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</li> <li id="toc-In_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Latin Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christian commentators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_Apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_Apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biblical Apocrypha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_Apocrypha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical Apocrypha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_Apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enochic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enochic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Enochic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enochic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In the Apocalypse of Abraham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Azazel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="عزازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عزازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azazil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Азазел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азазел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asasel" title="Asasel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asasel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Αζαζέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αζαζέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(%C3%A1ngel_ca%C3%ADdo)" title="Azazel (ángel caído) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azazel (ángel caído)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazelo" title="Azazelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Azazelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="عزازیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عزازیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%A4" title="아자젤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아자젤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%AC_(%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1)" title="Ազազել (սատանա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազազել (սատանա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9C" title="עזאזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עזאזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Азезил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Азезил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%A1z%C3%A9l" title="Azázél – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Azázél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazela" title="Azazela – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Azazela" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アザゼル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アザゼル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Азазель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азазель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Azazel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel_(demoni)" title="Azazel (demoni) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Azazel (demoni)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5)" title="อาซาเซล (คัมภีร์ไบเบิล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาซาเซล (คัมภีร์ไบเบิล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Азозил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Азозил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%A2z%C3%AEl" title="Azâzîl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azâzîl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Азазель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Азазель" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical figure identified with fallen angel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Azazel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Azazel (disambiguation)">Azazel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_East_Window,_Lincoln_Cathedral_(14224253959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/250px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/330px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/500px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>"And Aaron shall cast lots over the two goats, one lot for the LORD and the other lot for Azazel." <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/220px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/330px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/440px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(painting)" title="The Scapegoat (painting)">The Scapegoat</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the name <b>Azazel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֲזָאזֵל</span> <i>ʿĂzāʾzēl</i>) represents a desolate place where a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_sin" title="Jewish views on sin">sins of the Jews</a> was sent during <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. During the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">closure of the Hebrew Bible canon</a>), Azazel came to be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> responsible for introducing humans to <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_knowledge" title="Forbidden knowledge">forbidden knowledge</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>. His role as a fallen angel partly remains in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible">Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah">Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG/250px-Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG/330px-Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG/500px-Herodion_IMG_0627.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Mount Azazel (Jabel Munttar) in the Judean Desert</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG/250px-Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG/330px-Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG/500px-Azazel_IMG_1758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs of Mount Azazel (Jabel Munttar)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the term is used three times in Chapter 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>, where two male goats were to be sacrificed to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and one of the two was <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">selected by lot</a>, for Yahweh is seen as speaking through the lots.