Introduction to fetch() | Articles

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<devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Introduction to fetch() </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> Stay organized with collections Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <div class="wd-authors" translate="no"> <div class="wd-author"> <div> Matt Gaunt <div class="wd-author__links"> <a href="https://twitter.com/gauntface" aria-label="Matt Gaunt on X" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 300 271"> <title>X</title> <path fill="currentColor" d="m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z"></path> </svg></a> <a href="https://gauntface.com/blog" aria-label="Matt Gaunt's homepage" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 30 30"> <title>Homepage</title> <circle cx="14.5" cy="14.5" r="13.5" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" /> <ellipse cx="14.5" cy="14.5" rx="6.1" ry="13.5" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" /> <path d="M1.6 9.6h25.8M1.6 19.4h25.8" stroke-width="2" stroke-miterlimit="10" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" /> </svg></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> lets you make network requests similar to XMLHttpRequest (XHR). 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99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E" > 10.1 </li> </ul> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Window/fetch">Source</a> </div> If you've never used <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise">Promises</a> before, check out <a href="/articles/promises">Introduction to JavaScript Promises</a>. <h2 id="basic-request" data-text="Basic Fetch Request" tabindex="-1">Basic Fetch Request</h2> Here's an example implemented with an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">XMLHttpRequest</code> and then with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch</code>. We want to request a URL, get a response, and parse it as JSON. <h3 id="basic-xhr" data-text="XMLHttpRequest" tabindex="-1">XMLHttpRequest</h3> An <code translate="no" dir="ltr">XMLHttpRequest</code> needs two listeners to handle the success and error cases, and a call to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">open()</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">send()</code>. <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest/Using_XMLHttpRequest">Example from MDN docs</a>. <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">function reqListener () { const data = JSON.parse(this.responseText); console.log(data); } function reqError (err) { console.log('Fetch Error :-S', err); } const oReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); oReq.onload = reqListener; oReq.onerror = reqError; oReq.open('get', './api/some.json', true); oReq.send(); </code></pre></devsite-code> <h3 id="basic-fetch" data-text="Fetch" tabindex="-1">Fetch</h3> Our fetch request looks like this: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch('./api/some.json') .then(response => { if (response.status !== 200) { console.log(`Looks like there was a problem. Status Code: ${response.status}`); return; } // Examine the text in the response response.json().then(function(data) { console.log(data); }); }) .catch(err => { console.log('Fetch Error :-S', err); }); </code></pre></devsite-code> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> request needs only one call to do the same work as the XHR example. To process the response, we first check that the response status is 200, then parse the response as JSON. The response to a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> request is a <a href="https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/">Stream</a> object, which means that after we call the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">json()</code> method, a Promise is returned. The stream occurs asynchronously. <h2 id="response-metadata" data-text="Response Metadata" tabindex="-1">Response Metadata</h2> The previous example showed the status of the <a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#responses">Response</a> object, and how to parse the response as JSON. Here's how to handle other metadata you might want to access, like headers: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch('users.json').then(response => { console.log(response.headers.get('Content-Type')); console.log(response.headers.get('Date')); console.log(response.status); console.log(response.statusText); console.log(response.type); console.log(response.url); }); </code></pre></devsite-code> <h2 id="response-types" data-text="Response Types" tabindex="-1">Response Types</h2> When we make a fetch request, the response will be given a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">response.type</code> of "<a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-basic"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">basic</code></a>", "<a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-cors"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">cors</code></a>" or "<a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-filtered-response-opaque"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">opaque</code></a>". These <code translate="no" dir="ltr">types</code> show where the resource has come from, and you can use them to determine how to treat the response object. When the browser requests a resource on the same origin, the response has a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">basic</code> type with restrictions on what you can view from the response. If a request is made for a resource on another origin, and that origin returns <a href="https://enable-cors.org/">CORs headers</a>, then the type is <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cors</code>. <code translate="no" dir="ltr">cors</code> responses are similar to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">basic</code> responses, but they restrict the headers you can view to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Cache-Control</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Content-Language</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Content-Type</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Expires</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Last-Modified</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Pragma</code>. <code translate="no" dir="ltr">opaque</code> responses come from a different origin that doesn't return CORS headers. With an opaque response we won't be able to read the data returned or view the status of the request, meaning you can't check whether the request was successful. You can define a mode for a fetch request so that only certain request types resolve. The modes you can set are as follows: <ul> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">same-origin</code> only succeeds for requests for assets on the same origin, and rejects all other requests.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">cors</code> allows requests for assets on the same origin and other origins that return the appropriate CORs headers.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">cors-with-forced-preflight</code> performs a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#Preflighted_requests">preflight check</a> before making any request.</li> <li><code translate="no" dir="ltr">no-cors</code> is intended to make requests to other origins that don't have CORS headers and result in an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">opaque</code> response, but as stated , this isn't possible in the window global scope at the moment. </li> </ul> To define the mode, add an options object as the second parameter in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch</code> request and define the mode in that object: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch('http://some-site.com/cors-enabled/some.json', {mode: 'cors'}) .then(response => response.text()) .then(text => { console.log('Request successful', text); }) .catch(error => { log('Request failed', error) }); </code></pre></devsite-code> <h2 id="promise-chaining" data-text="Promise chaining" tabindex="-1">Promise chaining</h2> One of the great features of promises is the ability to chain them together. For <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code>, this lets you share logic across fetch requests. If you're working with a JSON API, you need to check the status and parse the JSON for each response. You can simplify your code by defining the status and JSON parsing in separate functions that return promises, and use the fetch request to handle only the final data and the error case. <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">function status (response) { if (response.status >= 200 && response.status < 300) { return Promise.resolve(response) } else { return Promise.reject(new Error(response.statusText)) } } function json (response) { return response.json() } fetch('users.json') .then(status) .then(json) .then(data => { console.log('Request succeeded with JSON response', data); }).catch(error => { console.log('Request failed', error); }); </code></pre></devsite-code> This example defines a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">status</code> function that checks the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">response.status</code> and returns either a resolved Promise as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/resolve"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Promise.resolve()</code></a>, or a rejected Promise as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise/reject"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Promise.reject()</code></a>. This is the first method called in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> chain. If the Promise resolves, the script then calls the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">json()</code> method, which returns a second Promise from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">response.json()</code> call and creates an object containing the parsed JSON. If the parsing fails, the Promise is rejected and the catch statement executes. This structure lets you share the logic across all your fetch requests, making code easier to maintain, read and test. <h2 id="post-request" data-text="POST Request" tabindex="-1">POST Request</h2> Sometimes a web app needs to call an API with a POST method and include some parameters in the body of the request. To do this, set the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">method</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">body</code> parameters in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> options: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch(url, { method: 'post', headers: { "Content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8" }, body: 'foo=bar&lorem=ipsum' }) .then(json) .then(data => { console.log('Request succeeded with JSON response', data); }) .catch(error => { console.log('Request failed', error); }); </code></pre></devsite-code> <h2 id="credentials" data-text="Send credentials with a fetch request" tabindex="-1">Send credentials with a fetch request</h2> To make a fetch request with credentials such as cookies, set the request's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">credentials</code> value to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">"include"</code>: <div></div><devsite-code><pre class="devsite-click-to-copy" translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded syntax="JavaScript"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch(url, { credentials: 'include' }) </code></pre></devsite-code> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. 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