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id="toc-Preamble_and_Part_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_II:_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_II:_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Part II: Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_II:_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_III:_Executive_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_III:_Executive_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Part III: Executive Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_III:_Executive_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IV:_Legislative_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IV:_Legislative_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Part IV: Legislative Power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_IV:_Legislative_Power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part IV: Legislative Power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_IV:_Legislative_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>House of Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Money_votes_and_royal_assent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money_votes_and_royal_assent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Money votes and royal assent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money_votes_and_royal_assent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_V:_Provincial_Constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_V:_Provincial_Constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Part V: Provincial Constitutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_V:_Provincial_Constitutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part V: Provincial Constitutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_V:_Provincial_Constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Executive power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Legislative power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ontario_and_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario_and_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Ontario and Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario_and_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_Scotia_and_New_Brunswick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Scotia_and_New_Brunswick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Nova Scotia and New Brunswick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Scotia_and_New_Brunswick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VI:_Division_of_Powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VI:_Division_of_Powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Part VI: Division of Powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_VI:_Division_of_Powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part VI: Division of Powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_VI:_Division_of_Powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace,_order_and_good_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace,_order_and_good_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Peace, order and good government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace,_order_and_good_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Nations,_Inuit_and_Métis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Nations,_Inuit_and_Métis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>First Nations, Inuit and Métis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Nations,_Inuit_and_Métis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Criminal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_and_civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_and_civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Property and civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_and_civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_undertakings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_undertakings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Works and undertakings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_and_undertakings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_(Sections_93_and_93A)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_(Sections_93_and_93A)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Education (Sections 93 and 93A)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_(Sections_93_and_93A)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_94" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_94"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Section 94</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_94-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Age_Pensions_(Section_94A)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Age_Pensions_(Section_94A)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Old Age Pensions (Section 94A)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Age_Pensions_(Section_94A)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_Immigration_(Section_95)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_Immigration_(Section_95)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Agriculture and Immigration (Section 95)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_Immigration_(Section_95)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VII:_Judicature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VII:_Judicature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Part VII: Judicature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Part_VII:_Judicature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Part VII: Judicature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Part_VII:_Judicature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament's_power_to_create_federal_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament's_power_to_create_federal_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Parliament's power to create federal courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament's_power_to_create_federal_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_power_to_create_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_power_to_create_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Provincial power to create courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_power_to_create_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_96_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_96_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Section 96 courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_96_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Constitutional jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_VIII:_Revenues;_debts,_assets;_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_VIII:_Revenues;_debts,_assets;_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Part VIII: Revenues; debts, assets; taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_VIII:_Revenues;_debts,_assets;_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_IX:_Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_IX:_Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Part IX: Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_IX:_Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_X:_Admission_of_Other_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_X:_Admission_of_Other_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Part X: Admission of Other Colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_X:_Admission_of_Other_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_bill_of_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_bill_of_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Small bill of rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Small_bill_of_rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Small bill of rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Small_bill_of_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Language rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Canada Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Constitution Act, 1867</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Konstitusiya_Akt%C4%B1" title="1867 Konstitusiya Aktı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1867 Konstitusiya