Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="eCXPKkpChD7J4QJVsjX19AnK0ruqIzOTAkA5Y4jTIcCd97EmbAMjGZAnl5o4bJtt"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="eCXPKkpChD7J4QJVsjX19AnK0ruqIzOTAkA5Y4jTIcCd97EmbAMjGZAnl5o4bJtt"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="eCXPKkpChD7J4QJVsjX19AnK0ruqIzOTAkA5Y4jTIcCd97EmbAMjGZAnl5o4bJtt"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="eCXPKkpChD7J4QJVsjX19AnK0ruqIzOTAkA5Y4jTIcCd97EmbAMjGZAnl5o4bJtt"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="34440612"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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value="eCXPKkpChD7J4QJVsjX19AnK0ruqIzOTAkA5Y4jTIcCd97EmbAMjGZAnl5o4bJtt"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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data-pinger-ignore> Cells </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Cells"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cells%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cells%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Cells" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Cells"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Cells%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Cells"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Cells"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Cells"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2021 Jul 21;10(8):1843.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.3390/cells10081843. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=K%C3%B6ppert+S&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sebastian Köppert">Sebastian Köppert</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wolf+C&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Carla Wolf">Carla Wolf</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Becza+N&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Noémi Becza">Noémi Becza</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sautto+GA&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Giuseppe A Sautto">Giuseppe A Sautto</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Franke+F&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fridolin Franke">Fridolin Franke</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kuerten+S&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stefanie Kuerten">Stefanie Kuerten</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ross+TM&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ted M Ross">Ted M Ross</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lehmann+PV&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul V Lehmann">Paul V Lehmann</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kirchenbaum+GA&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Greg A Kirchenbaum">Greg A Kirchenbaum</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/34440612/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> 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University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">34440612</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC8394687&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8394687/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC8394687 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.3390/cells10081843&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081843" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.3390/cells10081843 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item 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Köppert">Sebastian Köppert</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Wolf+C&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Carla Wolf">Carla Wolf</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Becza+N&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Noémi Becza">Noémi Becza</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sautto+GA&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Giuseppe A Sautto">Giuseppe A Sautto</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Franke+F&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Fridolin Franke">Fridolin Franke</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kuerten+S&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stefanie Kuerten">Stefanie Kuerten</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ross+TM&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ted M Ross">Ted M Ross</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lehmann+PV&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Paul V Lehmann">Paul V Lehmann</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kirchenbaum+GA&cauthor_id=34440612" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Greg A Kirchenbaum">Greg A Kirchenbaum</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">34440612</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC8394687&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8394687/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC8394687 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.3390/cells10081843&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081843" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.3390/cells10081843 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/34440612/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/34440612/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Assessment of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents is typically restricted to detecting antigen-specific antibodies in the serum. Rarely does immune monitoring entail assessment of the memory B-cell compartment itself, although it is these cells that engage in secondary antibody responses capable of mediating immune protection when pre-existing antibodies fail to prevent re-infection. There are few techniques that are capable of detecting rare antigen-specific B cells while also providing information regarding their relative abundance, class/subclass usage and functional affinity. In theory, the ELISPOT/FluoroSpot (collectively ImmunoSpot) assay platform is ideally suited for antigen-specific B-cell assessments since it provides this information at single-cell resolution for individual antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we tested the hypothesis that antigen-coating efficiency could be universally improved across a diverse set of viral antigens if the standard direct (non-specific, low affinity) antigen absorption to the membrane was substituted by high-affinity capture. Specifically, we report an enhancement in assay sensitivity and a reduction in required protein concentrations through the capture of recombinant proteins via their encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) affinity tag. Affinity tag antigen coating enabled detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-reactive ASC, and also significantly improved assay performance using additional control antigens. Collectively, establishment of a universal antigen-coating approach streamlines characterization of the memory B-cell compartment after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccinations, and facilitates high-throughput immune-monitoring efforts of large donor cohorts in general. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> EBV; HCMV; SARS-CoV-2; antibody-secreting cell; antigen coating; fluorospot; immune monitoring; influenza; memory B cell; plasmablast. </p> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">P.V.L. is the Founder, President and CEO of CTL, a company that specializes in immune monitoring by ELISPOT testing, producing high-throughput-suitable readers, test kits, and GLP-compliant contract research. G.A.K. and N.B. are also employees of CTL. The mouse anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike mAbs, developed by G.A.S. and T.M.R, have been filed with the Innovation Gateway at the University of Georgia and are currently licensed for distribution by Kerafast. S.K., C.W., F.F. and S.K. declare no conflicts of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/d66e8015c144/cells-10-01843-g001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="730" data-image-height="570" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f001"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/9b2c8c8e52fe/cells-10-01843-g001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="730"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="570"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Affinity tag capture improves detection… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Affinity tag capture improves detection of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-reactive ASC. PBMC from four PCR-confirmed… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Affinity tag capture improves detection of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-reactive ASC. PBMC from four PCR-confirmed COVID-19 donors were stimulated in vitro (detailed in Materials and Methods) and evaluated for antibody-secreting (ASC) reactivity against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) fragment of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. (<b>A</b>) Representative well images depicting antigen-specific IgG<sup>+</sup> ASC in wells coated directly with 10 μg/mL of RBD protein or through affinity capture using the genetically encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) tag. Magnification and contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) RBD-specific FluoroSpots were merged into flow cytometry standard (FCS) files (detailed in Materials and Methods) and visualized as bivariate plots measuring spot intensity (x-axis) and spot size (y-axis). FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which RBD protein was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots (spot-forming units, SFU) detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/8a2a321d0358/cells-10-01843-g002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="784" data-image-height="613" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f002"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/a1ca32b2b3c5/cells-10-01843-g002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="784"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="613"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Affinity tag capture improves detection… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Affinity tag capture improves detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1-reactive ASC. PBMC from four PCR-confirmed… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Affinity tag capture improves detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1-reactive ASC. PBMC from four PCR-confirmed COVID-19 donors were stimulated in vitro and evaluated for antibody-secreting (ASC) reactivity against the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. (<b>A</b>) Representative well images depicting antigen-specific IgG<sup>+</sup> ASC in wells coated directly with 10 μg/mL of S1 protein or through affinity capture using the genetically encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) tag. Magnification and contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) S1-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which S1 protein was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/73540917328b/cells-10-01843-g003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="777" data-image-height="361" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f003"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/6323648b39e3/cells-10-01843-g003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="777"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="361"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific FluoroSpots… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific FluoroSpots is influenced by protein-coating efficiency. Murine B-cell hybridomas… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific FluoroSpots is influenced by protein-coating efficiency. Murine B-cell hybridomas (~100 cells/well) were evaluated for total or antigen-specific FluoroSpot formation (detailed in Materials and Methods). (<b>A</b>) Representative well images of murine B-cell hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IgG1, κ) with specificity for the full-length (FL) SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) Total or Spike-specific SFU/well (mean ±SD) for each B-cell hybridoma line. Significant differences in SFU/well were determined using an analysis of variation (ANOVA) with Sidak’s post hoc test. *** <i>p</i> < 0.001. (<b>C</b>) Spike-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which Spike protein was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/054cf8556d4a/cells-10-01843-g004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="785" data-image-height="607" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f004"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/eaefb385842e/cells-10-01843-g004.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="785"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="607"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of EBNA1-specific ASC… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of EBNA1-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC were… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Improved sensitivity of EBNA1-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC were stimulated in vitro and evaluated for antibody-secreting (ASC) reactivity against the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) protein from EBV. (<b>A</b>) Representative well images depicting antigen-specific IgG<sup>+</sup> ASC in wells coated directly with 10 μg/mL of EBNA1 protein or through affinity capture using the genetically encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) tag. Magnification and contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) EBNA1-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which EBNA1 protein was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/b08652751942/cells-10-01843-g005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="786" data-image-height="610" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f005"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/11480ff011e0/cells-10-01843-g005.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="786"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="610"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of gH-specific ASC… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of gH-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC were… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Improved sensitivity of gH-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC were stimulated in vitro and evaluated for antibody-secreting (ASC) reactivity against the gH pentamer complex protein from HCMV. (<b>A</b>) Representative wells images depicting antigen-specific IgG<sup>+</sup> ASC in wells coated directly with 10 μg/mL of gH pentamer complex protein, or through affinity capture using the genetically encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) tag. Magnification and contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) gH-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which gH pentamer complex was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/8a04740842ce/cells-10-01843-g006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="785" data-image-height="616" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f006"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/5dde4b04c284/cells-10-01843-g006.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="785"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="616"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of CA/09 rHA-specific… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Improved sensitivity of CA/09 rHA-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Improved sensitivity of CA/09 rHA-specific ASC through affinity capture of coating antigen. PBMC were stimulated in vitro and evaluated for antibody-secreting (ASC) reactivity against recombinant hemagglutinin protein representing the A/California/04/2009 (CA/09) H1N1 vaccine strain. (<b>A</b>) Representative well images depicting antigen-specific IgG<sup>+</sup> ASC in wells coated directly with 10 μg/mL of CA/09 rHA or through affinity capture using the genetically encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) tag. Magnification and contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) CA/09 rHA-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which CA/09 rHA was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/ba7d44c9b5ef/cells-10-01843-g007.