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One goat is selected by lot and sent into the wilderness <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַעֲזָאזֵל</span></span>, "for Azazel". This goat was then cast out in the desert as part of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. The scapegoat ritual can be traced back to 24th century BC <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, from where it spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Early Modern English Bible translations">older English versions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, the phrase <i>la-azazel</i> is translated as "as a scapegoat"; however, in most <a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Bible_translations" title="Modern English Bible translations">modern English Bible translations</a>, it is represented as a name in the text: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aaron shall offer the bull as a sin offering for himself, and shall make atonement for himself and for his house. He shall take the two goats and set them before the Lord at the entrance of the tent of meeting; and Aaron shall cast lots on the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other lot for Azazel. Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for the Lord, and offer it as a sin offering; but the goat on which the lot fell for Azazel shall be presented alive before the Lord to make atonement over it, that it may be sent away into the wilderness to Azazel.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2016:6–10&version=nrsv">Leviticus 16:6–10</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">baraita</a>, apparently interpreting <i>ʿazazel</i> as <i>ʿaz</i> (rugged) + <i>El</i> (<a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">God</a>), understands it to refer to the rugged and rough mountain cliff from which the goat was cast down.<sup id="cite_ref-JE-Azazel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-Azazel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akaplan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akaplan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a> translated the name <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזלזל</span></span> as something akin to "the averter", which he supposed to have first referred to an idol, before being lent to a demon in the Enochian texts. However, neither this demon nor the root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזל</span></span> are attested.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Septuagint_and_later_translations">In the Septuagint and later translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Septuagint and later translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The translators of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> understood the Hebrew term as meaning "the sent away" (apparently reading either <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עז אזל</span></span> "goat that leaves" or "the mighty sent" or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזלזל</span></span> v.s.),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rendered Leviticus 16:8-10 in the following terms: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><sup>8</sup>and Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other lot for the scapegoat (Greek <i>apodiopompaio</i> dat.).<sup>9</sup>And Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for the Lord, and offer it as a sin offering; <sup>10</sup>but the goat on which the lot of the sent away one fell shall be presented alive before the Lord to make atonement over it, that it may be sent away (Greek <i>eis ten apopompen</i> acc.) into the wilderness.</p></blockquote> <p>Following the Septuagint, the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> also give readings such as <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a>: "And Aaron hath given lots over the two goats, one lot for Jehovah, and one lot for a goat of departure'". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Q180.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/4Q180.png/250px-4Q180.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/4Q180.png/330px-4Q180.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/4Q180.png/500px-4Q180.png 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>The Pesher on the Periods A (4Q180) possibly mentions Azazel:</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>, Azazel is rendered Za-za-e'il "strong one against/of God" in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>. <i>Pesher on the Periods A-B</i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4Q180</a>) reads, "on Azazel (some read <i><a href="/wiki/Uziel_(angel)" title="Uziel (angel)">Uzael</a></i>) and the angels". If the name is in fact Azazel's, it is spelled <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזזאל</span></span>, equivalent to the Peshitta's version.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a> reads <span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language text"><span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">עזזל</span></span>, without the <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinical_Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbinical Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a> 39a<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) follows the Hebrew Bible text; two goats were procured, similar in respect of appearance, height, cost, and time of selection. Having one of these on his right and the other on his left, the high priest, who was assisted in this rite by two subordinates, put both his hands into a wooden case, and took out two labels, one inscribed "for <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>" and the other "for Azazel". The high priest then laid his hands with the labels upon the two goats and said, "A sin-offering to Yahweh" (thus speaking the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>); and the two men accompanying him replied, "Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever." He then fastened a scarlet woolen thread to the head of the goat "for Azazel"; and laying his hands upon it again, recited the following confession of sin and prayer for forgiveness: "O Lord, I have acted iniquitously, trespassed, sinned before Thee: I, my household, and the sons of Aaron Thy holy ones. O Lord, forgive the iniquities, transgressions, and sins that I, my household, and Aaron's children, Thy holy people, committed before Thee, as is written in the law of Moses, Thy servant, 'for on this day He will forgive you, to cleanse you from all your sins before the Lord; ye shall be clean.'" </p><p>This prayer was responded to by the congregation present. A man was selected, preferably a priest, to take the goat to the precipice in the wilderness; and he was accompanied part of the way by the most eminent men of Jerusalem. Ten booths had been constructed at intervals along the road leading from Jerusalem to the steep mountain. At each one of these the man leading the goat was formally offered food and drink, which he, however, refused. When he reached the tenth booth those who accompanied him proceeded no further, but watched the ceremony from a distance. When he came to the precipice he divided the scarlet thread into two parts, one of which he tied to the rock and the other to the goat's horns, and then pushed the goat down (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Yoma.6?lang=bi">Yoma 6:1–8</a>). The cliff was so high and rugged that before the goat had traversed half the distance to the plain below, its limbs were utterly shattered. Men were stationed at intervals along the way, and as soon as the goat was thrown down the precipice, they signaled to one another by means of kerchiefs or flags, until the information reached the high priest, whereat he proceeded with the other parts of the ritual. