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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Handelens_utvikling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handelens_utvikling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Handelens utvikling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handelens_utvikling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Handelens utvikling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handelens_utvikling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gavekultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gavekultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gavekultur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gavekultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengesystem_som_mellomledd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengesystem_som_mellomledd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pengesystem som mellomledd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengesystem_som_mellomledd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internasjonal_handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internasjonal_handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Internasjonal handel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internasjonal_handel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Internasjonal handel</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internasjonal_handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frihandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frihandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Frihandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frihandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proteksjonisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteksjonisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proteksjonisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteksjonisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rettferdig_handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rettferdig_handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rettferdig handel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rettferdig_handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handelstyper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handelstyper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Handelstyper</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handelstyper-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Handelstyper</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handelstyper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gatehandel/Torghandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatehandel/Torghandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gatehandel/Torghandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatehandel/Torghandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagligvarehandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagligvarehandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dagligvarehandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dagligvarehandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufakturhandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufakturhandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manufakturhandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufakturhandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byggevare-_og_møbelhandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byggevare-_og_møbelhandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Byggevare- og møbelhandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byggevare-_og_møbelhandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jernvarehandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jernvarehandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Jernvarehandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jernvarehandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrivarehandel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrivarehandel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Industrivarehandel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrivarehandel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Handel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 141 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skipti" title="Viðskipti – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(ekonomie)" title="Handel (ekonomie) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Handel (ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="ንግድ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ንግድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تجارة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerciu" title="Comerciu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comerciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emu" title="Ñemu – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticar%C9%99t" title="Ticarət – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ticarət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تیجارت – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیجارت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paadolan" title="Paadolan – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paadolan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julaya" title="Julaya – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Julaya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাণিজ্য (ক্রয়বিক্রয়)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk" title="Bō͘-e̍k – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bō͘-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0" title="Сауҙа – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сауҙа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гандаль – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гандаль – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="लेन-देन – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेन-देन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Търговия – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handl" title="Handl – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Handl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerzh" title="Kenwerzh – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenwerzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Наймаан – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Наймаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7" title="Comerç – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83-%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="Суту-илӳ – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суту-илӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchod" title="Obchod – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obchod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="Cummerciu – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnach" title="Masnach – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Masnach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A8" title="ވިޔަފާރި – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޔަފާރި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="Kaubandus – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εμπόριο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμπόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade" title="Trade – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Trade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="Komerco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza" title="Merkataritza – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkataritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تجارت – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len-den" title="Len-den – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Len-den" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="Hannel – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumier%C3%A7" title="Cumierç – friuliansk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cumierç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1d%C3%A1il" title="Trádáil – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trádáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellal" title="Dellal – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Dellal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malairt" title="Malairt – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Malairt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio" title="Comercio – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comercio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo-yi" title="Mo-yi – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mo-yi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD" title="무역 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lepa" title="Kālepa – hawaiisk" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālepa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Առևտուր – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առևտուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यापार – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerco" title="Komerco – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komerco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="Commercio – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhwebo" title="Uhwebo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uhwebo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercio" title="Commercio – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commercio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8" title="מסחר – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסחר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padagangan" title="Padagangan – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Padagangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Tadɩyɛ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tadɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF(%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0)" title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ) – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ(ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyu" title="Komersyu – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Komersyu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კომერცია – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომერცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%90%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="تِجارَت – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تِجارَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сауда – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerth" title="Kenwerth – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenwerth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neg%C3%B2s" title="Negòs – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Negòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Соода – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Соода" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ການຄ້າ – laotisk" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຄ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commercium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirdzniec%C4%ABba" title="Tirdzniecība – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tirdzniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekyba" title="Prekyba – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereskedelem" title="Kereskedelem – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereskedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Трговија – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трговија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raharaham-barotra" title="Raharaham-barotra – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raharaham-barotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യാപാരം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാപാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="व्यापार – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्यापार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ვაჭრუა – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვაჭრუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan" title="Perdagangan – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdagangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Худалдаа – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Худалдаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(economie)" title="Handel (economie) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Handel (economie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="交易 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交易" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Махлелор – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Махлелор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanel" title="Hanel – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komerse" title="Komerse – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Komerse" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8rci" title="Comèrci – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comèrci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daldala" title="Daldala – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daldala" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savdo" title="Savdo – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Savdo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਵਪਾਰ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਪਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading" title="Trading – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Trading" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="وپار – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وپار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chried" title="Chried – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chried" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comersi" title="Comersi – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Comersi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannel" title="Hannel – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hannel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel" title="Handel – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Comércio – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comércio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9B" title="Comerț – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makipura" title="Makipura – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Makipura" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Торговля – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эргиэн – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эргиэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tred" title="Tred – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tred" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregtia" title="Tregtia – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tregtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummerciu" title="Cummerciu – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummerciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="වෙළෙඳාම – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙළෙඳාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade" title="Trade – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="واپار – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واپار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obchodn%C3%A1_%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5" title="Obchodná činnosť – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obchodná činnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadashada" title="Gadashada – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gadashada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="دانوستان (ئابوورناسی) – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دانوستان (ئابوورناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Трговина – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трговина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trgovina" title="Trgovina – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trgovina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupank%C3%A4ynti" title="Kaupankäynti – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupankäynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakalan" title="Kalakalan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalakalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வணிகம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வணிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వాణిజ్యం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాణిజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="การค้า – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การค้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B2" title="ንግዲ – tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ንግዲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticaret" title="Ticaret – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ticaret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Торгівля – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торгівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="تجارت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0fego_(economia)" title="Tràfego (economia) – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tràfego (economia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torguind" title="Torguind – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Torguind" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Giao thương – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao thương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubandus" title="Kaubandus – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kaubandus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiece" title="Comiece – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comiece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komersyo" title="Komersyo – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komersyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="האנדל – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האנדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貿易" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prek%C4%ABba" title="Prekība – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prekība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="贸易 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贸易" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagang" title="Dagang – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dagang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тарґовина – pannonisk rusinsk" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Тарґовина" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="pannonisk rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q601401#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cathedral_Reims_barrel_sculpture.jpg/375px-Cathedral_Reims_barrel_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Cathedral_Reims_barrel_sculpture.jpg/500px-Cathedral_Reims_barrel_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Handel inngås over en tønne, skulptur på den franske katedralen, <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Reims" title="Notre-Dame de Reims">Notre-Dame de Reims</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Choosing_the_Wedding_Gown_vicar_of_wakefield_mulready.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Choosing_the_Wedding_Gown_vicar_of_wakefield_mulready.jpg/250px-Choosing_the_Wedding_Gown_vicar_of_wakefield_mulready.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Choosing_the_Wedding_Gown_vicar_of_wakefield_mulready.jpg/500px-Choosing_the_Wedding_Gown_vicar_of_wakefield_mulready.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Kjøp av bryllupsdrakt fra klesforhandler, maleri av William Mulready (1786-1863)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:IMG_cow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/IMG_cow.JPG/250px-IMG_cow.