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/*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 4 to 18 */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } ::-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 19+ */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: #fff; } .sb-search.sb-search-open, .no-js .sb-search { width: 100%; min-width:300px; min-width: 75vw; margin-left: -10vw; overflow:visible;; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-icon-search, .no-js .sb-search .sb-icon-search { z-index: 11; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-search-submit, .no-js .sb-search .sb-search-submit { z-index: 90; } .negativetopmargin50 {margin-top:-50px;} .negativetopmargin40 {margin-top:-40px;} .negativetopmargin20 {margin-top:-20px;} .bulleted, .bulleted ul {list-style-type: disc;} .bulleted ul li, .contentmiddle.p1 ul li, .p1 li, .contentmiddle li,.contentmiddle.p1 ul li,.entry ul li, .entry ul {list-style-type: disc;} #last, .last a, .li a last {color:black !important;} .cli-bar-message {font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif;} .addtoany_shortcode div {margin-top: 14px;} /*Step 5 aesthetic 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<div class="contentmiddle"> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand" style="max-width:501px">  <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br> <br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1279265463" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><br> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1118236" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-olivetti-designed-the-first-personal-computer-in-history-the-programma-101-1965.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to How Olivetti Designed the First Personal Computer in History, the Programma 101 (1965)"> How Olivetti Designed the First Personal Computer in History, the Programma 101 (1965) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | August 7th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1118236" class="post-1118236 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-science category-history category-technology"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/WnItIQSwfSw?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>If you were to come across an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_101">Olivetti Programma 101,</a> you probably wouldn’t recognize it as a computer. With its 36 keys and its paper-strip printer, it might strike you as some kind of oversized adding machine, albeit an unusually handsome one. But then, you’d expect that quality from Olivetti, a company best remembered for its enormously successful typewriters that now occupy prime space in museums of twentieth-century design. Among its lesser-known products, at least outside its native Italy, are its computers, a line that began with mainframes in the mid-nineteen-fifties and ended with IBM PC clones in the nineties, reaching the height of its innovation with the Programma 101 in 1965.</p> <p>The Programma 101 is also known as the P101 or the Perottina, a name derived from that of its inventor, engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Giorgio_Perotto">Pier Giorgio Perotto</a>. “I dreamed of a friendly machine to which you could delegate all those menial tasks which are prone to errors,” he later said, “a machine that could quietly learn and perform tasks, that could store simple data and instructions, that could be used by anyone, that would be inexpensive and the size of other office products which people used.”</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>To realize that vision required not just a technical effort but also an aesthetic one, which fell to the young architect and industrial designer Mario Bellini, who had followed his colleague (and later <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/10/memphis-group-the-bob-dylan-inspired-designers-of-david-bowies-favorite-furniture.html">Memphis Group</a> founder) Ettore Sottsass into consulting work for Olivetti.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/vfMxcrN90PE?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>All this work took place at a time of crisis for the company. Following the death of its head Adriano Olivetti in 1960, <a href="https://opinionateddesigner.com/2015/10/28/great-designers-remembered-pier-giorgio-perotto-and-the-first-pc/">writes Opinionated Designer</a>, it “got into severe financial difficulties after buying the giant US Underwood company, and the electronics division was sold off to General Electric early in 1965.” Olivetti’s son Roberto had already “given the go-ahead in 1962 for the development of a small ‘desk-top’ computer.” In order “to avoid their project being swallowed up by GE, Perotto’s team changed some of the specifications of the 101 to make it appear to be a ‘calculator’ rather than a ‘computer’ which meant the project could stay with Olivetti.” Yet on a technical level, the Perottina remained very much a computer indeed.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/GLRMtMFWts4?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>In addition to subtraction, multiplication, and division, “it could also perform logical operations, conditional and unconditional jumps, and print the data stored in a register, all through a custom-made alphanumeric programming language,” <a href="https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/olivetti-programma-101-at-the-origins-of-the-personal-computer/">writes Riccardo Bianchini at Inexhibit</a>. In <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLRMtMFWts4&amp;list=PLh6xCEXgYuPWXmdeRdDTZCz-WZXARmIAb&amp;index=7">the video above</a>, enthusiast Wladimir Zaniewski demonstrates its capabilities with a simple alphanumeric lunar-lander game: a historically apt project, since NASA bought ten of them for use in planning the Apollo 11 moon landing. Yet even more important was the device’s comparatively down-to-earth achievement of being, in Bianchini’s words, “an unintimidating object everyone could use, even at home. In that sense, there is no doubt that the Olivetti Programma 101 truly is the first personal computer in history.”</p> <p><strong>Related content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/watch_the_worlds_oldest_working_digital_computer_the_1951_harwell_dekatron_.html">Watch the World’s Oldest Working Digital Computer — the 1951 Harwell Dekatron — Get Fired Up Again</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/09/discovered-the-user-manual-for-the-oldest-surviving-computer-in-the-world.html">Discovered: The User Manual for the Oldest Surviving Computer in the World</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/how-british-codebreakers-built-the-first-electronic-computer.html">How British Codebreakers Built the First Electronic Computer</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/06/when-kraftwerk-issued-their-own-pocket-calculator-synthesizer.html">When Kraftwerk Issued Their Own Pocket Calculator Synthesizer — to Play Their Song “Pocket Calculator” (1981)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/02/how-france-invented-a-popular-profitable-internet-of-its-own-in-the-80s-the-rise-and-fall-of-minitel.html">How France Invented a Popular, Profitable Internet of Its Own in the 80s: The Rise and Fall of Minitel</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, </em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/"> M</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">a</a></em><em><a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">rshall</a> writes and broadcas</em><em>ts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the Substack newsletter</em> <a href="https://colinmarshall.substack.com/">Books on Cities</a><em> and the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles. <em>Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinm</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">a</a></em><em><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">rshall</a> or on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-olivetti-designed-the-first-personal-computer-in-history-the-programma-101-1965.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-olivetti-designed-the-first-personal-computer-in-history-the-programma-101-1965.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/08/how-olivetti-designed-the-first-personal-computer-in-history-the-programma-101-1965.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1111994" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/can-you-crack-the-uncrackable-code-in-kryptos-the-cias-work-of-public-art.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Can You Crack the Uncrackable Code in Kryptos, the CIA’s Work of Public Art?"> Can You Crack the Uncrackable Code in Kryptos, the CIA’s Work of Public Art? </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/design-2" rel="category tag">Design</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/language" rel="category tag">Language</a> </em> | January 17th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1111994" class="post-1111994 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-computer-science category-design-2 category-language"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/CwdUwevayRU?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>It can be challenging to parse the meaning of many non-narrative artworks.</p> <p>Sometimes the <a href="https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/51449">title</a> will offer a clue, or the <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/04/an-introduction-to-the-painting-that-changed-georgia-okeeffes-career-rams-head-white-hollyhock-hills.html">artist will shed some light</a> in an interview.</p> <p>Is it a <a href="https://www.artforum.com/features/abstract-expressionism-weapon-of-the-cold-war-214234/">comment</a> on the cultural, socio-economic or political context in which it was created?</p> <p>Or is <a href="https://www.moma.org/artists/4675" rel="nofollow">the act of creating it</a> the artist’s most salient point?</p> <p>Are multiple interpretations possible?</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Artist <a href="https://jimsanborn.net/">Jim Sanborn</a>’s massive sculpture <em><a href="https://jimsanborn.net/main.html#kryptos">Kryptos</a></em> may inspire various reactions in its viewers, but there’s definitely a single correct interpretation.</p> <p>But 78-year-old Sanborn isn’t saying what…</p> <p>He wants someone else to identify it.</p> <p><em>Kryptos</em>’ main mystery — more like “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma” <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2016683579/">to quote Winston Churchill</a> — was hand cut into an S‑shaped copper screen using jigsaws.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1112042 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="980" height="736" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos.jpg 980w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-360x270.jpg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-768x577.jpg 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1112042" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos.jpg" alt width="980" height="736" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos.jpg 980w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-360x270.jpg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/01/16213702/kryptos-768x577.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px"></noscript></p> <p align="right"><small><em>Image courtesy of the CIA</em></small></p> <p>Professional cryptanalysts, hobbyists, and students have been attempting to crack the code of its 865 letters and 4 question marks since 1990, when it was installed on the grounds of CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.</p> <p>The hands-on part fell well within Sanborn’s purview. But a Masters in sculpture from <a href="https://www.pratt.edu/">Pratt Institute</a> does not automatically confer cryptography bonafides, so Sanborn enlisted <a href="https://www.thekryptosproject.com/toknow/people/scheidt.php" rel="nofollow">Edward Scheidt</a>, the retired chairman of the CIA’s Cryptographic Center, for a crash course in late 20th-century coding systems.