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1001.htm#18">Isaiah 1.18</a> makes a symbolic allusion to the scarlet thread, and the Talmud states (ib. 39a) that during the forty years that <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Just" title="Simeon the Just">Simeon the Just</a> was <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a> the thread actually turned white as soon as the goat was thrown over the precipice. This was construed as a sign that the sins of the people were forgiven. In later times the change to white was not invariable: the absence of an observed change in color was taken as proof of the people's moral and spiritual deterioration, which gradually increased until forty years before the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> (l.c. 39b).<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Jewish_commentators">Medieval Jewish commentators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Jewish commentators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a> (1194–1270) identified the Hebrew text as also referring to a demon, and identified this "Azazel" with <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did not see the sending of the goat as honoring Azazel as a deity, but as a symbolic expression of the idea that the people's sins and their evil consequences were to be sent back to the spirit of desolation and ruin, the source of all impurity. The very fact that the two goats were presented before God, before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked alongside God, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1134–1204) says that as sins cannot be taken off one's head and transferred elsewhere, the ritual is symbolic, enabling the penitent to discard his sins: “These ceremonies are of a symbolic character and serve to impress man with a certain idea and to lead him to repent, as if to say, ‘We have freed ourselves of our previous deeds, cast them behind our backs and removed them from us as far as possible’.”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rite, resembling, on one hand, the sending off of the basket with the woman embodying wickedness to the land of <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a> in the vision of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2305.htm#6">5:6–11</a>), and, on the other, the letting loose of the living bird into the open field in the case of the leper healed from the plague (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0314.htm#7">Lev 14:7</a>), was, indeed, viewed by the people of Jerusalem as a means of ridding themselves of the sins of the year. So would the crowd, called Babylonians or Alexandrians, pull the goat's hair to make it hasten forth, carrying the burden of sins away with it (Yoma vi. 4, 66b; "Epistle of Barnabas," vii.), and the arrival of the shattered animal at the bottom of the valley of the rock of Bet Ḥadudo, twelve miles away from the city, was signalized by the waving of shawls to the people of Jerusalem, who celebrated the event with boisterous hilarity and amid dancing on the hills (Yoma vi. 6, 8; Ta'an. iv. 8). Evidently the figure of Azazel was an object of general fear and awe rather than, as has been conjectured, a foreign product or the invention of a late lawgiver. More as a demon of the desert, it seems to have been closely interwoven with the mountainous region of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_Bible">Latin Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> contains no mention of "Azazel" but only of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caper#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:caper">caper</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emissarius#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:emissarius">emissarius</a>, or "emissary goat", apparently reading עז אזל <i>goat which leaves</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram <b>capro emissario</b> 9 cuius sors exierit Domino offeret illum pro peccato 10 cuius autem in <b>caprum emissarium</b> statuet eum vivum coram Domino ut fundat preces super eo et emittat illum in solitudinem </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Latin Vulgate, Leviticus 16:8–10</cite></div></blockquote> <p>English versions, such as the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, followed the Septuagint and Vulgate in understanding the term as relating to a goat. The modern <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> provides the footnote "16:8 The meaning of Azazel is uncertain; possibly the name of a place or a demon, traditionally a scapegoat; also verses 10, 26". Most scholars accept the indication of some kind of demon or deity,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however Judit M. Blair notes that this is an argument without supporting contemporary text evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ida Zatelli (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has suggested that the Hebrew ritual parallels pagan practice of sending a scapegoat into the desert on the occasion of a royal wedding found in two ritual texts in archives at <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> (24th C. BC). A she-goat with a silver bracelet hung from her neck was driven forth into the wasteland of 'Alini' by the community.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no mention of an "Azazel".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The Expositor's Bible Commentary</i>, Azazel is the Hebrew word for scapegoat. This is the only place that the Hebrew word is found in the whole Hebrew Old Testament. It says that the Book of Enoch, (extra-biblical Jewish theological literature, dated around 200 B.C.) is full of demonology and reference to fallen angels. The EBC (Vol 2) says that this text uses late Aramaic forms for these names which indicates that The Book of Enoch most likely relies upon the Hebrew Leviticus text rather than the Leviticus text being reliant upon the Book of Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_commentators">Christian commentators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian commentators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> ("Contra Celsum," vi. 43) identifies Azazel with Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Mandaeism">In Mandaeism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Azazel is occasionally mentioned as <i>Azaziʿil</i> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">Mandaean texts</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i>, Azaziʿil is the name of an <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthra</a> (celestial being or angel).<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a>, name of <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> before his fall.