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/IMG_cow.JPG/375px-IMG_cow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/IMG_cow.JPG/500px-IMG_cow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Krøtter har alle tider representert rikdom og således byttes mot andre varer.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Handel</b> er overføringen av eierskap til varer og tjenester fra en person eller til en annen. Handel kalles også finansiell transaksjon eller byttehandel. Handel er betegnelsen på bytte av varer eller tjenester mot hverandre, enten direkte <i>(naturalhandel)</i> eller bytte av varer eller tjenester mot <a href="/wiki/Penger" title="Penger">penger</a> <i>(monetær handel)</i>. Grunnlaget for handelen er <a href="/wiki/Marked" title="Marked">markeder</a> hvor selgere presenterer <a href="/wiki/Tilbud" title="Tilbud">tilbud</a> og kjøpere gjør sine <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8p" title="Kjøp">kjøpsvalg</a>. Den opprinnelige og grunnleggende formen for handel skjedde uten penger ved at man byttet en vare mot en annen vare som hver for seg ble vurdert til å ha samme «verdi». En vare kunne også bli byttet mot en tjeneste, og senere ble det innført en symbolsk verdi i form av edle metaller som man kunne betale for, forløperen til pengesystemet. Moderne handel skjer direkte ved <a href="/wiki/Penger" title="Penger">penger</a>, eller ved at man innehar økonomiske midler som blir bevist ved <a href="/wiki/Kredittkort" title="Kredittkort">kredittkort</a> og lignende. Handel mellom to som handler kalles <a href="/wiki/Bilateral" title="Bilateral">bilateral</a> handel mens handel mellom flere enn to som handler kalles <a href="/wiki/Multilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateral">multilateral</a> handel. </p><p>Handel er svært utbredt og kan dokumenteres tilbake til <a href="/wiki/Steinalderen" title="Steinalderen">steinalderen</a>, både i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> og mellom øyene i <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a>. Handel eksisterer grunnet spesialisering eller fordeling av arbeid ved at de fleste mennesker konsentrerer seg av smalt aspekt av produksjonen og handler for andre produkter. Handel eksisterer mellom ulike regioner grunnet at ulike regioner har en konkurransefordel i produksjonen av en del varer som er ettertraktet av andre i regioner hvor disse varene mangler eller er vanskelig tilgjengelig. Større antall tillater masseproduksjon hvilket gjør at kostnadene for den enkelte varen minsker totalt sett og ved salg øker fortjenesten totalt sett. Handel ved bestemte marked mellom stedene er til fordel for begge parter. </p><p>Småhandel består av salg av varer fra et bestemt sted, som en kiosk, butikk eller varehus, eller over posten. Engroshandel er salg av varer til detaljistledd eller forhandlere, til industrien, institusjoner eller andre profesjonelle forretningsbrukere. Handel kan også referere til den handling som blir utført mellom handelsfolk (selgeren) og andre markedsagenter i det finansielle markedet som børs og aksjehandel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> mente <i>tilbøyeligheten til å bytte</i> (<i>the natural propensity to barter</i>) var en av fire grunnleggende, universelle tilbøyeligheter i mennesket. I tilknytning til denne tilbøyeligheten holdt han også en tilbøyelighet til å foretrekke noe bedre (eller likeverdig) framfor noe dårligere i bytte, samt tilbøyeligheten til å holde avtaler som langsiktig strategi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse avveiningene er sentrale for drøftinger av urettferdig og <a href="/wiki/Rettferdig_handel" title="Rettferdig handel">rettferdig handel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> viste at handel har vært avgjørende for spesialisering, ved at mennesker, landsbyer eller hele byer har kunnet spesialisere seg på produksjon av færre produkter eller tjenester enn det de selv trenger, for så å bytte disse mot livsnødvendige varer og tjenester som de selv ikke produserer. <a href="/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering">Økonomisk globalisering</a> innebærer en prosess hvor stadig flere blir avhengig av handel over et større område, og hvor spesialiseringen og varebyttet blir globalt og skaper én global, innvevd <a href="/wiki/%C3%98konomi" title="Økonomi">økonomi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handelens_utvikling">Handelens utvikling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Handelens utvikling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Handelens utvikling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gavekultur">Gavekultur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Gavekultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Gavekultur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moderne penger oppsto i <a href="/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken">antikken</a> og var en mynt som representerte en symbolsk verdi. Med andre ord en abstraksjon, men mynter var ofte av edelt metall som <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a> og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">sølv</a> slik at verdien var både abstrakt og reell. I mangelen av et medium for veksling opererte samfunn uten penger hovedsakelig etter prinsippene av <a href="/wiki/Gave%C3%B8konomi" title="Gaveøkonomi">gaveøkonomi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I disse samfunnene ble verdifulle gaver og tjenester jevnlig gitt uten en særskilt enighet for direkte eller framtidig belønning (det vil si ingen formell <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> eksisterte).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organiseringen av gaveøkonomien (eller gavekulturen) står i kontrast til <a href="/wiki/Naturalhusholdning" title="Naturalhusholdning">bytteøkonomien</a> (eller naturalhusholdning). Uformelle skikker styrte utvekslingen framfor en bestemt utveksling av varer eller tjenester i form av penger eller av annen form av gjenstander.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Når varebytte skjedde framfor gavebytte var det vanligvis mellom enten fremmede eller kommende fiender.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengesystem_som_mellomledd">Pengesystem som mellomledd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Pengesystem som mellomledd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Pengesystem som mellomledd"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BMC_193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/250px-BMC_193.