</p> <p>Sanborn sampled various coding methods for the finished piece, wanting the act of deciphering to feel like “peeling layers off an onion.”</p> <p>That onion has been partially peeled for years.</p> <p><a href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/06/biztech/articles/16code.html">Deciphering three of its four panels</a> is a pelt shared by computer scientist and former president of the <a href="https://www.cryptogram.org/">American Cryptogram Association</a>, <a href="https://www.thekryptosproject.com/toknow/people/gillogly.php" rel="nofollow">James Gillogly</a>, and CIA analyst <a href="https://www.wired.com/2013/06/analyst-who-cracked-kryptos/">David Stein</a>.</p> <p>Gillogly arrived at his solution in 1999, using a Pentium II.</p> <p>Stein reached the same conclusion a year earlier, after chipping away at it for some 400 hours with pencil and paper, though the CIA kept his achievement on the down low until Gillogly went public with his.</p> <p>The following year the National Security Agency claimed that four of their employees, working collaboratively, had reached an identical solution in 1992, a fact corroborated by documents obtained through the <a href="https://www.foia.gov/">Freedom of Information Act</a>.</p> <p>(On a related note, I got <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CZU1LJ2O8VS/?img_index=5">Wordle in three</a> this morning…)</p> <p>This still leaves the 97-character phrase from the final panel up for grabs. Cracking it will be the penultimate step in solving Kryptos’ puzzle. As Sanborn <a href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/801323608">told NPR</a> in 2020, “that phrase is in itself a riddle:”</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><i>It’s mysterious. It’s going to lead to something else. It’s not going to be finished when it’s decoded.</i></p> <p>The public is welcome to continue making educated guesses.</p> <p>Sanborn has leaked three clues over the years, all words that can be found in the final passage of decrypted text.</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s12">BERLIN</span><span class="s1">, at positions 64 — 69 (2010)</span></p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s12">CLOCK</span><span class="s1">, at positions 70 — 74 (2014)</span></p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s12">NORTHEAST</span><span class="s1">, at position 26 — 34</span></p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/0Gf1CujEivg?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Have you solved it, yet?</p> <p>No?</p> <p>Don’t feel bad…</p> <p>Sanborn has been fielding incorrect answers daily for decades, though a rising tide of aggressive and racist messages led him to <a href="https://jimsanborn.net/kryptos_fees.html">charge 50 bucks</a> per submission, to which he responds via e‑mail, with absolutely no hope of hints.</p> <p><em>Kryptos</em>’ most dedicated fans, like game developer /cryptologist <a href="https://elonka.com/autobiography.html">Elonka Dunin</a>, seen plying Sanborn with copious quantities of sushi above in <em>Great Big Story’</em>s video, find value in working together and, sometimes, in person.</p> <p>Their dream is that Sanborn might inadvertently let slip a valuable tidbit in their presence, though that seems like a long shot.</p> <p>The artist claims to have gotten very skilled at maintaining a poker face.</p> <p>(Wait, does that suggest his interlocutors have been getting warmer?)</p> <p>Dunin has relinquished all fantasies of solving Kryptos solo, and now works to help someone — anyone — solve it.</p> <p>(Please, Lord, don’t let it be <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Cipher/comments/137c02x/i_think_i_got_chatgpt_to_solve_kryptos/">chatGPT</a>…)</p> <p>Sanford has put a contingency plan in place in case no one ever manages to get to the bottom of the Kryptos (ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek">Greek</a> for “hidden”) conundrum.</p> <p>He, or representatives of his estate, will auction off the solution. He is content with letting the winning bidder decide whether or not to share what’s been revealed to them.</p> <p>“I do realize that the value of Kryptos is unknown and that perhaps this concept will bear little fruit,” he told <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/01/29/climate/kryptos-sculpture-final-clue.html">the <em>New York Times</em></a>, though if one takes the masses of people desperate to learn the solution and factors in Sanford’s intention to donate all proceeds to climate research, it may well bear quite a healthy amount of fruit.</p> <p>Join Elonka Dunin’s online community of Kryptos enthusiasts <a href="https://kryptos.groups.io/g/main">here</a>.</p> <p>To give you a taste of what you’re in for, here are the first two panels, followed by their solutions, with the artist’s intentional misspellings intact.</p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><br> 1.<br> <b>Encrypted Text</b><br> EMUFPHZLRFAXYUSDJKZLDKRNSHGNFIVJ<br> YQTQUXQBQVYUVLLTREVJYQTMKYRDMFD</span></p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Decrypted Text</b><br> Between subtle shading and the absence of light lies the nuance of iqlusion.</span></p> <p class="p6"><span class="s1">2.</span></p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 80px;"><span class="s1"><b>Encrypted Text</b><br> VFPJUDEEHZWETZYVGWHKKQETGFQJNCE<br> GGWHKK?DQMCPFQZDQMMIAGPFXHQRLG<br> TIMVMZJANQLVKQEDAGDVFRPJUNGEUNA<br> QZGZLECGYUXUEENJTBJLBQCRTBJDFHRR<br> YIZETKZEMVDUFKSJHKFWHKUWQLSZFTI<br> HHDDDUVH?DWKBFUFPWNTDFIYCUQZERE<br> EVLDKFEZMOQQJLTTUGSYQPFEUNLAVIDX<br> FLGGTEZ?FKZBSFDQVGOGIPUFXHHDRKF<br> FHQNTGPUAECNUVPDJMQCLQUMUNEDFQ<br> ELZZVRRGKFFVOEEXBDMVPNFQXEZLGRE<br> DNQFMPNZGLFLPMRJQYALMGNUVPDXVKP<br> DQUMEBEDMHDAFMJGZNUPLGEWJLLAETG</span></p> <p class="p6" style="padding-left: 80px;"><span class="s1"><b>Decrypted Text</b><br> It was totally invisible Hows that possible? They used the Earths magnetic field X<br> The information was gathered and transmitted undergruund to an unknown location X<br> Does Langley know about this? They should Its buried out there somewhere X<br> Who knows the exact location? Only WW This was his last message X<br> Thirty eight degrees fifty seven minutes six point five seconds north<br> Seventy seven degrees eight minutes forty four seconds west ID by rows</span></p> <p>View step by step solutions for the first three of Kryptos’ encrypted panels <a href="https://www.instructables.com/member/starlifter/">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related Content </strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Enigma Machine: How Alan Turing Helped Break the Unbreakable Nazi Code" href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/the_enigma_machine_how_alan_turing_helped_break_the_unbreakable_nazi_code_.html" rel="bookmark">The Enigma Machine: How Alan Turing Helped Break the Unbreakable Nazi Code</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Artificial Intelligence May Have Cracked the Code of the Voynich Manuscript: Has Modern Technology Finally Solved a Medieval Mystery?" href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/01/artificial-intelligence-may-have-cracked-the-code-of-the-voynich-manuscript.html" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence May Have Cracked the Code of the Voynich Manuscript: Has Modern Technology Finally Solved a Medieval Mystery?</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Code of Charles Dickens’ Shorthand Has Been Cracked by Computer Programmers, Solving a 160-Year-Old Mystery" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/02/the-code-of-charles-dickens-shorthand-has-been-cracked-by-computer-programmers-solving-a-160-year-old-mystery.html" rel="bookmark">The Code of Charles Dickens’ Shorthand Has Been Cracked by Computer Programmers, Solving a 160-Year-Old Mystery</a></p> <p class="p8"><span class="s13"><i>– </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s5"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s5"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s5"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s5"><i>Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</i></span></a><i>. Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s5"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/can-you-crack-the-uncrackable-code-in-kryptos-the-cias-work-of-public-art.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/can-you-crack-the-uncrackable-code-in-kryptos-the-cias-work-of-public-art.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/01/can-you-crack-the-uncrackable-code-in-kryptos-the-cias-work-of-public-art.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1111401" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/12/the-oldest-voices-that-we-can-still-hear-hear-audio-recordings-of-ghostly-voices-from-the-19th-century.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Oldest Voices That We Can Still Hear: Hear Audio Recordings of Ghostly Voices from the 1800s"> The Oldest Voices That We Can Still Hear: Hear Audio Recordings of Ghostly Voices from the 1800s </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/life" rel="category tag">Life</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | December 8th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1111401" class="post-1111401 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-science category-history category-life category-technology"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/iEDvozbyUMQ?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>What history nerd doesn’t thrill to Thomas Edison speaking to us from beyond the grave in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Edison_Mary_had_lamb.ogg">50th anniversary repeat</a> of his groundbreaking <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/press/fact-sheets/early-sound-recording-collection-and-sound-recovery-project#:~:text=In%201877,%20Thomas%20Edison%20invented,fleece%20was%20white%20as%20snow.">1877 spoken word recording of </a>(those hoping for loftier stuff should dial it down now) <a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/press/fact-sheets/early-sound-recording-collection-and-sound-recovery-project#:~:text=In%201877,%20Thomas%20Edison%20invented,fleece%20was%20white%20as%20snow.">Mary Had a Little Lamb?</a></p> <p>The original represents the first time a recorded human voice was successfully captured and played back. We live in hope that the fragile <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRnTFiXkNFw&ab_channel=NationalMuseumofAmericanHistory">tinfoil shee</a>t on which it was recorded will turn up in someone’s attic someday.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Apparently Edison got it in the can on the first take. The great inventor <a href="https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/edison-reading-mary-had-a-little-lamb-1927/">later reminisced</a> that he “was never so taken aback” in his life as when he first heard his own voice, issuing forth from the phonograph into which he’d so recently shouted the famous nursery rhyme:</p> <blockquote><p>Everybody was astonished. I was always afraid of things that worked the first time.</p></blockquote> <p>His achievement was a game changer, obviously, but it wasn’t the first time human speech was successfully recorded, as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@kingsandthings">Kings and Things</a> clarifies in the above video.</p> <p>That honor goes to <a href="https://firstsounds.org/research/scott.php">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph">phonautograph</a>, patented in 1857, transcribed vocal sounds as wave forms etched onto lampblack-coated paper, wood, or glass.</p> <p>Edison’s plans for his invention hinged on its ability to reproduce sound in ways that would be familiar and of service to the listening public. A sampling:</p> <ul> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">A music player<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></li> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">A device for creating audiobooks for blind people</span></li> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">A linguistic tool</span></li> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">An academic resource of archived lectures</span></li> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">A record of telephone conversations</span></li> <li class="p4"><span class="s1">A means of capturing precious family memories.