Aktı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_1867_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Канстытуцыйны акт 1867 года – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыйны акт 1867 года" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_1867_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Канстытуцыйны акт 1867 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канстытуцыйны акт 1867 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kon_o_Britsk%C3%A9_Severn%C3%AD_Americe" title="Zákon o Britské Severní Americe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zákon o Britské Severní Americe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassungsgesetz_von_1867" title="Verfassungsgesetz von 1867 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassungsgesetz von 1867" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akto_pri_Brita_Nordameriko" title="Akto pri Brita Nordameriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akto pri Brita Nordameriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B7)" title="مصوبه قانون اساسی کانادا (۱۸۶۷) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصوبه قانون اساسی کانادا (۱۸۶۷)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_constitutionnelle_de_1867" title="Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi constitutionnelle de 1867" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867%EB%85%84_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EB%A0%B9_%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EB%B2%95" title="1867년 영국령 북아메리카 법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1867년 영국령 북아메리카 법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_costituzionale_del_1867" title="Legge costituzionale del 1867 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge costituzionale del 1867" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Constitution Act, 1867" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_constitucional_de_1867" title="Lei constitucional de 1867 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei constitucional de 1867" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_1867_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Конституционный акт 1867 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституционный акт 1867 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_(1867)" title="Уставни закон Канаде (1867) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уставни закон Канаде (1867)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Constitution Act, 1867" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Kuzey_Amerika_Yasas%C4%B1" title="İngiliz Kuzey Amerika Yasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz Kuzey Amerika Yasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_1867_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Конституційний акт 1867 року – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституційний акт 1867 року" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="1867年憲法法令 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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for the amendments to this act after 1867, see <a href="/wiki/BNA_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="BNA Acts">BNA Acts</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Primary constitutional document of Canada</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Special:EditPage/Constitution Act, 1867">improve this 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22">"Constitution Act, 1867"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitution+Act%2C+1867%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">British North America Act 1867<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof; and for Purposes connected therewith.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/30_%26_31_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="30 & 31 Vict.">30 & 31 Vict.</a> c. 3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">1 July 1867</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relates to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act 1982</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/30-31/3/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:135%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act (1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union (1840)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution Act (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act" title="Supreme Court Act">Supreme Court Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1886" title="Constitution Act, 1886">Constitution Act (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts (1867–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">Implied bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to the Throne Act 1937">Succession to the Throne Act (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Act_1982" title="Canada Act 1982">Canada Act (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_2013" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 2013">Succession to the Throne Act, 2013</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">Document list</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a 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talk:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutional history of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Constitution Act, 1867</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Loi constitutionnelle de 1867</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Act,_1867_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Act,_1867-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally enacted as the <i><b>British North America Act, 1867</b></i> (<b>BNA Act</b>), is a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>. The act created a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> and defines much of the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">federal structure</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">justice system</a>, and the taxation system. In 1982, with the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> of the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a> which were originally enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>, including this Act, were renamed. However, the acts are still known by their original names in records of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Act,_1867_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Act,_1867-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long title is "An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government Thereof; and for Purposes Connected Therewith." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preamble_and_Part_I">Preamble and Part I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preamble and Part I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_North_America_Act,_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg/170px-British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg/255px-British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg/340px-British_North_America_Act%2C_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Front page of a copy of the act from 1867</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867</a></div> <p>The act begins with a <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> declaring that the three provinces <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (which later became <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) have requested to form "one <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a>...with a Constitution similar in Principle to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">that of the United Kingdom</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-justice1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hogg" title="Peter Hogg">Peter Hogg</a> wrote in <i>Constitutional Law of Canada</i>, some have argued that, since the United Kingdom had some <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> in 1867, the preamble extended this right to Canada even before the enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> in 1982; this was a supposed basis for the <a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Broadcasting_Co._v._Nova_Scotia_(Speaker_of_the_House_of_Assembly)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)">New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the leading Canadian case on parliamentary privilege, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> grounded its 1993 decision on the preamble. Moreover, since the UK had a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>, the Supreme Court ruled in the <i><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Judges_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Judges Reference">Provincial Judges Reference</a></i> of 1997 that the preamble shows judicial independence in Canada is constitutionally guaranteed. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rand_Dyck" title="Rand Dyck">Rand Dyck</a> criticized the preamble in 2000, saying it was "seriously out of date". He claimed the act "lacks an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inspiration" class="extiw" title="wikt:inspiration">inspirational</a> introduction".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preamble to the act is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a></i> also has a <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">preamble</a>. </p><p>Part I consists of just one extant section. <a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 1 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 1</a> gives the <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> of the act as <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>. <a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 2</a>, repealed in 1893, originally stated that all references to the Queen (then <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>) equally apply to all her heirs and successors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_II:_Union">Part II: Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Part II: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a></div> <p>The act established the Dominion of Canada by uniting the North American British "Provinces" (colonies) of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Section 3 established that the union would take effect within six months of passage of the act and Section 4 confirmed "Canada" as the name of the country (and the word "Canada" in the rest of the act refers to the new federation and not the old province). </p><p>Section 5 listed the four provinces of the new federation. Those were formed by dividing the former Province of Canada into two: its two subdivisions, <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, renamed <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, respectively, become full provinces in Section 6. Section 7 confirmed that the boundaries of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are not changed. And Section 8 provided that a <a href="/wiki/Canada_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Census">national census</a> of all provinces must be held every ten years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_III:_Executive_Power">Part III: Executive Power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Part III: Executive Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 9 confirms that all executive authority "of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the Queen</a>". In section 10, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_government" title="Administrator of the government">administrator of the government</a>, is designated as "carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen". Section 11 creates the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>. Section 12 states that the statutory powers of the executives of the former provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick continue to exist, until modified by subsequent legislation. To the extent those pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within provincial jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a> of the provinces, either alone or by the advice of the provincial executive councils. To the extent the pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within federal jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the Governor General, either with the advice of the Privy Council or alone. Section 13 defines the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_in_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General in Council">Governor General in Council</a> as the governor general acting with the advice of the Privy Council. Section 14 allows the Governor General to appoint deputies to exercise their powers in various parts of Canada. The Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces in Canada continues to be vested in the King under Section 15. Section 16 declares Ottawa to be the seat of government for Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_IV:_Legislative_Power">Part IV: Legislative Power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Part IV: Legislative Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the King</a> and two chambers (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>), as created by section 17. Section 18 defines its powers and privileges as being no greater than those of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British parliament</a>. Section 19 states that Parliament's first session must begin six months after the passage of the act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a></div> <p>The Senate has 105 senators (Section 21), most of whom represent (Section 22) one of four equal divisions: Ontario, Quebec, the <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">Maritime Provinces</a> and the Western Provinces (at the time of the Union, there were 72 senators). Section 23 lays out the qualifications to become a senator. Senators are appointed by the governor general under Section 24 (which until the 1929 judicial decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Edwards v Canada (AG)">Edwards v Canada (AG)</a></i> was interpreted as excluding women), and the first group of senators was proclaimed under section 25. Section 26 allows <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> to add four or eight senators at a time to the Senate, divided among the divisions, but according to section 27 no more senators can then be appointed until, by death or retirement, the number of senators drops below the regular limit of 24 per division. The maximum number of senators was set at 113, in Section 28. Senators are appointed for life (meaning until age 75 since 1965), under Section 29, though they can resign under Section 30 and can be removed under the terms of section 31, in which case the vacancy can be filled by the governor general (Section 32). Section 33 gives the Senate the power to rule on its own disputes over eligibility and vacancy. The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">speaker of the Senate</a> is appointed and dismissed by governor general under Section 34. Quorum for the Senate is (initially) set at 15 senators by Section 35, and voting procedures are set by Section 36. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Commons">House of Commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a></div> <p>The composition of the Commons, under Section 37, consists of 308 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_MP" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian MP">members</a>: 106 for Ontario, 75 for Quebec, 11 for Nova Scotia, 10 for New Brunswick, 14 for Manitoba, 36 for British Columbia, 4 for Prince Edward Island, 28 for Alberta, 14 for Saskatchewan, 7 for Newfoundland and Labrador, 1 for Yukon, 1 for the Northwest Territories, and 1 for Nunavut. The House is summoned by the governor general under Section 38. Section 39 forbids senators to sit in the Commons. Section 41 divides the provinces in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral districts</a> and Section 41 continues electoral laws and voting qualifications of the time, subject to revision. Section 44 allows the house to elect its own speaker and allows the House to replace the speaker in the case of death (Section 45) or prolonged absence (47). A speaker is required to preside at all sittings of the House (46). Quorum for the house is set at 20 members, including the speaker by Section 48. Section 49 says that the speaker cannot vote except in the case of a tied vote. The maximum term for a house is five years between elections under Section 50. Section 51 sets out the rules by which Commons seats are to be redistributed following censuses, allowing for more seats to be added by section 52. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money_votes_and_royal_assent">Money votes and royal assent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Money votes and royal assent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Money_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Money bills">Money bills</a>" (dealing with taxes or appropriation of funds) must originate in the Commons under Section 53 and must be proposed by the governor general (i.e. the government) under section 54. Sections 55, 56, and 57 allow the governor general to assent to in the Queen's name, withhold assent to or <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">"reserve"</a> for the "signification of the Queen's pleasure" any bill passed by both houses. Within two years of the governor general's <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to a bill, the Queen-in-Council may <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">disallow</a> the act; and within two years of the governor general's reservation, the Queen-in-Council may assent to the bill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_V:_Provincial_Constitutions">Part V: Provincial Constitutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Part V: Provincial Constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic governing structures of the provinces are laid out in Part V of the act. (Specific mentions are made to the four founding provinces, but the general pattern holds for all the provinces.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_power">Executive power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Executive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each province must have a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 58</a>), who serves at the pleasure of the governor general (Section 59), whose salary is paid by the federal parliament (Section 60), and who must swear the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Canada)">oath of allegiance</a> (Section 61). The powers of a lieutenant governor can be substituted for by an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrator_of_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrator of government (page does not exist)">administrator of government</a> (Sections 62 and 66). All provinces also have an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Canada)" title="Executive Council (Canada)">executive council</a> (Sections 63 and 64). The lieutenant governor can exercise executive power alone or "<a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Council">in council</a>" (Section 65). <a href="/wiki/Section_68_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 68 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 68</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">seats of government</a> of the first four provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick), but also allows those provinces to change their seats of government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_power">Legislative power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislative power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario_and_Quebec">Ontario and Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ontario and Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sections <a href="/wiki/Section_69_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 69 of the Constitution Act, 1867">69</a> and 70 establishes the Legislature of Ontario, comprising the lieutenant governor and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a>, and Sections 71 to 80 establishes the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quebec">Parliament of Quebec</a>, which at the time comprised the lieutenant governor, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Quebec">Legislative Assembly of Quebec</a> (renamed in 1968 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>), and the Legislative Council of Quebec (since abolished). The legislatures are summoned by the Lieutenant Governors (Section 82). Section 83 prohibits provincial civil servants (excluding cabinet ministers) from sitting in the provincial legislatures. Section 84 allows for existing election laws and voting requirements to continue after the union. Section 85 sets the life of each legislature as no more than four years, with a session at least once every twelve months under Section 86. Section 87 extends the rules regarding speakers, by-elections, quorum, etc., as set for the federal House of Commons to the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nova_Scotia_and_New_Brunswick">Nova Scotia and New Brunswick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia and New Brunswick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 88 simply extends the pre-union constitutions of those provinces into the post-Confederation era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 90 extends the provisions regarding money votes, royal assent, reservation and disallowance, as established for the federal Parliament to the provincial legislatures but with the governor general in the role of the Queen-in-Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_VI:_Division_of_Powers">Part VI: Division of Powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Part VI: Division of Powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></div> <p>The powers of government are divided between the provinces and the federal government and are described in sections 91 to 95 of the act. Sections 91 and 92 are of particular importance, as they enumerate the subjects for which each jurisdiction can enact a law, with section 91 listing matters of federal jurisdiction and section 92 listing matters of provincial jurisdiction. Sections 92A and 93 and 93A are concerned with non-renewable natural resources and education, respectively (both are primarily provincial responsibilities). Section 94 leaves open a possible change to laws regarding <a href="#Property_and_civil_rights">property and civil rights</a>, which so far has not been realized. Sections 94A and 95, meanwhile, address matters of shared jurisdiction, namely <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pension">old age pensions</a> (section 94A) and agriculture and immigration (section 95). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace,_order_and_good_government"><span id="Peace.2C_order_and_good_government"></span>Peace, order and good government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Peace, order and good government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></div><p>Section 91 authorizes <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> to "make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the provinces". Although the text of the act appears to give Parliament residuary powers to enact laws in any area that has not been allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial governments</a>, subsequent Privy Council jurisprudence held that the "peace, order, and good government" power is in a delimited federal competency like those listed under section 91 (see e.g. <i>AG Canada v AG Ontario (Labour Conventions)</i>, [1937] AC 326 (PC)). </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan Court of Appeal">Saskatchewan Court of Appeal</a> sided with the federal government in a 3–2 split on the <i><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gas_Pollution_Pricing_Act" title="Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act">Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act</a></i>, allowing an expansion of the federal government's taxation power over the provinces in the wake of the climate change crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-leaderpost_20190503_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaderpost_20190503-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concurrently as Parliament joined with other national legislatures in declaring that the nation was in a "<a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">climate emergency</a>" on 17 June.