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/500px-BMC_193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/BMC_193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Gresk <a href="/wiki/Drakme" title="Drakme">drakme</a> fra Egina. Den ene siden: skilpadde / motsatt side: ΑΙΓ(INA) og en delfin. Den eldste mynt med skilpadde er datert rundt 700 f.Kr.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:BMC_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg/250px-BMC_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg/375px-BMC_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>En en-tredjedels <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a>-mynt fra rundt 640 f.Kr. fra Lydia, vist større.</figcaption></figure> <p>Utviklingen av penger er et system som utviklet seg som en betingelse av handel. <a href="/wiki/Pengenes_historie" title="Pengenes historie">Pengenes historie</a> strekker seg over tusener av år. De første eksemplene på penger var objekter med reell verdi. Det er kalt for råvarepenger og omfattet enhver form for tilgjengelig råvare eller varer som hadde reell verdi og som således representerte rikdom som var ettertraktet. Mange gjenstander har blitt benyttet som råvarepenger, særlig naturlig sjeldne kostbare metaller. Historiske eksempler omfattet griser, sjeldne porselensaktige strandskjell, hvaltenner og ofte krøtter. I middelalderens <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> ble brød benyttet som en tidlig form for penger ved at disse representerte en verdi som tilsvarte rikdom. I <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> under <a href="/wiki/Montezuma" class="mw-disambig" title="Montezuma">Montezuma</a> ble <a href="/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao">kakaobønner</a> benyttet som penger.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamiske</a> sivilisasjon utviklet en storstilt økonomi basert på varepenger. <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonerne</a> og deres nærliggende bystater utviklet senere de tidligste økonomisystem slik som vi tenker på økonomi i dag, i form av regler for gjeld, juridiske kontrakter og lover som regulerte forretningspraksis og privat eiendom. Penger ble ikke bare «noe» som dukker opp, men var en nødvendighet for at systemet skulle fungere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hammurabis_lover" title="Hammurabis lover">Hammurabis lover</a>, den best bevarte lovverk fra <a href="/wiki/Oldtiden" title="Oldtiden">oldtiden</a>, ble opprett en gang rundt 1750 f.Kr. i oldtidens Babylon. Det ble opprettet av <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, den sjette babylonske konge. Det er også funnet enda eldre samlinger med lovtekster, som blant annet en lovtekst i byen <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mesopotamia)" title="Ur (Mesopotamia)">Ur</a> fra rundt 2050 f.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hva disse lovtekstene viser er lovene formaliserte pengenes hensikt og betydning i det sivile samfunn. De fastsatte beløp for rente på gjeld, bøter ble fastlagt for de som «gjorde urett», og kompensasjon i penger for ulike overtredelser av den formaliserte loven. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sekel_(mynt)" title="Sekel (mynt)">Sekelen</a> viser til en enhet i oldtiden for vekt og valuta. Den første bruken av begrepet kom fra <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> fra rundt 3000 f.Kr. og refererte til en særskilt menge av kornsorten <a href="/wiki/Bygg_(korn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bygg (korn)">bygg</a> som ble relatert til andre verdier i et metrisk system i form av <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">sølv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronse" title="Bronse">bronse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobber</a> og lignende. En bygg/sikel var opprinnelig en valutaenhet og en enhet for vekt. Akkurat som <a href="/wiki/Britisk_pund" title="Britisk pund">britisk pund</a> opprinnelig var en enhet som benevnte et pund mengde med sølv. </p><p>Fra tidlig har metall hvor det har vært tilgjengelig vanligvis blitt favorisert som urpenger over andre varer som krøtter, porselensskjell eller <a href="/wiki/Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt">salt</a>. Grunnen har antagelig vært at det har vært portabelt og delbart. Bruken av gull har blitt sporet tilbake til 3000-tallet f.Kr. da <a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Egypt" title="Oldtidens Egypt">oldtidens egyptere</a> benyttet gullstykker som et fastlagt vekt, men den første kjente hersker som offisielt satt en standardisert vekt som pengeenhet var <a href="/wiki/Feidon" title="Feidon">Feidon</a> av <a href="/wiki/Argos" title="Argos">Argos</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas">antikkens Hellas</a> på 600-tallet f.Kr. Det første eksempelet på stemplete penger, hvor pengene merkes med ord eller et <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogram</a> som bevis på autoritet er en mynt av <a href="/wiki/Elektrum" title="Elektrum">elektrum</a> (naturlig legering av gull og sølv) merket med symbolet av en <a href="/wiki/Skilpadde" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilpadde">skilpadde</a> fra øya <a href="/wiki/Egina" title="Egina">Egina</a> i Hellas. Den er datert til rundt 700 f.Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilsvarende mynter av samme type metall ble også introdusert i <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> rundt 650 f.Kr. Dette har blitt presentert som verdens første penger i moderne forståelse.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metallbaserte mynter hadde den fordelen av bære med seg sin verdi i selv mynten — på den annen side åpnet det for manipuleringer: å klippe mynter for redusere mengden edelt metall i den til egen gevinst. Et større problem var den samtidige sameksistensen av mynter av gull, sølv og kobber i Europa. <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Engelske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">spanske</a> handelsfolk foretrakk gullmynter framfor sølvmynter, noe også andre europeiske nasjoner gjorde, noe som førte til at verdien på engelske gullmynter steg mot engelsk sølvmynter på <a href="/wiki/1670-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1670-tallet">1670-</a> og <a href="/wiki/1680-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1680-tallet">1680-tallet</a>. Konsekvensen var at engelske sølv ble trukket av England for tvilsomme mengder gull som kom inn i landet i en grad som ingen annen europeisk nasjon ville dele. Effekten ble forverret ved at asiatiske handelsfolk ikke delte den europeiske forkjærligheten for gull, — gull ble trukket ut av <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> og sølv forlot <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> i slik mengder at europeiske observatører som <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, mester av <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a>, vurderte det med bekymring. Stabilitet kom først inn i systemet da nasjonale banker kom med garantier på å veksle penger mot gull i en lovet sats. Et annet skritt i pengenes evolusjon var endring fra at en mynt var en enhet for vekt til å bli en enhet for verdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internasjonal_handel">Internasjonal handel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Internasjonal handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Internasjonal handel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg/250px-Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg/375px-Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg/500px-Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1_Mayo_2008_342.