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></li> </ul> <p>Léon Scott’s vision for his phonautograph reflects his preoccupation with the <a href="https://musictech.com/guides/essential-guide/the-science-of-sound/">science of sound</a>.</p> <p>A professional typesetter, with an interest in shorthand, he conceived of the phonautograph as an artificial ear capable of reproducing every hiccup and quirk of pronunciation far more faithfully than a stenographer ever could. It was, in the words of audio historian <a href="https://www.phonozoic.net/">Patrick Feaster</a>,  the “ultimate speech-to-text machine.”</p> <p>As he <a href="https://www.npr.org/2008/04/04/89380697/1860-phonautograph-is-earliest-known-recording">told NPR’s Talk of the Nation</a>, Léon Scott was driven to “get sounds down on paper where he could look at them and study them:”</p> <p class="p4" style="padding-left: 40px;"><em><span class="s1">…in terms of what we’re talking about here visually, anybody who’s ever used audio editing software should have a pretty good idea of what we’re talking about here, that kind of wavy line that you see on your screen that somehow corresponds to a sound file that you’re working with…He was hoping people would learn to read those squiggles and not just get the words out of them.</span></em></p> <p>Although Léon Scott managed to sell a few phonautographs to scientific laboratories, the general public took little note of his invention. He was pained by the global acclaim that greeted Edison’s phonograph 21 years later, fearing that his own name would be lost to history.</p> <p>His fear was not unfounded, though as Conan O’Brien, of all people, mused, “eventually, <a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/thomas-and-mina-edison-s-graves.htm">all our graves</a> go unattended.”</p> <p>But Léon Scott got a second act, as did several unidentified long-dead humans whose voices he had recorded, when Dr. Feaster and his <a href="https://firstsounds.org/sounds/approach.php">First Sounds colleague David Giovannon</a>i converted some phonautograms to playable digital audio files using <a href="https://irene.lbl.gov/">non-contact optical-scanning technology</a> from the <a href="https://www.lbl.gov/">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/HKPPcbcY0Kw?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p class="p4">Dr. Feaster describes the eerie experience of listening to the cleaned-up spoken word tracks after a long night of tweaking file speeds, using Léon Scott’s phonautograms of tuning forks as his guide:<span class="s2"><br> </span></p> <p class="p4" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>I’m a sound recording historian, so hearing a voice from 100 years ago is no real surprise for me. But sitting there, I was just kind of stunned to be thinking, now I’m suddenly at last listening to a performance of vocal music made in France before the American Civil War. That was just a stunning thing, feeling like a ghost is trying to sing to me through that static.</i></span></p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ZES2gD95Qsg?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Scanning technology also allowed historians to create playable digital files of fragile foil recordings made on Edison devices, like the <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/03/29/982184846/historic-st-louis-tinfoil-added-to-national-recording-registry">St. Louis Tinfoil </a>, made by writer and early adopter Thomas Mason in the summer of 1878, as a way of showing off his new-fangled phonograph, purchased for the whopping sum of $95.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.iasa-web.org/sites/default/files/IASA_journal32_part13.pdf">British Library’s Tinfoil Recording</a> is thought to be the earliest in existence. It features an as-yet unidentified woman, who may or may not be quoting from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau">social theorist Harriet Martineau</a>… this garbled ghost is exceptionally difficult to pin down.</p> <p>Far easier to decipher are the 1889 recordings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder">Prussian Field Marshall Helmuth Von Multke</a>, who was born in 1800, the last year of the 18th century, making his the earliest-born recorded voice in audio history.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/1BBkFacaBHY?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>The nonagenarian recites from Hamlet and Faust, and congratulates Edison on his astonishing invention:</p> <p class="p7" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>This phonograph makes it possible for a man who has already long rested in the grave once again to raise his voice and greet the present.</i></span></p> <p><strong>Related Content</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/11/download-10000-of-the-first-recordings-of-music-ever-made-courtesy-of-the-ucsb-cylinder-audio-archive.html">Download 10,000 of the First Recordings of Music Ever Made, Courtesy of the UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/suzanne_vega_the_mother_of_the_mp3_records_toms_diner_with_the_edison_cylinder.html">Suzanne Vega, “The Mother of the MP3,” Records “Tom’s Diner” with the Edison Cylinder</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/beer_bottle_as_edison_cylinder_.html">A Beer Bottle Gets Turned Into a 19th Century Edison Cylinder and Plays Fine Music</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/01/400000-sound-recordings-made-before-1923-have-entered-the-public-domain.html">400,000+ Sound Recordings Made Before 1923 Have Entered the Public Domain</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2017/08/the-web-site-centuries-of-sound-is-making-a-mixtape-for-every-year-of-recorded-sound-from-1860-to-present.html">The Web Site “Centuries of Sound” is Making a Mixtape for Every Year of Recorded Sound from 1860 to Present</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/stream-385000-vintage-78-rpm-records-at-the-internet-archive.html">Stream 385,000 Vintage 78 RPM Records at the Internet Archive: Louis Armstrong, Glenn Miller, Billie Holiday & More</a></p> <p class="p9"><span class="s6"><i>– </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s7"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s7"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s7"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s7"><i>Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</i></span></a><i>. Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s7"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/12/the-oldest-voices-that-we-can-still-hear-hear-audio-recordings-of-ghostly-voices-from-the-19th-century.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/12/the-oldest-voices-that-we-can-still-hear-hear-audio-recordings-of-ghostly-voices-from-the-19th-century.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/12/the-oldest-voices-that-we-can-still-hear-hear-audio-recordings-of-ghostly-voices-from-the-19th-century.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1110023" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/09/what-happens-when-someone-crochets-stuffed-animals-using-instructions-from-chatgpt.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to What Happens When Someone Crochets Stuffed Animals Using Instructions from ChatGPT"> What Happens When Someone Crochets Stuffed Animals Using Instructions from ChatGPT </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/data" rel="category tag">Data</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | September 5th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1110023" class="post-1110023 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-computer-science category-data category-technology"> <p class="p1"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110071 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1200" height="900" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet.webp" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet.webp 1200w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-360x270.webp 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-240x180.webp 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-768x576.webp 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110071" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet.webp" alt width="1200" height="900" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet.webp 1200w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-360x270.webp 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-240x180.webp 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212634/ai-crochet-768x576.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px"></noscript></p> <p><a href="https://www.attackbearpress.com/attackbears#/attack-bear-alexandra-woolner">Alex Woolner</a> knows how to put a degree in English to good use.</p> <p>Past projects include a <a href="https://www.instagram.com/wheresthe1key/">feminist typewriter blog</a>, retrofitting sticker <a href="https://www.attackbearpress.com/pvm">vending machines to dispense poetry</a>, and a free residency program for emerging artists at a <a href="https://youtu.be/5DEZSB0q7bI?si=GasX4nRf4Q0CQubN">multidisciplinary studio</a> she co-founded with playwright and painter <a href="https://www.attackbearpress.com/attackbears#/attack-bear-jason-montgomery">Jason Montgomery</a> in Easthampton, Massachusetts.</p> <p>More recently, the poet and international educator has combined her interest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigurumi">amigurumi </a>crocheted animals and <a href="https://chat.openai.com/auth/login" rel="nofollow">ChatGPT</a>, the open source AI chatbot.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Having crocheted an <em>amigurumi</em> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narwhal">narwhal</a> for a nephew earlier this year, she hopped on ChatGPT and asked it to create “a crochet pattern for a narwhal stuffed animal using worsted weight yarn.”</p> <p>The result might have discouraged another querent, but Woolner got out her crochet hook and sallied forth, following ChatGPTs instructions to the letter, despite a number of red flags indicating that the chatbot’s grasp of narwhal anatomy was highly unreliable.</p> <p>Its ignorance is part of its DNA. As a large language model, ChatGPT is capable of producing predictive text based on vast amounts of data in its memory bank. But it can’t see images.</p> <p>As <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/profile/amit-katwala">Amit Katwala</a> writes in <em><a href="http://www.apple.com">Wired</a></em>:</p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>It has no idea what a cat looks like or even what crochet is. It simply connects words that frequently appear together in its training data. The result is superficially plausible passages of text that often fall apart when exposed to the scrutiny of an expert—what’s been called “fluent bullshit.”</i></span></p> <p>It’s also not too hot at math, a skill set knitters and crocheters bring to bear reading patterns, which traffic in numbers of rows and stitches, indicated by abbreviations that really flummox a chatbot.</p> <p>An example of beginner-level instructions from a <a href="https://www.elisascrochet.com/post/finley-the-shark-free-crochet-pattern">free downloadable pattern</a> for a cute amigurumi shark:</p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1">DORSAL FIN (gray yarn)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 1: </b>in a mr work 3 sc, 2 hdc, 1 sc (6)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 2: </b>3 sc, 1 hdc inc, 1 hdc, 1 sc (7)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 3: </b>3 sc, 2 hdc, 1 hdc inc, 1 sc (8)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 4: </b>3 sc, 1 hdc inc, 3 hdc, 1 sc inc (10)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 5: </b>3 sc, 1 hdc, 1 hdc inc, 3 hdc, 1 sc, 1 sc inc (12)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 6:</b> 3 sc, 6 hdc, 3 sc (12)</span></p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><b>Rnd 7:</b> sc even (12); F/O and leave a long strand of yarn to sew the dorsal fin between rnds # 18–23. Do not stuff the fin.