</div> <p>In Islam, Azazel appears in relation to the story of <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a>, a pair of angels mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Although not explained by the Quran itself, Muslim exegetes such as <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Hisham ibn al-Kalbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually linked the reason of their abode to a narration related to <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">the Watchers</a> known from <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a>. Just as in 3 Enoch, angels complained about humans iniquity, whereupon God offered a test, that the angels might choose three among them to descend to earth, endowed with bodily desires, and prove that they would do better than humans under the same conditions. Accordingly, they choose Aza, Azzaya and Azazel. However, Azazel repented his decision and God allowed him to turn back to heaven. The other two angels failed the test and their names were changed to Harut and Marut. They ended up on earth, introducing men to illicit magic.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_Apocrypha">Biblical Apocrypha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biblical Apocrypha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first book of <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>, Azazel is portrayed as one of the two hundred angels who, after descending to Earth in lust for human women, resided on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> and fathered the giants, sometimes identified with <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">Flood</a>. Afterwards he corrupted humanity- by the reckoning of the author- by teaching men the art of crafting metal weapons and armour and women the means of beautifying themselves with hair dyes, face paints, and other cosmetics. His defeat came at the hand of <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> who, on God's command, chained him to jagged rocks where he was to remain until the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgement">Day of Judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE-Azazel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-Azazel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enochic_literature">Enochic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enochic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azazel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Azazel.jpg/250px-Azazel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Azazel.jpg/330px-Azazel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Azazel.jpg/440px-Azazel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Azazel in <i>Dictionnaire infernal</i> by Collin de Plancy (1863)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, the name Azazel occurs in the line 6 of 4Q203, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></i>, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enochic</a> literature found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the expectation of Brandt (1889)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to date no evidence has surfaced of Azazel as a demon or god prior to the earliest Jewish sources among the Dead Sea Scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> brings Azazel into connection with the Biblical story of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">fall of the angels</a>, located on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a>, a gathering-place of the demons of old.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, Azazel is one of the leaders of the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> in the time preceding <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">the Flood</a>; he taught men the art of warfare, of making swords, knives, shields, and coats of mail, and taught women the art of deception by ornamenting the body, dyeing the hair, and painting the face and the eyebrows, and also revealed to the people the secrets of witchcraft and corrupted their manners, leading them into wickedness and impurity until at last he was, at Yahweh's command, bound hand and foot by the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">archangel Raphael</a> and chained to the rough and jagged rocks of [Ha] <a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a> (= Beth Ḥadudo), where he is to abide in utter darkness until the great <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>, when he will be cast into the fire to be consumed forever.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The whole earth has been corrupted through the works that were taught by Azazel: to him ascribe all sin.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Book of Enoch 10:8</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the Book of Enoch, Azazel (here spelled <i>‘ăzā’zyēl</i>) was one of the chief <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)#Bad_watchers_in_the_Book_of_Enoch" title="Watcher (angel)">Grigori</a>, a group of fallen angels who married women. Many believe that this same story (without any mention of Azazel) is told in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> 6:2–4: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And it came to pass [...] that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. [...] There were giants in the earth in those days; and also afterward, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bore children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.</p></blockquote> <p>These "sons of God" have often been thought of as fallen angels, and are sometimes equated with the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>. (On the other hand, it has also been argued that the phrase refers only to pious men, or else that it should be translated "sons of the rulers".) </p><p>In the Book of Enoch, Azazel is responsible for teaching people to make weapons and cosmetics, for which he was cast out of heaven. The Book of Enoch 8:1–3a reads, "And Azazel taught men to make swords and knives and shields and breastplates; and made known to them the metals [of the earth] and the art of working them; and bracelets and ornaments; and the use of antimony and the beautifying of the eyelids; and all kinds of costly stones and all colouring tinctures. And there arose much godlessness, and they committed <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>, and they were led astray and became corrupt in all their ways." The corruption brought on by Azazel and the Grigori degrades the human race, and the four <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, Raphael, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>) “saw much blood being shed upon the earth and all lawlessness being wrought upon the earth […] The souls of men [made] their suit, saying, "Bring our cause before the Most High; […] Thou seest what Azazel hath done, who hath taught all unrighteousness on earth and revealed the eternal secrets which were in heaven, which men were striving to learn." God sees the sin brought about by Azazel and has Raphael “bind Azazel hand and foot and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert – which is in Dudael – and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there forever, and cover his face that he may not see light.” Azazel's fate is foretold near the end of Enoch 2:8, where God says, “On the day of <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">the great judgement</a> he shall be cast into the fire.” He will be delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">angels of punishments</a> (Satan).