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="786" data-image-height="374" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC8394687" data-figure-id="cells-10-01843-f007"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f14e/8394687/652658f957ea/cells-10-01843-g007.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="786"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="374"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Detection of CA/09 rHA-specific FluoroSpots… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Detection of CA/09 rHA-specific FluoroSpots is influenced by protein-coating efficiency. Murine B-cell hybridomas… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Detection of CA/09 rHA-specific FluoroSpots is influenced by protein-coating efficiency. Murine B-cell hybridomas (~100 cells/well) were evaluated for total or antigen-specific FluoroSpot formation. (<b>A</b>) Representative well images of murine B-cell hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IgG1, κ) with specificity for the recombinant hemagglutinin protein representing the A/California/04/2009 (CA/09) H1N1 vaccine strain. Contrast enhancements were uniformly performed on all images to aid their visualization in publication. (<b>B</b>) Total or CA/09 rHA-specific SFU/well (mean ±SD) for each B-cell hybridoma line. Significant differences in SFU/well were determined using an analysis of variation (ANOVA) with Sidak’s post hoc test. *** <i>p</i> < 0.001. (<b>C</b>) CA/09 rHA-specific FluoroSpots were merged into FCS files and visualized as bivariate plots. FluoroSpots originating from assay wells in which CA/09 rHA was directly captured on the membrane (black dots) or through affinity capture (red) are shown as overlays. The combined number of FluoroSpots detected in replicate wells for each of the respective donors is indicated in the inset using the same red/black color code.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (7) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26930550/" ref="article_id=26930550&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="26930550" data-ga-label=""> An antigen-specific, four-color, B-cell FluoroSpot assay utilizing tagged antigens for detection. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Jahnmatz P, Bengtsson T, Zuber B, Färnert A, Ahlborg N.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Jahnmatz P, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Immunol Methods. 2016 Jun;433:23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.020. 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data-href="/?term=%22Enzyme-Linked+Immunospot+Assay%2Fmethods%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay/methods"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay / methods*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Enzyme-Linked+Immunospot+Assay" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay / methods*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay/methods"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay/methods"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search 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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Histidine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Histidine"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Histidine"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Histidine"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Immunologic Memory*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Immunologic Memory* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Immunologic Memory*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Immunologic+Memory%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Immunologic+Memory%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Immunologic Memory"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Immunologic Memory*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Immunologic+Memory" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Immunologic Memory*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Immunologic Memory"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Immunologic Memory"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mice </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mice"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligopeptides" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Oligopeptides </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligopeptides"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Oligopeptides%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Oligopeptides%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oligopeptides"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Oligopeptides"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" 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data-pinger-ignore> Viral Proteins / immunology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Viral Proteins / immunology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Viral+Proteins%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Viral+Proteins%2Fimmunology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Viral Proteins/immunology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Viral Proteins / immunology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Viral+Proteins" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Viral Proteins / immunology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Viral Proteins/immunology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Viral Proteins/immunology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Antigens, Viral" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Antigens, Viral </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Antigens, Viral"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Antigens%2C+Viral%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Antigens%2C+Viral%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Antigens, Viral"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Antigens, Viral"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Antigens%2C+Viral%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Antigens, Viral"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Antigens, Viral"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Antigens, Viral"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword His-His-His-His-His-His" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> His-His-His-His-His-His </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword His-His-His-His-His-His"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22His-His-His-His-His-His%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22His-His-His-His-His-His%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="His-His-His-His-His-His"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="His-His-His-His-His-His"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22His-His-His-His-His-His%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="His-His-His-His-His-His"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""His-His-His-His-His-His"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""His-His-His-His-His-His"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligopeptides" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Oligopeptides </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligopeptides"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Oligopeptides%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Oligopeptides%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Oligopeptides"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Oligopeptides"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Oligopeptides%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Oligopeptides"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Oligopeptides"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Oligopeptides"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Viral Proteins" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Viral Proteins </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Viral Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Viral+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Viral+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Viral Proteins"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" 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Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays - PubMed