</span></p> <p>Pity poor ChatGPT, though, like Woolner, it tried.</p> <p>Their collaboration became a cause célèbre when Woolner debuted the “AI generated narwhal crochet monstrosity” <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7187594267328646443">on TikTok</a>, aptly comparing the large tusk ChatGPT had her position atop its head to a chef’s toque.</p> <p>Is that the best AI can do?</p> <p>A recent <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/803/greetings-people-of-earth/act-one-6"><em>This American Life </em>episode</a> details how <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=V2Y1L4sAAAAJ&hl=en">Sebastien Bubeck</a>, a machine learning researcher at Microsoft, commanded another large language model, <a href="https://openai.com/research/gpt-4" rel="nofollow">GPT‑4</a>, to create code that <a href="https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/LaTeX_Graphics_using_TikZ:_A_Tutorial_for_Beginners_(Part_1)%E2%80%94Basic_Drawing#:~:text=TikZ%20is%20a%20LaTeX%20package,do%20using%20the%20tikz%20package.">TikZ</a>, a vector graphics producer, could use to “draw” a unicorn.</p> <p class="p9">This collaborative experiment was perhaps more empirically successful than the ChatGPT amigurumi patterns Woolner dutifully rendered in yarn and fiberfill. <em>This American Life</em>’s David Kestenbaum was sufficiently awed by the resulting image to hazard a guess that “when people eventually write the history of this crazy moment we are in, they may include this unicorn.”<i></i></p> <p class="p9" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>It’s not good, but it’s a fucking unicorn. The body is just an oval. It’s got four stupid rectangles for legs. But there are little squares for hooves. There’s a mane, an oval for the head. And on top of the head, a tiny yellow triangle, the horn. This is insane to say, but I felt like I was seeing inside its head. Like it had pieced together some idea of what a unicorn looked like and this was it.</i></span></p> <p class="p9">Let’s not poo poo the merits of Woolner’s ongoing explorations though. As one commenter observed, it seems she’s “found a way to instantiate the weird messed up artifacts of <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/discover-dall-e-the-artificial-intelligence-artist-that-turns-your-search-terms-into-surreal-artwork.html">AI generated images</a> in the physical universe.”</p> <p>To which Woolner responded that she “will either be spared or be one of the first to perish when AI takes over governance of us meat sacks.”</p> <p class="p9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110073 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1000" height="752" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2.webp" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2.webp 1000w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-360x271.webp 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-240x180.webp 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-768x578.webp 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110073" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2.webp" alt width="1000" height="752" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2.webp 1000w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-360x271.webp 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-240x180.webp 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212905/crochetai2-768x578.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px"></noscript></p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110074 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1500" height="1125" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2.jpg 1500w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-360x270.jpg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-768x576.jpg 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110074" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2.jpg" alt width="1500" height="1125" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2.jpg 1500w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-360x270.jpg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04212950/Norma2-768x576.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px"></noscript></p> <p class="p9"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110075 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="507" height="702" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green.png 507w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green-260x360.png 260w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green-173x240.png 173w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110075" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green.png" alt width="507" height="702" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green.png 507w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green-260x360.png 260w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213111/skein-green-173x240.png 173w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px"></noscript></p> <p>In the meantime, she’s continuing to harness ChatGPT to birth more monstrous amigurumi. Gerald the Narwhal’s has been joined by <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7190892507884981547">a cat</a>, an <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7200233237053164846">otter</a>, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7187943701698710827">Norma the Normal Fish</a>, XL the Newt, and <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7254199611328384298">Skein Green</a>, a pelican bearing get well wishes for author and science vlogger <a href="https://hankgreen.com/about/">Hank Green</a>.</p> <p>When retired mathematician <a href="https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~dtaimina/">Daina Taimina</a>, author of <a href="https://amzn.to/3PnFY2u"><em>Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes</em></a>, told <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-crochet-tiktokers-uncovered-chatgpts-kryptonite">the <em>Daily Beast</em></a> that Gerald would have resembled a narwhal more closely had Woolner supplied ChatGPT with more specifics, Woolner agreed to give it another go.</p> <p>Two weeks later, the <em>Daily Beast</em> pronounced <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@generatedcrochet/video/7201953242173984043">this attempt, nicknamed Gerard</a>, “even less narwhal-looking than the first. Its body was a massive stuffed triangle, and its tusk looked like a gumdrop at one end.”</p> <p class="p9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110076 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1035" height="1380" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d.jpeg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d.jpeg 1035w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-270x360.jpeg 270w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-180x240.jpeg 180w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1035px) 100vw, 1035px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110076" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d.jpeg" alt width="1035" height="1380" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d.jpeg 1035w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-270x360.jpeg 270w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/08/04213147/IMG_0795_yz162d-180x240.jpeg 180w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1035px) 100vw, 1035px"></noscript></p> <p class="p11"><span class="s1">Woolner dubbed Gerard possibly the most frustrating AI-generated <i>amigurumi </i>of her acquaintance, owing to an onslaught of specificity on ChatCPT’s part. It overloaded her with instructions for every individual stitch, sometimes calling for more stitches in a row than existed in the entire pattern, then dipped out without telling her how to complete the body and tail.</span></p> <p class="p11"><span class="s1">As silly as it all may seem, Woolner believes her ChatGPT <i>amigurumi </i>collabs<i> </i>are a healthy model for artists using AI technology:</span></p> <p class="p12" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>I think if there are ways for people in the arts to continue to create, but also approach AI as a tool and as a potential collaborator, that is really interesting. Because then we can start to branch out into completely different, new art forms and creative expressions—things that we couldn’t necessarily do before or didn’t have the spark or the idea to do can be explored.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></span></p> <p>If you, like Hank Green, have fallen for one of Woolner’s unholy creations, downloadable patterns are available <a href="https://www.attackbearpress.com/attackbearstore?category=Generated+Crochet">here</a> for $2 a pop.</p> <p>Those seeking alternatives to fiberfill are advised to stuff their amigurumi with “abandoned hopes and dreams” or “all those free tee shirts you get from giving blood and running road races or whatever you do for fun”.</p> <p><strong>Related Content </strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to An Artist Crochets a Life-Size, Anatomically-Correct Skeleton, Complete with Organs" href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/08/artist-crochets-a-life-size-anatomically-correct-skeleton.html" rel="bookmark">An Artist Crochets a Life-Size, Anatomically-Correct Skeleton, Complete with Organs</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to A Biostatistician Uses Crochet to Visualize the Frightening Infection Rates of the Coronavirus" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/a-biostatistician-uses-crochet-to-visualize-the-frightening-infection-rates-of-the-coronavirus.html" rel="bookmark">A Biostatistician Uses Crochet to Visualize the Frightening Infection Rates of the Coronavirus</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Make an Adorable Crocheted Freddie Mercury; Download a Free Crochet Pattern Online" href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/make-an-adorable-crocheted-freddie-mercury.html" rel="bookmark">Make an Adorable Crocheted Freddie Mercury; Download a Free Crochet Pattern Online</a></p> <p class="p15"><span class="s8"><i>– </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s9"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s9"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9"><i>Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</i></span></a><i>. Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s9"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/09/what-happens-when-someone-crochets-stuffed-animals-using-instructions-from-chatgpt.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/09/what-happens-when-someone-crochets-stuffed-animals-using-instructions-from-chatgpt.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/09/what-happens-when-someone-crochets-stuffed-animals-using-instructions-from-chatgpt.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1109186" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/explore-the-largest-online-archive-exploring-the-genius-of-leonard-da-vinci.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Explore the Largest Online Archive Exploring the Genius of Leonard da Vinci"> Explore the Largest Online Archive Exploring the Genius of Leonard da Vinci </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/design-2" rel="category tag">Design</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | July 10th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1109186" class="post-1109186 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-computer-science category-design-2 category-science category-technology"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109193 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1578" height="2250" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488.jpg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488.jpg 1578w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-252x360.jpg 252w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-718x1024.jpg 718w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-168x240.jpg 168w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-768x1095.