estimated that there are still thousands of people living as refugees and a large portion of the population still fall under the United Nations High Commission of Refugees category of a refugee or displaced person.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Care_Systems_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortcomings of the current health care system include the lack of communication between health care centers, lack of skills, and lack of standards that are uniform throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Bosnia and Herzegovina is fulfilling 70.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Bosnia and Herzegovina achieves 99.6% of what is expected based on its current income.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 95.6% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosnia and Herzegovina falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 15.0% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war has resulted in lower socioeconomic statuses of Bosnia's citizens, raised new health concerns, caused epidemiological changes, and changed the focus of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the environmental factors that have had an effect on health include limited trash disposal sites, water shortages, and infrastructure destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking is a large problem, as well as increased drug and alcohol use after the war. <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">Posttraumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), as well as other psychological traumas, have appeared in high numbers after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war in Bosnia was different from other modern day wars in terms of the leading cause of death. It is usually the case that the leading cause of death for civilians is the outbreak of infectious disease, but in Bosnia and Herzegovina the leading cause of death was war-related trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunitz,_Stephen_1904_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunitz,_Stephen_1904-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 it was estimated that 12.01% of the population has diabetes, costing about $523 per person per year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had the fourth highest rate of male smokers in Europe - 47%.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_traumas_and_disorders">Psychological traumas and disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychological traumas and disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war resulted in increased numbers of psychological traumas and disorders. These can cause the individual to face problems in the workforce as well as their personal and family life, and can even lead to suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently in Bosnia the psychiatric and neurologic departments are just one department, with no differentiation between the two. This can cause issues to arise between patients as well as a lack of specialization when it comes to treatment. <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">Posttraumatic stress disorder</a> is a rising disorder for the post-war country, yet there is very little treatment or focus on the disease. Most of the treatment is done through Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), who will eventually leave Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunitz,_Stephen_1904_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunitz,_Stephen_1904-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the issues that Bosnia is currently facing in terms of bettering their health care system in order to address the rising health concerns includes the fact that there is not enough technical infrastructure and management capacity to cause change in the short term. There is also a weak regulatory process as well as a lack of communication between local and central levels of the health care system. The country is also still receiving aid from international sources that also lack coordination between international and local services and care; the two sources don't function as one but as two separate providers of care.<sup id="cite_ref-Cain_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some experts programs initiated by NGOs, United Nations, and NATO, to name a few, focused more so on long-term effects instead of focusing on long-term as well as short-term reforms. In many places programs focused on academic settings, for the betterment of medical knowledge and schools, before the people had access to basic public health needs, such as clean water.<sup id="cite_ref-Simunovic,_Vladimir_J_2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simunovic,_Vladimir_J_2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms_and_programs">Reforms and programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reforms and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federation Health Program of 1994 was implemented as part of the reform process. This included a set of proposals by the Ministry of Health and created two new laws, the Law on Health Care and the Law on Health Insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Care_Systems_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Law on Health Care focuses on the delivery of services and the family medicine model. The Law on Health Insurance insures each person receives a basic health care package regardless of income and resources available.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_Care_Systems_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A program launched by the National Research Council, called "Trauma and Reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina", focused on conducting research while including cross-cultural experience for American and Bosnian experts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program organized meetings with professionals from a variety of organizations, including NGOs, children's homes, and women's organizations to gain a local perspective on what should be done to help address the rising health issues due to war caused trauma. They concluded that around 18%-38% of residents suffered from PTSD during or after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Simunovic,_Vladimir_J_2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simunovic,_Vladimir_J_2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other programs, such as those organized by Doctor's without Borders, Harvard Trauma Program for Refugees, and the International Center for Psychosocial Trauma by the University of Missouri-Columbia were all launched with an aim to help provide further education for family doctors when it came to trauma and psychological issues.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) also led a program, "Mental Health", to help address the trauma issues that this vulnerable population might face.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzegovina_2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzegovina_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program addresses the problem by providing financial support for other projects and reforms taking place, providing additional training for experts, and helping to address the stigma in the public associated with mental health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzegovina_2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzegovina_2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Mental Health" program includes over 55 municipalities throughout Bosnia and focuses on helping fight the negative stigma associated with mental health and urges the people to seek for help.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bosnia-Herzegovina." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 09 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cain-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain, J. et al. In Cain, J. and Jakubowski, E., eds. Health care systems in transition: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Copenhagen, European Observatory on Health Care Systems, 4(7) (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Health_Care_Systems_2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Health_Care_Systems_2002_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain, J. et al. In Cain, J. and Jakubowski, E., eds. Health care systems in transition: Bosnia and Herzegovina. 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Web. 9 May 2014. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina/bosnia_herzegovina_strategic_plan_for_health_care_development_2008-2018.pdf">http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina/bosnia_herzegovina_strategic_plan_for_health_care_development_2008-2018.pdf</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cain, J. et al. In Cain, J. and Jakubowski, E., eds. Health care systems in transition: Bosnia and Herzegovina. 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"Health Care in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before, During, and after 1992–1995 War: A Personal Testimony." Conflict and Health. BioMed, 2007. Web. 9 May 2014.</li> <li>Nelson, Briana S.(2003) 'Post-War Trauma and Reconciliation in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Observations,</li></ul> <p>Experiences, and Implications for Marriage and Family Therapy', The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31: 4, 305 — 316 </p> <ul><li>Avdibegović, E., M. Hasanović, Z. Selimbasic, I. Pajevic, and O. Sinanovic. "Result FiMental Health Care of Psychotraumatized Persons in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina--experiences from Tuzla Canton." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2008. Web. 11 May 2014.</li> <li>"Support for the Mental Health System in Bosnia and Herzegovina: SDC and Four Cantons Sign an Agreement." SDC - Close-up. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, 2011. Web. 11 May 2014.</li> <li>SDC. "Health Care in Local Community in Compliance with European Standards." SDC Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mental Health. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, 2009. 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style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Albania" title="Health in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Andorra" title="Health in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Austria" title="Health in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Azerbaijan" title="Health in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belarus" title="Health in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Belgium" title="Health in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Health in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Denmark" title="Health in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Estonia" title="Health in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Finland" title="Health in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Germany" title="Health in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Greece" title="Health in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iceland" title="Health in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Health in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lithuania" title="Health in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Luxembourg" title="Health in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malta" title="Health in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Monaco" title="Health in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Montenegro" title="Health in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Netherlands" title="Health in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Poland" title="Health in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Romania" title="Health in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_San_Marino" title="Health in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Serbia" title="Health in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Slovakia" title="Health in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Slovenia" title="Health in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Spain" title="Health in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sweden" title="Health in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Turkey" title="Health in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ukraine" title="Health in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Health in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guernsey" title="Health in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Health in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Jersey" title="Health in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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