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panamakanalen" title="Panamakanalen">Panamakanalen</a> er viktig for internasjonal handel til havs mellom <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Stillehavet" title="Stillehavet">Stillehavet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Internasjonal handel er bytte av varer og tjenester på tvers av nasjonale grenser. I de fleste land representerer handel en betydelig del av <a href="/wiki/Bruttonasjonalinntekt" title="Bruttonasjonalinntekt">bruttonasjonalinntekten</a> (BNI per innbygger). Mens internasjonal handel har vært tilstede gjennom det meste av historien, se artiklene <a href="/wiki/Silkeveien" title="Silkeveien">Silkeveien</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ravveien" title="Ravveien">Ravveien</a>, er dens økonomiske, sosiale og politiske betydning vært økende i de siste århundrene, hovedsakelig grunnet <a href="/wiki/Industrialisering" title="Industrialisering">industrialisering</a>, avansert <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportteknologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalisering" title="Globalisering">globalisering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multinasjonalt_selskap" title="Multinasjonalt selskap">multinasjonale selskaper</a> og <i><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a>. </i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Empiri" title="Empiri">Empiriske</a> bevis på handelens suksess kan bli sett i kontrasten mellom land som <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea">Sør-Korea</a> som adopterte en politikk av eksportorientert industrialisering, og <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> som historisk hadde langt mer lukket politikk, men så nå går i retning av å åpne opp sin økonomi. Sør-Korea har gjort det langt bedre i henhold til økonomiske kriterier enn India i løpet av de siste femti årene, skjønt dets suksess har også mye å gjøre med effektive statsinstitusjoner. </p><p>En forskjell mellom nasjonal og internasjonal handel er at produksjonsfaktorer som <a href="/wiki/Kapital" title="Kapital">kapital</a> og arbeidskraft er vanligvis langt mer mobilt innenfor et land enn på tvers av landene. Således er internasjonal handel hovedsakelig begrenset til handel med varer og tjenester, og bare i mindre grad i å handle med kapital, varer eller andre produksjonsfaktorer. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Free_Trade_Areas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Free_Trade_Areas.PNG/500px-Free_Trade_Areas.PNG" decoding="async" width="400" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Free_Trade_Areas.PNG/960px-Free_Trade_Areas.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Nåværende områder med frihandel.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frihandel">Frihandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Frihandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Frihandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Se hovedartikkel, <a href="/wiki/Frihandel" title="Frihandel">Frihandel</a></i></li></ul> <p>Frihandel er en handelspolitikk som tillater handlende å handle på tvers av nasjonale grenser uten inngripen fra de respektive myndigheter, slik som <a href="/wiki/Toll" title="Toll">tollrestriksjoner</a> og annet regelverk. Ifølge lov om komparativ nytte innebærer frihandel fordeler for handelspartnere. </p><p>Priser avspeiler etterspørsel og behov, og ved frihandel fastsettes prisene uten fare for <a href="/wiki/Proteksjonisme" title="Proteksjonisme">proteksjonistiske</a> statlige prisjusteringer som «pristak» eller begrensning på varetilgang. Statlig innblanding kan både øke og minske prisen på varer og tjenester for både forbruker og produsent. </p><p>Priser kan reguleres av offentlige <a href="/wiki/Subsidie" title="Subsidie">subsidier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skatt" title="Skatt">skatter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Toll" title="Toll">tollavgifter</a>, handelsbarrierer som importbegrensning, og handelsavtaler med <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" title="NAFTA">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) og <a href="/wiki/CAFTA" title="CAFTA">Central America Free Trade Agreement</a> (CAFTA), som til tross for sine formelle titler ikke står for frihandel, samt enhver form for statling innblanding i markedet som resulterer i kunstige priser. </p><p>Frihandel innebærer: </p> <ul><li>Handel med varer uten skatter og handelsbarrierer eller andre hindringer som begrenser, inkludert subsidier</li> <li>Fravær av forstyrrelser som skatter, subsidier, reguleringer eller lover som gir enkelte firmaer, produsenter eller andre faktorer særskilte fordeler.</li> <li>Fri tilgang til markeder.</li> <li>Fri tilgang til markedsinformasjon.</li> <li>Umuliggjøring av at enkelte firmaer kan forstyrre markedet ved at myndighetene gir makt i form av <a href="/wiki/Monopol" title="Monopol">monopol</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Oligopol" title="Oligopol">oligopol</a>.</li> <li>Fri bevegelse av arbeidskraft mellom og innenfor nasjoner.</li> <li>Fri bevegelse av kapital mellom og innenfor nasjoner.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteksjonisme">Proteksjonisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Proteksjonisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Proteksjonisme"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Se hovedartikkel, <a href="/wiki/Proteksjonisme" title="Proteksjonisme">Proteksjonisme</a></i></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg/250px-Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg/375px-Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg/500px-Cars_parked_on_the_pier_in_Barcelona_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>Biler klare for eksport ved havnen i <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> i 1997.