<sup id="cite_ref-gnce_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnce-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Grant_Huscroft" title="Grant Huscroft">Grant Huscroft</a>'s dissenting opinion on the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_for_Ontario" title="Court of Appeal for Ontario">Court of Appeal for Ontario</a>, he provides that "counsel for Canada conceded that the act was not passed on the basis that climate change constitutes an emergency".<sup id="cite_ref-onca_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onca-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Nations,_Inuit_and_Métis"><span id="First_Nations.2C_Inuit_and_M.C3.A9tis"></span>First Nations, Inuit and Métis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First Nations, Inuit and Métis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples in Canada</a></div> <p>Section 91(24) of the act provides that the federal government has the legislative jurisdiction for "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians". <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada">Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada</a> (AANDC), formerly known as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC),<sup id="cite_ref-AANDC-INAC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AANDC-INAC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been the main federal organization exercising this authority.<sup id="cite_ref-reportOAG2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reportOAG2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This empowered the Canadian government to act as if the treaties between the Indigenous peoples and the British Crown preceding Confederation did not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202442_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202442-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Niagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Niagara">Treaty of Niagara</a> of 1764 bound the Crown and the Indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes basin together in a familial relationship, a relationship that exists to this day, exemplified by First Nations attendance at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202443_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202443-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treaty rights would be incorporated into the 1982 Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criminal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867</a></div> <p>Section 91(27) gives Parliament the power to make law related to the "criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but including the procedure in criminal matters". It was on this authority that Parliament enacted and amends the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>. </p><p>However, under section 92(14), the provinces are delegated the power to administer justice, "including the constitution, maintenance, and organization of provincial courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdictions, and including procedure in civil matters in both courts". This provision allows the provinces to create the courts of criminal jurisdiction and to create provincial police forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Police" title="Ontario Provincial Police">OPP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec (SQ)</a>. </p><p>As a matter of policy dating back to Confederation, the federal government has delegated the prosecutorial function for almost all criminal offences to the provincial Attorneys General. Crown Prosecutors appointed under provincial law thus prosecute almost all Criminal Code offences across Canada. </p><p>Section 91(28) gives Parliament exclusive power over "penitentiaries" while section 92(6) gives the provinces powers over the "prisons". This means that offenders sentenced to two years or more go to federal penitentiaries while those with lighter sentences go to provincial prisons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_and_civil_rights">Property and civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Property and civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_law" title="Canadian property law">Canadian property law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights in Canada</a></div> <p>Section 92(13) gives the Provinces the exclusive power to make law related to "<a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and civil rights in the province". In practice, this power has been read broadly to give the provinces authority over numerous matters such as professional trades, <a href="/wiki/Labour_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour relations">labour relations</a>, and consumer protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 91(26) gives the federal government power over divorce and marriage. On this basis, Parliament can legislate on the substantive law of marriage and divorce. However, the provinces have power over the procedural law governing the <a href="/wiki/Solemnization" title="Solemnization">solemnization</a> of marriage (section 92(12)). </p><p>There are also several instances of overlap in laws relating to marriage and divorce, which in most cases is solved through <a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">interjurisdictional immunity</a>. For instance, the federal <i><a href="/wiki/Divorce_Act_(Canada)" title="Divorce Act (Canada)">Divorce Act</a></i> is valid legislation, even though the <i>Divorce Act</i> has some incidental effects on <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a>, which is usually considered to be within the provincial jurisdictions of "civil rights" (s. 92(13)) and "matters of a private nature" (s. 92(16)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_and_undertakings">Works and undertakings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works and undertakings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867</a></div> <p>Section 92(10) allows the federal government to declare any "works or undertakings" to be of national importance, and thereby remove them from provincial jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_(Sections_93_and_93A)"><span id="Education_.28Sections_93_and_93A.29"></span>Education (Sections 93 and 93A)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education (Sections 93 and 93A)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education in Canada</a></div> <p>Sections 93 and 93A give the Provincial Provinces power over the competency of education, but there are significant restrictions designed to protect minority religious rights. This is due that it was created during a time when there was a significant controversy between Protestants and Catholics in Canada over whether schools should be parochial or non-denominational. Section 93(2) specifically extends all pre-existing denominational school rights into the post-Confederation era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Section_94">Section 94</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Section 94"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 94 allows for the provinces that use the British-derived common law system, in effect all but Quebec, to unify their property and civil rights laws. This power has never been used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Age_Pensions_(Section_94A)"><span id="Old_Age_Pensions_.28Section_94A.29"></span>Old Age Pensions (Section 94A)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Old Age Pensions (Section 94A)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Section 94A, the federal and provincial governments share power over Old Age Pensions. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, provincial law prevails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_Immigration_(Section_95)"><span id="Agriculture_and_Immigration_.28Section_95.29"></span>Agriculture and Immigration (Section 95)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agriculture and Immigration (Section 95)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration to Canada</a></div> <p>Under Section 95, the federal and provincial governments share power over agriculture and immigration. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, federal law prevails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_VII:_Judicature">Part VII: Judicature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Part VII: Judicature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Court system of Canada</a></div> <p>The authority over the judicial system in Canada is divided between Parliament and the provincial Legislatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament's_power_to_create_federal_courts"><span id="Parliament.27s_power_to_create_federal_courts"></span>Parliament's power to create federal courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parliament's power to create federal courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 101 gives Parliament power to create a "general court of appeal for Canada" and "additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada". Parliament has used this power to create the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> and lower federal courts. It has created the Supreme Court under both branches of s. 101.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower federal courts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Federal Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Court_of_Canada" title="Tax Court of Canada">Tax Court of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_Martial_Appeal_Court_of_Canada" title="Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada">Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada</a> are all created under the second branch, i.e. as "additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_power_to_create_courts">Provincial power to create courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Provincial power to create courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 92(14) gives the provincial legislatures the power over the "Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction". This power includes the creation of both the <a href="/wiki/Superior_court" title="Superior court">superior courts</a>, both of original jurisdiction and appeal, as well as inferior tribunals. </p><p>Superior courts are known as "courts of inherent jurisdiction", as they receive their constitutional authority from historical convention inherited from the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Section_96_courts">Section 96 courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Section 96 courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 96 authorizes the federal government to appoint judges for "the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province". No provinces have district or county courts anymore, but all provinces have superior courts. Although the provinces pay for these courts and determine their jurisdiction and procedural rules, the federal government appoints and pays their judges. </p><p>Historically, this section has been interpreted as providing superior courts of <a href="/wiki/Inherent_jurisdiction" title="Inherent jurisdiction">inherent jurisdiction</a> with the constitutional authority to hear cases. The "section 96 courts" are typically characterized as the "anchor" of the justice system around which the other courts must conform. As their jurisdiction is said to be "inherent", the courts have the authority to try all matters of law except where the jurisdiction has been taken away by another court. However, courts created by the federal government under section 101 or by the provincial government under 92(14) are generally not allowed to intrude on the core jurisdiction of a section 96 court. </p><p>The scope of the core jurisdiction of section 96 courts has been a matter of considerable debate and litigation. When commencing litigation a court's jurisdiction may be challenged on the basis that it does not have jurisdiction. The issue is typically whether the statutory court created under section 101 or 92(14) has encroached upon the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a> of a section 96 court. </p><p>To validate the jurisdiction of a federal or provincial tribunal it must satisfy a three-step inquiry first outlined in <i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Residential_Tenancies_Act_(Ontario)" title="Reference Re Residential Tenancies Act (Ontario)">Reference Re Residential Tenancies Act (Ontario)</a></i>. The tribunal must not touch upon what was historically intended as the jurisdiction of the superior court. The first stage of inquiry considers what matters were typically exclusive to the court at the time of Confederation in 1867. In <i><a href="/wiki/Sobeys_Stores_Ltd._v._Yeomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobeys Stores Ltd. v. Yeomans">Sobeys Stores Ltd. v. Yeomans</a></i> (1989) the Supreme Court stated that the "nature of the disputes" historically heard by the superior courts, not just the historical remedies provided, must be read broadly. If the tribunal is found to intrude on the historical jurisdiction of the superior court, the inquiry must turn to the second stage which considers whether the function of the tribunal and whether it operates as an adjudicative body. The final step assesses the context of the tribunal's exercise of power and looks to see if there are any further considerations to justify its encroachment upon the superior court's jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_jurisdiction">Constitutional jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Constitutional jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all courts and tribunals have jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges. The court, at the very least, must have jurisdiction to apply the law. In <i><a href="/wiki/N.S._v._Martin;_N.S._v._Laseur" class="mw-redirect" title="N.S. v. Martin; N.S. v. Laseur">N.S. v. Martin; N.S. v. Laseur</a></i> (2003) the Supreme Court re-articulated the test for constitutional jurisdiction from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooper_v._Canada_(Human_Rights_Commission)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooper v. Canada (Human Rights Commission) (page does not exist)">Cooper v. Canada</a></i>. The inquiry must begin by determining whether the enabling legislation gives explicit authority to apply the law. If so, then the court may apply the constitution. The second line of inquiry looks into whether there was implied authority to apply the law. This can be found by examining the text of the act, its context, and the general nature and characteristics of the adjudicative body. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-four_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms#Remedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section Twenty-four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> for the jurisdiction of the <i>Charter</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_VIII:_Revenues;_debts,_assets;_taxation"><span id="Part_VIII:_Revenues.3B_debts.2C_assets.3B_taxation"></span>Part VIII: Revenues; debts, assets; taxation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Part VIII: Revenues; debts, assets; taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867</a></div> <p>This Part lays out the financial functioning of the government of Canada and the provincial governments. It establishes a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_union" title="Fiscal union">fiscal union</a> where the federal government is liable for the debts of the provinces (Sections 111–116). It establishes the tradition of the federal government supporting the provinces through fiscal transfers (Section 119). It creates a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> which prohibits internal tariffs between the provinces (<a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Sections 121</a>–124). <a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a> prevents one order of government from taxing the lands or assets of the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_IX:_Miscellaneous">Part IX: Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Part IX: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 132 gives the federal Parliament the legislative power to implement treaties entered to by the British government on behalf of the Empire. With the acquisition of full sovereignty by Canada, this provision has limited effect. </p><p>Section 133 establishes English and French as the official languages of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec. Either language can be used in the federal Parliament and the National Assembly of Quebec. All federal and Quebec laws must be enacted in both languages, and both language versions have equal authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_X:_Admission_of_Other_Colonies">Part X: Admission of Other Colonies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Part X: Admission of Other Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a></div> <p>Section 146 allows the federal government to negotiate the entry of new provinces into the Union without the need to seek the permission of the existing provinces. Section 147 establishes that Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland would have 4 senators upon joining Confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small_bill_of_rights">Small bill of rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Small bill of rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">implied bill of rights</a>.