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars have previously discerned that some details of Azazel's punishment are reminiscent of the scapegoat rite. Thus, Lester Grabbe points to a number of parallels between the Azazel narrative in Enoch and the wording of Leviticus 16, including "the similarity of the names Asael and Azazel; the punishment in the desert; the placing of sin on Asael/Azazel; the resultant healing of the land."<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Stökl also observes that "the punishment of the demon resembles the treatment of the goat in aspects of geography, action, time and purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the place of Asael's punishment designated in Enoch as Dudael is reminiscent of the rabbinic terminology used for the designation of the ravine of the scapegoat in later rabbinic interpretations of the Yom Kippur ritual. Stökl remarks that "the name of place of judgment (<i>Dudael</i>) is conspicuously similar in both traditions and can likely be traced to a common origin."<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azazel in 1 Enoch has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>. He might be a demonized counterpart of a heavenly creature, who provided knowledge for people to make weapons, thus causing bloodshed and injustice. The latter might be identified with Greek kings and generals, who suppressed the Jews with military forces, but learned how to make their weapons by this specific expelled creature.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fifth-century <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a>, Azazel is one of the three angels (Azza [Shemhazai] and Uzza [Ouza] are the other two) who opposed Enoch's high rank when he became the angel <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a>. Whilst they were fallen at this time they were still in Heaven, but Metatron held a dislike for them, and had them cast out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Apocalypse_of_Abraham">In the Apocalypse of Abraham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In the Apocalypse of Abraham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">extra-canonical</a> text the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a> (c.1st CE), Azazel appears as an unclean bird who came down upon the sacrifice which <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> prepared. (This is in reference to Genesis 15:11: "Birds of prey came down on the carcasses, but Abram drove them away" [<span style="font-variant:small-caps"><a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a></span>]). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And the unclean bird spoke to me and said, "What are you doing, Abraham, on the holy heights, where no one eats or drinks, nor is there upon them food for men? But these all will be consumed by fire and ascend to the heights, they will destroy you. Forsake the man who is with you and flee; for if you ascend to the heights they will make an end of you." And it came to pass when I saw the bird speaking I said this to the angel: "What is this, my lord?" And he said, "This is disgrace – this is Azazel!" And he said to him, "Shame on you, Azazel! For Abraham's portion is in heaven, and yours is on earth, for you have selected here, [and] become enamored of the dwelling place of your blemish. Therefore the Eternal Ruler, the Mighty One, has given you a dwelling on earth. Through you the all-<a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> spirit [was] a liar, and through you [come] wrath and trials on the generations of men who live impiously.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Abr. 13:4–9</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The text also associates Azazel with <a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Abrahamic_mythology" title="Serpent symbolism">the serpent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>. In Chapter 23, verse 7, it is described as having seven heads, fourteen faces, "hands and feet like a man's, [and] on his back six wings on the right and six on the left." </p><p>Abraham elsewhere says that the wicked will "putrefy in the belly of the crafty worm Azazel, and be burned by the fire of Azazel's tongue" (Abr. 31:5) and, to Azazel himself, "May you be the firebrand of the furnace of the earth! Go, Azazel, into the untrodden parts of the earth. For your heritage is over those who are with you" (Abr. 14:5–6). </p><p>The implicit notion is that God's heritage (the created world) is largely under the dominion of evil – i.e., it is "shared with Azazel" (Abr. 20:5), who is arguably identified with the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> (whom Jesus called "the prince of this world"). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2012:31">John 12:31</a> <span style="font-variant:small-caps">niv</span>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azazel_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Azazel (Marvel Comics)">Azazel (Marvel Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel_in_popular_culture" title="Azazel in popular culture">Azazel in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn (astrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazel_(spirit)" title="Zazel (spirit)">Zazel (spirit)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azazel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jewish-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. 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New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azazel+%28Scapegoat%2C+Lev.+xvi.%2C+A.+V.