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proteksjonisme er en økonomisk politikk som har til hensikt å begrense handelen mellom bestemte stater ved metoder som <a href="/wiki/Toll" title="Toll">toll</a> på importerte varer, restriktive importkvoter, og en rekke andre reguleringer fra myndighetene som er formet for tillate «rettferdig» konkurranse mellom importerte varer og varer som blir produsert innenlands. </p><p>Proteksjonisme står i motsetning til <a href="/wiki/Frihandel" title="Frihandel">frihandel</a> hvor myndighetene ikke oppretter barrierer eller forsøke å begrense importen av utenlandske varer. Grunnen til at en nasjon innfører proteksjonisme på alle eller bestemte varer er å beskyte egen industri, slik <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> forsøkte å gjøre i forhold til sin bilindustri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problemet med proteksjonisme er at når andre stater blir stengt ute fra en nasjons marked kan de reagere ved å stenge denne nasjonen ute fra sine markeder, noe som igjen kan skade industrien til den respektive landet som først innførte proteksjonisme. </p><p>I nyere år har proteksjonisme blitt bortimot likestilt med anti-globalisme. Begrepet benyttes hovedsakelig innenfor en kontekst hvor proteksjonisme viser til politikk som beskytter forretning, industri og arbeidere innenfor et land ved begrense eller regulere handel med andre nasjoner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rettferdig_handel">Rettferdig handel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rettferdig handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rettferdig handel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Se hovedartikkel, <a href="/wiki/Rettferdig_handel" title="Rettferdig handel">Rettferdig handel</a></i></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg/250px-Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg/375px-Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg/500px-Coffee_beans_being_sorted_and_pulped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sortering og fordeling av <a href="/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe">kaffebønner</a> ved «rettferdig handel»-<a href="/wiki/Kooperativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Kooperativ">kooperativ</a> i <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rettferdig handel er en bevegelse som krever at produsenten av en vare må sikre et minstemål av rettigheter for arbeidstakere, for deres miljø og sosiale standarder i produksjonen av varen, særskilt de som eksporteres fra <a href="/wiki/U-land" class="mw-redirect" title="U-land">u-land</a> og til <a href="/wiki/I-land" class="mw-redirect" title="I-land">i-land</a>. Grunnen er at rettighetene til arbeidstakere i mange <a href="/wiki/Utviklingsland" title="Utviklingsland">utviklingsland</a> og <a href="/wiki/Den_tredje_verden" title="Den tredje verden">den tredje verden</a> ikke blir ivaretatt av deres respektive lands myndigheter. </p><p>De firmaene som kan smykke seg med betegnelsen at de driver rettferdig handel inngår at de frivillig tilslutter seg de forpliktelser som hever levestandarden til sine arbeidstakere selv om deres myndigheter ikke krever det av dem. Hva som er rettferdig handel, varierer mye, og kan strekke seg fra felles forbud mot varer som er produsert under <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slavelignende</a> arbeid, eller <a href="/wiki/Barnearbeid" title="Barnearbeid">barnearbeid</a>, og til minimal prisstøtte som kaffeimporten på <a href="/wiki/1980-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1980-tallet">1980-tallet</a>. En del frivillige organisasjoner spiller også en rolle i å fremme rettferdige handelsstandarder ved å uavhengig overvåkning i overensstemmelse med kravene til merkelappen «rettferdig handel». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handelstyper">Handelstyper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Handelstyper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Handelstyper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gatehandel/Torghandel"><span id="Gatehandel.2FTorghandel"></span>Gatehandel/Torghandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Gatehandel/Torghandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Gatehandel/Torghandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handel som gjennomføres på offentlige steder, som i gater, kalles gatehandel.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handel ved Youngstorget basar (1890-1900)."><img alt="Handel ved Youngstorget basar (1890-1900)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg/120px-Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg/180px-Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg/240px-Youngstorget_-_S-1602U4_8_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2815" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handel ved <a href="/wiki/Youngstorget" class="mw-redirect" title="Youngstorget">Youngstorget</a> basar (1890-1900).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gatehandel ved Muren, Bergen (1955)."><img alt="Gatehandel ved Muren, Bergen (1955)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg/120px-Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg/180px-Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg/240px-Butikk_p%C3%A5_gata_Bergen_-_L0051_809Fo30141610060097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7282" data-file-height="7294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gatehandel ved <a href="/wiki/Murhvelvingen" title="Murhvelvingen">Muren</a>, Bergen (1955).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dagligvarehandel">Dagligvarehandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Dagligvarehandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Dagligvarehandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagligvarehandel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagligvarehandel (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dagligvarehandel</a> er <a href="/wiki/Butikk" title="Butikk">butikker</a> som fører et utvalg av produkter til husholdninger med hovedvekt på matvarer. Disse er i dag vanligvis av en viss størrelse med lokalisering slik at de er tilgjengelige med bil. For femti år siden var det vanligere å bære varene fra kjøpmannen, og det var et betydelig antall butikker som var lokalisert i mindre bebyggelser og boområder. Bilismens utbredelse fra rundt 1950-1970 og videre fremover har bidradd til endringer i boligbygging og handel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufakturhandel">Manufakturhandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Manufakturhandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Manufakturhandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufakturhandel er levering av bekledningsprodukter. Slike butikker er ofte spesialisert på herreklær, kvinneklær, ungdomsklær og barneklær. I tillegg er skobutikker en separat bransje som også kan føre herre- eller damesko. Disse butikkene er vanligvis lokalisert i bymessige handlestrøk, kjøpesentra og steder med mye mennesker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byggevare-_og_møbelhandel"><span id="Byggevare-_og_m.C3.B8belhandel"></span>Byggevare- og møbelhandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Byggevare- og møbelhandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Byggevare- og møbelhandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levering av byggevarer, møbler, innredningsprodukter og andre brukerprodukter skjer på tilsvarende måte fra forskjellige typer bransjebutikker. Disse er ikke nødvendigvis sterkt avhengige av sentral beliggenhet eller lett tilgjengelighet fordi kundene i større grad beveger seg ved slike kjøp. Likevel er det tendenser til at kjøpesentra også får en økende betydning for slike produkter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jernvarehandel">Jernvarehandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Jernvarehandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Jernvarehandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jernvarehandel er butikker som selger produkter i et utvalg orientert rundt jernvarer og verktøy. Disse er (kan være) sterkt orientert mot både privatkunder og næringslivskunder. Jernvarebutikker dekker vanligvis et større geografisk område avhengig av hva kundene finner akseptabelt i forhold til de forskjellige produktene de skal kjøpe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrivarehandel">Industrivarehandel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Rediger avsnitt: Industrivarehandel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Industrivarehandel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Handel med industrivarer omfatter alle typer produkter som industri og eventuelt andre næringsbedrifter trenger. I tillegg til anleggs- og maskinprodukter kan det gjelde kontorprodukter og andre innretninger. Handel med industrivarer og andre bedriftsmarkedsprodukter skjer på mange måter avhengig av produkttypen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internasjonal_handel" title="Internasjonal handel">Internasjonal handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internasjonal_arbeidsdeling" title="Internasjonal arbeidsdeling">Internasjonal arbeidsdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komparative_fortrinn" title="Komparative fortrinn">Komparative fortrinn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/completeacc_e.htm#chn">WTO – World Trade Organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Adam Smith: <i>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i>, 1776.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mauss, Marcel (1922): <i>The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies</i>, ss. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Cheal, David J (1988): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o-wNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP1&dq=Cheal,+David+J.+'The+Gift+Economy'&hl=no#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>The Gift Economy</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0415006414" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0415006414</a>. ss. 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Kranton, R.: «Reciprocal exchange: a self-sustaining system» i: <i>American Economic Review</i>, V. <b>86</b> (1996), utgave 4 (september), s. 830-851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Graeber, David (2001): <i>Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value</i>, ss. 153-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnrobbins.info/blog/is-there-slavery-in-your-chocolate/">Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate?</a>, 19. april 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Sheila C. Dow (2005): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/a/mes/postke/v27y2005i3p385-391.html">«Axioms and Babylonian thought: a reply»</a> i: <i>Journal of Post Keynesian Economics</i> <b>27</b> (3), s. 385-391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-world.org/reforms_of_urukagina.htm"><i>The Reforms of Urukagina</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809114218/http://history-world.org/reforms_of_urukagina.htm">Arkivert</a> 9. august 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. History-world.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Charles F. Horne (1915): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm">«The Code of Hammurabi : Introduction»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070908205713/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm">Arkivert</a> 8. september 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Yale University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snible.org/coins/hn/aegina.html">«Ancient coinage of Aegina»</a>. Snible.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Goldsborough, Reid: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rg.ancients.info/lion/article.html">«World's First Coin»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/feb/03/car-bailout-eu">«EU threatens legal action over American car industry bail-out»</a>, <i>The Guardian.uk</i> 3. februar 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academon.com/Research-Paper-Protectionism-in-the-American-Automotive-Industry/100126">Protectionism in the American Automotive Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113150516/http://www.academon.com/Research-Paper-Protectionism-in-the-American-Automotive-Industry/100126">Arkivert</a> 13. januar 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Academon.com</i> 2003 (sammendrag)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#SNLgatehandel">#SNLgatehandel</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handel&action=edit&section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="SNLgatehandel" class="citation web">Stig Arild Pettersen (14. februar 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/gatehandel">«Gatehandel»</a>. snl.no<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 5. august 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AHandel&rft.au=Stig+Arild+Pettersen&rft.btitle=Gatehandel&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=snl.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fgatehandel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24994932">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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