</div> <p>The act does not include a written <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and judicial theory on an <a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">implied bill of rights</a> did not emerge until the 20th century. </p><p>Canadian constitutional scholar <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hogg" title="Peter Hogg">Peter Hogg</a> identified several rights provided in various sections of the act that he termed the "small bill of rights": section 50 limits the duration of a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> to a maximum of five years; sections 51 and 52 require readjustment of seats in the House of Commons following each census to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Proportionate_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportionate representation">proportionate representation</a> of all provinces; section 86 requires Parliament and all legislatures sit at least once per year; section 93 provides, notwithstanding provincial jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">education in Canada</a>, the right to <a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">separate schools</a> for either Protestant or Catholic minorities; section 99 establishes a right for judges to serve during good behaviour unless removed by the governor general under advice from Parliament; <a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">section 121</a> prohibits customs duties and tariffs on inter-provincial trade; <a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">section 125</a> exempts governments in Canada from paying most taxes; and section 133 provides for bilingualism in the legislative and judicial branches of the federal and Quebec governments (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these rights were repeated or expanded in sections <a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a> of the <i>Charter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 29</a> of the <i>Charter</i> does not repeat or establish new rights for separate schools but reaffirms the right to separate schools provided under the 1867 Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_rights">Language rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Language rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the act does not establish English and French as <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Canada's official languages</a>, it does provide some rights for the users of both languages in respect of some institutions of the federal and Quebec governments. </p><p>Section 133 allows bilingualism in both the federal Parliament and the Quebec legislature, allows for records to be kept in both languages, and allows bilingualism in federal and Quebec courts. Interpretation of this section has found that this provision requires that all statutes and delegated legislation be in both languages and be of equal force.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, it has been found that the meaning of "courts" in Section 133 includes all federal and provincial courts as well as all tribunals that exercise an adjudicative function.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rights are duplicated in respect to the federal government, but not Quebec, and extended to New Brunswick, by <a href="/wiki/Section_Seventeen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Seventeen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">sections 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_Eighteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Eighteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_Nineteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Nineteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a> of the Charter of Rights; <a href="/wiki/Section_Sixteen_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Sections 16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a> of the Charter elaborate by declaring English and French to be the official languages and allowing for bilingual public services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada_Day">Canada Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Canada Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anniversary of the act's entry into force and creation of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1867 is observed annually as <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Day" title="Dominion Day">Dominion Day</a> prior to 1982) and is celebrated as Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national holiday</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_Act,_1867-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_Act,_1867_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_Act,_1867_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Constitution Act, 1867</i>, 30 & 31 Victoria (U.K.), c. 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw">http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw</a> retrieved on 2019-03-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-justice1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-1.html">"Constitution Act, 1867"</a>. <i>Justice Laws Website</i>. Department of Justice Canada. March 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+Laws+Website&rft.atitle=Constitution+Act%2C+1867&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2FConst%2Fpage-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2003" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Peter W. (2003). <i>Constitutional Law of Canada</i> (2003 student ed.). Toronto: Thomson Canada. p. 686.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=686&rft.edition=2003+student&rft.pub=Thomson+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[1993] 1 SCR 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyck2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyck, Rand (2000). <i>Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches</i> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regina+Leader-Post&rft.atitle=Sask.+carbon+tax+challenge%3A+SK+Appeal+Court+rules+in+Ottawa%27s+favour&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleaderpost.com%2Fnews%2Fsaskatchewan%2Fsask-carbon-tax-challenge-decision-coming-at-noon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnce-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gnce_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5401586/canada-national-climate-emergency/">"National climate emergency declared by House of Commons"</a>. Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc. June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+climate+emergency+declared+by+House+of+Commons&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F5401586%2Fcanada-national-climate-emergency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onca-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onca_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontariocourts.ca/decisions/2019/2019ONCA0544.htm">"CITATION: Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, 2019 ONCA 544"</a>. Court of Appeal for Ontario. June 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CITATION%3A+Reference+re+Greenhouse+Gas+Pollution+Pricing+Act%2C+2019+ONCA+544&rft.pub=Court+of+Appeal+for+Ontario&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontariocourts.ca%2Fdecisions%2F2019%2F2019ONCA0544.