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-1077x1536.jpg 1077w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-1436x2048.jpg 1436w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1578px) 100vw, 1578px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109193" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488.jpg" alt width="1578" height="2250" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488.jpg 1578w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-252x360.jpg 252w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-718x1024.jpg 718w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-168x240.jpg 168w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-768x1095.jpg 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-1077x1536.jpg 1077w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/06195358/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_912604_The_fall_of_light_on_a_face_c.1488-1436x2048.jpg 1436w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1578px) 100vw, 1578px"></noscript></p> <p>We dare not speculate as to what <a href="https://www.mos.org/leonardo/biography">Leonardo DaVinci</a> would make of artificial intelligence.</p> <p>We are, however, fairly confident that he would love the Internet.</p> <p>The Renaissance-era genius applied his sophisticated understanding of the human body and the natural world to other types of systems, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/04/the-ingenious-inventions-of-leonardo-da-vinci-recreated-with-3d-animation.html">including plans for civil engineering projects, military projectiles, and flying machines</a>.</p> <p>Google Arts & Culture’s new initiative <strong><em><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g">Inside a Genius Mind</a> </em></strong>offers an interactive experience of the <a href="https://www.discoveringdavinci.com/codexes#:~:text=Used%20to%20be%2062%20sheets,of%20military%20and%20religious%20architecture.%22">codices</a> in which Da Vinci made his sketches, diagrams, and notes.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>It’s also a curatorial collaboration between a human — Oxford art history professor <a href="https://martinjkemp.com/">Martin Kemp </a> — and artificial intelligence.</p> <p>Professor Kemp, author of <em><a href="https://amzn.to/3JPm0u8">Living with Leonardo: Fifty Years of Sanity and Insanity in the Art World and Beyond</a></em>, brings a lifetime of rigorous study and passion for the subject.</p> <p>His non-human counterpart used machine learning to delve into the notebooks’ contents, investigating some 1040 pages from 6 volumes and “drawing thematic connections across time and subject matter to reflect Leonardo’s spirit of interdisciplinary imagination, innovation and the profound unity at the heart of his apparently diverse pursuits.”</p> <p>Upon <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g">launching the experiment</a>, you bushwhack your way through the individual codices by clicking on the sketches floating toward you like elements in a classic space-themed video game, or choose to enjoy one of five curated stories.</p> <p class="p1"><span class="s4"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109227 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1210" height="561" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci.png 1210w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-360x167.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-1024x475.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-240x111.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-768x356.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1210px) 100vw, 1210px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109227" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci.png" alt width="1210" height="561" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci.png 1210w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-360x167.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-1024x475.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-240x111.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203148/curated-stores-Da-vinci-768x356.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1210px) 100vw, 1210px"></noscript><br> </span>We went with <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g">Earth as Body,</a> which gathers seven pages from the UK’s <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/the-royal-collection-london">Royal Collection Trust</a>’s <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Codex_Windsor">Codex Windsor</a>, and one from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Leicester">Codex Leicester</a>, which inspired an animated model that should surely please its<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michelatindera/2021/11/21/bill-gates-owns-one-of-leonardo-da-vincis-manuscripts-heres-how-much-its-worth/?sh=5ddd7b1640c7"> current owner, Bill Gates.</a></p> <p> </p> <p><img decoding="async" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" loading="lazy" class="native-lazyload-js-fallback" data-src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919015%2C_Recto_The_muscles_of_the_upper_spine.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_RCIN_919015%2C_Recto_The_muscles_of_the_upper_spine.jpg"></noscript></p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109223 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1280" height="871" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1.jpeg" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-360x245.jpeg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-1024x697.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-240x163.jpeg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-768x523.jpeg 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109223" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1.jpeg" alt width="1280" height="871" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1.jpeg 1280w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-360x245.jpeg 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-1024x697.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-240x163.jpeg 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203125/Earthshine-1-768x523.jpeg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px"></noscript></p> <p>Using a discreet and somewhat fiddly navigation bar on the left side of the screen, we toured Leonardo’s renderings of the flayed muscles of the upper spine, the vessels and nerves of the neck and liver, the <a href="https://g.co/arts/YAQCv9qxDgCWs1Nk8">Arno valley with the route of a proposed canal</a> that would run from Florence to Pisa, a view of the Alps from Milan, the fall of light on a face, studies of optics and men in action, and observations of the moon and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/04oct_leonardo.html" rel="nofollow">earthshine</a>.</p> <p>How are these things related?</p> <p>“Leonardo believed that the human body represented the whole natural world in miniature” and the selections do offer food for thought that Leonardo’s passion for the underlying laws of nature is the common thread running through his research and art.</p> <p>Each image is accompanied a button inviting you to “explore” the work further. Click it for information about dimensions, provenance, and media, as well as some tantalizing biographical tidbits, such as this, adapted from the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Leonardo-Vinci-Drawing-Martin-Clayton/dp/0847859401">catalogue</a> for the 2019 exhibit <em><a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-a-life-in-drawing/the-queens-gallery-buckingham" rel="nofollow">Leonardo da Vinci: A Life in Drawing</a>:</em></p> <p class="p4" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Leonardo had first studied anatomy in the late 1480s. By the end of his life he claimed to have performed 30 human dissections, intending to publish an illustrated treatise on the subject, but this was never completed, and Leonardo’s work thus had no discernible impact on the discipline. His only documented dissection was carried out in the winter of 1507–8, when he performed an autopsy on an old man whose death he had witnessed in a hospital in Florence. The studies on this page from Leonardo’s notebook are based on that dissection: on the verso Leonardo depicts the vessels of the liver; and in notes elsewhere in the notebook he gives the first known clinical description of cirrhosis of the liver.</i></span></p> <p>Perhaps you’d like to circumvent the machine learning and use your own genius mind to make  connections a la Da Vinci?</p> <p class="p4"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109226 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1220" height="670" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci.png 1220w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-360x198.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-1024x562.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-240x132.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-768x422.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1220px) 100vw, 1220px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109226" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci.png" alt width="1220" height="670" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci.png 1220w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-360x198.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-1024x562.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-240x132.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203145/AI-Tags-Da-Vinci-768x422.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1220px) 100vw, 1220px"></noscript></p> <p class="p4"><span class="s4">Try messing around with <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g"><span class="s5">the AI tags.</span></a></span><span class="s1"> See what you can cobble together to forge a cohesive alliance between such elements as wing, horse, map, musical instruments, and spiral.</span></p> <p>Or cleanse your palate by putting a mash-up of two <a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/da-vinci-stickies/JQEdlc36huU-PA">codex sketches on a digital sticky</a> with the help of Google AI, mindful that the master, who lived to the ripe old age of 67, was probably a bit more intentional with his time…</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109225 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1024" height="1024" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-360x360.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-768x768.png 768w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109225" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI.png" alt width="1024" height="1024" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI.png 1024w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-360x360.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-240x240.png 240w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2023/07/09203142/bow-flight-DAVINCI-768x768.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></noscript></p> <p>Begin your explorations of Google Arts & Culture’s <strong><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g"><em>Inside a Genius Mind</em> </a><a href="https://artsandculture.google.com/experiment/TAEPZtXK2s139g">here</a>.