%29&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2203-azazel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2020" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Ian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZr9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130"><i>Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259995-7"><bdi>978-0-19-259995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+Texts+and+Greek+Religion%3A+Contact%2C+Interaction%2C+and+Comparison&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-259995-7&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZr9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyali-Darshan2020" class="citation web cs1">Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-scapegoat-ritual-and-its-ancient-near-eastern-parallels">"The Scapegoat Ritual and Its Ancient Near Eastern Parallels"</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=The+Scapegoat+Ritual+and+Its+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Parallels&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ayali-Darshan&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-scapegoat-ritual-and-its-ancient-near-eastern-parallels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan N. (2015). Eidinow, Esther; Kindt, Julia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA610"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105807-3"><bdi>978-0-19-105807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.pages=610&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-105807-3&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg9dGPXn5FkC&pg=PA34"><i>Ancient Religions</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03918-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03918-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03918-6&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZg9dGPXn5FkC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2006" class="citation book cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJFyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"Ritual Killing and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East"</a>. In Finsterbusch, Karin; Lange, Armin (eds.). <i>Human Sacrifice in Jewish and Christian Tradition</i>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0940-3"><bdi>978-90-474-0940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Killing+and+Sacrifice+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.btitle=Human+Sacrifice+in+Jewish+and+Christian+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0940-3&rft.aulast=Pongratz-Leisten&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJFyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZatelli1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zatelli, Ida (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1585505">"The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts"</a>. <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">254–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568533982721604">10.1163/1568533982721604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1585505">1585505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Biblical+Scapegoat+Ritual%3A+The+Evidence+of+Two+Eblaite+Texts&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568533982721604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1585505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zatelli&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1585505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-JE-Azazel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE-Azazel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE-Azazel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Azazel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2203-azazel"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azazel&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com.&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2203-azazel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoma 67b; Sifra, Aḥare, ii. 2; Targ. Yer. Lev. xiv. 10, and most medieval commentators</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akaplan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akaplan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a delineation of the various <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Meforshim" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic opinions</a> here, see R. <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=3&CHAPTER=16#C2414">note</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612063236/http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=3&CHAPTER=16#C2414">Archived</a> 2012-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on "Azazel" (Lev 16:8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyndalearchive.com/TABS/Gesenius/index.htm">"Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon by Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius"</a>. <i>www.tyndalearchive.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tyndalearchive.com&rft.atitle=Hebrew+and+Chaldee+Lexicon+by+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Gesenius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndalearchive.com%2FTABS%2FGesenius%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">16:8 mittens super utrumque sortem unam Domino et alteram capro emissario</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 Mose 16:8 German: Luther (1545) Und soll das Los werfen über die zween Böcke, ein Los dem HERRN und das andere dem ledigen Bock.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.J. Stökl in <i>Sacrifice in Religious Experience </i> ed. Albert I. Baumgarten p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marquette.edu/maqom/azazelscapegoat.html">"Andrei Orlov Azazel as the Celestial Scapegoat"</a>. <i>www.marquette.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marquette.edu&rft.atitle=Andrei+Orlov+Azazel+as+the+Celestial+Scapegoat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marquette.edu%2Fmaqom%2Fazazelscapegoat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.39a?lang=bi">Yoma 39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Drazin, Stanley M. Wagner, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4s5cLrx_n8gC&pg=PAPA122">Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Vol.3</a></i>, p. PA122, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Gefen, 2008. p. 122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-425-8">978-965-229-425-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp182.htm#page_366">Guide to the Perplexed 3:46</a>, featured on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David P. "Azazel." Pages 1:536–37 in <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a>. Edited by David Noel Freedman et al. New York: Doubleday, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judit M. Blair <i>De-demonising the Old Testament: An Investigation of Azazel, Lilith, Deber</i> p. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ida Zatelli, "The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts", <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i> 48.2 (April 1998):254–263)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Pearson Wright, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uc7YAAAAMAAJ">The Disposal of Impurity: Elimination Rites in the Bible and in Hittite and Mesopotamian literature</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Scholars Press, University of Michigan, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55540-056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55540-056-9">978-1-55540-056-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabelein1990" class="citation book cs1">Gabelein, Frank E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositorsbiblec01gaeb/page/590"><i>The Expositor's Bible Commentary</i></a>. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositorsbiblec01gaeb/page/590">590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310364405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0310364405"><bdi>978-0310364405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expositor%27s+Bible+Commentary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0310364405&rft.aulast=Gabelein&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpositorsbiblec01gaeb%2Fpage%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Granger Cook <i>The interpretation of the Old Testament in Greco-Roman paganism</i> 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Gelbert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelbert2011" class="citation book cs1">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/"><i>Ginza Rba</i></a>. Sydney: Living Water Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630" title="Special:BookSources/9780958034630"><bdi>9780958034630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rba&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780958034630&rft.aulast=Gelbert&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fginza-rba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Hendrik Kramers <i>Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> uzac Verlag, 1961 p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haggai Ben-Shammai, Shaul Shaked, Sarah Stroumsa (and Patricia Crone in this certain chapter) Exchange and transmission across cultural boundaries Yehuda Greenbaum 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-208-188-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-208-188-9">978-965-208-188-9</a> p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristof d' Hulster, J. van Steenbergen <i>Continuity and Change in the Realms of Islam: Studies in Honour of Professor Urbain Vermeulen</i> Isd, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042919914" title="Special:BookSources/9789042919914">9789042919914</a> p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loren T. Stückenbruck <i>The Book of Giants from Qumran: texts, translation, and commentary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandt "Die mandäische Religion" 1889 pp. 197, 198; Norberg's "Onomasticon," p. 31; <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a>'s "De Religione Mohammedanarum," p. 89; Kamus, s.v. "Azazel" [demon identical with Satan]; Delitzsch, "Zeitsch. f. Kirchl. Wissensch. u. Leben," 1880, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph D. Levy <i>The symbolism of the Azazel goat</i> 1998 "the midrash is less elaborate than in 1 Enoch, and, notably, makes no mention of Azazel or Asa' el at all."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enoch xiii.; compare Brandt, "Die mandäische Religion", 1889, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enoch viii. 1, ix. 6, x. 4–6, liv. 5, lxxxviii. 1; see Geiger, "Jüd. Zeit." 1864, pp. 196–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1913" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, William (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F474708">"The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature"</a>. <i>The Biblical World</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F474708">10.1086/474708</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142425">3142425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144698491">144698491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+World&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+Satan%3A+II.+Satan+in+Extra-Biblical+Apocalyptical+Literature&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144698491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3142425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F474708&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F474708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzazel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei Orlov (2009), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marquette.edu/maqom/azazelscapegoat.html">Azazel as the Celestial Scapegoat</a>". An excerpt (pp. 79-111) from his contribution "The Eschatological Yom Kippur in the Apocalypse of Abraham: Part I: The Scapegoat Ritual" to A. Orlov and B. Lourié, eds., <i>Symbola Caelestis. Le symbolisme liturgique et paraliturgique dans le monde Chrétien</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. E. Nickelsburg. <i>Apocalyptic and Myth in 1 Enoch 6-11.</i> Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 96, no. 3, 1977, pp. 383–405</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoy,_Sansenoy_and_Semangelof" title="Senoy, Sansenoy and Semangelof">Senoy, Sansenoy and Semangelof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Lordships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Mikha'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futrus" title="Futrus">Futrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_(angel)" title="Habib (angel)">Ḥabīb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_Ars_Paulina" title="List of angels in Ars Paulina">List of angels in Ars Paulina</a></li> <li>Ambiguous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underworlds210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hell" title="Template:Hell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hell" title="Template talk:Hell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underworlds210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworlds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/90px-John_Martin_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/135px-John_Martin_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/John_Martin_002.jpg/180px-John_Martin_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1267" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">Abyss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_darkness" title="Outer darkness">Outer darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijjin" title="Sijjin">Sijjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudael" title="Dudael">Dudael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehom" title="Tehom">Tehom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzoah_Rotachat" title="Tzoah Rotachat">Tzoah Rotachat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/120px-Buddhist_hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Buddhist_hell.jpg/250px-Buddhist_hell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xibalba" title="Xibalba">Xibalba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Ghosts" title="Gate of the Ghosts">Gate of the Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youdu" title="Youdu">Youdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yomi" title="Yomi">Yomi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Irkalla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Norse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows" title="Asphodel Meadows">Asphodel Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annwn" title="Annwn">Annwn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnic mythology">Finnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li> 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