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AANDC-INAC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AANDC-INAC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development_Canada2011" class="citation web cs1">Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114030756/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1314808945787/1314809172051">"Change to the Department's Name"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1314808945787/1314809172051">the original</a> on January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Change+to+the+Department%27s+Name&rft.date=2011-06&rft.au=Aboriginal+Affairs+and+Northern+Development+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1314808945787%2F1314809172051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reportOAG2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reportOAG2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Auditor_General_of_Canada" class="citation report cs1">Office of the Auditor General of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/parl_oag_201106_04_e.pdf">"Chapter 4: Programs for First Nations on Reserves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2011 June Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada (Report). p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2011+June+Status+Report+of+the+Auditor+General+of+Canada&rft.pages=4&rft.au=Office+of+the+Auditor+General+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oag-bvg.gc.ca%2Finternet%2Fdocs%2Fparl_oag_201106_04_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202442-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202442_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoteTidridge2024">Cote & Tidridge 2024</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202443-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoteTidridge202443_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoteTidridge2024">Cote & Tidridge 2024</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/S-26/page-2.html#h-3">Supreme Court Act</a></i>, R.S.C. 1985, c. S-26, s. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2003" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Peter W. (2003). <i>Constitutional Law of Canada</i> (2003 Student ed.). Toronto: Thomson Canada. p. 682.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=682&rft.edition=2003+Student&rft.pub=Thomson+Canada&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Att. Gen. of Quebec v. Blaikie</i> et al., [1979] 2 SCR 1016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Att. Gen. of Quebec v. Blaikie</i> et al., [1979] 2 SCR 1016 at 1029.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> was conferred on this Act by section 1 of this Act.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first written bill of rights at the federal level was the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a></i> in 1960, a federal statute. A constitutional bill of rights was not introduced until the 1982 enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoteTidridge2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Cote, Philip; Tidridge, Nathan (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/politics-law/ties-of-kinship">"Ties of Kinship"</a>. <i>Canada's History</i>. No. October-November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+History&rft.atitle=Ties+of+Kinship&rft.issue=October-November+2024&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Tidridge%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadashistory.ca%2Fexplore%2Fpolitics-law%2Fties-of-kinship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn2011" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Richard J. (2011). <i>Nation Maker—Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times</i>. Mississauga, Ontario: Random House Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Maker%E2%80%94Sir+John+A.+Macdonald%3A+His+Life%2C+Our+Times&rft.place=Mississauga%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Random+House+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1937" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, P.M. (June 15, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbr.cba.org/index.php/cbr/article/download/530/530/">"The British North America Act: Past and Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Bar Review">Canadian Bar Review</a></i>. <b>XV</b> (6): 393–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Bar+Review&rft.atitle=The+British+North+America+Act%3A+Past+and+Future&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=393-400&rft.date=1937-06-15&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbr.cba.org%2Findex.php%2Fcbr%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F530%2F530%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell1977" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, W. H (1977). <i>Commentary on the British North America Act</i>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+British+North+America+Act&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=W.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1968" class="citation book cs1">Morton, W. L (1968). <i>The Critical Years: The Union of British North America, 1857–1873</i>. s: McClelland & Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Years%3A+The+Union+of+British+North+America%2C+1857%E2%80%931873&rft.place=s&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=W.+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddell1917" class="citation book cs1">Riddell, William Renwick (1917). <i>The Constitution of Canada in its History and Practical Working</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Canada+in+its+History+and+Practical+Working&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Riddell&rft.aufirst=William+Renwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorDoug_Owram1994" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Martin Brook; Doug Owram (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FamJrJEvymIC&q=First%20Nations&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian History: Beginnings to Confederation vol. 1</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5016-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5016-6"><bdi>0-8020-5016-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+History%3A+Beginnings+to+Confederation+vol.+1.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8020-5016-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Martin+Brook&rft.au=Doug+Owram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFamJrJEvymIC%26q%3DFirst%2520Nations%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span>; Guide to historiography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2009" class="citation book cs1">Browne, G. P. (2009). <i>Documents on the Confederation of British North America</i> (2nd ed.). McGill-Queen's University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Confederation+of+British+North+America&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=G.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+Act%2C+1867" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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documents">List of constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments to the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-constitutionality" title="Quasi-constitutionality">Quasi-constitutional law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Confederation_constitutional_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Pre-Confederation constitutional documents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Iroquois constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Mi'kmaq constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Constitution of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act of 1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference, 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference, 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1867" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution Act, 1867</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under<br />Section 91</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(2)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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