</strong></p> <p><strong>Related Content </strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Ingenious Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci Recreated with 3D Animation" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/04/the-ingenious-inventions-of-leonardo-da-vinci-recreated-with-3d-animation.html" rel="bookmark">The Ingenious Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci Recreated with 3D Animation</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Leonardo Da Vinci’s To Do List (Circa 1490)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/07/leonardo-da-vincis-list-circa-1490.html" rel="bookmark">Leonardo Da Vinci’s To Do List (Circa 1490)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to A Complete Digitization of Leonardo Da Vinci’s <i>Codex Atlanticus</i>, the Largest Existing Collection of His Drawings & Writings" href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/05/a-complete-digitization-of-leonardo-da-vincis-codex-atlanticus.html" rel="bookmark">A Complete Digitization of Leonardo Da Vinci’s Codex Atlanticus, the Largest Existing Collection of His Drawings & Writings</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to How Leonardo da Vinci Made His Magnificent Drawings Using Only a Metal Stylus, Pen & Ink, and Chalk" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/03/how-leonardo-da-vinci-made-his-magnificent-drawings.html" rel="bookmark">How Leonardo da Vinci Made His Magnificent Drawings Using Only a Metal Stylus, Pen & Ink, and Chalk</a></p> <p class="p9"><em><span class="s8">– <a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s9">Ayun Halliday</span></a> is the Chief Primatologist of <a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9">the East Village Inky</span></a> zine and author, most recently, of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s9">Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</span></a> and <a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9">Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</span></a>. Follow her <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s9">@AyunHalliday</span></a>.</span></em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/explore-the-largest-online-archive-exploring-the-genius-of-leonard-da-vinci.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/explore-the-largest-online-archive-exploring-the-genius-of-leonard-da-vinci.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/explore-the-largest-online-archive-exploring-the-genius-of-leonard-da-vinci.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1106641" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/robots-are-carving-replicas-of-the-elgin-marbles.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Robots Are Carving Replicas of the Parthenon Marbles: Could They Help the Real Ancient Sculptures Return to Greece?"> Robots Are Carving Replicas of the Parthenon Marbles: Could They Help the Real Ancient Sculptures Return to Greece? </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/design-2" rel="category tag">Design</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/museums" rel="category tag">Museums</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | January 24th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1106641" class="post-1106641 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-science category-design-2 category-history category-museums category-technology"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/8AbR8js1YOQ?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Art forgery is a sturdy trope of <a href="https://www.imdb.com/list/ls042312230/"><span class="s2">film</span></a> and <a href="https://www.themodernnovel.org/my-lists/art-forgeries/"><span class="s2">fiction</span></a>. We’re all familiar with the spectacle of a rarified expert examining a work, while a wealthy collector anxiously wrings their hands nearby.</span></p> <p>As Maggie Cao observes in <a href="http://v">the <em>Guardian</em></a>:</p> <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Forgeries expose some of the art world’s most psychologically complex figures: the collector and the counterfeiter. What compels the prototypical collector to accumulate objects of beauty is usually a peculiar devotion to the power of singularity. The collector worships art’s power to move us, a power we imagine emanates from unique objects. Meanwhile, what motivates the counterfeiter is an undue confidence in the possibilities of replication. To deceive a viewer with a copy is to affirm that copy’s interchangeability with the original.</i></span></p> <p>But what if art forgery can be used for good?</p> <p>That’s the hope of Roger Michel, founder of the <a href="http://digitalarchaeology.org.uk/people">Institute for Digital Archaeology,</a> who employs technological advances to preserve culturally significant objects and offer<a href="http://digitalarchaeology.org.uk/accessible-archaeology"> accessible tactile experiences</a> to those with vision impairment.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Shortly after ISIS destroyed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_Arch_of_Palmyra">the Monumental Arch of Palymyra</a>, he harnessed 3D technology to <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36070721">recreate</a> the 1800-year old landmark in two-thirds scale Egyptian marble.</p> <p>The public was able to get up close and personal with the model in various locations around the world, including <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/19/12972504/palmyra-arch-of-triumph-isis-3d-replica-new-york-city">New York’s City Hall Park</a>, <a href="https://www.theflorentine.net/2017/03/22/arch-palmyra-installed-g7-off/" rel="nofollow">Florence’s Piazza della Signoria</a>, and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36070721">London’s Trafalgar Square</a>, where <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/24/opinion/sunday/roger-michel.html?_r=0">Michel enjoyed watching</a> passersby touching and photographing the replica Arch:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><i>There are guys in Carnaby Street suits mixed with young people in hip-hop clothes and Syrians in traditional dress. It’s the crossroads of humanity, and that was what Palymra was.</i></p> <p>Michel is also striving to convince the British Museum that all will not be lost, should it choose to repatriate the 2,500-year-old <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/arts/design/parthenon-sculptures-elgin-marbles-negotiations.html">Parthenon Marbles</a> to Greece, much as the <a href="https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-returns-29-benin-bronzes-national-commission-museums-and-monuments">Smithsonian returned 29 Benin bronzes</a> taken during an 1897 British raid to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments in Nigeria.</p> <p>Michel made his case with a <a href="http://digitalarchaeology.org.uk/elginmarbles">robotically carved facsimile</a> of the head of the <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-98" rel="nofollow">Horse of Selene</a>, above, which is all the more remarkable when one learns that he was working from photos taken on an iPhone and iPad while visiting the gallery in which it is displayed, after the museum refused his request for an official scan.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-98" rel="nofollow">item description</a> on the museum’s collection’s portal notes that the Horse of Selene was purchased from <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG57526" rel="nofollow">Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin</a>, who took possession of it while serving as Britain’s ambassador to Ottoman Turkey from 1799–1803.</p> <p>(The description neglects to mention that rather than allow him to adorn his home with this and other ill-gotten antiquities, a parliamentary committee ordered Lord Elgin to sell his vast collection to the British government for £35,000, which is how they wound up in the museum.)</p> <p>Originally a part of the Parthenon’s east pediment, the Horse of Selene is such a fan favorite that the museum shop sells an “exquisite” hand-cast <a href="https://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/horse-of-selene-replica-british-museum-exclusive.html">resin replica </a>for £1,650, promising that it will make “a show-stopping point of focus in any home.”</p> <p>Perhaps…though we’re willing to bet it can’t match the verisimilitude of the<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/22/elgin-marbles-british-museum-greece/"> tiny chips and chisel marks</a> painstakingly captured by the robot carver, which took about about 8 days to create a rough model once it received the scans, followed by some 3 weeks of refining. The robot got an assist at the very end from human artisans, whose handiwork Michel calls “the crucial 3 to 5 percent.”</p> <p>Giacomo Massari, founder of <a href="https://www.robotor.it/a-robot-for-sculpture-made-by-sculptors/" rel="nofollow">Robotor</a>, who partnered with Michel on this recreation, vaunts the precision technology makes possible:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s3"><i>You can recognize every scratch. You can see the flaws of the stone and you can see the challenges our colleagues from 2,000 years ago were facing. It’s like going back in time — you can feel the struggles of the artist.</i><br> </span></p> <p>The museum brass appears unmoved by the prospect of swapping replicas, no matter how excellent, for the <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures" rel="nofollow">frieze panels, sculptures, architectural fragments and other treasures of antiquity</a> Elgin shipped home from the Acropolis in the early 1800s, though <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/arts/design/parthenon-sculptures-elgin-marbles-negotiations.html">the <em>New York Times</em> reported</a> last week that secret talks with Greece’s prime minister may indicate the two parties are edging closer to resolution.</p> <p class="p5">This collection has been a cultural hot potato since Lord Byron, touring the Parthenon shortly after Elgin made off with so many its treasures, denounced his avarice in a poem titled <a href="https://hellopoetry.com/poem/4299/the-curse-of-minerva/">The Curse of Minerva</a>:<br> <span class="s1"><i><br> Lo! here, despite of war and wasting fire,</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>I saw successive Tyrannies expire;</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>‘Scaped from the ravage of the Turk and Goth,</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Thy country sends a spoiler worse than both.</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Survey this vacant, violated fane;</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Recount the relics torn that yet remain:</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>‘These’ Cecrops placed, ‘this’ Pericles adorned,</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>‘That’ Adrian reared when drooping Science mourned.</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>What more I owe let Gratitude attest—</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Know, Alaric and Elgin did the rest.</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>That all may learn from whence the plunderer came,</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>The insulted wall sustains his hated name:</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>For Elgin’s fame thus grateful Pallas pleads,</i></span></p> <p class="p5" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Below, his name—above, behold his deeds!</i></span></p> <p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/17/arts/design/parthenon-sculptures-elgin-marbles-negotiations.html"><em>The New York Times</em></a> quoted a middle-aged London bus driver who voiced the opinion, as did the vast majority of respondents to a <a href="https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/survey-results/daily/2021/11/23/9b053/2">British survey</a>, that the Parthenon sculptures should be returned to their land of origin, remarking, “It’s like the Crown Jewels. If someone took those, you’d want them back, wouldn’t you?”</p> <p>His argument is a hard one to refute in an age when the innovative technical solutions promoted by Michel and the Institute for Digital Archaeology create opportunities that Lord Elgin and museum visitors of yore could never have envisioned.</p> <p>The public <a href="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/54d141f5e4b032ab36c35a29/ac5065ff-8d1f-4e5f-b2fc-246adddcb176/BE2055D9-9800-48ED-9E34-04F08AB0DB24.jpeg">invitation to the November 2022 unveiling</a> of the Selene Horse replica stated that “Britain’s stewardship of the Elgin marbles embodies a psychologically complex story of obsession, possession, and assimilation — so far without resolution”, asking:<em><br> </em></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><em>Might perfect copies, rendered in sacred Pentelic marble, suggest a possible path forward?</em></p> <p>Readers, what say you?</p> <p><strong>Related Content</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to John Oliver’s Show on World-Class Art Museums & Their Looted Art: Watch It Free Online" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/10/john-olivers-show-on-world-class-art-museums-their-looted-art-watch-it-free-online.html" rel="bookmark">John Oliver’s Show on World-Class Art Museums & Their Looted Art: Watch It Free Online</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Take a Virtual Reality Tour of the World’s Stolen Art" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/08/take-a-virtual-reality-tour-of-the-worlds-stolen-art.html" rel="bookmark">Take a Virtual Reality Tour of the World’s Stolen Art</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The British Museum Is Now Open To Everyone: Take a Virtual Tour and See 4,737 Artifacts, Including the Rosetta Stone" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/12/the-british-museum-is-now-open-to-everyone-take-a-virtual-tour.html" rel="bookmark">The British Museum Is Now Open To Everyone: Take a Virtual Tour and See 4,737 Artifacts, Including the Rosetta Stone</a></p> <p class="p11"><span class="s7">- <a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s2"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a></span><span class="s8"><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s9"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s9"><i>Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</i></span></a><i>. Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s9"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/robots-are-carving-replicas-of-the-elgin-marbles.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/robots-are-carving-replicas-of-the-elgin-marbles.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/01/robots-are-carving-replicas-of-the-elgin-marbles.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1101950" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/discover-dall-e-the-artificial-intelligence-artist-that-turns-your-search-terms-into-surreal-artwork.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Discover DALL‑E, the Artificial Intelligence Artist That Lets You Create Surreal Artwork"> Discover DALL‑E, the Artificial Intelligence Artist That Lets You Create Surreal Artwork </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art" rel="category tag">Art</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/artificial-intelligence" rel="category tag">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/data" rel="category tag">Data</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | June 17th, 2022 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1101950" class="post-1101950 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-artificial-intelligence category-computer-science category-data category-technology"> <p class="p1"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101974 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="654" height="718" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon.png 654w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon-328x360.png 328w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon-219x240.png 219w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101974" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon.png" alt width="654" height="718" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon.png 654w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon-328x360.png 328w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211702/paris-on-the-moon-219x240.png 219w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px"></noscript></p> <p><a href="https://openai.com/dall-e-2/#demos" rel="nofollow">DALL‑E</a>, an artificial intelligence system that generates viable-looking art in a variety of styles in response to user supplied text prompts, has been garnering a lot of interest since it debuted this spring.</p> <p>It has yet to be r<a href="https://labs.openai.com/waitlist" rel="nofollow">eleased to the general public</a>, but while we’re waiting, you could have a go at <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/dalle-mini/dalle-mini">DALL‑E Mini</a>, an open source AI model that generates a grid of images inspired by any phrase you care to type into its search box.</p> <p class="p1">Co-creator <a href="https://twitter.com/borisdayma" rel="nofollow">Boris Dayma</a> explains <a href="https://wandb.ai/dalle-mini/dalle-mini/reports/DALL-E-mini-Generate-images-from-any-text-prompt--VmlldzoyMDE4NDAy">how DALL‑E Mini</a> learns by viewing millions of captioned online images:<span class="s1"><br> </span></p> <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Some of the concepts are learnt (sic) from memory as it may have seen similar images. However, it can also learn how to create unique images that don’t exist such as “the Eiffel tower is landing on the moon” by combining multiple concepts together.</i></span></p> <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Several models are combined together to achieve these results:</i></span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>• an image encoder that turns raw images into a sequence of numbers with its associated decoder</i></span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>• a model that turns a text prompt into an encoded image</i></span></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>• a model that judges the quality of the images generated for better filtering</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p> <p class="p6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101975 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="576" height="693" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini.png 576w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini-199x240.png 199w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101975" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini.png" alt width="576" height="693" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini.png 576w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211705/tomato-soup-dall-e-mini-199x240.png 199w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px"></noscript></p> <p>My first attempt to generate some art using DALL‑E mini failed to yield the hoped for weirdness.  I blame the blandness of my search term — “tomato soup.”</p> <p>Perhaps I’d have better luck “<a href="https://www.warhol.org/andy-warhols-life/">Andy Warhol</a> eating a bowl of tomato soup as a child in Pittsburgh.”</p> <p class="p6"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101972 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="768" height="924" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9-199x240.png 199w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101972" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9.png" alt width="768" height="924" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211655/warhol-dallemini_2022-6-16_9-56-9-199x240.png 199w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"></noscript></p> <p>Ah, there we go!</p> <p>I was curious to know how DALL‑E Mini would riff on its namesake artist’s handle (an honor Dali shares with the titular AI hero of Pixar’s 2018 animated feature, <em><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910970/">WALL‑E</a></em>.)</p> <p class="p9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101969 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="1384" height="1661" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI.png 1384w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-300x360.png 300w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-853x1024.png 853w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-200x240.png 200w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-768x922.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-1280x1536.png 1280w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 1384px) 100vw, 1384px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101969" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI.png" alt width="1384" height="1661" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI.png 1384w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-300x360.png 300w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-853x1024.png 853w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-200x240.png 200w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-768x922.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211634/DALI-1280x1536.png 1280w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1384px) 100vw, 1384px"></noscript></p> <p class="p9"><span class="s1">Hmm… seems like we’re backsliding a bit. </span></p> <p class="p9"><span class="s1">Let me try “Andy Warhol eating a bowl of tomato soup as a child in Pittsburgh with Salvador Dali.”</span></p> <p class="p9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101971 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="768" height="924" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare-199x240.png 199w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101971" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare.png" alt width="768" height="924" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211652/dali-warhol-nightmare-199x240.png 199w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"></noscript></p> <p>Ye gods! That’s the stuff of nightmares, but it also strikes me as pretty legit modern art. Love the sparing use of red. Well done, DALL‑E mini.</p> <p>At this point, vanity got the better of me and I did the AI art-generating equivalent of googling my own name, adding “in a tutu” because who among us hasn’t dreamed of being a ballerina at some point?</p> <p class="p9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101970 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="768" height="924" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu-199x240.png 199w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101970" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu.png" alt width="768" height="924" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu.png 768w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu-299x360.png 299w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211649/tutu-199x240.png 199w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px"></noscript></p> <p>Let that be a lesson to you, Pandora…</p> <p>Hopefully we’re all planning to use this playful open AI tool for good, not evil.</p> <p><a href="https://hyperallergic.com/723877/new-ai-artist-who-can-draw-anything/">Hyperallergic’s Sarah Rose Sharp</a> raised some valid concerns in relation to the original, more sophisticated DALL‑E:</p> <p class="p13" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s3"><i>I</i></span><span class="s1"><i>t’s all fun and games when you’re generating “</i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CcOpHmzP24A/"><span class="s5"><i>robot playing chess</i></span></a><i>” in the style of Matisse, but dropping machine-generated imagery on a public that seems less capable than ever of distinguishing fact from fiction feels like a dangerous trend.</i></span></p> <p class="p13" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>Additionally, DALL‑E’s neural network can yield sexist and racist images, a </i><a href="https://time.com/5520558/artificial-intelligence-racial-gender-bias/"><span class="s5"><i>recurring issue with AI technology</i></span></a><i>. For instance, </i><a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdawn/the-ai-that-draws-what-you-type-is-very-racist-shocking-no-one"><span class="s5"><i>a reporter at Vice</i></span></a><i> found that prompts including search terms like “CEO” exclusively generated images of White men in business attire. The company </i><a href="https://github.com/openai/dalle-2-preview/blob/main/system-card.md"><span class="s5"><i>acknowledges</i></span></a><i> that DALL‑E “inherits various biases from its training data, and its outputs sometimes reinforce societal stereotypes.”</i></span></p> <p>Co-creator Dayma does not duck the troubling implications and biases his baby could unleash:</p> <p class="p13" style="padding-left: 40px;"><em><span class="s1">While the capabilities of image generation models are impressive, they may also reinforce or exacerbate societal biases. While the extent and nature of the biases of the DALL·E mini model have yet to be fully documented, given the fact that the model was trained on unfiltered data from the Internet, it may generate images that contain stereotypes against minority groups. Work to analyze the nature and extent of these limitations is ongoing, and will be documented in more detail in the <a href="https://huggingface.co/dalle-mini/dalle-mini"><span class="s9">DALL·E mini model card</span></a>.</span></em></p> <p><em><a href="https://twitter.com/newyorkerhumor/status/1536504195594997760" rel="nofollow">The New Yorker</a> </em>cartoonists <a href="https://twitter.com/EllisRosen" rel="nofollow">Ellis Rosen</a> and <a href="https://www.instagram.com/j.a.k._/?hl=en">Jason Adam Katzenstein</a> conjure another way in which DALL‑E mini could break with the social contract:</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101973 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="607" height="573" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker.png 607w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker-360x340.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker-240x227.png 240w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101973" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker.png" alt width="607" height="573" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker.png 607w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker-360x340.png 360w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211659/new-yorker-240x227.png 240w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px"></noscript></p> <p>And a Twitter user who goes by <a href="https://twitter.com/St_Rev/status/1535425070037966849" rel="nofollow">St. Rev. Dr. Rev</a> blows minds and opens multiple cans of worms, using <a href="https://falseknees.com/158.html" rel="nofollow">panels</a> from cartoonist Joshua Barkman’s beloved webcomic, <a href="https://www.webtoons.com/en/challenge/false-knees/list?title_no=79544">False Knees</a>:</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101976 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt width="613" height="616" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev.png" data-srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev.png 613w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev-358x360.png 358w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev-240x240.png 240w" data-sizes="auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101976" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev.png" alt width="613" height="616" srcset="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev.png 613w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev-358x360.png 358w, https://cdn8.openculture.com/2022/06/16211708/st-rev-240x240.png 240w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px"></noscript></p> <p>Proceed with caution, and play around with <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/dalle-mini/dalle-mini">DALL‑E mini</a> <a href="https://huggingface.co/spaces/dalle-mini/dalle-mini">here</a>.</p> <p>Get on <a href="https://labs.openai.com/waitlist" rel="nofollow">the waitlist for original flavor DALL‑E access</a> <a href="https://labs.openai.com/waitlist" rel="nofollow">here</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Related Content</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Artificial Intelligence Brings to Life Figures from 7 Famous Paintings: The <I>Mona Lisa</I>, <I>Birth of Venus</I> & More" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/artificial-intelligence-brings-to-life-figures-from-7-famous-paintings-the-mona-lisa-birth-of-venus-more.html" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence Brings to Life Figures from 7 Famous Paintings: The Mona Lisa, Birth of Venus & More</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Google App Uses Machine Learning to Discover Your Pet’s Look Alike in 10,000 Classic Works of Art" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/02/google-app-uses-machine-learning-to-discover-your-pets-look-alike-in-10000-classic-works-of-art.html" rel="bookmark">Google App Uses Machine Learning to Discover Your Pet’s Look Alike in 10,000 Classic Works of Art</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Artificial Intelligence for Everyone: An Introductory Course from Andrew Ng, the Co-Founder of Coursera" href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/03/artificial-intelligence-for-everyone-an-introductory-course-from-andrew-ng-the-co-founder-of-coursera.html" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence for Everyone: An Introductory Course from Andrew Ng, the Co-Founder of Coursera</a></p> <p class="p18"><span class="s11">- <a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s2"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a></span><span class="s12"><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s13"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s13"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i>.  Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s13"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/discover-dall-e-the-artificial-intelligence-artist-that-turns-your-search-terms-into-surreal-artwork.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/discover-dall-e-the-artificial-intelligence-artist-that-turns-your-search-terms-into-surreal-artwork.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/discover-dall-e-the-artificial-intelligence-artist-that-turns-your-search-terms-into-surreal-artwork.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1101678" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/dave-smith-rip-the-father-of-mid.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Remembering Dave Smith (RIP), the Father of MIDI & the Creator of the 80s’ Most Beloved Synthesizer, the Prophet‑5"> Remembering Dave Smith (RIP), the Father of MIDI & the Creator of the 80s’ Most Beloved Synthesizer, the Prophet‑5 </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science" rel="category tag">Computer Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music" rel="category tag">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </em> | June 8th, 2022 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1101678" class="post-1101678 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-computer-science category-music category-technology"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ccenFp_3kq8?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Some founders rest on their laurels, build industries around themselves like a cocoon, and never escape or outgrow the big achievement that made their name. Some, like Dave Smith — the so-called “father of MIDI,” and one of the most innovative synthesizer pioneers of the last several decades – don’t stop creating for long enough to collect dust. You may never have heard of Smith, but you’ve heard his technology. Before pioneering <a href="https://blog.landr.com/what-is-midi/">MIDI</a> (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), the digital standard that allows hundreds of electronic instruments to play nicely with each other across computer and software makers, Smith founded Sequential Circuits and built one of the most revered synthesizers ever made, the <a href="https://www.sequential.com/product/prophet-5/">Prophet‑5</a>, invented in 1977 and essential to the sound of the 1980s and beyond.</p> <p>Smith’s keyboards made appearances on stage, video, and albums throughout the decade. Duran Duran’s Nick Rhodes used the Prophet‑5 on the band’s first album and “virtually every record I have made since then,” he said in a statement. “Without Dave’s vision and ingenuity,” Rhodes went on, “the sound of the 1980s would have been very different, he truly changed the sonic soundscape of a generation.”</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Sequential synths appeared on albums by bands as disparate as The Cure and Daryl Hall & John Oates, who demonstrate the dream-like, ethereal capabilities of the Prophet‑5 — the first fully programmable polyphonic analog synth — in “I Can’t Go for That (No Can Do).” The Prophet‑5 also drove the sound of Radiohead’s <em>Kid A,</em> and indie dance darlings Hot Chip wrote they would be “nothing without what [Smith] created.” Few vintage synths are as desirable as the Prophet‑5.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/evSRLpcpo-4?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>The original Prophet is “not immune to the dark side of vintage synths,” writes <a href="https://www.vintagesynth.com/sci/p5.php">Vintage Synth Explorer</a>, including problems such as unstable tuning and a lack of MIDI. Smith fixed that issue himself with new iterations of the Prophet and other synths featuring his most famous post-Prophet‑5 technology. “Like so many brilliant and creative people,” the <a href="https://midi.org/midi-articles/sequential-circuits-founder-dave-smith-has-passed-away">MIDI Association</a> writes, Smith “always focused on the future.” He was “not actually a big fan of being called the ‘Father of MIDI.’ ” Many people contributed to the development of the technology, especially Roland founder <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/arts/music/ikutaro-kakeshashi-roland-808-drum-machine-dead.html">Ikutaro Kakehashi</a>, who won a technical Grammy with Smith in 2013 for the protocol that made its debut as a new standard in 1983.</p> <p>Smith preferred making hardware instruments and “almost begrudgingly accepted interviews about his contributions to MIDI.…. He was also not a big fan of organizations, committees and meetings.” He was a synth lover’s synth maker, a designer and engineer with a “deep understanding of what musicians wanted,” says Rhodes. Collaborations with Yamaha and Korg produced more software innovations in the 90s, but in the 2000s, Smith returned to Sequential Circuits and debuted the Prophet X, Prophet‑6, and OB‑6 with Tom Oberheim. The two designers collaborated in 2021 on the Oberheim OB-X8 and Smith introduced it just weeks before his death.</p> <p>He had traveled a long way from inventing the Prophet‑5 in 1977 and presenting a paper in 1981 to the Audio Engineering Society on what he then called a Universal Synthesizer Interface. Smith himself never seemed to stop and look back, but lovers of his famous instruments are happy we still can, and that electronic instruments and computers can talk to each other easily thanks to MIDI. Few of those instruments sound as good as the original, however. See a demonstration of the Prophet-5’s range of sounds in the video just above and hear more tracks that show off the synth <a href="https://insheepsclothinghifi.com/5-songs-featuring-prophet-5/">in the list</a> <a href="https://insheepsclothinghifi.com/5-songs-featuring-prophet-5/">here</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/10/the-story-of-the-synthaxe-the-astonishing-1980s-guitar-synthesizer.html">The Story of the SynthAxe, the Astonishing 1980s Guitar Synthesizer: Only 100 Were Ever Made</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/05/wendy-carlos-demonstrates-the-moog-synthesizer-on-the-bbc-1970.html">Wendy Carlos Demonstrates the Moog Synthesizer on the BBC (1970)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/thomas-dolby-explains-how-a-synthesizer-works.html">Thomas Dolby Explains How a Synthesizer Works on a Jim Henson Kids Show (1989)</a></p> <p><em><a href="http://about.me/jonesjoshua">Josh Jones</a> is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. Follow him at <a href="https://twitter.com/jdmagness">@jdmagness</a></em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/jdavidjones" title="Posts by Josh Jones" rel="author">Josh Jones</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/dave-smith-rip-the-father-of-mid.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/dave-smith-rip-the-father-of-mid.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/06/dave-smith-rip-the-father-of-mid.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div>  <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. 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Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a 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